[RE]ward Recycling Mobile Application by Maxime Downe

C P U 4.2APORTFOLIO M a x i m e D o w n e R o s s K i l s h a w 1

0.1 Introduction Proposing a digital tool that will reduce the household waste that goes to landfill by encouraging citizens to recycle incentivised by a cash prize. This project is about respect for the diversity of the environment, living within our means without destroying it, voluntary co-operation and empowerment of the individual, democratic accountability, rewarding good behaviour and sanctioning the bad. Its goal is to change the household recycling trend. It does this by classifying waste as “general” or “recyclable” and awards/forfeit points accordingly and monetising the output. Users recycle in a team and are incentivised by a cash prize which is awarded to the team that recycles the most within each ward, on a monthly basis. In addition to this council tax deductions are awarded according to the citizen’s individual recycling habit.

Mr. Holland recycles

0.2 Research Process The digital tool aims at securing more funds for the regeneration of East Manchester as well as benefitting the environment. From the general survey, it was determined that there was a lack of development oriented towards the people of East Manchester. Indeed, the locals complained that there was a lack of social housing, leisure and education in their areas. This was interpreted as a lack of localised small scale development. After meeting with Anne Taylor, who is in charge of the regeneration of East and North Manchester at Manchester City Council, it was clear that the problem was due to a lack of funds as the council operates at a deficit. Residual waste going to landfill is a exhausting the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s funds dramatically and so intervening there through the use of a digital tool would not only benefit the environment but also regeneration of East Manchester.

30% East Manchester waste recycled (MCC)

Personal Surveys Professional Consultation Theoretical Framework General Research Precendents Study

Deﬁning the Cost of waste boundaries to council of East Manchester in deﬁcit

General Survey East MCR

60% of East Manchester citizens recycle?

Anne Taylor (MCC)

Recycling Survey

Lack of development

Lack of funds

Locals being pushed out

Lack of social housing

Door to door recycling survey

[RE]develop digital tool

41.5% of East Manchester citizens recycle?

Theoretical Framework

QR codes

5p Bag Survey

Dwarf Fortress

Gamiﬁcation

40% Greater Manchester waste recycled

30% Manchester waste recycled (MCC)

Who beneﬁts from recycling?

GMWDA 50% recycled waste target

Fantasy Football Gamiﬁcation

Viridor Waste Management Group

Complex Adaptive Systems (J. Holland)

Recycling process in Greater Manchester

Manchester City Council (MCC)

Recycling materials values

Waste Team (MCC)

[RE]ward digital tool [RE] ward

Emergence & Evolution & External factor self-organisation aggregate & emergent behaviour (T. De Wolf, T. Holvoet) behaviour

Engineering/Ecological Resilience (C. S. Hollings)

Network effects (C. Shapiro, M. L. Katz)

Panarchy loops

Visualising Spatial and Social Media (M. Batty)

Positive feedback loops

0.3 Table of Content 1 Using the Digital Tool 2 Theoretical Frameworks 3 East Manchester Analysis 4 Residual Waste Produced 5 Recycling Analysis 6 Game Output 7 User Interface 8 Spatial Output 9 Global Application 10 Appendix 11 References

TABLE OF CONTENT 7

1 Using the Digital Tool 1.1 Creating/Joining Teams 1.2 Assessing Waste Value 1.3 Creating/Joining Leagues 1.4 Competing for the Ward Prize

USING THE DIGITAL TOOL 9

1.1 Creating/Joining Teams Citizens receive a notice about the new app and they get involved with neighbours to form teams.

What is it?!

CY CL EF

ar d

££

CA S

ar d

Check out this app, REward !

Launch / advertising the app [Re]ward.

Citizens of East Manchester create accounts.

Can I join the “Ardwick Massive”?

Go “Ardwick Massive”

Citizens talk to their neighbours about [Re]ward.

For sure, now get recycling!

Go Team

Neighbours create teams together.

Up to 12 people can join one team.

Citizens within the teams encourage each other to recycle.

1.2 Assessing Waste Value Citizens assess their own recycling value and the QR code on their bin that identifies them is automatically scanned after which the waste collector releases or witholds points.

Recycling Quantity

Recycling Quality

(Waste Quantity / 4)

Waste Quantity

= Total Score

Citizens within the teams encourage each other to recycle.

-20 SUBMIT

Citizens rate their own recycling and general waste.

Recycling Quantity

N 35 Y

Recycling Quality

N 55 Y

Waste Quantity

N -20 Y

Recycling Quality

Waste Quantity

Waste collectors sign into [Re]ward and start their shift.

Name

Score

Valid

Coins Released

Max

Yes

Ross

Solon

Odun

Yusuf

Yes

-20

The truck scans the QR code which links the system to the citizen.

The iPad on side of the lorry displays the relevant scores. Then the waste collector agrees (yes) or disagrees (no).

Once the score has been vailidated by the waste collector (yes) the coins are released to the citizen.

1.3 Creating/Joining Leagues Citizens can join leagues with friends throughout East Manchester for a friendly competition.

Message from Ross “Alright mate does your team want to join our league...? Code is AF4893E102 if so :)”

“Want to join our league?”

“Join our league”

“What’s your league code mate...?”

“Whats the code for your league?”

“Want to join our league? Code 34821” Ross

Max

You can then create leagues between friends.

East Manchester Citizens create leagues with teams from over East Manchester.

The competitive element of the app ecourages citizens to work together at getting the best score possible.

“A League of Gentings Men” League Table

Ardwick Massive Team Table Name

Valid

Team Name Score Last Weeks Score

Coins Released

Max

Yes

The Walking Dez 1502

241

Ross

Yes

Game of Jones

1488

198

Solon

Yes

Ardwick Massive 1463

201

Odun

50 Shades of Gaz 1452

Yes

Doesn’t Mata

125

Yusuf

The more you recycle, cleaner your recycling and less general waste gives you the best score.

Score

You can view your teams statistics, to see who is getting coins and who isn’t.

1451

You can view how your team is doing within the leagues your team joined.

1.4 Competing for the Ward Prize Citizens compete for a prize within their ward. The team that has recycled the most within the ward will win a cash prize sponsored by Viridor.

Ardwick Ward League

Team Name Score Last Weeks Score

Ardwick Ward League

Teams with your neighbours is automatically entered into the ward league, in which there is a cash prize.

Dizzy Recycal

1470

171

Hodor’s Horders

1468

162

Mr Re.Bot

1463

170

Ardwick Massive 1461

192

Doesn’t Mata

125

1451

We did so well last week!

You can view how your team is doing within the Ward league and how far you are off winning.

We are 9 points from 1st!!

Recycle more, Cleaner recycling, Less waste, WE CAN WIN THIS!

Seeing how close you are to winning help encourage the citizens within the team to get maximum points available.

ARDWICK MASSIVE SAY:

“The cash prize has our name on it, don’t even try and compete lads!”

WE HAVE A WINNER

DIZZEE RECYCAL SAY:

“Youz better respect our recyclables, don’t make us go old school!”

THE RECYCLABLES SAY: “Y’all going down, fools!”

Type here to display a message for all to see

Recycle more, cleaner recycling and less general waste give you more coins.

RUNNER-UP

Being able to see your position in the table which is updated on a weely bases helps keep motivated.

The winning team will collect a cash prize which is sponsored by Viridor.

2 Theoretical Frameworks 2.1 E-Governance 2.2 Complex Adaptive Systems 2.3 The Network Effect 2.4 Self-Organisation 2.5 Emergence 2.6 Emergence Experiment 2.7 Urban Metabolism 2.8 Sustainable Urban Metabolism

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS 19

2.1 E-Governance Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of information and communication technology (ICT) for delivering government services, exchange of information communication transactions (big data). â&#x20AC;&#x153;Through e-governance, government services will be made available to citizens in a convenient, efficient and transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government, citizens and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance there are no distinct boundaries.â&#x20AC;? (Garson, 2006) Companies like IBM sell their services to the government so that they can collect, make sense of and use the big data collected. This project aims at providing the council with useful data presented in such a way as to inform the decision-making process. Source: Garson, G. D. (2006). Public Information Technology and E-governance: Managing the Virtual State. Michigan: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

ance

Government

ICT

IBM

rnance or e-governance is the application and communication technology ing government services, exchange of mmunication transactions (big-data).

Big Data

to ata d s sse Proce

k ma

E-Governance

Citizens

Government

Businesses

2.1 E-Governance Negative side of E-Governance Although the idea of E-Governance sounds great there is also a dark side. Anthony M. Townsend talks about how in a global recession companies such as IBM offer governments money and free ICT equipment in exchange for exclusive rights to operate the urban infrastructure. “The global recession has decimated municipal ledgers everywhere. Under the benevolent guise of public-private partnerships, financiers offer capital and technology in exchange for exclusive rights to operate urban infrastructure. The most shocking instance of this occurred in 2008 when Chicago tendered a seventy-six-year lease of its thirty-six thousand parking meters to a firm backed by the government of Abu Dhabi for a $1 billion balloon payment. With cities struggling to invest in even basic infrastructure, there is little appetite for costly smart systems. But industry is getting creative. In 2012, for instance, IBM partnered with Citibank to set up a $25 million loan fund to finance smart parking systems for American cities.” Anthony M. Townsend. “Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia.” This once again highlights the question whether the idea of a smart city is just to give more control to those in power rather than encourage the city to be designed with the needs of the citizens put first.

side of E-Governance

ea of E-Governance sounds great there ide. Townsend talks about how in a n companies such as IBM offer governand free ICT equipment in exchange for s to operate the urban infrastructure.

ession has decimated municipal lede. Under the benevolent guise of pubnerships, ﬁnanciers offer capital and xchange for exclusive rights to operate cture. The most shocking instance of n 2008 when Chicago tendered a sevene of its thirty-six thousand parking m backed by the government of Abu billion balloon payment. With cities vest in even basic infrastructure, there for costly smart systems. But industry ive. In 2012, for instance, IBM partbank to set up a $25 million loan fund to parking systems for American cities.” wnsend. “Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic he Quest for a New Utopia.”

Government £££

IBM ICT Big Data

E-Governance

n highlights the question whether the city is just to give more control to rather than encourage the city to be the needs of the citizens put ﬁrst.

Citizens

Government

Businesses

2.2 Complex Adaptive Systems John H. Holland talks about the characteristics of complex adaptive systems in reality and the mechanisms used to simulate them. What we are interested in are the characteristics of complex adaptive systems. John H. Holland (1992) identifies three main characteristics which apply to the agents within a complex adaptive systems: - Evolution meaning they are able to identify good and bad outcomes and adapt for similar scenarios which may occur in the future; - They display aggregate behaviour meaning that there is an emergent behaviour that can be assessed at a macro level. - Anticipation meaning that they are able to learn from previous events in order to predict potential future events and react accordingly.

Source: Holland, J. H. (1992). â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Complex Adaptive Systems.â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Daedalus, 121(1), 17-30.

Darwinian: ability to survive through parts interactions

ability of the parts to adapt and learn

many parts involved with varying criteria of a “good outcome”

individual parts acting as a whole

Pavlovian conditioning: simple but the effects can be complex

flexibility and transfer of experience

can cause major changes in aggregate behaviour

feature we least understand, yet it is the most important

“We face [...] problems when dealing with complex adaptive systems. All of them involve great numbers of parts undergoing kaleidoscopic array of simultaneous interactions.”

“The system that results is well founded in computational terms, and it does indeed get better at attaining goals in a perpetually novel environment.”

survival of the strongest rule, select best rule at disposal

MECHANISMS

WORLDMODEL ANTICIPATION

rule credit assignment: reward good performance

COMPETITION

PARALLELISM

COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS

parts: developing rules that understand causal effects

emerges from simultaneously acting rules: the interaction 1 processor/rule of parts

AGGREGATE BEHAVIOUR

EVOLUTION

connections between processors: rule interactions

RECOMBINATION

rule discovery: plausible new rules from parts of tested rules

strong rules are known as “parents”

nonsense rules do not promote “good behaviour” and are eliminated

genetic algorithms: crossing parents produces offspring rules

2.3 The Network Effect The network effect arises when interaction with others is essential for a product to work. Theodore Vail coined the term â&#x20AC;&#x153;network effectâ&#x20AC;? in 1908 in relation to his company Bell Telephone. Since then, Michael L. Katz and Carl Shapiro (1994) develop the economic concept by describing the positive feedback loops, the usefulness of a product is directly related to how popular it is. An example that Katz and Shapiro (1994) use is the invention of the fax machine. When it was first introduced as a product, its value to a potential consumer depended on how many others were also using the same technology. The phenomenon of adoption externalities arises in this case which functions as follows:

Product value increases when someone purchases one. Source: Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1994). Systems Competition and Network Effects. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(2), 93-115.

Popularity

Usefulness

2.4 Self-Organisation Self-organisation is a dynamical and adaptive process where the systems acquire and maintain structure themselves, without external control. Tom De Wolf and Tom Holvoet explain the processes of selforganisation meaning that the agents within a system have their own organisational system without the need for external intervention. What we can learn from this is that order follows entropy, a community which is left to its own devices will eventually reach order through self organisation.

Source: Wolf, T. D., & Holvoet, T. (2004). Emergence and Self-Organisation: a statement of similarities and differences. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering Self-Organising Applications (pp. 96-110). New York: KULeuven. Retrieved from http:// atransdisciplinaryapproach.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/de-wolf-emergence.pdf

External Factor

System

External Factor

2.5 Emergence Emergent properties cannot be studied by physically taking a system apart and looking at the parts (reductionism). But can be studied by looking at each part (aggregate behaviour) in the context of the whole system. Tom De Wolf and Tom Holvoet explain how emergent behaviour can be observed within a system through the combined behaviour of each of the agents. SImilarly to the way in which an ants produce an ant hill structure through the combined efforts of each ant. No one ant can build an ant hill, but they self-organise in groups which produces the emergence of the ant hill. By looking at self-organisation and emergence, we can learn how a community can display emergent behaviour through the process of self-organisation. Source: Wolf, T. D., & Holvoet, T. (2004). Emergence and Self-Organisation: a statement of similarities and differences. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering Self-Organising Applications (pp. 96-110). New York: KULeuven. Retrieved from http:// atransdisciplinaryapproach.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/de-wolf-emergence.pdf

Emergence is created

Macro

Comunity of Practice

Emergence

Macro

Micro

System of Influence

New Idea

Decline

Comunity of Practice

New Idea

Decline

Comunity of Practice

Naming

Naming Connecting

Connecting

2.6 Emergence Experiment 5p bag experiment to see how long it takes for citizens to break old habits in the name of financial gain. After reading about emergent behaviour, an experiment was necessary to explore the time taken to form new habits. The aim of this is to better understand how the citizens of East Manchester can change their recycling habits after the introduction of the digital tool. Citizens were surveyed and it was recorded whether or not they remembered a plastic bag when going to the supermarket, hence saving 5p. The graph shows the results over a 13-week period. From these results, one can conclude that a new habit had formed in most people surveyed after the 7/8th week. The money side of this experiment was of relevance to the introduction of this digital tool as using it successfully will save the citizen money by the reduction of council tax. By looking at how citizens changed their habits and the emergent behaviours formed from that (women started leaving plastic bags in their handbag for instance), one can hypothesise on how the percentage of citizens who recycle within East Manchester will increase over time.

100

Percentage of People who Remembered a Bag

38 80

32 60

% Remembered a Bag

% Didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t Remembered a Bag

Number of People Surveyed

10 0 05/10/15

Number of Weeks After the 5p Bag Rule Introduction

2.7 Urban Metabolism The current city model operates on an unsustainable basis, using large amounts of limited resources and few renewables and generates large quatities of waste Abel Wolman (1965) first introduced the term of urban metabolism into mainstream urban theory. It is the flow of materials and energy through the city, with inputs and outputs. Paulo FerrĂŁo and John E. FernĂĄndez (2013) use this concept to describe the way in which contemporary cities use goods and services, therefore consuming large amounts of limited resources and generate large quantities of waste.

Source: Wolman, A. (1965). The Metabolism of Cities. Scientific American, 213(3), 179-190. Ferrao, P., & Fernandez, J. E. (2013). Sustainable Urban Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachussetts: The MIT Press.

Urban Economy Biogeochemical Context

Waste

ta lI nt er

fa ce

Limited

Output

iro

Resources

Socioeconomic Context

Resources

Renewable

Resources

2.8 Sustainable Urban Metabolism In order to achieve a more sustainable urban metabolism, we need to reduce the use of limited resources and phase in renewable resources in order to reduce our waste output and provide a cyclical metabolism. Using the concept of urban metabolism as a unifying framework, FerrĂŁo and FernĂĄndez (2013) describe a systems-oriented approach that establishes useful linkages among environmental, economic, social, and technical infrastructure issues. These linkages lead to an integrated information-intensive platform that enables ecologically informed urban planning.

Source: Ferrao, P., & Fernandez, J. E. (2013). Sustainable Urban Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachussetts: The MIT Press.

Limited

Waste

Urban Economy Biogeochemical Context

Output

iro

Resources

Renewable

Socioeconomic Context

Resources

3 East Manchester Analysis 3.1 Location of East Manchester 3.2 History of East Manchester 3.3 General Survey 3.4 Lack of Building Survey 3.5 Recycling Plants 3.6 Recycling Survey 3.7 East Manchester Recycling 3.8 Waste Mapping in Openshaw

EAST MANCHESTER ANALYSIS 39

3.1 Location of East Manchester East Manchester contains six wards within Manchester. East Manchester is an area of Manchester that has undergone a lot of change over the last century in terms of population, employment and development. Manchester City Council have a plan for the regeneration of East Manchester that is currently underway but suffers from a lack of public funding.

Greater Manchester

Manchester

3.2 History of East Manchester East Manchester thrived during the industrial revolution but suffered greatly in the aftermath, as employment dropped, and population followed. However, in recent year, there has been serious regeneration of the area and it has regained some of its lost popularity.

Source: Anne Taylor, Manchester City Council.

Dubia sports city started.

Population of Manchester was around 600,000

Manchester failed Olympic bid

1996 2000 2003

The Manchester and Liverpool Railway was opened.

1997 2001 2008

1894

1830

1761 The Bridgewater Cancal was opened. This allowed caol to be transported from collieries at Worsley into central Manchester.

1985

1951-2001 East anchester population dropped by 100,000 and lost 60,000 jobs.

1970

<1951 Industrail Econamy

1951

Population of East Manchester went from 30,000 to around 90,000.

The Manchester Ship Canal was opened, tunring Manchester into an inland Port.

2015

Manchester City Football Club was founded as St. Marks (West Gorton)

1900

1840

1760-1840 Industiral Revoluion

1853

Mannchester was made a city.

1880

Population was around 60,000 for all Manchester.

1800

1760

Cotton was exported from manchester for the ﬁrst time.

Completion of the ﬁnal East Manchester section of the M60 orbital motorway

60% of its economic and employment base was lost

Veledrome was built

Regeneration Strategy Commonwealth Games saw an investment of £100 million.

3.3 General Survey 115 citizens of East Manchester were surveyed in order to triangulate issues. General information Gender/age/nationality/marital status/location/length of residency/ work/work location/annual salary/means of travel/travel tIme to city centre. Question Do you feel there is a lack of a certain building type in your area? Map Information Please place on the map where you live, where you work and a boundary of what you feel is East Manchester. Wards surveyed Miles Platting & Newton Heath/Ancoats & Clayton/Bradford/Ardwick/ North Gorton

Miles Platting & Newton Heath

Ancoats & Clayton

115 people surveyed in East Manchester

Bradford Sunday 10am-1pm

Ardwick

North Gorton

Tuesday 2pm-5pm

Wednesday 4pm-7pm

South Gorton

3.4 Lack of Building Typology East Manchester is lacking in small localised development. It seems that most people felt that there was a lack of leisure within their area. This was surprising considering how much the council has invested in East Manchester in terms of leisure with Sports City and the Etihad.The issue here is that people are alienated from this centralised investment and smaller, local development would be more helpful for the actual citizens. Another issue that was picked up was the decreasing amount of available social housing with the rise of private investment in housing spearheaded by Manchester Life Development Company. It is clear that there is a need for a more competent redevelopment of East Manchester from the council. However, this can be very difficult as the council operates at a deficit so this can only be achieved by reducing the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s deficit and increasing the budget allocated to the redevelopment of East Manchester.

Ardwick & Gorton

Ancoats & Clayton

Miles Platting & Newton Heath

Bradford

East Manchester

S Commercial

Education

Leisure

Nature

Religious

Residential

Social Housing

3.5 Recycling Plants 1 Worldwide Waste Management Plastic/Metal/Paper/Old Machinery

2 Failsworth Metal Recycling 3 Louis Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Regan Ltd

Paper/Cardboard/Metal/Textile/WEEE (Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment)

4 Hadfield & G.I. Sons Ltd Paper/Cardboard/Plastic/Metal

5 Viridor Recycling

Paper/Cardboard/Plastic/Metal/WEEE/Textile/Wood/Rubber/Glass

6 Ideal Recycle Paper/Plastic

7 EMERGE Recycling Paper/Cardboard/Plastic

8 Enterprise Manchester Ltd

Paper/Cardboard/Plastic/Metal/WEEE/Textile/Wood/Rubber/Glass

9 Redgate Holding Ltd

Paper/Cardboard/Plastic/Metal/WEEE/Textile/Wood/Rubber/Glass/ Compost

1 4

7 8 9

3.5 Recycling Plants There are a total of nine recycling plants in and around East Manchester. Going around East Manchester, recycling plants seem to be plentiful as a total of nine were mapped in this survey. Could this provide a solution to the issue of the redevelopment of East Manchester? Manchester City Council works on a tight regeneration budget and the disposal of general waste is massive drain on those already scarce resources. Indeed, one black bag of general waste costs the council money to dispose of whereas a green bag of recycled waste has no cost to dispose of. This means that a change in the recycling trend of Manchester means less general waste which would mean a decrease in the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s deficit and therefore an increase in the budget allocated for regeneration plans. This also means that the citizens of East Manchester can have an important impact on the development of the area surrounding them by changing the way that they dispose of their waste.

1 Worldwide Waste Management

2 Failsworth Metal Recycling

3 Louis Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Regan Ltd

3.5 Recycling Plants There are a total of nine recycling plants in and around East Manchester.

4 Hadfield and G I Sons Limited

5 Viridor Recycling

6 Ideal Recycle Ltd

3.5 Recycling Plants There are a total of nine recycling plants in and around East Manchester.

7 EMERGE Recycling

8 Enterprise Manchester Ltd

9 Redgate Holding Ltd

3.6 Recycling Survey 1 Do you recycle? 2 Did you know the council actually save money from your recycling? 3 If you had a say in how the surplus funds generated from your recycling were dispensed within your area, would that change your recycling habits?

50 citizens

in East Manchester were asked the questions above. The diagram on the right shows the result of this survey, each branch represents the results of the questions above colour coded in the following way:

Yes

3 16 3

1 1

220 50 20

221 21 9

3.7 East Manchester Recycling How much does East Manchester actually recycle? Considering that there is a deficiency between our recycling survey “on the ground” and the recycling data provided by Manchester City Council, the question of how much East Manchester citizens really recycle arose. Looking at people’s actual bins, we realised that the recycling habits are actually fairly poor. On the right is pictured a row of ten bins outside an apartment building in Ancoats showing eight general waste bins that are overflowing and only two recycling bins. That is roughly 80% of the waste produce which is not being recycled which is quite a substantial figure.

3.8 Waste Mapping in Openshaw In view of the deficiency explained previously, a survey was undertaken by another group in our atelier where the human factor could be subtracted: by mapping peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bins within a certain area of East Manchester. In total, 289 households were surveyed which concluded that only 41.5% of people within that area. Whilst this is only a limited survey, it can provide important insight into the East Manchester recycling trend.

Source: Metaxa, S., & Hicketts, M. (2015). ECO-llect. Manchester: Manchester School of Architecture.

289 households surveyed 105

120

Surveyed household

No Recycling Bin

Brown & Blue Recycling Bin

Building not surveyed

Blue Recycling Bin

Green, Brown & Blue Recycling Bin

Green Bin: Organic Recycling

Blue Bin: Cardboard & Paper Recycling

41.5%

citizens recycle

Brown Bin: Glass, Plastic & Tin Recycling

4 Residual Waste Produced 4.1 Ancoats & Clayton 4.2 Miles Platting & Newton Heath 4.3 Bradford 4.4 Ardwick 4.5 Gorton North 4.6 Gorton South 4.7 East Manchester 4.8 What ÂŁ6 Million Can Buy

RESIDUAL WASTE PRODUCED 63

4.1 Ancoats & Clayton Ancoats & Clayton produces 3,996 tonnes of residual waste that goes to landfill every year, which is the equivalent weight of 21 blue whales, the largest animal on the planet.

Sources: Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Office for National Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census Ancoats and Clayton Dashboard. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Ancoats & Clayton 17,200 Residual Waste

Population

490.3 kg/hh/yr Average hh

2.11 p. Total residual waste

3,996 tonnes/yr

8,151

Households

The equivalent of

21 blue whales/yr

4.2 Miles Platting & Newton Heath Miles Platting & Newton Heath produces 3,174 tonnes of residual waste that goes to landfill every year, which is the equivalent weight of 21 blue whales, the largest animal on the planet.

Sources: Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Office for National Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census Miles Patting & Newton Heath Dashboard. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Miles Platting & Newton Heath 16,385 Residual Waste

Population

465 kg/hh/yr Average hh

2.4 p.

Total Residual waste

3,174 tonnes/yr

6,827

Households

The equivalent of

16 blue whales/yr

4.3 Bradford Bradford produces 3,511 tonnes of residual waste that goes to landfill every year, which is the equivalent weight of 21 blue whales, the largest animal on the planet.

Sources: Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Office for National Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census Bradford Dashboard. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Bradford 14,950 Residual Waste

Population

481.5 kg/hh/yr Average hh

2.05 p. Total residual waste

3,511 tonnes/yr

7,292

Households

The equivalent of

18 blue whales/yr

4.4 Ardwick Ardwick produces 2,900 tonnes of residual waste that goes to landfill every year, which is the equivalent weight of 21 blue whales, the largest animal on the planet.

Sources: Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Office for National Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census Ardwick Dashboard. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Ardwick 18,647 Residual Waste

Population

413.7 kg/hh/yr Average hh

2.66 p. Total residual waste

2,900 tonnes/yr

7,010

Households

The equivalent of

15 blue whales/yr

4.5 Gorton North Gorton North produces 3,344 tonnes of residual waste that goes to landfill every year, which is the equivalent weight of 21 blue whales, the largest animal on the planet.

Sources: Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Office for National Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census Gorton North Dashboard. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Gorton North 15,791 Residual Waste

Population

474.2 kg/hh/yr Average hh

2.24 p. Total residual waste

3,344 tonnes/yr

7,051

Households

The equivalent of

18 blue whales/yr

4.6 Gorton South Ancoats & Clayton produces 3,831 tonnes of residual waste that goes to landfill every year, which is the equivalent weight of 21 blue whales, the largest animal on the planet.

Sources: Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Office for National Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census Gorton South Dashboard. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Ancoats & Clayton 17,200 Residual Waste

Population

490.3 kg/hh/yr Average hh

2.11 p. Total residual waste

3,996 tonnes/yr

8,151

Households

The equivalent of

21 blue whales/yr

4.7 East Manchester East Manchester produces 20,756 tonnes of residual waste that goes to landfill every year, which is the equivalent weight of 21 blue whales, the largest animal on the planet.

East Manchester

Miles Platting & Newton Heath

3,174 t/yr

Ancoats & Clayton

3,996 t/yr

Total residual waste

20,756 tonnes/yr

Bradford

3,511 t/yr

Ardwick

2,900 t/yr

Total cost to council

ÂŁ5,889,930/yr

Gorton North

3,344 t/yr

Gorton South

3,831 t/yr The equivalent of

109 blue whales/yr

4.8 What ÂŁ6 Million Can Buy With the money the council spends on sending residual waste to landfill for East Manchester exclusively, the council could buy 6 blocks of social housing or a state of the art school. If the introduction of the digital tool into East Manchester only tackles a third off the money spent on sending residual waste to landfill, that would already be ÂŁ2 million to invest into the regeneration of East Manchester. This would make a huge difference not only on the lives of the citizens of East Manchester but also on the planet.

Sources: http://www.domusweb.it/en/architecture/2013/04/15/moussafir_tetris.html

http://www.adp-architecture.com/projects/smiths-wood-community-primary-school

6x 1x

Tetris Social Housing and Artist Studios (Moussafir Architectes)

or Smithâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Woods Community Primary School (ADP Architecture)

5 Recycling Analysis 5.1 Waste Material Values 5.2 Manchester Recycling Process 5.3 Greater Manchester Recycling 5.4 Climate Change 5.5 Citizens who Recycle

RECYCLING ANALYSIS 81

5.1 Waste Material Values The Council loses ÂŁ5.3 million a year for waste produced in East Manchester. This is an estimate for the amount of waste produced in East Manchester in 2014 which have been connected to an average value of each waste material which enables the calculation of the money produced by recycled waste that year as well as the loss incured by landfill waste. An estimate of the material values as well as the waste produced per year in East Manchester can enlighten us as to how much can be achieved through a digital tool that encourages the reduction of general waste. Indeed, one can assume that there is the better part of three million pounds being spent on East Manchester every year. Putting a real value on the waste that needs to be disposed of not only enables us to calculate the value of the incentives that can be used in order to encourage recycling but also how much of an impact it can truly have on the built environment if the money that is saved can be put towards the redevelopment of East Manchester. Source: http://www.letsrecycle.com/prices/

Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council. Retrieved from http://www. manchester.gov.uk/download/meetings/id/17175/6_waste_and_recycling_update

20,756 tonnes produced

income per tonne

income generated

Metal

£378.31

£136,450

Textile

£253.54

£45,723

Plastic

£75

£47,723

Paper

£46.33

£175,471

Organic Wood Glass

£21.42 £19.33 £7.56

£130,098 £31,379 £12,956

6,074

3,787

1,713 1,623 631 360 180

Landfill -£283.77

-£5,889,930

5.2 Manchester Recycling Process 30% of municipal waste is recycled and landfill waste produces energy. Based on the figures from the previous survey, it would seem that 60% of people in East Manchester recycle. However, when looking at the statistics for Manchester, only 30% of municipal waste is recycled. It is clear from this that the survey from the ground was an insufficient source and that people may have provided inaccurate information. Studying the recycling trends in East Manchester led to questioning where this waste goes and what the processes are to recycle it. What is interesting is that general waste is not necessarily wasted, as it does go through a sorting process in order to determine whether some of the materials can be recycled. This process is not 100% efficient though and comes at a cost for the council. Although taking waste to landfill takes itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s toll on the environment by producing carbon emissions as it biodegrades, it can actually produce green energy through anaerbic digestion which can be used to supply some of the energy requirements of East Manchester. Sources: Manchester City Council Neighbourhoods Scrutiny Committee. (2014). Manchester City Council: Report for Information. Manchester: Manchester City Council.

Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. (2015). Summary Document detailing our Recycling and Waste Management Contract. Manchester: GMWDA.

Organic Recycling

Dry Recycling

Food & Garden Waste

Paper & Cardboard

Glass, Plastic & Can

In-Vessel Composter

Baling & Bulking

Materials Recovery Facility

Compost

Paper & Cardboard

Glass, Plastic & Can

2014

2013

24 460 tonnes25 470 tonnes107 200 tonnes Household Waste

Mixed Waste

Green Energy

Mechanical Biological Treatment

Anaerobic Digestion

Recyclable Materials

Non-Recyclable Materials

Landfill

5.3 Greater Manchester Recycling 2015-2016 target is 50% of Greater Manchester municipal waste recycled.

On a larger scale, the Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA) has its own agenda in terms of recycling. Indeed, studying the recycling trend since 2004, one can see how the GMWDA has made some important progress with the percentage of recycled waste within the municipal waste climbing from 21.2% for 20014-2005 to 39.6% for 2014-2015. However, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s target for next year 2015-2016 is even more ambitious than ever before. The GMWDA has set a goal for 50% of municipal waste to be recycled by the end of 2015-2016. Developing a digital tool that aims at changing the recycling trend within East Manchester can benefit the GMWDA in terms of meeting their recycling target for 2015-2016. More importantly though, the ultimate goal is to tackle one aspect of the issue of climate change: reducing landfill waste. Sources: Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. (2015). Summary Document detailing our Recycling and Waste Management Contract. Manchester: GMWDA.

Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority. (2014). Annual Report 2013/14. Manchester: Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority.

K Was

Gre a

ter es

Manch ter

2015-2016 2011-2012

2012-2013

2013-2014

2014-2015

38.3%

39.1%

38.2%

39.6%

2004-2005

21.2%

Recycling/Composting

1.48

Recycling Composting

1.085 1.038 1.069 1.074

50% Target Recycling Composting

Million tonnes of Municipal Waste

5.4 Climate Change

The digital tool aims at tackling one aspect of the issue of climate change: reducing landfill waste. Indeed, landfill waste produces a large amount of carbon emissions as it biodegrades within the earth, which in turn affects the climate. This causal loop diagram illustrates the way in which municipal waste affects the climate. Indeed, municipal waste can be broken down into recycled waste and residual waste sent to landfill. Landfill waste has a direct impact on carbon emissions on the planet which indirectly guides waste reduction legislation, which has a negative impact on municipal waste. Recycled waste translates to the re-use of products which also indirectly guides waste reduction legislation which in turn has a negative impact on municipal waste.

Waste Reduction Legislation

+ +

Climate Change

Waste Reduction Legislation

LandďŹ ll Waste

Municipal Waste

Re-Use Products

+ Recycled Waste

+ +

Carbon Emissions

+ Waste Reduction Legislation

5.5 Citizens who Recycle Proposing a tool to solve the issues three key issues: the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s deficit, climate change and the GMWDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s target of 50% of municipal waste to be recycled. The proposal is for a digital tool that will encourage citizens of East Manchester to recycle and produce less waste by rewarding recycled waste and sanctioning general waste. By doing this, Manchester City Council will be able to allocate more money to redeveloping East Manchester which is in need for small localised development spread out accross the various communities. In addition, it will have an impact on landfill waste producing carbon emissions in the biodegrading process and so reduce the severity of climate change on a local scale. Furthermore, by expanding onto Greater Manchester, it will help the GMWDA reach its target for 50% of municipal waste to be recycled by 2015-2016.

2014 2014

2015 2015 Questionaire Questionaire Survey Survey

60% 60%

44.2% 44.2%

Lack of Lack of budget for budget for redevelopment redevelopment

2013 2013

Ca Ca us us inging de de ﬁc ﬁc it it

44.4% 44.4%

Hig Higher th her an tha 201 n2 4 01 4

H ig Higher th her an tha n

43.3% 43.3%

2012 2012

2011 2011

2015 Door2015 to door Door to door Survey Survey 1 01 2 a n 11 r than 20 e Lower th Low

41.5% 41.5%

an r than e Lower th Low

Landﬁll waste contributes to Landﬁll waste contributes to

Climate Climate Change Change

or or yfyf stl stl Co Co

44.1% 44.1%

4422 %%

2014 2014

Target of 50% Target of waste 50% municipal municipal waste to be recycled to be recycled

6 Game Output 6.1 Framework of the Digital Tool 6.2 Stakeholders and Goals 6.3 Monthly Prize Distribution 6.4 Fantasy Football League 6.5 East Manchester Network 6.6 Fantasy Recycling Leagues 6.7 Positive Feedback Loops 6.8 Self-Organisation 6.9 Emergence 6.10 Emergence Experiment 6.11 Implementation Timeline

GAME OUTPUT 93

6.1 Framework of the Digital Tool Citizens compete to win money, Viridor profits and the council lose less money. There are three key stakeholders who will interact directly with the digital tool. These are: - The Citizen who creates an account, joins a team within his street, recycles and earns points to compete in the ward competition for a monthly cash prize. - Viridor who sponsors the scheme as they will benefit directly from an increase in the recycling trend as well as a decrease in the production of general waste by the citizens. They will see their profits increase and some of that surplus will go into the monthly cash prize that the citizens benefit from. - Manchester City Council who will monitor the citizensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; waste disposal as well as see a decrease in their deficit as there is a change in the recycling trend for East Manchester.

Sponsorship contribution

£ Citizen

Stakeholders

Neighbour Groups

V Viridor

Proﬁt increase

Recycle

Earn Points

Ward Prize Money

Sponsorship contribution

Manchester City Council

Deﬁcit reduction

6.2 Stakeholders and Goals The citizen wants to save/make money, Viridor wants to see its profits increase, the council want to see their deficit decrease and the GMWDA want to meet their 50% target for recycled waste. Manchester City Council (MCC) needs to reduce its deficit and is committed to the values above. Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority is committed to a safer environment through control of recyclable waste material. This tool has been conceived as a system supporting its goal. It outsourced the disposal of all waste for Greater Manchester through competitive tender which an organisation called Viridor won. When it is working, the system will encourage recycling by rewarding good recycling practises.

V V

USER: The Citizen

SPONSOR: Viridor

This is the primary user of the tool, they form teams within their street and collect points based on how much waste they produce (negative) and how much they recycle (positive). These points award the team with prizes and allow them to compete in a monthly cash prize within their ward.

This is the company that manages the waste for Greater Manchester, the added value of this company increases when the general waste produced decreases and the recycled waste increases on a household scale. Their role will be to sponsor the prizes available for the users.

ÂŁ ÂŁ

Manchester City Council

Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority

The council currently operates at a deficit and disposing of general waste is very costly as opposed to recyclable waste which is free. The tool aims at reducing their deficit by reducing their waste disposal budget and allowing their redevelopment budget to increase.

The GMWDA has a goal of having 50% of all waste produced to be recycled by the end of 2015-2016. If this tool is allowed to expand onto the rest of Greater Manchester, it would help meet this goal.

D D

50%

Recycling/Composting

50%

Recycling/Composting

100

101

6.3 Monthly Prize Distribution The monthly ward prize that users compete for will be directly related to how much the ward has contributed to Viridorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s added value that month. The prize money that the teams can compete for every month within their ward is sponsored by Viridor. Viridorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s profit growth relies on an increase in recycling which generates money and a decrease in waste that has to be sent to landfill which is a loss. Basically, the more the ward recycles/reduces waste output, the more the winning team will collect at the end of the month. This has secondary benefits too as it will mean the citizens will not only want to encourage their teammates to recycle more and waste less but also other citizens within their wards as the more everyone else recycles, the more is at play for the winning team.

102

Ancoats & Clayton Prize Money

Miles Platting & Newton Heath Prize Money

or proďŹ t growth Virid

South Gorton Prize Money

North Gorton Prize Money

20%

10 %

12%

26%

Bradford Prize Money

Ardwick Prize Money

103

6.4 Fantasy Football League Studying an online multiplayer game precedent called Fantasy Football League where you create your team of footballers and can join leagues with friends and compete on which team has the players that have scored the most during that season in real time.

Source: EA Sports. (2015). Fantasy Premier League 2015/16. Lancaster, Lancastershire, United Kingdom.

104

Back button. Account & Help button. Simple / clear navigation buttons on home screen.

Input details.

Details about my team as you scroll down the home screen. White writing on dark background gives a good contrast making it clear.

Home

Details about the different leagues I am joined to and what position I am. The arrows indicate whether I moved up (green), no movement (grey) or red down in the league after the current game play week.

Home

Highlighted show the icon for the home page.

Highlighted you can see the different types of leagues I am joined to. Private, Private Head-to-Head and Global Leagues. We will look to take this idea of different leagues into our own digital tool.

Home

Account & Help

105

Source: EA Sports. (2015). Fantasy Premier League 2015/16. Lancaster, Lancastershire, United Kingdom.

106

107

6.5 East Manchester Network Tapping into the existing East Manchester network to implement tool. The network effect exists in products or services that rely on the existence of a network of users. Its value depends on this as the product has no value without a network of users and the value increases as the network increases. From the analysis of East Manchester, a lack of small localised development has been established yet there is a strong existing network within the citizens of East Manchester. The idea for this tool is to tap into that existing network and use it not only to add value to the digital tool but also to begin a dialogue between the citizens of East Manchester regardless of where they live within it. Fom Holland’s Complex Adaptive Systems, one can see East Manchester as a system, the citizens being the agents who interact within it. The idea is to see how the digital tool can influence the behaviours of this complex adaptive system.

Sources: Holland, J. H. (1992). ‘Complex Adaptive Systems.’ Daedalus, 121(1), 17-30. Katz, M. L., & Shapiro, C. (1994). ‘Systems Competition and Network Effects.’ The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(2), 93-115.

108

109

6.6 Fantasy Recycling Leagues Engaging citizens by enabling users to join leagues and compete with friends. This is a gamification aspect of the tool inspired by Fantasy Football League. In essence, the users can compete on how much they recycle and reduce their general waste. They will join leagues of however many teams they like and see how they are fairing against their friends. These leagues can be constituted of teams from various wards which are taking part in the scheme and it is a friendly competition. There is no limit on how many leagues you may join and it is completely optional so the user can use the rest of the tools functionality without taking any notice of this feature if they please.

110

Miles Platting & Newton Heath

Ancoats & Clayton

South Gorton

North Gorton

Bradford

Ardwick

111

112

113

6.7 Positive Feedback Loops User incentives make the tool popular which has a direct effect on usefulness. By using concepts from De Wolf and Holvoet’s Emergence and SelfOrganisation: a statement of similarities and differences and Holland’s Complex Adaptive Sytems, a competitive system can be modeled in order to predict how the digital tool is going to deal with the network effect. Indeed, the citizens of East Manchester are the agents within the system who are subjected to an external factor being the digital tool, and will self-organise by changing their daily habits (recycling more, consuming products with less packaging, etc.) This will lead to an emergence in the recycling trend of East Manchester, Viridor’s added value and Manchester City Council’s deficit. Reinforcing loops within the system function as follows: R1 Citizens joins a team with his neighbours, who participate in the ward competition, join leagues and in turn engages citizens. R2 Citizens recycles more and reduces general waste, which increases Viridor’s profit who sponsor the ward prize which in turn engages citizens. Sources: Wolf, T. D., & Holvoet, T. (2004). Emergence and Self-Organisation: a statement of similarities and differences. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering SelfOrganising Applications (pp. 96-110). New York: KULeuven.

114

Holland, J. H. (1992). Complex Adaptive Systems. Daedalus, 121(1), 17-30.

R1 Citizens (the agents in this system) form teams and display an aggregate behaviour as a team. They participate in the ward competition to win the cash prize which is awarded to the strongest team. They self-organise, join leagues and compete with friends throughout East Manchester. These incentives engage citizens and increase the tool’s popularity.

wa EV ste O

Recycle

Incentive

Popularity

Ward Competitions

Usefulness

Citizen

Viridor

e NCs E

+ g ga GE n e ER EM

Leagues

g RG age EN s CE

en E EM

R -O LF SE

j GAoin NI SA TIO N

V or TI s ON

CO pa M r P

EM p ER roﬁ GE t

Popularity

al os N p s di TIO LU

s CE N

Neighbour Groups

UR IO AV EH

[RE]ward

AG GR EG f AT or E m B

te N pa TIO i tic ETI

R2 Citizens will evolve to recycle more and waste less thanks to the incentives described in R1. This will increase Viridor’s profit who sponsors the ward prize, anticipating a return on that investment based on the previous months profit margins. The cash prize will in turn engage citizens and increase the popularity and therefore the usefulness of the digital tool.

£ Ward Prize Money

s on IPA p s IC T AN

115

6.8 Self-Organisation According to Evan Wittenberg, while the research on optimal team numbers is â&#x20AC;&#x153;not conclusive, it does tend to fall into the five to 12 range. These teams will self-organise in terms of their recycling behaviours.

116

External Factor

System

Teams up to 12 Citizens

External Factor

117

6.9 Emergence By introducing our tool the behaviour of the individuals towards recycling changes and therefore creates an emergence in the recycling trend. This creates an emergence in the profits of Viridor and the defficit of the council.

118

Emergence is created

East Manchester Behaviours

Macro

Comunity of Practice

Macro

Recycling Trend Viridor ProďŹ t Council Budget

Household Behaviours

Micro

System of Influence

Individual Recycling

Decline Digital Tool Introduction

Comunity of Practise

New Idea

Naming Connecting to East Manchester

119

6.10 Emergence Experiment Applying the results of the 5p bag survey to the introduction of the digital tool [RE]ward. From the research undertaken, one can estimate that roughly 41.5% of East Manchester currently recycles. In 2014, the government spent £5,310,130 on disposing of the general and recyclable waste produced. By working out the equation of the trend line for the 5p bag experiment the same formula is applied to the percentage of people who recycle in East Manchester. This estimate is plotted on the graph opposite, showing how this increases over a 13-week period after the introduction of the digital tool. From knowing that, 41.5% equates to a loss of £5,310,130. If 100% of people recycled it would be £0 loss. The relationship between the percentage of people who recycle in East Manchester and money spent by the council is worked out from that. These values are plotted on the right hand side of the graph giving the cost to the council for 0-100%. Furthering this I also calculates the money saved by the council if these estimates are correct This value is displayed in orange.

120

-907,715 Saving

Saving

£4,646,364 £4,646,364 £4,672,914 £4,672,914 £4,741,946 £4,492,370

£1,062,026

£2,150,603

£3,186,078

£3,653,369

£4,173,762

£4,752,566 Saving

Saving

Number of Weeks After the Introduction of the Digital Tool [RE]ward

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5

-7,261,720

-9,169,435

-9,077,150

Percentage of People who Recycle in East Manchester

-6,354,005 30

-5,446,290 40

2 0

-4,538,575 50

Saving

-3,630,860 60

Saving

-2,723,145 70

-1,815,430

Estimated Cost to Government for Recycling and General Waste Disposal (Pounds)

0 100

121

6.11 Implementation Timeline The ultimate goal is to sell landfill sites to development to develop future cities. This outlines the goals of the tool through time which are as follows: Short Term Launch the tool and distribute QR codes. Users earn points to begin to compete for prize and form leagues across East Manchester. Mid Term An emergence of the waste disposal trend in East Manchester, in other words a decrease in general waste and an increase in recyclable waste, This means an emergence in Viridorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s profit (increase) and the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s deficit (decrease). Beyond this, the idea is to exapnd onto Manchester and then Greater Manchester. Long Term Create a more efficient waste collection system as teams dispose of waste communally, meet the GMWDAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 50% recyclable waste target, achieve a cleaner city and sell landfill sites to develop future cities on.

122

FORM

Waste Collection

£ JOIN

Short-term

Mid-term

Expansion

Expand onto Manchester Greater Manchester

Emergence

General waste decrease Recycling increase Viridor proﬁt increase Manchester deﬁcit decrease

-te

Win prizes Join leagues Compete for ward prize

Competition

Launch

Join digital tool Form teams Print QR code Earn points

GMDWA Target

More efﬁcient waste collection Meet the target set by the by collecting one bin per team Greater Manchester Waste Waste seperated into each Disposal Authority to reach individual materials 50% of waste recycled Long-term

50%

Mid-term

-te

=£

Cleaner City

Spatial Output

Reduction of landfill sites Recycled materials being sold for development Reducing landfill sites which can be part supplied Landfill waste into by the landfill’s green energy green energy Long-term

General Waste

WIN

COMPETE +

COMPETE

£ D 123

124

125

7 User Interface 7.1 User Interface 7.2 Short-Term Interface 7.3 Mid-Term Interface 7.4 Long-Term Interface 7.5 Prototype Interface Video 7.6 Prototype User Flow Diagram 7.7 Waste Collector Flow Diagram

126

USER INTERFACE 127

7.1 User Interface Creating an account.

128

129

7.1 User Interface Joining a team and main menu.

130

131

7.1 User Interface View Team and Recycle tabs.

132

133

7.1 User Interface View Leagues tab.

134

135

7.1 User Interface Leaderboard tab.

136

137

7.2 Short-Term Interface This interface will enable the users to view the team leaderboard in a spatial way by extruding the territory that the teams occupy according to their score. The users can display a personalised message which will be read when other users select them. The three winning teams will have their message on constant display for all to read. The example shown is of the Ardwick Ward

138

ARDWICK MASSIVE SAY:

“The cash prize has our name on it, don’t even try and compete lads!”

WE HAVE A WINNER

DIZZEE RECYCAL SAY:

“Youz better respect our recyclables, don’t make us go old school!”

THE RECYCLABLES SAY: “Y’all going down, fools!”

Type here to display a message for all to see

RUNNER-UP

139

7.3 Mid-Term Interface This interface will serve the same function as the short-term interface. Additionally, after having gathered data from the previous six months, it will project extruded holes in the ground where people have large amounts of residual waste in order to single them out. The example shown is of the Ardwick Ward

140

141

7.4 Long-Term Interface This interface will serve the same function as the short/mid-term interfaces. It is a year after the digital tool has been launched and the council will be able to view this map to triangulate areas that need more recycling education as well as areas that are more deserving of development with the funds saved in terms of waste disposal. The example shown is of the Ardwick Ward

142

143

7.5 Prototype Interface Creating an account.

144

145

7.5 Prototype Interface Joining a team.

146

147

7.5 Prototype Interface Recycling score and leaderboard.

148

149

7.5 Prototype Interface Waste collectorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interface.

150

151

7.5 Prototype Interface Teams database.

152

153

7.6 Prototype User Flow Diagram This diagram explains how the user navigates through the digital prototype, as it exists now.

154

Button Team Name

Password Protected

Form

Create Team

Information Input Create Team

Page Title

Email Password

Forgotten Password

Team Login

Team Token

Join Team

Click Here

Join Team

User

Logout

Your Score

Your QR Code

UserQR

Submit Waste Reading

Listalldata 2 (ordered)

Access token test

Team Leader Board

Rate Recycling

Sliders

Add

Start Create Account

Form

Username Password Postcode

Create Account

Home

Forgotten Password

View Score (User)

Logout

Team Listallusers (ordered)

155

7.7 Waste Collector Flow Diagram This diagram explains how the waste collector navigates through the digital prototype, as it exists now.

156

Button

Username Password Postcode Waste Collector

Password Protected Information Input

Click Here

Add

Page Title

Add User

Form2

Create Account

Index (Admin)

Enter

Password

Submit

Password

Enter

Yes

Yes / No

Start Create Account

Forgotten Password

157

8 Spatial Output 8.1 The Right to the City 8.2 New Developments 8.3 A New School? 8.4 Social Housing?

158

SPATIAL OUTPUT 159

8.1 The Right to the City To help change the system we first need to understand the system we are trying to change (Harvey, 2008).

Source: Harvey, D. (2008, September-October). The Right to the City. New Left Review. Retrieved from http://newleftreview.org/II/53/david-harvey-the-right-to-the-city

160

ÂŁ

The more the citizens use [RE]ward and recycle the more money they save the government and hence more money can be reinvested into the community.

A restructure of the planning system could give the citizens more power over how the money is reinvested. This in turn would help encourage citizens to recycle

This change would create a stronger relationship between citizens, stakeholder and government.

161

8.1 The Right to the City UK planning process and types of urban planning. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The right to the city is far more than the individual liberty to access urban resources: it is a right to change ourselves by changing the city. It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.â&#x20AC;? (Harvey, 2008)

Source: Harvey, D. (2008, September-October). The Right to the City. New Left Review. Retrieved from http://newleftreview.org/II/53/david-harvey-the-right-to-the-city

162

UK Planning Process Establishment/ developer sees poptential to make a, ďŹ nantial investment with expected returns. Stakeholders with limited information about the site propose scheme.

Little/ no input from the effected community actually acknowledged.

Types of Urban Planning

Technocratic Planning

Communicative Planning

Decision makers are based on their technical knowledge.

Reaching target audiences using marketing communication.

Planners try to predict the future with an urban end state in mind.

Public engagment with citizens and stakeholders on use of urban space.

Long-term master plan in place that captures smaller projects.

Agreement from multiple parties made by truefull information.

Zone system in place to segragate land and people.

Issues discussed democratically to reach overall solution.

Overall plan concentrates on ordering of change within the city.

Critique would be that political barriers can disorts facts.

Minor alterations to the scheme or incentive are changed.

Process to change the idea and scheme into reality.

Structure created from previous processes and knowledge.

Finished/ physical product within the community.

Citizens and stakeholders free to work together and cohabit.

Communities and neighbourhoods created as an output.

Citizens able to pursue their own dreams and ambitions more easily.

Focus on spaces between buildings using well thought out plans.

Rules created to create an urban code for partner-coordination.

Alternatives created to high-density developments.

Urban life styles encouraged to flourish.

Design standards create controls on how building relate to each other.

Regulations donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hinder private land, only certain public sector activities.

More prescriptive regulations provides more flexibility in urban design.

Nomocracy Planning

New Urban Idea

163

8.2 New Developments The savings made by the council from the implementation of the digital tool will be reinvested into the area in terms of small localised developments.

164

Commercial Education

Increased Recyclable Waste

[RE]ward

Leisure

ÂŁ

Increased East Manchester redevelopment budget

Medical Nature

Parking Religious

Residential Transport

Decreased Residual Waste

165

8.3 A New School? Smithâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Woods Community Primary School pictured here in Ancoats.

166

167

8.4 Social Housing? Tetris Social Housing and Artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Studios pictured here in West Gorton.

168

169

9 Global Application 1.1 East Manchester and Beyond... 1.2 Global Spatial Output

170

GLOBAL APPLICATION 171