FACADE DESIGN ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY
MATEO BERNABEU CARBONELL & NURIA MARTINEZ MARTINEZ
HOGESCHOOL VAN AMSTERDAM
-2016-
MATEO BERNABEU CARBONELL & NURIA MARTINEZ MARTINEZ
HOGESCHOOL VAN AMSTERDAM
-2016-
I. Searching 70’s CURTAIN WALL · Our choice · Oscar Niemeyer · Cathedral of Brasilia · Estructure & Details · Improvements
II. Knowing the Meelfabriek · Information about project · Peter Zumthor · Plans
INDEX
III. Material Report PMMA · Architecture & Construction · Applications · Properties · Comparisons
IV. Researching PROPOSAL FACADE · Our inspiration · Process to design · Final design
V. Developing of DETAILS · Our inspiration · Process to design · Final design
VI. Final DETAILS
I SEARCHING 70s
CURTAIN W A L L
CATHEDRAL OF BRASILIA Architect: Oscar Niemeyer Location: Brasilia Year of project: 1958 Year of construction: 1970
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OUR CHOICE Having such a significant history, Brasilian’s architecture, shows the richness and the importance of the culture, as a planned city. Church as an institution, has a huge importance in society, so the design of it materializes a unique meaning and presence that are the opposite of the shapes present in its environment. Oscar Niemeyer pretended to make a statement through the expression of huge proportions and unique design presents in Brasilia’s Cathedral, which led later to win the Pritzker Prize in 1988. The first stone was placen in the beginning of September 1958, when the designs began to be proposed and totally planned by Oscar Niemeyer. With a diameter of 70 m, the only visible structure of the Cathedral are 16 curved pillars made with concrete, that has a peculiar shape. The purpose to reach the sky with both hands is represented by long elements that are projected in height; white curvatures with parabolic section do the gesture. After the addition of the transparent external glass, the Cathedral was finished the May, 31st of 1970. A continuous symbolic vigilance protects the Cathedral from the exterior. 4 Bronze structures with 3 m height each, play this rol. Those represents the evangelists and were done with the help of Dante Cruz in 1968. More sculptures can be appreciated in the interior of the building, where 3 flying angels, holding with steel cables from the central concrete structure. With a size that varies between 2.22 m and 4.25 meters long, and a weight between 100 and 300 kg each, were made by Alfredo Ceschiatti and Croce Dante in 1970. One by one hand painted ceramic tiles are covering the walls of the baptistery in an ovulated shape. Those were made by Athos Bulcão, a Brazilian painter and sculptor, in 1977. The Cathedral is finished with its bell tower that received four Bronze bells that were donated by Spain. More obvious details in the interior are the colored glass pieces, with different tones of blue, white and brown. Those huge glass pieces were integrated and designed to fit between the concrete columns. The result was triangular portions of 30 meters height and 10 meters width. Because it’s located in the “Esplanada dos Ministerios” there is not a community that assist to the fixed services. Most of the people who go to the church are tourists or people that is working in the “Esplanada dos Ministerios”. The Cathedral is opened everyday to public visits.
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I SEARCHING 70s
OSCAR NIEMEYER
Oscar Niemeyer (December 15, 1907 – December 5, 2012), was a Brazilian architect who is considered to be one of the key figures in the development of modern architecture. Niemeyer was best known for his design of civic buildings for Brasília, a planned city that became Brazil’s capital in 1960, as well as his collaboration with other architects on the headquarters of the United Nations in New York City. His exploration of the aesthetic possibilities of reinforced concrete was highly influential in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Both lauded and criticized for being a “sculptor of monuments”,Niemeyer was hailed as a great artist and one of the greatest architects of his generation by his supporters. He said his architecture was strongly influenced by Le Corbusier, but in an interview, assured that this “didn’t prevent his architecture from going in a different direction”.Niemeyer was most famous for his use of abstract forms and curves.
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I CATHEDRAL OF
BRASILIA
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IDEATION AND MEANING OF SHAPE
GEOMETRY OF SHAPE
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IDEATION AND MEANING OF SHAPE
Niemeyer looked for a clean and compact shape. An object able to bright with the same purity from any perspective, and at the same time, a deep religious expression. · The building has the capacity to shelter 4000 people. · The structure is based in 16 curved columns, and the facade is made with glass. · The structure is based in the shape of a hyperboloid.
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Brasilia is the youngest capital of Brazil
lOCATION AND CONTEXT OF CATHEDRAL. SITE PLAN.
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ROOF VIEW OF CATHEDRAL AND SURROUNDINGS.
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CURTAIN WALL DESIGN
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WATER ROOF TOP WITH CURTAIN WALL
CONCRETE STRUCTURE AND CURTAIN WALL STRUCTURE
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HORIZONTAL SECTION PILLAR WITH CURTAIN WALL
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I ESTRUCTURE &
DETAILS
ELEVATION OF CATHEDRAL. DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURES AND FORCES.
CONCRETE MAIN STRUCTURE WITH CURTAIN WALL STRUCTURE
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I IMPROVEMENTS
CURTAIN WALL
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·The structure is based in 16 curved columns, and the facad ·The structure is based in the shape of a hyperboloid.
BRAZILIA IS THE YOUNGEST CAPITAL OF
SCHEDULE OF MODERN REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENT
LOCATION BRASILIA
NETHERLANDS
Thermal insulation
·Not required ·Mirrored external layer
·2 layers of glass and an airlock space between them. ·More clear glass-> more transparency
Ventilation
·Ventilated Airlock
·Not required
Sound Insulation
· Interior: Both situations work well thanks of the perfect design of the shape, despite the material, the glass, that is not the best deal with sound. Interior Esterior
Light control
Sunrise: 07:07 Sunset: 19:44 Sunlight time: 12h 37’
Sunrise: 07:57 Sunset: 17:50 Sunlight time: 9h 53’
Due to the climates and the hyperbolic shape, the building is efficient with the light control. So the building wouldn’t need electric lights for a long time everyday. Heat locks / cold bridges
It’s not a real problem in Brasilia, because of the average temperature along the year.
Huge problem in the Netherlands because of the difference between the interior and exterior temperatues. ·Detail pillar-curtain wall ·Alluminium frames ·Join between 2 layers “structure”
Waterproofness
The shape and the material work very well evacuating the water in both locations.
Windproofness
The shape of the building collaborates with the structure to resist the wind force, furthermore, the new design of the curtain wall details, makes totally impossible to the wind to penetrate across the glasses.
Cleaning
A craw would be necessary in both locations to clean the internal and external layers of glass.
Safety
There is no danger of falling for users. Security glass until 3 meters heigh
Fireproofness
Sprinker system and forced ventilation in the top of the building
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· THERMAL INSULATION CURRENT DESIGN
OUR MODERN DESIGN
The real “complete” layer that separate internal and external spaces is the exterior one. The interior, the tinted glass, only appears in certain parts of the curtain wall.
· VENTILATION
EXTERNAL GLASS
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BRASILIA
NETHERLANDS
The mirrored glass helps to reflect the major part of the sun rays, reflecting part of the solar gain that increase the interior temperature..
In the Netherlands, we have the opposite situation. A more clear external glass, helps the building to contain the warm inside.
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With the doble layer of glass, we create an airlock between each one, that actuate like a cushion between the external and internal atmospheres. That airlock would be ventilated or not, depending on the location.
BRASILIA
NETHERLANDS
The ventilated airlock helps to insulate the temperatura
The airlock helps to contain the warm temperature inside, thanks of the greenhouse effect.
· LIGHT CONTROL This shape is very efficient with the light control because the northern facade is not always in shadow. It means that the building receive more light during the day and doesn’t need electric lights for a long time everyday.
· SOUND INSULATION Currently, noise pollution is a huge problem in many cities, but this hyperbolic shape and the use of glass are a good solution to reflect the exterior sound. The shape improves the capacity of sound to reflect over the building and go to another direction. In addition, the glass is a material with low absorption, and this fact improves the performance of this solution. Inside of the building, the glass is not the best material to deal with sound. Because it, can produce reverberation and echo. ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY
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· HEAD LOCKS/ COLD BRIDGES CURRENT DESIGN
PILLAR-CURTAIN WALL
Cold bridges everywhere. This design works in Brasilia, but never could work in the Netherlands because of the cold external temperatures.
PILLAR-CURTAIN WALL
The current design only has glass in certain parts of the internal layer. It lets the building with only a thin layer of glass separating exterior and interior atmospheres.
PILLAR-CURTAIN WALL
The pillars it selves has a cold bridge. it’s not a real problem in Brasilia, but in the Netherlands, it’s a huge problem too.
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OUR MODERN DESIGN A possible solution PILLAR-CURTAIN WALL
In our modern design, we focused in applying changes that would do the building to be efficient in the Netherlands, where the weather is more “extreme” than in Brasilia.
ALLUMINIUM FRAMES
The new frames are build with aluminum, and it includes heat locks, to break the cold bridges. Also includes two layers of glass.
UNION BETWEEN TWO LAYERS STRUCTURE
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· WATERPROOFNESS The glass is a waterproof material
The hyperboloide shape allows water to flow down over the surface, without to enter inside.
· WINDPROOF
· CLEANING
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· SAFETY
It can prevent a robbery with the use of security glass. There is no danger of falling for users.
· FIREPROOF This building needs forced ventilation in the top, to renew the air in case of fire. It needs a sprinkler system. A study about distribution of the sprinklers is very important to determine a good quality system.
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II KNOWING THE
MEELFABRIEK
MEELFABRIEK
Architect: Peter Zumthor Location: Leyden, Holland Year of project: 2012 Year of construction: 2015
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The Meelfabriek is a set of thirteen industrial buildings located in Leiden. The mill of flour was built since the Second World War, and it’s one of the biggest in Netherlands. The factory closed since 1988, it decided to built a restoration with residential buildings, restaurants, offices, and galleries. The project was ordered to the architect Peter Zumthor, and at the beginning of 2012, it started to build the new restoration. The design of Zumthor intends to respect industrial structures of factory, but the facades would have a lot of changes. The masterplan is wide, measures approximately 46.000m2. There are not only old industrial buildings to restorate, it has added new buildings. In 2015, the first phase started. This phase are new appartments for young students. In 2016, the appartments in Singel and lofts in old mill has to be finished.
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II KNOWING THE
MEELFABRIEK PETER ZUMTHOR
Peter Zumthor is a Swiss architect, he born 26 April 1943, and is winner of the 2009 Pritzker Prize and 2013 RIBA Royal Gold Medal. He studied industrial design and architecture as an exchange student in New York in 1966. In 1968, he became conservationist architect for the Department for the Preservation of Monuments. His practice developed, Zumthor was able to incorporate his knowledge of materials into Modenist construction and detailing. His buildings explore the tactile and sensory qualities of spaces and materials while retaining a minimalist feel.
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II KNOWING THE
MEELFABRIEK PLANS
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III MATERIAL REPORT
PMMA
· ARCHITECTURE & CONSTRUCTION applications - Door and window profiles. Outsantding impact, chemical and UV resistance, excellent performance in all weather conditions. - Sound barriers. Optical clarity. - Greenhouses. Light transmissions, good heat insulation. - Facades. It can be combined with colour and light to original designs. UV stability · PROPERTIES
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· PROS AND CONS pmma
· COMPARISONS WITH OTHER THERMOPLASTICS & GLASS
· COMPARISONS ABOUT THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE WITH OTHER MATERIALS PMMA -> Glass -> Aluminium Air -> Wood -> Rubber ->
λ= 0,19 λ= 0,6 ~1 -> λ= 209,3 λ= 0,024 λ= 0,13 λ= 0,16 ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY
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IV RESEARCHING
PROPOSAL FAÇADE
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OUR INSPIRATION After analyzing the organic shape of the Brazilian Cathedral, by Oscar Niemeyer, we suddenly landed in that concrete jungle originally made for industrial purposes before the World War II. The original needs of the building was to store flour in good temperature and humidity conditions. Now the building is completely empty. We need to re-use this buildings, and people have different needs for living that had the flour to be stored. Now we need a curtain wall in one of its facades to provide natural light and ventilation. The main idea for us, is to somehow satisfy other needs for the users, in addition to basic needs like light and ventilation. We thought about bringing the nature to this concrete jungle. But not putting some plants in each floor. We thought in the beginning of life, the primal structures. Then we discovered the “VORONOI”. The natural growing system that appears everywhere in nature, and we decided to use its principles in our design. For that, we used parametric design programs “GRASSHOPPER” for RHINOCEROS. That was the only tool that let us design this “organic PMMA facade”.
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VORONOI -Store information about proximity between points. -Main structural idea: Proximity -Points: Diagram’s generators -In the borders: -A point pertaining to 3 or more borders, are the VERTEX. -When a VERTEX pertain to 4 or more different regions, the VORONOI is DEGENERATED. Very inestable configuration. -We’ll only consider non-degenerated Voronoi diagrams -Basic prop.
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INITIAL SITUATION
The initial situation of the building is a concrete structure based on pillars and beams where we have to support our facade
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step
1
The first step designing the VORONOI is to locate the GENERATORS, a grid of points that will create the hole design. The red ones are perfectly aligned with floors / pillars because will be the contact points with the concrete structure. ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY
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step
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Now we have generated the structure profiles. It’s just the assembly of the mid lanes between the points.
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step
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Once it’s done, it’s time to connect each join between structural profiles to the GENERATORS, creating structurally self-sufficient cells, that are very structurally efficient with the assembly between all those cells and the concrete floor/ceiling/walls. ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY
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STEP IV
The last step is to install the PMMA closing sheets, first in the external layers, and then in the internal one.
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FINISHED BUILDING
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INITIAL SITUATION: after demolition of the concrete facade
FINAL SITUATION
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APPARTMENTS
MAIN HALL
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V DEVELOPING OF
DETAILS
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PMMA - Poly(methyl methacrylate) Best qualities: -Is used in sheet form as a light weight or shatter-resistant alternative to glass. -Was developed on 1928 and was first brought to market in 1933 under the trademark “Plexilass”
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SECTION SPLIT GLASS PIECES IN CONTACT WITH FLOORS AND PILLARS
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ELEVATION SPLIT GLASS PIECES IN CONTACT WITH FLOORS AND PILLARS
VERTICAL SECTION CONTACT WITH FLOORS
VERTICAL SECTION TOP SIDE OF CURTAIN WALL
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HORIZONTAL SECTION CONCRETE WALL WITH CURTAIN WALL
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VERTICAL SECTION CONTACT WITH THE GROUND
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IV FINAL
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DETAILS
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LASER CUTTING PATTERN - EXTERNAL LAYER OF GLASS Approximately pieces with 4 meters long max.
LASER CUTTING PATTERN - INTERNAL LAYER OF GLASS From the inside, each cell is 1 laser cutted piece of PMMA. Even with the pieces matching with pillars and floors, are divided in 2 parts, to facillitate installation and possible repairings.
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WINDOW VIEW FROM THE INSIDE Window cells do not have an internal steel-cable structure, as well as internal layer of PMMA. The 2 thin layers are located in the external layer, built into a PMMA frame.
WINDOWS ORGANIZATION The windows can be located anywhere, just need to laser-cut a piece that fits in the correct cell. Can be modified depending on the user’s needs.
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VERTICAL DETAILS D01. Top side of curTain wall
D02. Top side of curTain D03. conTacT curTain wall
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wall
D04. conTacT curTain wall
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wiTh floors wiTh windows frames wiTh The ground
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D05. conTacT curTain wall HORIZONTAL DETAILS D06. conTacT curTain wall wiTh concreTe wall
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VERTICAL DETAILS D01. Top side of curTain wall
D02. Top side of curTain wall
D03. conTacT curTain wall wiTh floors
D04. conTacT curTain wall wiTh windows frames
D05. conTacT curTain wall wiTh The ground
DESIGNED PROFILES
HORIZONTAL DETAILS D06. conTacT curTain wall wiTh concreTe wall
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1. Insulation - Rockwool 2. Insulation - Polyurethane foam 3. Structure - Reforced concrete 4. Curtain wall - PMMA Profile 5. Finish - Laminated Plaster board 6. Curtain wall - PMMA Closing Sheet 7. Curtain wall - PMMA Structure 8. Curtain wall - Stainless steel screws 9. Curtain wall - Airlock 10. Curtain wall - Translucent flexible plastic 11. Curtain wall - Stainless steel cables 12. Curtain wall - Stainless steel profile
VERTICAL DETAILS D01. Top side of curTain wall
D02. Top side of curTain wall
D03. conTacT curTain wall wiTh floors
D04. conTacT curTain wall wiTh windows frames
D05. conTacT curTain wall wiTh The ground
HORIZONTAL DETAILS D06. conTacT curTain wall wiTh concreTe wall
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DESIGNED PROFILES
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1. Insulation - Rockwool 2. Insulation - Polyurethane foam 3. Structure - Reforced concrete 4. Curtain wall - PMMA Profile 5. Finish - Laminated Plaster board 6. Curtain wall - PMMA Closing Sheet 7. Curtain wall - PMMA Structure 8. Curtain wall - Stainless steel screws 9. Curtain wall - Airlock 10. Curtain wall - Translucent flexible plastic
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VERTICAL DETAILS D01. Top side of curTain wall
D02. Top side of curTain wall
D03. conTacT curTain wall wiTh floors
D04. conTacT curTain wall wiTh windows frames
D05. conTacT curTain wall wiTh The ground
HORIZONTAL DETAILS D06. conTacT curTain wall wiTh concreTe wall
DESIGNED PROFILES
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1. Insulation - Rockwool 2. Insulation - Polyurethane foam 3. Structure - Reforced concrete 4. Curtain wall - PMMA Profile 5. Finish - Laminated Plaster board 6. Curtain wall - PMMA Closing Sheet 7. Curtain wall - PMMA Structure 8. Curtain wall - Stainless steel screws 9. Curtain wall - Airlock
VERTICAL DETAILS D01. Top side of curTain wall
D02. Top side of curTain wall
D03. conTacT curTain wall wiTh floors
D04. conTacT curTain wall wiTh windows frames
D05. conTacT curTain wall wiTh The ground
HORIZONTAL DETAILS D06. conTacT curTain wall wiTh concreTe wall
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1. Insulation - Rockwool 2. Insulation - Polyurethane foam 3. Structure - Reforced concrete 4. Curtain wall - PMMA Profile 5. Finish - Laminated Plaster board 6. Curtain wall - PMMA Closing Sheet 7. Curtain wall - PMMA Structure 8. Curtain wall - Stainless steel screws 9. Curtain wall - Airlock 10. Curtain wall - Translucent flexible plastic
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VERTICAL DETAILS D01. Top side of curTain wall
D02. Top side of curTain wall
D03. conTacT curTain wall wiTh floors
D04. conTacT curTain wall wiTh windows frames
D05. conTacT curTain wall wiTh The ground
HORIZONTAL DETAILS D06. conTacT curTain wall wiTh concreTe wall
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1. Insulation - Rockwool 2. Insulation - Polyurethane foam 3. Structure - Reforced concrete 4. Curtain wall - PMMA Profile 5. Finish - Laminated Plaster board 6. Curtain wall - PMMA Closing Sheet 7. Curtain wall - PMMA Structure 8. Curtain wall - Stainless steel screws 9. Curtain wall - Airlock
VERTICAL DETAILS D01. Top side of curTain wall
D02. Top side of curTain wall
D03. conTacT curTain wall wiTh floors
D04. conTacT curTain wall wiTh windows frames
D05. conTacT curTain wall wiTh The ground
HORIZONTAL DETAILS D06. conTacT curTain wall wiTh concreTe wall
DESIGNED PROFILES
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1. Insulation - Rockwool 2. Insulation - Polyurethane foam 3. Structure - Reforced concrete 4. Curtain wall - PMMA Profile 5. Finish - Laminated Plaster board 6. Curtain wall - PMMA Closing Sheet 7. Curtain wall - PMMA Structure 8. Curtain wall - Stainless steel screws 9. Curtain wall - Airlock 10. Curtain wall - Translucent flexible plastic
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SINGLE CELL OF THE CURTAIN WALL 1. Closing PMMA sheet 2. PMMA Structure 3. PMMA JOIN 4. Stainless Steel Cables 5. Stainless Steel Profile
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1. Closing PMMA sheet
2. PMMA Structure
The best way to deal with acoustics is to perforate the lateral walls in each cell to avoid reverberation.
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3. PMMA JOIN
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3. PMMA JOIN
End of the PMMA cilinder Rubber Join Rubber Join
First PMMA body half
Stainless Steel Aim (for cables)
Second PMMA body half
PMMA closing sheet goes here End of the PMMA cilinder ARCHITECTURE TECHNOLOGY
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4. Stainless Steel Cables 5. Stainless Steel Profile
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FORCES IN THE STRUCTURE Each cell is structurally stable by itself. Combinating it with the others, we obtain a very stable curtain wall, that we’ll attach to the existent concrete structure
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CELLS MATCHING WITH CONCRETE PILLARS / FLOORS When we found those cells that are attached to the concrete structure, the internal layer of the closing PMMA sheet is split in 2 parts, in order to facilitate the instalation and possible replacements. Furthermore, in the point where the metallic stick go throught the PMMA sheet to connect with the concrete strucure, the sheet has a circular cutted hole to allow some tolerances.
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MATEO BERNABEU CARBONELL & NURIA MARTINEZ MARTINEZ
HOGESCHOOL VAN AMSTERDAM
-2016-