PLAN B: BUILDING MATERIAL ANALYSIS by MARS_architects

Construction CW1: Material in Bali, Indonesia Material (Construction) Group 3 / team C • Miao Lin 1822832

• Tonghui Zhou 1823397 • Juerong Wang 1823752 • Lijia Wang 1823093 1

Research framework

2 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Bali-background information Basic situation l l l l l l l l l l l l l l

Capital: Denpasar Governor: Made Mangku Pastika Population, Persons:3,890,757 (2010) Average Annual Population Growth (2000-2010), %:2.15 (2010) Gross Domestic Product, current prices, million rupiahs:66,690,598 (2010) Real GDP Growth Rate, %:6.49 (2011) GDP per capita, current prices, thousand rupiahs:17,141 (2010) Human Development Index, Index 100=max, 0=min:72.84 (2011) Percentage of Poor People, %:3.95 (2012) Total Fertility Rate, Children per Woman:2.13 (2010) Infant Mortality Rate, Deaths per 1,000 Live Births:20.00 (2010) Sex Ratio, Males per 100 Females:101.7 (2010) Adult Illiteracy Rate, %:9.83 (2012) Households with access to improved sanitation, %:83.26 (2011)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

The Carbon Cost of Construction Materials https://www.skanska.com/

Source: Google Map (2021)

Indonesia Carbon emissions by year (tons)

5.5% Land Cover (Source: Open Street 4 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source:statistics of Bali Province

Carbon contribution during the life circle of construction 1. Production

2. Transportation

3. Building construction and

4. Material recycle

[Embodied carbon ]

operation

[Embodied carbon]

[Embodied carbon & Operational carbon]

5 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Research framework

[图片]

6 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://journal-buildingscities.org/articles/10.5334/bc.31/

Carbon emission of building sector

Material

Energy Land Cover (Source: Open Street 7 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Carbon emission of building sector

Building Material

90% Land Cover (Source: Open Street 8 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Fingerprint of different carbon contribution land use area of material sector

Road system Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Fingerprint of different carbon contribution land carbonofemmision material sector

Road system Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Fingerprint of material sector carbon contribution

Road system Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

River system of Bali

Road system Land Cover (Source: Open Street Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Road system of Bali

LAND COVER

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

POI Map of Bali

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Land cover of Bali

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Forest cover of Bali in 2000

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Forest cover of Bali in 2020

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Artificial surface of Bali in 2000

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Artificial surface of Bali in 2020

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Land use of artificial surface

POI

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Investment of construction sector of Bali Raw Material 16.5%

Manufacture 25.5%

Transportation 9.0%

Land Cover (Source: Open StreetWaste

0.1% 21

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from statistics of Bali Province

Bali

PRODUCTION raw material & factories

Local material distribution

Pebbles Gravel

Yellow woodgrain state Sandstone

Shells

Volcanic stone

Pebbles Sea stone

Gravel

Yellow woodgrain state

Pebbles Gravel Sandstone Pebbles

Gravel Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Carbon emission simulation of raw material processing factories

Thermal Power Station

Mining plants and transshipment Mining plants and transshipment Furniture/timber processing plants processing plants factories/Cement plant (manufacturing) Furniture/timber factories plant (manufacturing)

Transformer substation

Quarry

Transformer substation

Quarry

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Raw material —Woods were used in Bali 1.Thatch

2.Logs

https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=xU11WdNr&id=0CA9DDE0BA310A31EDFB554FBDC6825630CACEE8&thid=OIP.xU11WdNr HUVD0sIG-V-JzAHaEK&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2ftse1-mm.cn.bing.net%2fth%2fid%2fR-

4.Bamboo

3.Rathan

https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=gOveo22K&id

5.Balinese green

Bali is rich in forestry, with a wide variety of forestry species. https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detai

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

1.Wood • logs • thatch • rattan • bamboo • Balinese green

2.stones • Volcanic stone • sea stone • sandstone • pebbles • gravel • shells • yellow woodgrain slate

CARBON EMISSION KG/TON

3000 2568 2500

2218

2348

2000 1500

1189

1328

865

1000 500

489

508

BRICKWORK

CEMENT

101 0 TIMBER

GLASS

ALUMINIUM

ROCK

STEEL

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PLASTIC

POLYETHYLENE PLASTICS

1.Studies have proven that every cubic metre of wood used in place of other building materials equates to a reduction of approximately 1.6 tonnes of CO2 emissions. An average flat with a timber structure releases 16 tonnes less CO2. The concept of energy efficiency and environmental protection should be implemented at the initial selection stage, and it is important to consider wood as an alternative to other materials.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source:statistics of Bali Province

Raw material —Protected forestry

Taman Wisata Alam Penelokan Penelokan Recreation Forest Cagar Alam Batukahu Batukau Recreation Forest Taman Wisata Alam Sangeh Sangeh Recreation Forest Nature Conservation

574.27 1 773.70

13.91

Taman Wisata Alam Danau Buyan - Tamblingan Danau Buyan - Tamblingan Recreation Forest Nature Conservation

1 847.38

Gunung Batur Bukit Payang Gunung Batur Bukit Payang Recreation Forest Nature Conservation

2 075.00

Jumlah /Total :

6 284.26

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C source: from Open street map

Raw material —Stones were used in Bali

• 1.Volcanic stone

3.sandstone

2.sea stone

1. cheap 2. natural pattern, more options 3. hardness 4. density 5. resistance to wear

4.pebbles

5.gravel

6.shells

28 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=VKc7DF0n&id=DAEEBBE6D

Construction Material-Factory Cement and mining plants

Woodworking and furniture factories

https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detai https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=xU11WdNr&id=0CA9DDE0BA310A31EDFB554FBD C6825630CACEE8&thid=OIP.xU11WdNrHUVD0sIG-V-JzAHaEK&mediaurl=https%3a%2f%2ftse1mm.cn.bing.net%2fth%2fid%2fR-

https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=gOveo22K&id https://cn.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=VKc7DF0n&id=DAEE BBE6D

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Bali MATERIAL TRANSPORT

43%

27%

Non-edible raw materials and Processed Product iron, steel, non-ferrous metals, paper and textiles

Water way (Source: Open Street Map)

31 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: statistics of Bali Province

2.Material-Transportation—waterway

Metal 6%

Import → Plastic 19% Stone 7%

Straw 15%

Steel 6% Timber 34%

←Export

Water way (Source: Open Street Map)

32 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: statistics of Bali Province

Airport and harbor

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Waterway and station

Water way (Source: Open Street Map)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Primary road and Truck road

35 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: from Open street map

Material Consumption of Construction Industry

Bali 36

Lowland grass

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Highland forests

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Agriculture (Rural Area & Village)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Rural construction area

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Urban construction area

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Stone & Cement Brick and tile

Rubber

Straw & Woven Material thatch, palm leaf and other plant materials

Religious building materials

Lowland grass

Coconut Oil palm Thatch

Stone & Cement Alloy material

Rural Construction Material

Brick and tile

Timber

Highland forests (The poverty area)

Straw & Woven Material （thatch, palm leaf and other plant materials）

Shrubs Oil palm

Steel (reinforced bar, alloy materials)

Thatch

Timber Stone & Cement Metal

Timber

Urban Construction Material

Glass

Shrubs

Brick and tile

Agriculture (Rural Area & Village)

Straw & Woven Material （Bamboo, thatch, palm leaf and other plant materials）

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Globalland30 (2022)

Oil palm Dry straw 42

Stone

Urban Construction Material • Hotel & Resort

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

• Infrastructure

source: Google map

Rural Construction Material • Poverty

• Rural Area & Village

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Google map

Baliness Traditional Material

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Google map

Heat map of rural/town/city layout

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Open street map

Carbon emission simulation of building materials in urban areas

47 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Open street map

Bali

Waste and Recycle

Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW)

Kabirifar, K. et al. (2020) ‘Construction and demolition waste management contributing factors coupled with reduce, reuse, and recycle strategies for effective waste management: A review’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 263. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121265.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Four important hierarchy in construction C&DW waste management:

• Reduction

is to reduce the use of materials which produce waste or the

material efficiently, so it will directly reduce the waste generated.

• Reuse

is using the construction project materials as long as possible.

• Recycling

is reusing the remaining material by processing it into a reusable

item.

• Landfilling

is the last option in waste management, i.e., the waste disposal

to the final disposal site. The cause of construction waste on-site (Widhiawati et al., 2019)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Rai Widhiawati Ida Ayu, Yudha Astana I Nyoman and Ayu Indrayani Ni Luh (2019) ‘An analysis of building construction waste in Badung, Bali’, MATEC Web of Conferences, 276, p. 02010. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/201927602010.

Waste Generation per regencies

Waste generation per city/regencies in Bali Province (Data from: Widyarsana et al. ,2020)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Widyarsana, I. M. W., Damanhuri, E. and Agustina, E. (2020) ‘Municipal solid waste material flow in Bali Province, Indonesia’, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management: Official Journal of the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management (JSMCWM) and the Korea Society of Waste Management (KSWM), 22(2), pp. 405–415. doi: 10.1007/s10163-020-00989-5.

Waste Generation

Waste composition percentage at the source (Data from: Widyarsana et al., 2020)

The distribution of Waste Generation per day (Data from: Balipartnership, 2019)

52 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Balipartnership (2019) Map. Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#tab-1606305589863-0 (Accessed: 25th April 2022)

Mismanaged waste

The distribution of mismanaged waste per day (Data from: Balipartnership, 2019)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Balipartnership (2019) Map. Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#tab-1606305589863-0 (Accessed: 25th April 2022)

Waste and Recycle

Waste material flow in Bali Province in 2018 (Widyarsana et al., 2020)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Official Landfill site (TPA)

Average waste composition percentage in Landfills (Data from: Widyarsana et al., 2020)

The distribution of official landfill site (Data from: Balipartnership, 2019)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Balipartnership (2019) Map. Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#tab-1606305589863-0 (Accessed: 25th April 2022)

Carbon emission of landfills

C&DW is mainly due to the inefficient waste management practices in the construction projects, less attention has been given on the practices of recycling and reuse of waste as part of strategies to minimize construction waste dumped to the landfill (Kabirifar, et al. , 2020)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: Open street map

Selling waste to informal sector

Scavengers and informal sector are also parts of waste disposal process. Waste was reduced by around 484 scavengers who can collect around 83 kg/day in Bali (Widyarsana et al., 2020). The collected valuable waste was later sold to the first intermediate informal collectors. The distribution of households selling to informal sector and related institutions (Data from: Balipartnership, 2019)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Balipartnership (2019) Map. Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#tab-1606305589863-0 (Accessed: 25th April 2022)

Waste bank

The distribution of Waste Bank (Data from: Balipartnership, 2019)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Balipartnership (2019) Map. Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#tab-1606305589863-0 (Accessed: 25th April 2022)

Recycle organization and recycling rate by regencies

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

The distribution of recycle organization and recycling rate (Data from: Balipartnership, 2019)

Types of recycling and reuse of C&DW materials

Recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) is used as partial or full replacement in both coarse and fine aggregates. Recycled aggregates are materials that have been reprocessed and been usedpreviously in construction. Recycle daggregates are capable of functioning as aggregate for application in many construction work such as concrete roads, drainage work and more.

Recycled timber is commonly obtained from old buildingsor houses in construction industry. These were disassembled and collected to be sold to tradesmen who processed themfurther by scanning via metal detector, de-nailing and cut to specific sizes and later sold therecycled timber in the form of timber flooring, beams and decking once re-milling were carriedout.

Asphalt that can be recycled is known as

Cardboard is known as corrugated paper which is a wood-based paper material. The sources ofcardboard waste are from cardboard boxes, cardboard packaging materials and box boards.

ASPHALT

Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). In construction of asphalt pavement, a rehabilitation method known as Hot In-Place Recycling involves processes such as heating, scarifying, mixing, levelling and compacting bituminous surface. It is called in-place method because it rehabilitates the wear out asphalt pavements hence reducing the consumption of new materials.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Hamid, S. et al. (2020) ‘Sustainable Management using Recycle and Reuse of Construction Waste Materials in Malaysia’, ESTEEM, 16, pp. 47–58. Available at: https://search-ebscohost-com.ez.xjtlu.edu.cn/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=145224347&site=eds-live&scope=site (Accessed: 22 April 2022).

Types of recycling and reuse of C&DW materials

Common types of recycled and reused plastics materials are polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene and polystyrene. Plastic waste separately collected and cleaned is advised due to the fact that the recycling process is hard to conduct when the plastics waste is mixed with contaminants and different types of plastics.

To avoid damageon the clay bricks, the masonry should be demolished separately on site. Thermal treatmentused to regain clay brick from masonry debris. The thermal treatment makes it viable to regainup to 50% of clay bricks.

Ferrous metal and non-ferrous metal which are the subdivision of metals. Ferrous metal contains mostly iron and amount of other. metal to reach the required properties is small. Developed market for ferrous metal is superior if compared to other construction materials hence, it is well known that this material is profitable and recyclable. Non-ferrous metal waste usually found in construction are aluminium, zinc, copper and lead.

Glass waste from construction site that can be

GLASS

reused for variety of applications. For example, window glasses from demolition can be reused directly if they were properly handled and maintain a good and acceptable condition. Recycled glass can also be used as an isolation material for ceiling board and acoustic insulation board.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Case Study: Buleleng sub-district, Buleleng district, Bali province, Indonesia Solid waste management planning for sub-district scale

Landfill in Buleleng sub-district: TPA Bengkala •

Buleleng sub-district has a significant function as the center of government and also the economic center in Buleleng Regency. Waste generation in Buleleng sub-district in 2017 reached 387.34 m3/ day.

•

Problem

The waste generation continues to increase along with regional growth, while the current waste management system causing the amount of waste that must be transported to the landfill continues to increases. Most waste management in Bali still used the old paradigm, which is waste

collecting- transporting-disposing. Landfilling is the most relied upon waste management method in Bali province.

Study area Buleleng sub-district location (Made by author)

Widyarsana, I. M. W. and Rahayu, M. A. I. (2021) ‘Solid waste management planning for sub-district scale: a case study in Buleleng sub-district, Buleleng district, Bali province, Indonesia’, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management: Official Journal of the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management (JSMCWM) and the Korea Society of Waste Management (KSWM), 23(5), pp. 2051–2064. doi: 10.1007/s10163-021-01261-0.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Case Study: Buleleng sub-district, Buleleng district, Bali province, Indonesia Solid waste management planning for sub-district scale

• Waste generated from activities in the sub-district in Buleleng is transported to the Bengkala landfill, which is 14 km from the center of the Buleleng subdistrict. The Bengkala landfill has an area of 4.8 hectares and receives 400 to 450 m3 of garbage from the Buleleng district per day. • Bengkala landfill capacity is almost full and is predicted to be overcapacity in 2022, and there are people who still do garbage burninng and dispose their waste to the environment carelessly. • The Environmental Department in Buleleng Regency may need to pay more attention on waste reduction and waste segregation to reduce the amount of waste transported to the landfill site.

Buleleng sub-district total waste generation (Widyarsana and Rahayu, 2021)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Plastic＞Steel＞Rock＞Mental＞Glass＞Cement＞Brink＞Timber Distribution of ports and airports (Source: Open Street Map)

64 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Distribution of ports and airports (Source: Open Street Map)

65 Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Carbon hotspot of material production and transport line (Waterway)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

Carbon hotspot of material transportation and transport line (Waterway)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

Carbon hotspot of material consumption and transport line (Waterway)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

All defined carbon hotspot and transport line (Waterway)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

Carbon hotspot of material production and transport line (Land transport)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

Carbon hotspot of material transportation and transport line (Land transport)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

Carbon hotspot of material consumption and transport line (Land transport)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

All defined carbon hotspot and transport line (Land Transport)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source: Open Street Map

Construction Material - Cement

“ A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.” Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Source from：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement

1. Carbon Emission of Cement's Life Circle

‘’In other words, the carbon consumption of cement comes mainly from production and further processing, especially when it is mixed into concrete.’’ Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Cao, Z., Myers, R.J., Lupton, R.C. et al. The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle. Nat Commun 11, 3777 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17583-w

1. Existing Goals and Strategies Potentially Affecting Cement

5 Goals

5 of 12 Key Strategies

4 Areas

- Reduce GHG emission

- Products and Markets

- Build resilience

- Community and Jobs

- Upgrade infrastructure

- Climate and Environment

- Manage transport

- Infrastructure and Investments

- Improved livelihoods - Growing visitor economy - Better Environment - Reduced carbon - An Authentic Bali

- Manage waste

Main Challenge: High cement demand from infrastructure updated will generate a lot of carbon emissions, which may probably increase Bali’s GHG emissions.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

A Green Growth 2050 Roadmap for Bali Tourism/ https://vuir.vu.edu.au/35965/12/Green_Growth_2050_RoadMap_Bali.pdf

1. Inventory Analysis •

Indonesia’s construction materials industry has gradually digging itself out of its troubles thanks to recovering demand from property developers and infrastructure.

•

Increased production capacity when national consumption has decreased due to the pandemic has caused an already large oversupply of cement.

•

In 2020, there were 43.52 million tons of excess supply of cement produced in Indonesia.

•

The sale volume is predicted to continue to increase in line with improving economic conditions during the pandemic.

https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/indonesia-should-block-lafargeholcim-s-cement-deal

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://visiglobal.co.id/cantingqind/the-management-of-the-construction-sector-and-cement-and-steelproduction-must-be-further-improved-in-the-midst-of-a-pandemic/2021/12/

1. Import and Export Route of Cement in Indonesia ‘’In the January-November 2021 period the Indonesian cement market expanded by 4.7 per cent YoY to 59.43Mt. And in Bali and Nusa Tenggara the market expanded by 10.5 per cent to 0.34Mt.’’ Published under Cement News

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.cemnet.com/global-cement-report/country/indonesia

1. Import and Export Route of Cement in Bali

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

1. Investment and Carbon emission of transportation sector

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

source: statistics of Bali Province

1. Potential Decarbonization Pathways ‘’Given its performance characteristics and the broad availability of limestone, cement (and therefore concrete) is likely to remain the construction material of choice globally. ‘’

Analyses show that CO2 emissions could be reduced by 75 percent by 2050. The remainder will need to come from technological innovation and new growth horizons. Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

The emissions-reduction potential from alternative fuels and clinker substitution is limited by the decreasing availability of input materials. More innovative approaches, such as new technologies and alternative building materials, will therefore be indispensable to achieve carbon-reduction targets by 2050. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/chemicals/our-insights/laying-the-foundation-for-zero-carbon-cement

1. Alternative Building Materials – Rammed Earth “Rammed earth is a techniques for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method.”

Steps when erecting a rammed earth wall using rammed earth technology :

Construction techniques can be divided into three main groups: I. II. III.

Use earth in load-bearing monolithic constructions. Use earth in load-bearing masonry structures. Use earth as a non-bearing construction material in combination with a supporting structure of another material

I. II. III. IV.

Formwork is built and filled with a layer of moist soil-cement mixture. The layer of moist mixture is compressed. Successive layers of moist earth are added and compressed. The formwork is removed to reveal the rammed earth wall

Areas of occurrence of numerous buildings made of earth. The black points marked the earth architecture inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C https://www.adaptarchitecture.com.au/single-post/2018/06/07/can-you-benefit-from-rammed-earth-walls-the-answer-is-yes

1. Potential Raw Material of Rammed Distribution Map

Volcanic product 火山石 Lavas, breccias, pumiceous tuffs熔岩、角砾岩、浮石凝灰岩 Yellowish-Brown Latosol黄棕砖红壤 Volcanic products of old Bujan-Bratan老 Bujan-Bratan的火山产物 Sandstones 砂石 Alluvial deposit冲积层Grey Regosol 灰色粗骨土

Source from: Land use group Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

1. The Benefit and The limitation of Rammed Earth Benefit

Limitation • •

• •

The texture of traditional culture Locally sourced, locally produced

Regulate the temperature Relatively low Eco-costs

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

•

Fire resistance

•

Water resistance

1. Possible Technical Improvement of Rammed Earth

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://isiarticles.com/bundles/Article/pre/pdf/104826.pdf

1. The circular life cycle of a building material, the waste stream must be eliminated

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323784664_A_STUDY_INTO_MORE_SUSTAINABLE_ALTERNATIVE_BUILDI NG_MATERIALS_AS_A_SUBSTITUTE_FOR_CONCRETE_IN_TROPICAL_CLIMATES

1. Life Cycle of Concrete & Life Cycle of Loam (Rammed Earth)

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323784664_A_STUDY_INTO_MORE_SUSTAINABLE_ALTERNATIVE_BUILDI NG_MATERIALS_AS_A_SUBSTITUTE_FOR_CONCRETE_IN_TROPICAL_CLIMATES

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323784664_A_STUDY_INTO_MORE_SUSTAINABLE_ALTERNATIVE_BUILDI NG_MATERIALS_AS_A_SUBSTITUTE_FOR_CONCRETE_IN_TROPICAL_CLIMATES

Construction Material - Wood

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.swedishwood.cn/wood-facts/choosing-wood/wood-and-the-environment/the-forest-and-sustainable-forestry/

2.Environmental life cycles and ecological cycles of wood products

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / https://www.swedishwood.cn/wood-facts/choosing-wood/wood-and-the-environment/the-forest-and-sustainable-forestry/ team C

2. The Advantages of Wood as Building Materials 1. Wood is Renewable Unlike concrete or metals, wood is a building material that can be grown and regrown through natural processes such as replanting and forestry management programs

2.Wood is Biodegradable One of the biggest challenges of many building materials, including concrete, metal, and plastics, is that when they are discarded, they take an impossibly long time to decompose. When exposed to natural climate conditions, wood will break down much more quickly and actually replenish the soil in the process.

3. Wood is recycleable The life cycle of wood has a lower impact on the environment compared to other building materials such as steel or concrete, and so it costs less to produce. In wood manufacturing process, the wastewater and environmental impact is lower compared to steel production Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.wagnermeters.com/moisture-meters/wood-info/advantages-wood-building/

2. Sustainable Forest—Types and basic situation in Indonesia

There are 130.68 million hectares of forest in Indonesia, including marine conservation areas. Located in the tropics, Indonesian forests are dominated by tropical rain forest species with research identifying 15 distinct forest formations. Indonesia’s tropical forests are known for their mega-diversity and contain a vast assortment of biodiversity

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Building Waste Recycling / https://klfholdings.com.au/?format=feed&type=rss

2. Land cover-forest

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/country/IDN/2/

2. Forest Changes in Bali-challenge

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/country/IDN/2/

2. Forest Changes in Bali-drivers

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/country/IDN/2/

2. Protected area

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

2. Land cover-forest

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/country/IDN/2/

2. The growth cycle of tree-challenge

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C https://www.swedishwood.cn/wood-facts/choosing-wood/wood-and-the-environment/the-forest-and-sustainable-forestry/

2. Forest Policy-Limitation and Support The Ministry of Forestry has set a vision for forestry development 2010-2014, Sustainable Forestry for the Welfare of a Justice Society (Hutan Lestari untuk Kesejahteraan Masyarakat yang Berkeadilan).

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Material District/ https://materialdistrict.com/article/building-blocks-made-recycled-plastic/

2. Alternative material-bamboo Bamboo grows fast Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants in the world, three times as fast as most other tree species, and produces 20 times more fibre than trees. Moso bamboo is a 'timber-type' bamboo species that grows two feet a day and can reach 80 feet tall in just two months.11 As a result, crop rotation cycles can be shorte ned and more products can be harvested consistently without replanting. Bamboo has been measured shooting skywards at two inches (5cm) an hour and some species grow up to 5 feet (1.5m) a day Bamboo has a high tensile strength Some studies have found that bamboo has a higher tensile strength than steel because its fibres extend axially (along the length of the rod)8 , making it a carbon wise alternative to steel structural members.

Bamboo is flexible Bamboo is similar to wood in that the organisation of bamboo provides strength. However, bamboo fibres are several times longer than wood fibres and almost all of them extend the full length of the bamboo pole, allowing it to bend without deforming or breaking in situations such as earthquakes or high winds. Therefore, if manufactured correctly, engineered bamboo structural elements, such as bamboo nail laminate systems, are suitable for use in earthquake-prone Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/alternative Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3/ areas as a carbon-smart to concrete and steel10. team C

2. Alternative material-bamboo

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.bambuvillage.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/bamboo_forestry-Book.pdf

2. Alternative material-Type of bamboos are used the most Dendrocalamus Asper Niger | Bambu Petung Hitam Due to a genetic mutation, this is a naturally black tinted version of Bambu Petung. Though the poles exhibit less structural strength than their blonde counterparts, they are often used for their beauty.

Dendrocalamus Asper | Bambu Petung • Average heights: 15 -30 meters • Average diameters: 8 to 20 cm • Principle use: construction and food

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Gigantochloa Apus | Bambu Tali Bambu Tali has a series of qualities which make it an interesting building material. One of them is its flexibility, it can be easily manipulated and is used for making bamboo ropes, a valuable element of the construction process • Average heights: 8-22 meters • Average diameters: 4-13 cm Principle use: handicraft, furniture and construction.

https://bamboou.com/projects/the-7-bamboo-species-we-use-the-most/

2. Alternative material-Type of bamboos are used the most Bambusa Blumeana | Bambu Duri In our designs, it not only serves us structurally but, it also becomes a beautiful aesthetic element. • Average heights: 20-30 meters • Average diameters: 10-18 cm • Principle use: construction and decoration.

“Fishing Rod Bamboo” of the Pseudosasa Genus | Bambu Pancing In construction and design, it is particularly used for furniture or decorative purposes, such as covering cables or tubes living spaces. • Average heights: up to 6 meters • Average diameters: 10-18 cm Principle use: construction and decoration.

Thyrsostachys Siamensis | Bambu Jakarta • Average heights: 7 to 13 meters • Average diameters: 2 to 6 cm. • Principle use: food, paper and construction.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://bamboou.com/projects/the-7-bamboo-species-we-use-the-most/

2. Alternative material-bamboo in Indonesia

Bali Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.bambooindomakmur.co.id/

2. Alternative material-bamboo in Indonesia-1000 bamboo villages project

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://medium.com/@Kalpavriksha/the-1-000-bamboo-villages-project-fa4c82339f0a

2. Alternative material-bamboo in Indonesia-1000 bamboo villages project

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://medium.com/@Kalpavriksha/the-1-000-bamboo-villages-project-fa4c82339f0a

2. Alternative material-bamboo in Indonesia-BALI REGREEN – BAMBOO REFORESTATION PROGRAM

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.balispiritfestival.com/community-outreach/bali-regreen

2. Alternative material-bamboo in Indonesia-BALI REGREEN – BAMBOO REFORESTATION PROGRAM

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.balispiritfestival.com/community-outreach/bali-regreen

2. Local practice

The Arc / Main material: Bamboo -The school‘s main teaching objective: to promote sustainable development through learning in a natural environment," so the school's architecture is designed to be low-carbon to provide the largest footprint with the least amount of material -an exemplar and a monument of the bamboo architecture to the world -building on its 12-year legacy of nurturing holistic, innovative, and purpose-driven green architecture using bamboo, probably the “greenest” construction material there is by convention -The vents at the top of the canopy allow warm air to escape, while the openings around the bottom provide natural ventilation, eliminating the need for air conditioning in the island's tropical climate

-The Arc provides a unique play environment that maximizes student whimsy while significantly reducing the use of building materials and avoiding the associated carbon emissions

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

1 0

The Arc at Green School / IBUKU Source: https://www.archdaily.com/964059/the-arc-at-green-school-ibuku?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or vinyl is perhaps the most versatile of all plastics, taking such well-known forms in construction as flooring, siding, piping, and single-ply membrane roofing. Depending upon the type, vinyl generally resists weathering, oils, greases, acids, fungus, and moisture, and is self-extinguishing and abrasion-resistant.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Construction Material - Plastic https://www.digivillaplans.com/plastics-building-material-20th-century/

3. The Advantages of Plastics as Building Materials Plastic materials have been an essential part of sustainable solutions as they offer a unique combination of performance, weathering resistant, reliability, durability, design flexible and cost-effectiveness. Buildings are made to last, often with an average lifetime of 50 years or longer.

Durable

Insulation

Resource efficiency low weight

Insulation

Plastic insulation can save more than 135 times the energy used in its manufacture . Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Modern Building Alliance / https://www.modernbuildingalliance.eu/environmental-sustainability-plastics-construction/

3. Construction & Demolish Waste —— Plastic

•

There is a common conception that some plastic is “unrecyclable”, but given the right treatment it need not go to landfill.

•

Building with plastic waste requires fewer resources than natural products…

Building materials made from recycled plastics are not yet widely used in the construction industry – prototypes have mainly been used for demonstrative installations. It will take political will and widespread environmental awareness to encourage more investment into the potential in plastics recycling.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Building Waste Recycling / https://klfholdings.com.au/?format=feed&type=rss Future planet / https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200819-why-plastic-waste-is-an-ideal-building-material

3. Construction Material - Plastic

• PVC – Polyvinyl Chloride, More Harmful Than You Might Think This is one of the most common types of plastic and is most commonly used as a building material: about 75% of all vinyl produced is used for long-lasting building and construction applications like siding, pipes, wiring coverings and fencing. -

rigid and strong as a building material environmental and health disadvantages, especially in the disposal of this product expensive feedstock recycling: oftentimes the amount of valuable recovered product is very low, that it doesn’t justify the initial cost of the recycling method

• HDPE – High-Density Polyethylene, The Environmentally-Friendly Building Material This is commonly used to make playground equipment, fencing, boardwalks and marine industry applications like fendering systems and substructure components. -

strength, durability, weather and chemical resistance a great alternative to traditional building materials like wood, metal and concrete environmentally-friendly building material environmentally-friendly manufacturing process : harmful gases are not produced and emitted through the air that can injure human health or the environment efficient and cost-effective recycle process: narrower range of raw material less chemical variation from additives during the manufacturing process than PVC: easier to remove and separate in the recycling process

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://tangentmaterials.com/recycling-plastic-building-materials-pvc-vs-hdpe/

3. Current Plastic Pollution in Bali

However … According to Upskill, in Bali, each day one person contributes 2.8 kg of potentially harmful solid waste in average. Every 24 hours, 15,000 cubic meters of trash is disposed of along Bali’s roadsides and at illegal dump sites. • Up to 75% of garbage including many plastics is not collected by official services. Then it seep into and pollute local waterways, farms and coastal areas. • Rivers and mangrove swamps have become makeshift rubbish dumps due to poor government regulation and illegal dumping. • Human sewage and contaminated cooking oil flow directly into the ocean, where Bali’s millions of tourists frolic.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

White/ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/travel/destinations/my-honeymoon-in-bali-revealed-a-tropical-island-with-an-ugly-trashproblem/article25724275/ Upskill / https://upskill.study/toward-balis-zero-waste

3. Current Plastic Pollution in Bali

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Balipartnership / https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#) tab-1606305589863-0

3. “Zero Waste” Initiatives in Bali

Toward Bali`s Zero Waste

In Bali, there are also Zero Waste initiatives committed to the preservation of Bali’s nature. For instance, R.O.L.E. Foundation developed the ‘Zero Waste to Oceans’ program. In this program they promote a ‘Complete Circle’ approach to management, in which every last piece of trash is recycled and absolutely nothing goes to waste. In order to help put this approach into practice, they are currently constructing a 1300 sqm “Zero Waste to Oceans” Education Centre. This centre will facilitate machinery and systems that recycle or use around 98% of all waste. Organic, non-recyclables, and recyclables will be separated and converted into materials beneficial for everyday life.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Upskill / https://upskill.study/toward-balis-zero-waste

3. Proposal: New Way of Plastic Recycle——Bricks for Building •

Company: ByFusion

•

Founder: Peter Lewis, an engineer and inventor

•

Outcome: developed a portable machine that turns scraps of discarded plastic waste into bricks for building.

•

Significance: This 100% modular technology can convert all types of plastic waste found in our ecosystem into a building blocks called Replast. Key to the innovation is the variety of different plastics that can be used.

•

Benefits

✓ 95% lower Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GhG) during their production than that produced by concrete ✓ better thermal and sound insulating capabilities than a concrete block ✓ requires no glues or insulations which can help contribute towards USGBC LEED certification

•

Method: offering considerable design flexibility, the Replast blocks are produced in sizes and dimensions of typical concrete cinder blocks, as well as in different colors. They can be used for applications in

architecture, infrastructure and landscape thanks to their durability to the elements.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Material District/ https://materialdistrict.com/article/building-blocks-made-recycled-plastic/

3. Proposal: Alternative Material in the Future

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Mycotech/ https://mycl.bio/technology

3. Lower CO2 Emissions: Biobased Materials

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

The Growing Pavilion Documentary Dutch / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMfhsrxp76c

3. What Problem Can Be Solved by Mycelium?

e.g. 373 kg of Agroforestry waste upcycled every month according to Mycotech in Bandung, Indonesia

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Mycotech/ https://mycl.bio/sustainability

3. Mycelium

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/15058979994303610/ , https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/55661745385794797/ Alemu, D., Tafesse, M. and Mondal, A. K. (2022) ‘Mycelium-Based Composite: The Future Sustainable Biomaterial’, International Journal of Biomaterials, pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1155/2022/8401528.

3. The Advantages of Mycelium as Building Materials Mycelium is an ecological alternative to fossil-fuel based plastics such as expanded polystyrene (EPS) and expanded polypropene (EPP). This composite is proven to be used for different applications such as packaging, architectural designs, walls, and insulation. • • • • • • • • •

recyclable low cost low emission low density thermal resistance ease of production ecofriendly nature high fire and UV resistance no require new technologies or complex materials

It cements the substrate and transforming it into a solid block. • • • • • • • •

ground wood coffee husk Sawdust wheat bran organic waste straw bagasse various agricultural residues …

Mycelium

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Mycotech/ https://myc

3. Thermal and Acoustic Insulation

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.archdaily.com/949007/mushroom-buildings-the-possibilities-of-using-mycelium-inarchitecture?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_tab&ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all

3. Life circle of Mycelium

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

3. Mycelium-based Composite Process

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Alemu, D., Tafesse, M. and Mondal, A. K. (2022) ‘Mycelium-Based Composite: The Future Sustainable Biomaterial’, International Journal of Biomaterials, pp. 1–12. doi: 10.1155/2022/8401528.

3. Production of Mycelium-based Composite Process

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.coebbe.nl/projecten/building-on-mycelium/

3. Production of Mycelium-based Composite Process

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

https://www.coebbe.nl/projecten/building-on-mycelium/

3. Mycelium Brick A mycelium brick is an organic brick that is formed from organic waste and the mycelium of fungus.

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Grownbio / https://www.grown.bio/

3. Mycelium in Practice as Building Material —— The Growing Pavilion Documentary Dutch

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

The Growing Pavilion Documentary Dutch / https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMfhsrxp76c

3. PT Miko Bahtera Nusantara (Mycotech) in Bandung, Indonesia

Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C

Mycotech/ https://mycl.bio/sustainability

3. Limitation of Mycelium Although the myceliumbrick is developing, it still has a long way before it might become a viable and widely used building material.

weight • mycelium brick with a cubic meter: 43 kg • concrete with a cubic meter: 2400 kg

BUT

compressive strength • Mycelium: 0.1-0.4 MPa • Concrete: 20-40MPa

The idea of a durable but biodegradable brick is something of an oxymoron, the mycelium bricks are not considered very durable yet, as in their current technologies they won’t be applicable to last for over 50 years. •

Scientific articles on the subject almost always conclude with the statement: it is necessary to research heavily and experiment carefully with the material for it to have the efficiency, competitiveness, and industrial quality needed for mass use.

But researchers also agree that there is enormous potential for the material in many diverse areas. Mycelium represents a paradigm shift in the way we approach the procurement, use, and disposal of construction materials. •

Being 100% biodegradable, found in abundance on the planet, ‘’grown’’ from waste, and achieving excellent functional characteristics, mycelium-based materials have enormous, yet untapped potential.

Above all, mycelium is suitable for achieving Bali’s complete circulation by proving that great innovations do not necessarily require new technologies or complex materials. They may be closer than we think. Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C