PLAN B: ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS by MARS_architects

Pre-research on Bali ecosystem CW1: Ecology Weidong Xia / 1825068 / group 2 / team 1

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team 1

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team 1

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team 1

SLIDE TITLE

Maps / Structure / Problems / Case studies

image source / site / data credits

p. 2/11

l Tropical island climate

Satellite Map of Bali island

l Terrain High in the east and low in the west l Agriculture-led economy， 65% reclamation rate

Bali island

Google earth,2022 / Bali

p. 3/11

About Bali: Bali Surface Cover Map

l Arable land encroaches on a large amount of forest landnd l 3500 thousand kilometers of waterways affords 90% of people who living within 1km buffer zone.

Lei,2022 / Bali

p. 4/11

About Bali

lLack of Sanitary Sewage and Plastic Waste Regulation Indonesia is TOP 2 poorly waste managed countries according to the Science study (2015) . Ocean currents bring more rubbish.

l Tourism Explosion Bali’s tourism contributed to more than 25% GDP for Indonesia.

Yanqinjunkai,2022 / Bali

p. 5/11

Research Framework

p. 5/11

Problems summary

l Inadequate sewage and domestic waste disposal systems l Lack of freshwater resources

l Mangrove degradation

Cities and man-made systems

l Coral reef destruction Water and nature

l Beach pollution

Agricultural system

l Over-cultivation l Occupy farmland

p. 7/11

Aims and Solutions l LID: Low impact development Low-impact development is an approach to managing rainwater runoff that emphasizes on-site natural features to protect water quality, by replicating the natural land cover hydrologic regime of watersheds, and addressing runoff close to its source. Examples include better site design principles (e.g., minimizing land disturbance, preserving vegetation, minimizing impervious cover), and design practices (e.g., rain gardens, vegetated swales and buffers, permeable pavement, rainwater harvesting, soil amendments). These are engineered practices that may require specialized design assistance.

e.g.Terraces LID

l GI: Green infrastructure

p. 7/11

Problem R l Inadequate sewage and domestic waste disposal systems

1. Feasibility Study of Sustainable Energy to Power Wastewater Treatment Plants for Islands

l Lack of freshwater resources 1. Haikou Jiangdong Cluster: Construction of tropical coastal city sponge system 2.Application of reverse osmosis technology in Israeli desalination project

p. 8/11

Problem G l Over-cultivation

1. Rwanda Conservation Agriculture Research School (RICA)/MASS Design Group

l Occupy farmland

p. 9/11

Problem B 1. Create finger like terrain and introduce seawater into the park to avoid flood impact and runoff pollution 2. Shape the difference between high and low terrain to meet the living environment of different organisms

Sanya mangrove Park

3. Build ecological corridors to intercept and purify surface Sanya runoffmangrove Park

1. Monitoring pollution and garbage sources Fiji

2. Control waste sources (plastic ban order, etc.) 3. Volunteer activities 4. Beach garbage sorting device screening machine

p.10/11

Sanya mangrove Park

3. Build ecological corridors to intercept and purify surface Sanya runoffmangrove Park

1. Monitoring pollution and garbage sources Fiji

2. Control waste sources (plastic ban order, etc.) 3. Volunteer activities 4. Beach garbage sorting device screening machine

p.11/11

Second week group Presentation ppt

UPD306/Workbook/Group2/ team ecology

Pre-research on Bali ecosystem CW1: Ecology Weidong Xia / 1825068 / group 2 / team 1

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team 1

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team 1

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team 1

About Bali: Bali Surface Cover Map

l Artificial land encroaches on a large amount of forest land. l The impact of humans on nature is increasing every year. l Agriculture-led economy，65% reclamation rate

Lei,2022 / Bali

p. 4/10

About Bali: Population Density l 3500 thousand kilometers of waterways affords 90% of people who living within 1km buffer zone. l Water pollution also concentrate on high people density place.

p. 4/10

About Bali: Pollution Map

Projection based on the tourist destination data

Heavy Polluted Middle Polluted

https://murmuration-sas.com/en/bali-a-tourism-boominghow-to-deal-with-the-environmental-pressure-1-2

p. 4/10

About Bali: Water Crisis

Areas with critical low availablility of water Areas with excessive exploitation of the groundwater resource compared to avaliability Salt-water intrusion into freshwater aquifers

Water of Bali

p. 4/10

About Bali: Water pollution & Advantages of Mangrove to clean water

lNedwell (1974) argued that mangrove ecosystems are more tolerant of sewage than other adjacent reef ecosystems, and that the discharge of primary treated sewage into mangrove ecosystems can reduce eutrophication in offshore waters and stop the salinisation of land from seawater erosion. lNavalker (1951), however, pointed out that the gradual demise of the mangroves in Bombay was due to the excessive discharge of domestic and industrial effluents from towns. The world's most mangrove-rich country is Indonesia, which accounts for 30% of the world's mangroves (Mangrove for the future). lTherefore, the existing scale of mangroves in Bali should be considered in terms of their ecological treatment capacity and attention to the stratification of sewage.

p. 4/10

About Bali: Bali Mangroves

l Indonesia has the largest distribution of mangroves in the world,around 26,000 hectares(IUCN, 2020). l Bali occupied around 8.6% however, Bali's mangroves are shrinking in size.

IUCN & Openstreet map/ Bali

p. 4/10

About Bali: Typography

lTropical island climate lTerrain High in the east & north and low in the west &south

https://www.balitourismboard.org/bali_topolgraphy.html / Bali

p. 4/10

About Bali: Solutions

Core: Using the topographic height difference to divert water into the forest, fresh water is obtained through mangrove + soil filtration, forming an ecological selfcirculation lUrban Area:

lMangrove Area lFirstly, the effluent enters the wetland after intensive primary treatment, i.e. the degree of primary sedimentation is enhanced by the application of flocculants to cut most of the pollutants at a lower cost (You Zuoliang et al., 1998), although the effluent still fails to meet the standard at this point, the pollution load is substantially reduced, damage to plants is avoided, and the final effluent meets the standard; lSecondly, the "backflow" technique, which is more commonly used in wastewater control projects, can also solve this problem, i.e. a portion of the treated effluent is returned to the inlet of the previous section, thus providing a dilution effect .

p. 4/10

Strategy 2: Mangrove Aquaculture

Weidong Xia / Bali

p. 4/10

Mangrove aquaculture Advantages: 1.Good ecological role： Wastewater from the farming process can be reused by the mangroves. A certain amount of effluent helps the growth of mangrove plants. The low concentration of effluent does not affect the normal growth and reproduction of mangrove plants. On the contrary, the nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients in the effluent have a beneficial effect on the growth and development of the plants, and have a significant effect on the purification of the water.

2.Contribution to production： The lush mangrove plants deliver large quantities of dead leaves to the forest floor and nearby waters each year, which are decomposed by microorganisms and become a source of nutrients and energy for benthic organisms such as fish, shrimps, crabs and shellfish, providing an important food source for secondary consumers and supporting fisheries production. 3.Other advantages： Nutrients and sediment carried by river water also silt up in the mangrove mudflats, making it an ideal home for benthic organisms.

Mangrove aquaculture Related cases：(Xu, Cheng, and Li, 2009) a) In Malaysia, inshore fishery production is directly proportional to mangrove area.

b) In the Gulf of Mexico, shrimp catches were also positively correlated with the area of mangrove vegetation in the estuary .

c) The annual fish landings in Indonesia are directly proportional to the area of mangrove forests and the presence of a certain area of mangrove forest is a guarantee of high fish production.

Mangrove aquaculture Challenges: 1.Over-farming beyond the carrying capacity of the ecosystem： Aquaculture has significantly increased COD, TP and NQI in mangrove wetlands, while pH and N/P have declined. Aquaculture leads to more acidification and eutrophication of the water. Excessive aquaculture can cause serious ecological damage to mangroves.

2.Declining production capacity leads to desire for new sites： Declining soil fertility and changes in water quality have led to a decline in farming conditions, resulting in a decrease in production capacity. The desire for further conversion of mangroves into farming sites has increased in order to ensure that profits are not reduced.

Mangrove aquaculture New opportunities: Aquaculture coupling model: Mangrove mudflats seawater planting and aquaculture coupling system 1.Economic organisms that are essentially non-predatory in their ecological relationships and that complement each other in their use of habitat and bait resources are cultured in the same pond or water in appropriate proportions. （Such a culture structure basically corresponds to the structure, morphology and physicochemical characteristics of the bait resources in the culture waters. The feed fed into the system can not only be used at multiple levels by various farming organisms at different trophic levels and ecological niches, but can also be used multiple times in the recycling of material, resulting in reduced effluent and improved water quality in the farmed waters)

2. Aquatic higher plants co-exist with aquatic animals in aquaculture systems, reducing pollutants in the aquatic environment through plant uptake, filtration, adsorption and transformation, improving the aquaculture habitat and facilitating the smooth flow of materials and energy. The plants absorb, filter, adsorb and transform pollutants in the aquatic environment, improving the aquaculture habitat and promoting the smooth circulation of materials and energy flow.

Strategy 3: Carbon sequestration of mangroves

Chenghao Zheng / Bali

p. 4/10

● Carbon sequestration：Carbon sequestration refers to the process of replacing the direct emission of CO2 into the atmosphere by capturing carbon and storing it safely. The carbon sequestration function of vegetation is a natural carbon storage Carbon sequestration of process. Compared with artificial carbon sequestration, CO2 does not need to be

mangroves (blue carbon)

purified, so the cost of separating, capturing and compressing CO2 gas can be saved.The carbon sequestration capacity of mangrove is significantly higher than that of other ecosystems(Mao,2018)

● Blue carbon: The carbon stored in coastal ecosystems is called blue carbon. Although the plant biomass of coastal zone is only 0.05% of that of terrestrial plants, the annual carbon sequestration is equivalent to that of terrestrial plants. Mangroves are an important part of them

Global carbon dioxide emissions and mobile concentrations

Indonesia

Carbon sequestration of mangroves in Indonesia

Indonesia will emit about 300 tons of carbon dioxide in 2020, ranking 12th in the world

The carbon storage capacity of mangroves in Indonesia is close to 5940 tons, and the unit density is very high. Therefore, the development of mangroves in Indonesia can

Changes in the status of red pearl forest in Indonesia

Policy: the Indonesian government is currently implementing a series of carbon reduction policies, in which the carbon sequestration role of mangroves is valued. Therefore, the Indonesian government is also actively carrying out protection and development projects for mangroves.

Problems caused by mangrove deforestation Coastal erosion in Bali 1. The consequences：Coastal erosion has led to the loss of large amounts of land, the death of land plants and animals, and the negative impact on agricultural production of residents 2. The most important reason：Due to the unrestricted development of fish pond farming and plantation agriculture by local people, a large number of mangrove forests were cut down.

Serious tsunami 1.Background: The entire Indonesia is located at the junction of the Indian Ocean plate and the Pacific plate, and is prone to earthquakeinduced tsunamis. 2.Consequences: Tsunami destroys terrestrial plant and animal habitats and causes property damage to residents 3. Mangrove deforestation is a major cause of the high ecological and residential impact of the tsunami in Bali.

Solutions 1. Select suitable mangrove species according to the local natural environment. 2. Mangrove density varies according to the survival rate of tree species and the severity of coastal erosion in different areas 3. Mangrove reserves shall be set up and mangrove wood logging shall be prohibited

Ecological Restoration in Bali ---Based on Mangrove System CW1: Ecology Weidong Xia / 1825068 / group 2 / team 1

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team 1

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team 1

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team 1

Ecological distribution map of Bali

PART 1: Status quo described Mangrove distribution

Mangrove species

Stakeholder of mangrove ecology

PART 2: Formulate Problem

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Pollution Emission

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Balipartnership (2020) Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/id/map/ (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022) Suteja Y,(2020) Chromium in Benoa Bay, Bali - Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;153:111017.

Sector 1: Pollution Distrubution Pollution Pop-up area

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Water Quality Index

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Suteja Y,(2020) Chromium in Benoa Bay, Bali - Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;153:111017.

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Pollution Level and sectors

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Sector 1: Pollution Water system

Sector 2: Aquaculture

Bali Aquaculture Area (2020) and Mangrove Distribution (2005-2016)

Sector 2: Aquaculture

Weight of fisheries production in 2020

Value of fish production in 2020

Source：Production an Nilai Produksi Budidaya perikanan Air Tawar Menurut Jenis Produksi dan Jenis Peraian, 2020 The Production and Production Value of Fresh Water Fishery by Type Production and Type of Water, 2020

Sector 2: Aquaculture

2019-2020 PRODUKSI PERIKANAN TANGKAP: Capture Fisheries Production (Tons) 2019 2020

Source: 2019-2020 PRODUKSI PERIKANAN TANGKAP: Capture Fisheries Production Accessed at: https://cilacapkab.bps.go.id/subject/56/perikanan.html#subjekViewTab3

Sector 2: Aquaculture

Fish production and shrimp production showed a significant linear relationship with mangrove area a significant linear relationship.

The fact that mangrove areas play an important role in fisheries especially in shrimp fisheries . Relationship between mangrove area (104 ha) and shimp production (103 ton).

Sector 2: Aquaculture

Impact of aquaculture on mangrove water quality

Sector 2: Aquaculture

The impact of aquaculture on mangrove soils

Sector 3: Carbon Emission

Carbon sequestration of mangroves in Indonesia

The carbon sequestration capacity of mangroves is greater than that of terrestrial vegetation

Sector 3: Carbon Emission

Carbon sequestration of mangroves in Indonesia

Indonesia emited about 300 Mt of carbon dioxide in 2020, ranking 12th in the world

Sector 3: Carbon Emission Areas that contain high soil carbon content

Sector 3: Carbon Emission

Mangroves can seal carbon in the leakage of carbon in the soil. At coincides with the distribution of mangroves will lead

soil. The destruction of mangroves will lead to the the same time, the distribution of mangroves in Bali local high-carbon soil. Therefore, the destruction of to a large amount of carbon emissions.

Indonesia has the highest carbon Note:Gg=10^9g=1000ton emissions Co2e=Carbon due todioxide equiv Yr-1 = annual deforestation

Sector 3: Carbon Emission

Schematic diagram of carbon dioxide exchange in Bali

Sector 3: Carbon Emission

Sector 4: Coastline Erosion

Bali coastline erosion

Sector 4: Coastline Erosion

Interannual variation of areas likely to be affected by the coast in Bali

Sector 4: Coastline Erosion

Mangrove protection against tsunamis

Mangroves protect terrestrial ecosystems and the environment from tsunamis before they are cut down

When mangroves are felled, the land is left unprotected and tsunamis flood into the land, causing damage to ecosystems and the environment

Sector 4: Coastline Erosion

PART 3: Eco-system if Bali island

Reference List:

ARCOWA SA. Wastewater Management and Resource Recovery in Indonesia: Current Status and Opportunities. Nyon: ARCOWA SA; 2018. Budiasa IW, Santosa IGN, Sunarta IN, Suada IK, Rai IN, Dewi AAIR, et al. The potential use of Bali wastewater for crop production based on Moscow region experience. Water Resour. 2018;45:138–47. Chapagain, S. K. (2022) ‘Analyzing the relationship between water pollution and economic activity for a more effective pollution control policy in Bali Province, Indonesia’,Sustainable Environment Research,2022(5),pp.32-37. Available at: https://sustainenvironres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42834-021-00115-6 (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022) Rimba A,B., et al.(2021) ‘Impact of population growth and land use and land cover (LULC) changes on water quality in tourismdependent economies using a geographically weighted regression approach’, Environ Sci Pollut R, 2021(28),pp.20–38. Suteja Y,(2020) Chromium in Benoa Bay, Bali - Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;153:111017. Suteja Y, Purwiyanto AIS. Nitrate and phosphate from rivers as mitigation of eutrophication in Benoa bay, Bali-Indonesia. IOP C Ser Earth Env. 2018;162:012021. GOI. Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22/2021 on National Water Quality Standard. Jakarta: Government of Indonesia; 2021 [in Indonesian]. https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/176367/Lampiran_VI_Salinan_PP_Nomor_22_Tahun_2021.pdf. Rochmadi R, Ciptaraharja I, Setiadi T. Evaluation of the decentralized wastewater treatment plants in four provinces in Indonesia. Water Pract Technol. 2010;5:wpt2010091.

Ecological Restoration in Bali ---Based on Mangrove System CW1: Ecology Weidong Xia / 1825068 / group 2 / team 1

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team 1

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team 1

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team 1

PART 1: Status quo described

UPD 306 - April 29 UPD1:306 - April 29 PART Status quo described

Ecological distribution map of Bali

l Arable land encroaches on a large amount of area l Mangroves are found along the coastd

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 UPD1:306 - April 29 PART Status quo described

group 2 / team Ecology

Ecological distribution map of Bali

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 PART 1: Status quo described

Linkages between mangrove ecosystems and other ecosystems

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 PART 1: Status quo described

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 PART 1: Status quo described

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29

PART 1: Status quo described

Biodiversity of Mangroves

group 2 / team Ecology

Rusila,Y, Noor M. Khazali I N.N. Suryadiputra (2006) Panduan Pengenalan MANGROVE di Indonesia. (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022)

UPD 306 - April 29

PART 1: Status quo described

Mangrove species in Bali island

group 2 / team Ecology

1: Chuzhou Weather (2020) Bali tsunami map. Available at: https://www.czqxj.net.cn/zaihai_52830 (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022) 2: Rusila,Y, Noor M. Khazali I N.N. Suryadiputra (2006) Panduan Pengenalan MANGROVE di Indonesia. (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022)

UPD 306 - April 29 PART 1: Status quo described

Stakeholder of mangrove ecology

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29

PART 1: Status quo described

Mangrove Food cycle

Mangroves trees use sunlight and CO2 to grow by photosynthesis. Fallen leaves become food for bacteria and microbes, which convert it into dead organic matter known as detritus. Invertebarate species including worms, carbs, shrimps and barnacles feed on the detritus.

Small fish and wading birds feed on the many detritus eating animals.

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 PART 1: Status quo described Mangrove distribution

group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 PART 1: Status quo described

Promblems faced by the mangrove

group 2 / team Ecology

Part 2: Individual sectors

Wenqin Meng / Sector1: Water Pollution

Xiao Yang / Sector3:The protective role of mangroves

Weidong Xia / Sector2: Aquaculture

Chenghao Zheng / Sector4: Carbon sequestration

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: UPDWater 306Pollution - April

Pollution Emission

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Balipartnership (2020) Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/id/map/ (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022) Suteja Y,(2020) Chromium in Benoa Bay, Bali - Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;153:111017.

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Pollution Pop-up area

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Pollution Pop-up area

Balipartnership (2020) Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/id/map/ (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022)

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Water Quality Index

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Suteja Y,(2020) Chromium in Benoa Bay, Bali - Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;153:111017.

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Finger Print of Pollutant soueces

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Suteja Y,(2020) Chromium in Benoa Bay, Bali - Indonesia. Mar Pollut Bull. 2020;153:111017.

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Pollution Level and sectors

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Pollution Progress

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

Nedwell, D. (1974) Mangrove research. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David-Nedwell (Accessed: 22nd, April, 2022)

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Problems & Case study

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector1: Water Pollution

Proposals

Wenqin Meng / 1824555 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29

Sector 2: Aquaculture Bali Aquaculture Area (2020) and Mangrove Distribution (2005-2016)

Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

Source: Google Earth. Available at: https://earth.google.com/web/

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture

Situation analysis of the bali fishery ——Fishing is bali's strength

Weight of fisheries production in 2020

Weidong Xia/1825068/Group2/team Ecology

Value of fish production in 2020

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture

Situation analysis of the bali fishery ——Fishing is bali's strength 2019-2020 PRODUKSI PERIKANAN TANGKAP: Capture Fisheries Production (Tons) 2019 2020 2019

Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

2020

Source: 2019-2020 PRODUKSI PERIKANAN TANGKAP: Capture Fisheries Production Accessed at: https://cilacapkab.bps.go.id/subject/56/perikanan.html#subjekViewTab3

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture

Situation analysis of the bali fishery：Fish species living area

Seawater areas

Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

Freshwater area

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture

The impact of mangroves on aquaculture

Fish production and shrimp production showed a significant linear relationship with mangrove area a significant linear relationship.

Y=5.473 + 0.1128X r=0.89

The fact that mangrove areas play an important role in fisheries especially in shrimp fisheries .

Relationship between mangrove area (104 ha) and shimp production (103 ton).

Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

Source：John Hambrey (1998) ‘Mangrove Conservation and Coastal Management in Southeast Asia: What Impact on Fishery Resources’. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 37(8), pp.431-440

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture

The impact of aquaculture on mangroves

—— Aquaculture is both an opportunity and a disaster *SOC: Soil organic carbon COD

Shrimp Pond Fish pond

+ +

TN: total nitrogen

Salt content Water temperature

TP: total phosphorus

TK: total potassium COD: the chemical oxygen demand

十: Higher than original regional data —：Lower than original regional data

Impact of aquaculture on mangrove water quality

SOC

Nacl

Water content

Shrimp Pond

Fish pond

After long periods of aquaculture, the soil and water quality in mangrove ecosystems are not suitable for the survival of mangrove species.

The impact of aquaculture on mangrove soils

Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

Source：Minhong Qiu. (2014) 红树林水产养殖与生态恢复对其环境的影响研究 A study on the impact of mangrove aquaculture and ecological restoration on its environment, Hainan Normal Univesity (own translation from the Chinese text)

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture

The advantages of mangrove aquaculture

——Able to use wastewater while avoiding additional energy input to the breeding area

Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture Combining mangrove ecosystems, agriculture and aquaculture to form an ecological farming model

New opportunities for growth

Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 2: Aquaculture

New opportunities for growth

Nutrients and the water cycle

In the new agricultural model, mangroves reduce the emission of effluent and also provide resources and clean water for agriculture and aquaculture. Weidong Xia 1825068 Group2 team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

Interannual variation of coastal erosion in Bali

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

Six main causes of coastline erosion in Bali

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

The proportion of causes of coastal erosion in Bali

1/012035

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

ves

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

Potential tsunami-affected areas in Bali

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

mangrove against tsunami

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 3: The protective role of mangroves

Tree species selection

Xiao Yang / 1823699 / group 2 / team Ecology

Multidensity planting

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 4: Carbon sequestration

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 4: Carbon sequestration

Carbon sequestration of mangroves in Indonesia

Indonesia emited about 300 Mt of carbon dioxide in 2020, ranking 12th in the world

Indonesia has the highest carbon emissions due to deforestation

The carbon storage capacity of mangroves in Indonesia is 5940mt CO2e. Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team Ecology

Note:Gg=10^9g=1000ton Co2e=Carbon dioxide equivalent Yr-1 = annual

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 4: Carbon sequestration

Comparison of carbon emission structure between China and Indonesia

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29

Sector 4: Carbon sequestration

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 4: Carbon sequestration

Schematic diagram of carbon dioxide exchange in Bali

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29 Sector 4: Carbon sequestration

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team Ecology

UPD 306 - April 29

Sector 4: Carbon sequestration

Application of carbon sequestration capacity of mangroves in Bali

Chenghao Zheng / 1509115 / group 2 / team Ecology

Source: Zhou,K.(2008).Research on Environmental Law. Zhou,W. Zeng,Y. and Wu,B (2013).Analysis and Enlightenment of international forestry carbon sequestration trading market. .

Thank you !