2015 - 2016
SMART BUILDINGS
ZERO ON THE METER DWELLINGS
Mateo Bernabeu Carbonell Richard Spivey
1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT
2.
RESULTS OF THE PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2.1.
Dwelling characteristics 2.1.1. Dimensions net surfaces 2.1.2. Tables of net surfaces 2.1.3. Existing building conditions
2.2.
Analysis & improvements of the different parts of the outer shell 2.2.1. Existing Floor composition 2.2.2. Future Floor composition 2.2.3. Existing Roof composition 2.2.4. Future Roof composition 2.2.5. Existing Wall composition 2.2.6. Future Wall compositionv 2.2.7. Existing Windows and doors 2.2.8. Future Windows and doors 2.2.9. Summary transmission losses for existing and future situation
2.3.
Estimated energy usage in the dwelling - Lighting and appliances 2.3.1. Current situation 2.3.2. Future situation
2.4.
Installations of the dwelling 2.4.1. Current installations & energy use 2.4.2. Future installations & energy use and distribution
2.5.
Year energy usage, savings and costs
3.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSvvv
4.
APPENDICES 4.1.
Ventilation & infiltration comparison 4.1.1. Current situation 4.1.2. Future situation
4.2. 4.3. 4.4.
Internal heat load comparison Domestic hot water comparison Heating system comparison 4.4.1. Current situation 4.4.2. Future situation
4.5.
Heat balance - graphic comparison 4.5.1. Current situation 4.5.2. Future situation
1.
DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT
According with the assignment explained in the coursebook, due to the new technologies and investigations around building engineering and architecture, the new buildings built in 2016, are able to reach a very high level of energy efficiency, in the process that’s involved to generate the wished confort to the users. The different Governments of the countries around Europe has been adapting the legislation conditioning the energy efficiency of those new buildings, and that’s an aspect that is really good for the population, because of the reached confort, as much as the disminution of the pollution generated to reach this confort, and also for the amount of money that the user is paying every month. However, there is a huge amount of buildings that were built before the 60’s and 50’s, where this efficient measures that we are talking about, weren’t a “problem” at that moment, and is in our hands the task to improve those measures.
2.
RESULTS OF THE PRACTICAL RESEARCH
2.1.
Dwelling characteristics
2.1.1. Dimensions net surfaces
Ground floor
Third floor
First floor
2.1.2. Tables of net surfaces
2.1.3. Existing building conditions
2.2.
Analysis & improvements of the different parts of the outer shell
2.2.1. Existing Floor composition
2.2.2. Future Floor composition
Reinforced Concrete (20 cm) Rubber support (2 cm) Air cavity (2 cm) Thermal insulation - Kingspan (12 cm) Metallic diffussion plate Radiating floor pipes Wooden beam (12 cm) Wooden floor (3 cm)
2.2.3. Existing Roof composition
2.2.4. Future Roof composition
2.2.5. Existing Wall composition
2.2.6. Future Wall composition
Kingspan (10 cm) Metallic substructure (4 x 2cm) Air cavity (2cm) Plasterboard (1,25 cm)
Polyurethane foam injected
Existing brick work (13 cm) Air cavity (6 cm) Existing block work (20 cm)
2.2.7. Existing Windows and doors
2.2.8. Future Windows and doors
Future situation
Current situation
2.2.9. Summary transmission losses for existing and future situation
2.3.
Estimated energy usage in the dwelling - Lighting and appliances
2.3.1. Current situation
The energy is not only used for heating the house and the domestic water. A lot of lighting and appliances are distributed around the house, and new technologies also affect to this sector, reaching a really good efficiency. Also human behavior affect in the way those appliances consume more or less energy, but that’s something that the architect can’t decide.
2.3.2. Future situation
In the next table we can appreciate that after the changes, the energy consumption cause of the lighting and appliances has been reduced over 30 %, meaning that, with an investment of 2785€, the family in the dwelling will be saving around 110 € per month. So will be saving 1.308 € / year . As a result, the family will recover the investment in a bit more than 2 years.
2.4.
Installations of the dwelling
2.4.1. Current installations & energy use Installations
Kind
Ventilation system
mechanical extraction of natural supply, AC motor
Room heating
Normal efficiency gas-fired boiler (75% efficiency)
DHW heating
Normal efficiency gas-fired boiler (75% efficiency)
The current energy consumption relates to the use of gas for heating and the production of domestic hot water. In addition, electrical energy is used for lighting and appliances.
Current Energy usage Gas
3908.3 m3
Electricity
4137,8 kWh
Converted to kWh p/y
42319,7 kWh
total primary energy [m2] 271 kWh
p/y p/m2
2.4.2. Future installations & energy use and distribution Installations
Kind
Ventilation system
mechanical extraction of natural supply, AC motor
Room heating
Heat pump air LT - effi. top 3
DHW heating
3 x Solar Boilers 120 l. each
Future energy use after all the proposed energy saving measures have been implemented consists of only electric energy. This electrical energy is used to power the heat pump and for lighting and appliances.
Future Energy usage Gas
no gas connection!
Electricity
6109,7 kWh
total primary energy [m2] 39 kWh
p/m2
Not only better insulation and higher efficiency systems contribute to an energyDneutral home. Also, energy producing systems help to achieve energy neutrality. By own generated energy you also are less dependent on suppliers in the energy market
Future Energy source Solar Heat Boiler
6193,8 kWh
Solar Panels
5460
kWh
AC Power
650
kWh
2.5.
Year energy usage, savings and costs
To gain insight into the absolute energy savings, in the table below the annual energy use for heating and hot water are calculated in cubic meters of gas and kilo watt hours electricity. This gives a picture of the energy savings. What is striking is that the energy from the grid is reduced to 650 kWh per year! Reducing the bill to 143â‚Ź per year, so less than 12 â‚Ź per month!
3.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
In conclusion it is possible to make significant improvements on the dwelling efficiency and energy consumption but not completely with the proposed measures at the moment. The house has a bad orientation and cannot gain the most energy of the sun.
The total energy that the house consumes has decreased from 271 kWh/m2 to 39 kWh/ m2. With the amelioration the house can achieve a savings of more than 85 %. With the external energy produced by the solar panels and the production of hot water through the solar boilers, it reaches up to 98 %. The installation of a efficient and sustainable energy production, for electricity and water heating, and the improvement of the global heat loss in the building will result in those savings. As the house has been totally refurbished with new insulation and is reaching a very high Rc value and low U-value it will be difficult to improve in those areas. A better ventilation system could make improvement in the inside climate and reduce the minimum external energy consumption needed. Or a geothermal pump could be installed but would be a difficult process and uneconomical with a payback length too high. Even higher efficiency windows with 0.9 U-value could be easily installed but would also just add to the cost.
Recomendations Based on the contribution to energy savings, investment and payback period, purchasing solar panels and installing a demand controlled balance ventilation system delivers the most advantage directly. With short payback times of around eight years. The second that could be considered would be placing HR ++ glazing, a solar boiler and a heat recovery shower unit. Return on between 13 and 18 years. The after insulation of roof and facade structures is from an economic point of view not profitable, but as I said from the comfort argument yet still recommended. And if a handy do-it-yourselfer it executes, costs can significantly go down.
To reduce the residual energy to zero, additional measures would be needed.
4.
APPENDICES
4.1.
Ventilation & infiltration comparison
4.1.1. Current situation
4.1.2. Future situation
4.2.
Internal heat load comparison
The situation of the internal heat load will not change, because the orientation of the house can’t be changed, and the amount of people inside will be the same. However, if the habits of the people who’s living in the house would change, the result could be better, but it’s an issue about human behavior, not architecture.
4.3.
Domestic hot water comparison
4.3.1. Current situation
4.3.2. Future situation
4.4.
Heating system comparison
4.4.1. Current situation
4.4.2. Future situation
4.5.
Heat balance - graphic comparison
4.5.1. Current situation Heat losses
Heat gains
Heat losses
Heat gains
4.5.2. Future situation
Heat losses
Heat gains
Heat losses
Heat gains