City-based Scenarios 2045:
Infrastructural and Typological Attraction Growth Model Collaborating with Architectural Association (EmTech) Emergent Technology and Design BY MAXIME DOWNE & KIT-YEUNG CHAN
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Introduction A generative growth model based on infrastructural and typological attraction rules to extrapolate future scenarios for East Manchester 2045. This portfolio will present the development of a digital tool that will use infrastructural and typological attraction to generate future plans for a 1 km sq site in East Manchester. Firstly a series of four experiments will be caried out based on four cities: Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago and New York. This will lead to two experiments based on what Manchester City Council foresee within East Manchester and what the present trends might suggest toward the future of East Manchester. Extreme extrapolation is used here to speculate about what could happen. The limitations here are that buildings have been classed as either residential or commercial for the purpose of the simulation and so the statistics that come out of each scenario reflect that.
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CLICK TO PLAY VIDEO
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0.2 Table of Content 1 Theoretical Framework 2 Identifying the Existing Networks 3 The Digital Tool 4 Interface 5 Tokyo Experiment 6 San Francisco Experiment 7 Chicago Experiment 8 New York Experiment 9 Regeneration Scheme Experiment 10 Present Trends Experiment 11 Conclusion 12 Appendix
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1 Theoritical Framework 1.1 2045: The Singularity 1.2 Self-organisation 1.3 Emergence 1.4 Space-filling growth 1.5 The “Wicked� Problem 1.6 Thesis Statement
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1.1 2045: The Singularity Ray Kurzweil (2005) anticipates a technological singularity in 2045 after which it is difficult to speculate about the future. The singularity is an event horizon after which artificial general intelligence will be capable of recursive self-improvement. This will mean exponential evolution that will affect every field of human progress, especially the built environment. Because of this, it is difficult to extrapolate beyond this date as the progress that will occur is beyond our present intellectual capabilities with an intelligence explosion being the outcome of the technological singularity. One normal computer will be more powerful than all human brains. Computer powered buildings may be able to harness this power and capable of recursive self-improvement too, reacting to its users and using Drexler’s (1986) molecular assemblers and Von Neumann’s (1966) self-reproducing automatas to transform itself. This would revolutionise the built environment in ways we cannot predict.
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Source: Kurzweil, R. (2005) The Singularity is Near. New York: Viking. Drexler, K.E. (1986) Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, New York: Anchor Books. Von Neumann, J. (1966) Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata, Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
All human brains
all
One human brain One mouse brain One insect brain
1900
2000
2045
2100
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1.2 Self-Organisation Cities are the product of self-organising systems which involve local interactions. It is this self-organising quality present in all cities that has made traditional planning obsolete to a certain extent. Zoning and topdown approaches simply do not take into consideration any selforganisation and local interactions which are at the heart of the development of the city. This has been the reason for the failure of top-down masterplans. We need to think about our cities as constantly evolving from present trends and therefore attempt to foresee where our city might be in the future before making any presumptions and enforcing a masterplan.
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Source: Wolf, T. D., & Holvoet, T. (2004). Emergence and Self-Organisation: a statement of similarities and differences. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering SelfOrganising Applications (pp. 96-110).
External Factor
System
External Factor
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1.3 Emergence Emergent trends are the visible outcomes of local interactions and deal with higher level patterns within the city. The outcome of interaction at a local level through self-organisation is emergence within the city - what we can visibly see simply from looking at historical figure grounds over the years. This type of growth cannot be predicted as it is spontaneous and unplanned. However, by studying how other cities have developed as well as present trends within East Manchester, we can speculate as to what future trajectory we are steering towards and how this would shape the city. This is a complex issue and can be tackled by focusing on its parts to decipher even a fraction of the complex code. All of the interactions cannot be simulated or even fully understood but studying specific relationships in the city can provide some guidance and perhaps even some answers.
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Source: Wolf, T. D., & Holvoet, T. (2004). Emergence and Self-Organisation: a statement of similarities and differences. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Engineering SelfOrganising Applications (pp. 96-110).
Emergence is created
Emergence is created
Macro
Comunity of Practice
Emergence
Macro
Macro
Micro
Micro
System of Influence
System of Influence
New Idea
Decline
Comunity of Practice
New Idea
Decline
Comunity of Practice
Naming
Naming Connecting
Connecting
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1.4 Space-Filling Growth The city develops from clusters of settlements over time. In 25 years, East Manchester will develop out of the existing typologies and infrastructure. This portfolio will present the development of a digital tool that will use infrastructural and typological attraction to generate future plans for a 1 km sq site in East Manchester. Firstly a series of four experiments will be caried out based on four cities: Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago and New York. This will lead to two experiments based on what Manchester City Council foresee within East Manchester and what the present trends might suggest toward the future of East Manchester. Extreme extrapolation is used here to speculate about what could happen. The limitations here are that buildings have been classed as either residential or commercial for the purpose of the simulation and so the statistics that come out of each scenario reflect that.
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Source: Batty, M. (2008) ‘Generating Cities from the Bottom-Up: Using Complexity Theory for Effective Design.’ Cluster Magazine, (7), pp. 150-161.
Settlements attract other settlements, therefore typologies can attract other typologies and proliferate in a space-filling growth model.
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1.5 The ‘‘Wicked’’ Problem Problem which resists solutions Planning problems are ‘wicked’ problems and a wicked problem doesn’t have a single fixed solution, unlike a tamed problem. The solution to a tamed problem can be easily identified as either right or wrong. The solution to a wicked problem can only be speculatively identified as good or bad. This is because wicked problems cannot be properly identified, and identifying a problem and finding a solution to it are the same thing. The city is a complex system, consisting of many inter-connected sub-systems creating the emergent behaviors. When solving a planning issue in the context of a dynamic city, the actual problems that you are faced with are constantly evolving. This means everevolving solutions are also necessary. To solve a problem within a complex environment, we need a tool that can produce many different solutions. Hence, we are developing a model which can generate as many scenarios as there are possibilities to try to identify desirable as well as undesirable futures for East Manchester.
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Source: Rittel, Horst W. J., and Melvin M. Webber. “Dilemmas In A General Theory Of Planning”. Policy Sci 4.2 (1973): 155-169. Web.
PROBLEMS Complex
?
Complicated
?
?
? ?
Wicked
Example: Problems in city planning.
?
Tamed
Example: Problems in mathematics, puzzle or mechanical engineering design.
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1.6 Thesis Statement Development consists of building typologies which are attracted to infrastructure and vice-versa. Building typologies and infrastructure can attract and repel one another. This relationship can help build a model of what East Manchester may look like in 2045. By studying this relationship in Tokyo, San Francisco, New York and Chicago, as well as the present trends in Manchester and the council’s plans for the future, one can generate scenarios of what the city may look like in the near-future. These scenarios can help steer toward a desirable trajectory and keep away from undesirable scenarios as well as point out inevitable scenarios unless a drastic change takes place. This is as much a work of speculation as it is of extrapolation and its limitations lie within this. What it provides is a narrow window into the future based on a limited number of factors, but it actually informs us about the present and how current trends will shape the future. It is impossible to accurately predict the future and this tool provides by no means predictions, rather a set of warnings.
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-?
Green Space Waterways
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s are dy d
Building Typology
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ors
+-?
Key
Roads Railways
Using
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-?
+
+
-?
+-?
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2 Identifying the Existing Networks 2.1 Location of East Manchester 2.2 Rail Networks 2.3 Bus Networks 2.4 Road Networks 2.5 Car Parks 2.6 Site Identification 2.7 Important Nodes Network 2.8 Retained Elements 2.9 Retained Plan
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2.1 Location of East Manchester Within East Manchester, an urban fringe area surrounding the Etihad Stadium has been identified for investigation of potential development. East Manchester Boundary
UK
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Greater Manchester
N
Investigated Site
Manchester
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2.2 Rail Network There are major rail networks surrounding East Manchester without necessarily penetrating it significantly. Key
Train Network (Fast Routes)
Metrolink Network
Train Stop
Metrolink Stop
Scale 1:30 000 0 200m
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1km
N
2km
Bury
Newcastle
Monsall
Queens Road
Central Park
Rochdale Town Centre
Newton Heath & Moston
Leeds
Victoria
Preston Blackpool
Shudehill Salford Central
Liverpool Deansgate East Didsbury
Market Street
Piccadilly Gardens
New Islington
Holt Town
Etihad Campus Clayton Velopark
AshtonunderLyne
St. Peters Square
Oxford Road
Piccadilly Station
Leeds
Birmingham London
Sheffield Nottingham
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2.3 Bus Networks Whilst some areas are less well served that others, East Manchester is well connected through bus networks. Key
Bus Route
Bus Stop
Scale 1:15 000 0 100m
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500m
N
1km
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2.4 Road Networks Vehicular traffic counts suggest the fastness of a route and therefore the attraction. These are the main roads. Key
Heavy Traffic Count (25 000 + vehicles/year)
Medium Traffic Count (10 000 - 25 000 vehicles/year)
Low Traffic Count (less than 10 000 vehicles/year)
Source: Department for Transport. (2014). Department for Transport. Retrieved from Traffic counts - Manchester: http://www.dft.gov.uk/traffic-counts/cp.php?la=Manchester
Scale 1:15 000 0 100m
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500m
N
1km
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2.5 Car parks Car parks are located at the two extremities of the studied site, serving the city centre and the Etihad Stadium. Key
Main Purpose
Car Park
Scale 1:15 000 0 100m
30
500m
N
1km
Manchester Tennis Centre
Etihad Stadium Central Retail Park
Islington Wharf
Chips New Islington
Private business
Manchester Piccadilly
NHS Surgeries
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2.6 Site Identification There is an imbalance between high dense development as well as a lack of development on this infrastructurally rich site which conects Picadilly Station to the Etihad Stadium. Key Waterways
Green areas
Building Areas
Important Building Nodes
Scale 1:6 500 0 100m 0 100m 00100m 100m 500m
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500m 500m
N
500m 1km 1km
1km
1km
00
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2.7 Important Nodes Network
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Medical
Residential (dense)
Industrial
Stadium
Commercial
Educational
Commercial
Train Station
Residential (dense)
Educational
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2.7 Important Building Nodes These are the high density residential blocks located by the Ashton Canal surrounded by large under-utilised green areas.
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2.8 Retained Elements In an effort to imagine and speculate about a high density East Manchester through infrastructural and typological attraction, high density residential and commercial buildings as well as major infrastructure will be retained for this experiment. What this means is that if East Manchester was to become a high density urban area in 2045, in terms of figure ground and population increase, these are likely to be the buildings and infrastructure that will remain. Hence, this experiment “retains� these buildings not because of any architectural value but because we are projecting that these will be the buildings of value for this future society.
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High dense residential and commercial buildings
Main road network that connects outside the site boundary
Water networks
Railway and tram networks
Site hard boundaries
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2.9 Retained Plan In 2045, East Manchester will be a high density area and therefore only the high dense residential and commercial buildings will remain. Because of this, all detached and semi-detached housing will be removed from the site and the roads that connect to them. The fast roads and the roads that connect outside of the site boundary are likely to remain because of their connectivity. This is the basemap on which experiments based on other cities development will be run. These experiments will involve infrastructural and typological attraction rules which will be described for each experiment. The cities on which these experiments will be based are Tokyo, San Francisco, New York and Chicago. As well as the on site infrastructure and buildings, four buildings from outside the site will influence the experiment’s outcomes - Piccadilly Station and Etihad Stadium.
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3 The Generative Model 3.1 Layers of the Model 3.2 Recursive Process 3.3 Flow Diagram and Pseudocode 3.4 User Input 3.5 Stakeholders
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3.1 Layers of the Model There are four layers in the model which will develop a scenario for a denser East Manchester.
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Layer 4: Building typologies around infrastructure and other typologies
Layer 3: Parcellation
Layer 2: Green areas, car parks and tram stops around building typologies
Layer 1: Building typologies around retained infrastructure
Baselayer: Retained nodes and networks
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future scenario for the high dense East Manchester following from the rules we have defined from the visual study of some high dense cities, such as Tokyo and New York City. Different city’s density will lead the model to attract different building types, as well as attracting different amenity like green space, tram station, car park and pedestrian walkway.
3.2 Recursive Process
The rules for the attraction for both buildings and infrastructure are based on the probability, therefore many different scenarios can be Looking at cities with different densities can give generated with a single city rule.
an insight into what density-based scenarios might look like. Density level: Chicago
the set boundary. It will find the closest point on the nearest infrastructure. (The main road in this instance) It rotates the building toward that closest point so it is parallel with the road. The building will move to the point and offset at a certain distance depending on pavement size.
Tokyo Step 2. East Manchester >6,200 /Km²
>4,400 /Km²
San Fransisco
New York City ??? /Km²
(To generate the building, it will require the rule that we have programmed into the model.) Depending on what infrastructure is situated near to the building (main road), a certain probability to generate different building type will occur. Refer back to the rule pages for each city for the attraction percentages.
>10,800 /Km²
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>7,000 /Km²
m²
co
After the building is generated, it will automatically offset its footprint of the building to form its plot size.
SE O VE M
It will find the closest point on the nearest infrastructure. (The main road in this instance)
T
Model will find a point within the set boundary.
When other new buildings are generated close to one or the other. The model will merge the adjacent plots together to form a parcel, and it will keep merging the plots together until the desired parcel size is achieved.
It rotates the building toward that closest point so it is parallel with the road. The building will move to the point and offset at a certain distance depending on pavement size.
Step 2.
Step 4.
(To generate the building, it will require the rule that we have programmed into the model.)
New amenities will be generated around the new buildings, such as green space, car park and tram stops.
40% 20% 40%
Depending on what infrastructure is situated near to the building (main road), a certain probability to generate different building type will occur. Refer back to the rule pages for each city for the attraction percentages.
Lastly, the road network will be generated to connect all the parcels and amenities together with the existing road networks.
REPEAT STEP 1.
e be
Step 3.
O FF
the ities, the rent
Step 1.
Km²
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3.3 Flow Diagram and Pseudocode START Population / Density km2
People per km2 = less than 4,000
YES
Chicago’s building type rule applied
INPUT
Population / density /km2.
IF THEN
/km2 is less than 4,000. use Chicago’s rule.
ELSE IF THEN
/km2 is between 4,000 - 6,000. use Tokyo’s rule.
ELSE IF THEN . . .
/km2 is between 6,000 - 7,000. use San Francisco rule.
[REPEAT] SEQUENCE INITIALISE
NO Building type generated People per km2 = 4,000 - 6,000
YES
IF THEN
the selected point is ‘close’ to mai 50% chance to attract (Skyscraper 20% chance to attract (High rise re 10% chance to attract (Low rise co 20% chance to attract (High rise c
ELSE IF THEN
the selected point is ‘close’ to mai 25% chance to attract (Skyscraper 35% chance to attract (Low rise re 10% chance to attract (High rise re 20% chance to attract (Low rise co 10% chance to attract (High rise c
Amentity rule applied NO
People per km2 = 6,001 - 7,000
NO
YES
Amentity generated
Road rule applied
Road network generated
Finish when the model is filled
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CITY RULE Generate new building. to find a point within the set bound Except on the buildings and infra
. . . IF THEN
there is adjacent building move the generated building to clo adjacent building and offset a ‘cer
ELSE
place on the centre of the selected
OUTPUT
Building is placed on the selected
SEQUENCE INITIALISE
Generate new infrastructure. to check distance between the last selected point and the closest building.
SEQUENCE
IF
distance is within 100 metres in diameter & the number of buildings are three or more. create new infrastructure to closest building.
IF
INPUT
Population / density /km2.
IF THEN
/km2 is less than 4,000. use Chicago’s rule.
ELSE IF THEN
/km2 is between 4,000 - 6,000. use Tokyo’s rule.
THEN
ELSE IF THEN . . .
/km2 is between 6,000 - 7,000. use San Francisco rule.
IF THEN
the building is (Skyscraper). 70% chance to attract 4 lanes (road). 20% chance to attract 3 lanes (road). 10% chance to attract 2 lanes (road).
IF THEN
the building is (High rise commerical). 30% chance to attract 4 lanes (road). 40% chance to attract 3 lanes (road). 20% chance to attract 2 lanes (road). 10% chance to attract 1 lane (road).
IF THEN
the building is (Low rise commerical). 10% chance to attract 4 lanes (road). 30% chance to attract 2 lanes (road). 30% chance to attract 1 lane (road). 20% chance to attract (Carpark). 10% chance to attract (Promenade).
[REPEAT] SEQUENCE INITIALISE IF THEN
ELSE IF THEN
. . .
CITY RULE Generate new building. to find a point within the set boundary. Except on the buildings and infrastructures point. the selected point is ‘close’ to main road. 50% chance to attract (Skyscraper). 20% chance to attract (High rise residential). 10% chance to attract (Low rise commerical). 20% chance to attract (High rise commerical). the selected point is ‘close’ to main road + railway. 25% chance to attract (Skyscraper). 35% chance to attract (Low rise residential). 10% chance to attract (High rise residential). 20% chance to attract (Low rise commerical). 10% chance to attract (High rise commerical).
. . . IF THEN
OUTPUT
IF THEN
there is adjacent building move the generated building to closest face of the adjacent building and offset a ‘certain distance’.
ELSE
place on the centre of the selected point
OUTPUT
Building is placed on the selected point and stored.
IF THEN
THEN OUTPUT
Create parcel. Find a random building and search for nearby buildings. the number of the neighbouring buildings are five or more. draw a offset line from those buildings. parcel boundary formed.
[REPEAT THE SQUENCE]
new (road) is generated. find a direction towards the closest road from the closest building. Draw a line and offset depeneding the number of lanes. new road is generated. new (green_space) or (carpark) is generated. place a (green_space) or (carpark) to the closest adjacent building.
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3.4 User Input Testing the effects of infrastructural changes on the built environment. Amending or proposing a new configuration of the existing infrastructure will affect the development of buildings and other infrastructures or amenities. This will be adjusted on the baselayer. The purpose for the input of the base map is to anaylse the impact of utilising between the existing infrastructures and proposed infrastructures. This can be used as a tool to test urban designs and their future impacts. This will lead to the most appropriate infrastructural design according to a set of desirable outcomes.
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e
l
na
Ca
Ca
Tr am
Main
lin
e
d Roa
d Roa
lin
l
Main
n Mai
Tr am
Proposed configuration - Porposed canal - Proposed main road - Proposed tram line
na Ca
na
Existing + Proposed configuration - Canal - Proposed main road - Tram line
m Tra
Existing configuration - Canal - Main road - Tram line
l
Baselayer:
Roa d
lin
e
Output:
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3.4 User Input Different typologies of buildings will cluster around different types of infrastructure and defining this relationship will depend on what city it is in. The attraction rules are defined by a visual and comparative study of different cities. It means the rules are fixed and therefore we can adjust the attraction percentages. The attraction rules can allow us to identify the relationship between the infrastructures and buildings as well as the attraction within itself. Density is not necessarily directly related to infrastructural and typological attraction but this is how these cities developed for a number of reasons and at a similar density, it just may happen in East Manchester. The multitude of posible scenarios that the digital tool is able to produce strengthens this methodology.
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Rule: New York City-
Ca na l e
Tr am
d Roa
lin
n Mai
e
Tr am
d Roa
d Roa lin
n Mai
n Mai
Tr am
Ca na l
Tokyo-
Ca na l
San Francisco-
lin
e
Output:
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3.5 Stakeholders Citizens, urban planners and Manchester City Council will benefit from this digital tool and strengthen its potential. The main purpose of this simulation model is to demonstrate a high dense East Manchester by using infrastructural and typological attraction rules, which we defined from the study of a number of cities. The output of the model can be used in many different way. For instance, it can aid urban planners for planning the future urban landscape of East Manchester. Manchester City Council can test and implement policies, and also get feedback or suggestions from the local citizens. The stakeholders, urban planners and the council and the citizens of the city in which it is implemented and there interaction with the model feed into it and strengthen it’s potential.
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?
? Urban Planners
Local Council 50%
Ca na l
30%
The future scenario can project what new infrastructure is required to strive toward a desirable scenario or steer away from undesirable ones. The degree of success at achieving this can be recorded and feed into the model over time.
Mai ad
n Ro
Tr am
lin
e
The digital tool can engage the citizens of East Manchester by beginning a conversation about the future of their area.
R
This dialogue mean they can express their own ideas which can feed into the tool and help urban regeneration planners at the council.
Local Residents
E
R
TU
FU
The Council can test policies. They can make decisions about what planning applications to approve in order to steer toward a desirable trajectory. The model can form the basis of these decisions. They can alter or propose infrastructure, and change the attraction rule to achieve a certain percentage of residential or commercial buildings.
ST A E
H
C
N
A
M
TE S E
Planners can also identify which infrastructure has to be replaced or upgraded for the needs of the future capacity of East Manchester.
Ultimate rule
+
+
When different rules are applied to the model, different scenarios will become possible. Analysing the outcomes will identify common patterns across all rules derived from different cities.
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4 Interface 4.1 Search and Choose a Site 4.2 User Configuration 4.3 Customise Rules 4.4 Scenario Outcome 4.5 Outcome Analysis
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4.1 Search and Choose a Site This the interface for searching and choosing the site that you want to experiment with. The boundary of sites is per-defined for the users to choose from. It lets you highlight the sites and it shows you the current development within that area. Once confirmed, then we can process to the next stage for setting up a series of experiments.
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Please select your site Search site...
Newton Heath
Green Quarter
Newton Heath
g
tin
s at
s
ile
+
M
co
An
s+
Clayton
n yto
a
Cl
at
co
An
at Pl
New Islington + Bradford Manchester City Centre
Beswick + Bradford
Openshaw + Bradford
Area: New Islington + Bradford Brief: This area is undergoing the East Manchester regeneration plan for 2018. At present, Manchester City Council has agreed with City’s Middle East owners to build 6,000 new homes in the next 10 years.
SELECT
Ardwick + West Gordon
Bradford
SAVED MODEL
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4.2 User configuration After the site has been selected, the next step is to configure the map and select the rules in order to generate the future scenario of East Manchester. There are two main user configurations, which is the configuration of the base map and which rule will be applied to generate the outcome. When everything is selected, click the start button and the simulation will start generating.
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Configuration Return
Site : New Islington + Bradford
Base map configuration: High dense residential buildings Low dense residential buildings Commercial buildings Industrial buildings Canal and valley Metro links Main roads Minor roads Advanced options
Attraction rules: Tokyo New York San Francisco Chicago Custom* START
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4.3 Customise Rules This page let you create your own attraction rule instead of the preset city rules. Users can easily adjust the percentages with the scale bars underneath each attraction factor. It provides the indicator of how much percent is used on each building type. After all the percentages are distributed, users can name the custom rules and save.
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High-rise building (Commercial)
Skyscraper (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Residential)
High-rise building (Residential)
Custom Rule
High-rise building (Residential)
Low-rise building (Residential)
Percentage used
Percentage used
High-rise building (Commercial)
60%
High-rise building 40% (Commercial)
80%
High-rise building 20% (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Commercial) Percentage used 20%
High-rise building 80% (Commercial)
High-rise building (Commercial) Percentage used 60%
Minor road
Minor road
20%
Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Residential) Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Green Space Green Space Green Space Green Space (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper 10% 20% 10% 30% (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building Low-rise building Low-rise building Low-rise building High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential)
Low-rise building
Low-rise building
Low-rise building
Low-rise building
100%
Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building
0%
Low-rise building (Residential) Major road 0%
Minor road
Low-rise building 0% 30% Skyscraper (Residential) (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) Stadium Stadium Stadium Stadium Skyscraper High-rise building Skyscraper Skyscraper Skyscraper High-rise building Skyscraper High-rise building High-rise building 20% 0% 0% 0% (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) 10%
Percentage used
High-rise building 40% (Commercial)
High-rise building Low-rise building Skyscraper (Residential) (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building Major road Major road Major road Major road (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise High-rise High-rise High-rise 20% building 0% building 10% building 0% building (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) (Residential) Minor road
Skyscraper (Commercial)
Minor road 40%
Low-rise building (Commercial)
Stadium 0%
Green Space 20%
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4.3 Customise Rules This page let you create your own attraction rule instead of the preset city rules. Users can easily adjust the percentages with the scale bars underneath each attraction factor. It provides the indicator of how much percent is used on each building type. After all the percentages are distributed, users can name the custom rules and save.
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building rcial)
building ntial)
aper rcial)
uilding ntial)
uilding rcial)
High-rise building (Commercial)
Skyscraper (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building (Residential)
High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building (Residential)
Car Park
0%
Custom Rule High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial)
Percentage used
Percentage used
High-rise building 60% 40% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Low-rise building (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Residential)
High-rise building 80% 20% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Skyscraper (Commercial)
High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial) High-rise building High-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) High-rise building (Commercial)
Car Park 0%
0%
Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) 0% (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial)
Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential)
Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Low-rise building (Commercial)
Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential)
Low-rise building Metro station (Residential) Low-rise building 0% (Residential) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Residential) (Residential) Low-rise building (Residential)
0%
20%
Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial)
Canal / River 0%
Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Residential) Car Park
Walkway 30%
Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Commercial)
Metro station 0%
Canal / River 0%
0%
0%
Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) 0% (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building (Commercial) Low-rise building Low-rise building (Commercial) (Commercial)
100%
Car Park
Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) building 20% Low-rise (Commercial) (Residential)
Canal / River
Percentage used
High-rise building 60% 40% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential) High-rise building (Residential)
Skyscraper (Commercial) Skyscraper (Commercial) SkyscraperWalkway Skyscraper (Commercial) 0% (Commercial)
Canal / River
Skyscraper (Commercial)
Percentage used
Percentage used
High-rise building 20% 80% (Residential) High-rise building (Residential) High-rise building High-rise building (Residential) (Residential)
Car Park
0%
High-rise building (Residential)
Canal / River 10%
65
4.4 Scenario Outcome After the site and rule are selected, users can start generating the final scenario. The output of this model can produce 3d views such as axonometic view, plans, sections and elevations. If users are not satisfied with the outcome, they can regenerate a new scenario by pressing the RESTART button or DISCARD the model. Alternatively, users can SAVE the outcome to compare with other outcomes later.
66
Result Return
Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule: New York
Elevation Plan
1 1
Axonometric view
2
DISCARD RESTART SAVE
67
4.5 Outcome Analysis Users can save all the future scenarios which have been generated by the model and saved. Three cities’ outcomes can be compared at once with the statistics shown for each outcome. This enables users to test different rules and different configuration of the base map, to create different outcomes for experimentation. The different scenarios can be used to compare with the proposed plan from the City Council, to determine which rule is best to apply for the future East Manchester.
68
Comparison Return
Built
49% 14% 4% 2% 31%
9,
7
00
sq
m
7,
79
bu 0s
il d
in g
qm
s
32
b u il d i n g s 206,134 sq m
31
residential accomodates 55,000 people
18 s q m
52% 48%
commercial accomodates 250,000 people
Lo
29 42
2,0
9,3
in g
Hi
LRC
il d
co m
bu
se
l ia
w-
ris e
com.
b u il din g s 48 s qm
Hig
h-
ri
51
85
s1 ,1 8
se -ri
gh
-ri
bu ild ing Low -ris s er es
al
2,5 00 s q m
d e n ti a l
residential accomodates 60,000 people
re s i
buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r
12
sq
m
sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id
s
44
,8
1
gh
Hi
ng
r
53% 47%
1
ldi
ra
pe
bu ild ing Lowrise s re si
commercial accomodates 325,000 people
106
Statistic:
33
.
6,000 sq m 1,78
buildings
co h-rise m. Hig
29
residential accomodates 75,000 people
b.
commercial accomodates 1,000,000 people
sc
b ui
Sky
26
83% 17%
58
PREVIOUS
HR R
m
LRR
Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule : Tokyo
583 ,60 9s qm
00
sq
b.
Green
Waterw
28% 7% 4%
e n ti
Statistic:
30 3 8
Built
Other
gs
Statistic:
m sq
Car park
sid
Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule : San Francisco
1,3 32 ,7 00
Waterways
in
Site : New Islington + Bradford Rule : New York 914,560 sqm
Green
26% 18% 4% 1% 51%
Other
re
Car park
se
Waterways
buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c
Green
24
Built
bu
il d
NEXT
69
5 Tokyo Experiment 5.1 Tokyo Rules 5.2 Computational Model at Work 5.3 Tokyo Outcome 5.4 Visualisation
70
Image source: http://blogs-images.forbes.com/fathom/files/2015/03/0330_FL-tokyo-japancrossing_2000x1125-1940x1091.jpg
71
5.1 Tokyo Rules Amenities General rules: Buildings between buildings have very little gap. Average car parking space is relatively small compares to San Francisco. Also, there are less skyscrapers in Tokyo, and the majority of the buildings are low to high rise buildings only. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 18m Max length: 25m Min height: 6m Min length: 9m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.75 High rise building Max height: 96m Max length: 40m Min height: 27m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 333m Max length: 60m Min height: 103m Min length: 55m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5
72
Max width: 15m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 45m
Buildings distance within parcel
Road type and Pavement
parking re are e low to
1 lane Pavement width: 2.5m
2 lanes Pavement width: 3m
3 lanes Pavement width: 5m
4 lanes Pavement width: 7m
m
m m
m m
Min: 0.2 metre
Max: 1.5 metre
Average parcel size: 50m x 50m = 2,500 m²
Green space relationship
Furthest: 1,800 metre Closest: 60 metre Min length : 80 m Min width : 20 m Min ratio : 1:1.2 Max length : 430 m Max width : 230 m Max ratio : 1:1.9
Max: 98,900 m²
Min: 1,600 m²
Car park size
3m² per person
333 people/km²
Min length : 50 m Min width : 30 m Min ratio : 1:5 Max length : 100 m Max width : 60 m Max ratio : 1:1.6
Min: 150 m²
Max: 4950 m²
73
5.1 Tokyo Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings have very little gap. Average car parking space is relatively small compares to San Francisco. Also, there are less skyscrapers in Tokyo, and the majority of the buildings are low to high rise buildings only. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 18m Max length: 25m Min height: 6m Min length: 9m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.75 High rise building Max height: 96m Max length: 40m Min height: 27m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 1 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 333m Max length: 60m Min height: 103m Min length: 55m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5
Max width: 15m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 45m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings on
Building information: Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
74
10%
INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS
BUILDING TYPES
AMENITIES
ROAD NETWORKS
20% 30% 20% 20% 10%
25%
% 4 Lanes
%
30
15% 15%
20
20
%
Tram line
Low-rise building (Commercial)
%
Low-rise building (Residential)
%
Warehouse (Industrial)
30%
20 %
20%
River
40 %
10 %
10 3 Lanes %
50
%
20
30
15%
%
50
Pedestrian Walkway
High-rise building (Residential)
%
25
%
Skyscraper (Commercial)
1 Lane
2 Lanes
25%
25 %
10%
%
20% 20%
High-rise building (Commercial)
10% 10%
20
30%
20%
40% 30% 10%
Car park
5%
20%
70% 30 %
Stadium
25%
30%
35
Green space
10%
40%
arking are ow to
Tram station
10%
WATER-SYSTEMS
TRANSPORTATIONS
75
5.2 Computational Model at Work Early experiment of the generative model using Tokyo rules. This is an early scenario, whose process was documented in video to illustrate further how the model works. It first generates the buildings which are identified as either low-rise residential, high-rise residential, low-rise commercial, high-rise commercial or skyscraper typologies. These typologies, in turn attract further infrastructure with amenities such as green areas, car parks and tram stops. The parcellation is then formed which in turn provokes a second wave of typological spawning. Surprisingly, the outcome here was a lot less dense than expected which reinforces the idea that a multitude of scenarios are possible from this model, even one that defies the odds.
76
77
28% 7% 4%
5.3 Tokyo Outcome Relevant Data:
bu ild ing Low -ris s er es
al
42
78
2,0
b u il
48 s
com.
din g s qm
H
51
85
ris e
igh
gs
w-
in
29
ri
se
Lo
9,3
re
24
residential accomodates 55,000 people
18 s q m
52% 48%
commercial accomodates 250,000 people
e n ti
l ia
sid
buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c
m
sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id
sq
106
i bu
ld
Built
Green
28% 7% Built
buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c
Car p
18 s q m
al
e n ti
sid
9,3
re
85
se
gs
in
Car park
9,3
re
sid
e n ti
al
18 s q m
bu
8 sq m
al
e n ti
sid
gs
bu
,3 1
b u il 42 din g s 2,0 residential 48500m sq m accomodates accomodates 250,000 bpeople 55,000 people uild ing Low -ris s e
in
Waterways il d
Green
commercial 0 100m
7
sq
m
Waterways il d
2 9 7% 5 14% 1% 60% 52% 28% 48% 106 re
1km
Waterways
85
buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c
1km 1km1km
Green
b u il 42 din g s commercial 2,0residential 48 s qm accomodates accomodates bu 250,000 people 55,000 people ild ing Low -ris Elevation s South er es ri Lo hwris e Hig com.
Scale 1:10Built 000
24
500m 500m
l ia
Built
sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id
100m 500m 500m 0 100m
Green
2 948% 7% 5 1 4% 1% 60% 52% 28% 106
sq Plan and Site
Scale 1:5 000
l ia
se
24 m
Site Axonometric
Built
52% 48% 106 28% 7% 4% 1%
m
buildings 1,2 45 ,00 High-rise co 0 mm er c
N
l ia
sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id
sq
bu ild ing Low -ris s er es
m
commercial residential accomodates accomodates bu 250,000 people 55,000 people ild ing Low -ris s er es ri Lo hwg i ris e H com.
24
N
Waterw
28% 7% 4%
106
sq m 86 8,7 71 tial en id
sq
Green
1km
Car park
Other
79
Othe
5.4 Visualisation
80
81
6 San Francisco Experiment 6.1 San Francisco Rules 6.2 San Francisco Outcome 6.3 Visualisation
82
Image source: http://www.mrwallpaper.com/wallpapers/san-francisco-hd.jpg
83
6.1 San Francisco Rules Amenities General rules: Buildings between buildings can consist of pedestrian walkway, but most of the time building and building are built against to each other. Average car parking space is relatively spacious. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low rise buildings outside of the central area. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 27m Max length: 100m Min height: 12m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 102m Max length: 65m Min height: 54m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 326m Max length: 75m Min height: 127m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4
84
Max width: 40m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 30m
Buildings distance within parcel
Road type and Pavement
ay, but h other. pers are uildings 1 Lane Pavement width: 3.7m
2 lanes Pavement width: 7m
3 Lanes Pavement width: 9.3m
4 Lanes Pavement width: 13m
m m
m m
m m
Min: 0 meter
Max: 6 metres
Average parcel size: 150m x 100m = 15,000 m²
Green space relationship
Furthest: 2,160 meters Closest: 50 meters Min length : 180 m Min width : 165 m Min ratio : 1:1.1 Max length : 4,920 m Max width : 790 m Max ratio : 1:6.8
Max: 3,886,800 m²
Min: 29,700 m²
Car park size
20m² per person
50 people/km²
Min length : 15 m Min width : 10 m Min ratio : 1:1.5 Max length : 130 m Max width : 60 m Max ratio : 1:2.1
Min: 150 m²
Max: 7,800 m²
85
6.1 San Francisco Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings can consist of pedestrian walkway, but most of the time building and building are built against to each other. Average car parking space is relatively spacious. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low rise buildings outside of the central area. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 27m Max length: 100m Min height: 12m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 102m Max length: 65m Min height: 54m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 326m Max length: 75m Min height: 127m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4
Max width: 40m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 30m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
86
10%
BUILDING TYPES
AMENITIES
ROAD NETWORKS
60% 40%
40%
+40%
70%
High-rise building (Commercial)
50%
2 lanes 40%
20
50 Skyscraper (Commercial)
45
Pedestrian Promenade
%
45
High-rise building (Residential)
%
% 20%
%
30%
4 lanes
+5 0%
Warehouse (Industrial)
3 lanes
30%
%
30%
%
Car park
20%
25%
25%
10
Stadium
1 lane
25%
Tram line 50%
50 %
+60%
Low-rise building (Residential)
10%
30%
+80%
40%
25%
10%
Green space
30
but other. are ldings
INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS
Low-rise building (Commercial)
70%
Water
50%
30%
50%
WATER-SYSTEMS
Tram station
TRANSPORTATIONS +40%
87
6.1 San Francisco Rules Building Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings can consist of pedestrian walkway, but most of the time building and building are built against to each other. Average car parking space is relatively spacious. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low rise buildings outside of the central area. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 27m Max length: 100m Min height: 12m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 102m Max length: 65m Min height: 54m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 326m Max length: 75m Min height: 127m Min length: 35m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4
Max width: 40m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 25m Max width: 45m Min width: 30m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
88
10%
BUILDING TYPES
BUILDING TYPES ROAD NETWORKS
AMENITIES 20
10% 30%
20%
20%
Green space
1 lane
10%
%
20%
High-rise building (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Residential)
40% 30%
m m
Car park
3 lanes
20%
30%
Pedestrian Walkway
4 lanes
50%
70 %
20 %
10 %
Skyscraper (Commercial)
Low-rise building (Commercial)
10 %
30% 30%
%
10 %
High-rise building (Residential)
30
20%
%
m m
Stadium
2 lanes
20
y, but h other. s are uildings
BUILDING DRIVERS
Tram line
Tram station
Warehouse (Industrial)
50%
WATER-SYSTEMS
Water
TRANSPORTATIONS
89
26% 18% 4%
6.2 San Francisco Outcome Relevant Data: 583 ,60 9s qm
bu ild ing Lowrise s re si
m sq
s1 ,1 8 2 ,5 00 s q m
residential accomodates 60,000 people
co m
44
7,
79
bu 0s
il d
in g
qm
s
LRC
32
b u il d i n g s 206,134 sq m
90
31
in g
Hi
bu
se
il d
gh
Hi
-ri
1
1
gh
-ri
se
commercial accomodates 325,000 people
d e nti a l
53% 47%
re s i
12
.
buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r
00
33
Built
Green
26% 18% Built
Green
Waterw
33 26% 18% 4% 583 ,60 9s qm
2,5 00 s q m
d e nti a l
s1 ,1 8
re s i
gh
in g
-ri
il d
bu
Car park
2,5 00 s q m
d e nti a l
s1 ,1 8
re s i
se
-ri
in g
gh
il d
bu
2,5 00 s q m
Waterways
s1 ,1 8
d e nti a l
se
re s i
accomodates accomodatesbuildings 206,134 sq m 325,000 people 60,000 people bu ild ing Lowrise s
-ri
m sq
Green
44 bu i 5837,7 ,6090 l d i n g s 9 ssq 100m commercial q residential mm 500m
H
00
0
se
12 buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r
12 buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r
1km
Waterways
1 1 3 53% 26% 47%318% 2 4% 1% 51% 33 91
Scale 1:10Built 000
12
1km 1km1km
.
500m 500m
b u il d i n g s accomodates accomodates 206,134 sq m 325,000 people 60,000 people bu ild ing Lowrise Elevation s and South r e gh si Hi -ri se co m LRC .
100m 500m 500m 0 100m
1 1 3 53% 26% 47%318% 2 4% 1% 51% 33
44 b 578,73 u i l d in g 9,600 s s9qs commercial qmresidential m
1
Scale 1:5 000
accomodates accomodates 325,000 people 60,000 people bu ild ing Lowrise s r es gh i Hi -ri se co m Built LRCGreen
Hi
Site Plan 00
Car p
53% 47% 33 26% 18% 4% 1%
583 ,60 9s qm commercial residential
m sq
Waterways
Green
1
m sq
Site Axonometric
Built
Hi
00
N
.
N
bu ild ing Lowrise s re si
m sq
buildin gs 1,1 34 Skys ,5 cra pe r
00
1km
Car park
Other
Othe
6.3 Visualisation
92
93
7 Chicago Experiment 7.1 Chicago Rules 7.2 Chicago Outcome 7.3 Visualisation
94
Image source: http://chicagopolicyreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ChicagoArchitecture.jpg
95
7.1 Chicago Rules Amenities General rules: Buildings to buildings gap vary from 6 to 2 meters. There are many open car park spaces available within the city center. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings outside of the central area. This city is populated with many skyscrapers. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 22m Max length: 40m Min height: 12m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.5 High rise building Max height: 90m Max length: 140m Min height: 45m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 442m Max length: 75m Min height: 150m Min length: 70m Max ratio: 0.875 Min ratio: 0.5
96
Max width: 30m Min width: 10m Max width: 70m Min width: 25m Max width: 30m Min width: 20m
Buildings distance within parcel
Road type and Pavement
el. There . e de of the 1 Lane Pavement width: 3.7m
2 Lanes Pavement width: 7m
3 Lanes Pavement width: 9.3m
4 Lanes Pavement width: 13m
m
m m
m m
Min: 2 meter
Max: 6 meters
Average parcel size: 80m x 80m = 1,600 m²
Green space relationship
Furthest: Closest:
830 meters 150 meters
Min length : 120 m Min width : 80 m Min ratio : 1:1.9 Max length : 570 m Max width : 320 m Max ratio : 1:4.9
Max: 182,400 m²
Min: 9,600 m²
Car park size
18 m² per person
56 people/km²
Min length : 55 m Min width : 30 m Min ratio : 1:1.8 Max length : 140 m Max width : 80 m Max ratio : 1:1.7
Min: 1650 m²
Max: 11,200 m²
97
7.1 Chicago Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: Buildings to buildings gap vary from 6 to 2 meters. There are many open car park spaces available within the city center. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings outside of the central area. This city is populated with many skyscrapers. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 22m Max length: 40m Min height: 12m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.5 High rise building Max height: 90m Max length: 140m Min height: 45m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 442m Max length: 75m Min height: 150m Min length: 70m Max ratio: 0.875 Min ratio: 0.5
Max width: 30m Min width: 10m Max width: 70m Min width: 25m Max width: 30m Min width: 20m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
98
10%
INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS BUILDING TYPES
AMENITIES 70%
There
Green space
30%
40%
40%
High-rise building (Commercial)
2 Lanes
30%
Car park
40
%
30%
30%
30%
50%
%
70%
Stadium
1 Lane
10%
60% 40
40
%
High-rise building (Residential)
20
Skyscraper (Commercial)
4 % 0%
3 Lanes 30%
30%
4 Lanes
70%
Pedestrian Walkway
60%
Warehouse (Industrial)
%
Train track
40 %
Low-rise building (Residential)
20
of the
ROAD NETWORKS
50
Seaside
WATER-SYSTEMS
%
30
%
Low-rise building (Commercial)
20
%
50
%
30%
Train station
TRANSPORTATIONS
99
7.1 Chicago Rules Building Drivers General rules: Buildings to buildings gap vary from 6 to 2 meters. There are many open car park spaces available within the city center. Skyscrapers are usually clusters in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings outside of the central area. This city is populated with many skyscrapers. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 22m Max length: 40m Min height: 12m Min length: 20m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.5 High rise building Max height: 90m Max length: 140m Min height: 45m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.5 Skyscraper Max height: 442m Max length: 75m Min height: 150m Min length: 70m Max ratio: 0.875 Min ratio: 0.5
Max width: 30m Min width: 10m Max width: 70m Min width: 25m Max width: 30m Min width: 20m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
100
10%
BUILDING DRIVERS BUILDING TYPES
BUILDING TYPES ROAD NETWORKS
m m
20%
20
High-rise building (Commercial)
10
70
%
10%
Green space
1 Lane
20%
%
Low-rise building (Residential)
40% 10%
%
20
20%
% High-rise building (Residential)
20
Stadium
2 Lanes
10
e of the
AMENITIES
%
el. There .
40%
Car park
3 Lanes
%
40%
Low-rise building (Commercial)
20% 20%
m m
Pedestrian Walkway
4 Lanes
50%
20 % 30 % 30 %
Skyscraper (Commercial)
1010% %
10%
WATER-SYSTEMS
Tram line
Tram station
Warehouse (Industrial)
50%
Seaside
TRANSPORTATIONS
101
34% 17% 4%
7.2 Chicago Outcome Relevant Data: 362,792
76 30
62
m
sq
er
00
7
sq
m
om
00
c se h -ri
,7
m
Hig
102
l l rc
residential accomodates 65,000 people
cia
S kyscra per
b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0
72% 28%
commercial accomodates 500,000 people
bu i
sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris
18
Hi gh -
244 ,173
LRR
ld b ui
in g
s
1,
26
2
Built
Green
34% 17% Built
Green
Waterw
76 30 34% 17% 4% 362,792
LRR
62
244 ,173
l l rc
sq
m
m
00
m
Waterways 62
Car park
n
,7
1,
2
244 ,173
62
ldi
gs
sq
00
m
m
m
er
cia
l l rc
b ui
commercial residential accomodates accomodates 500,000 people 65,000 people LRR bu i Hi Elevation and South gh om ec s i r Hig h-
Waterways 62
Green
Car park
Other
b ui
ldi
n
,7
gs
1,
2
62
1km
244 ,173
l l rc
cia
residential 500m accomodates 65,000 people
ld
sq
accomodates 500,000 people LRR bu i Hi g
er
00
72% 34% 28% 17%7 4% 2% 43% 76 30 103 362,792
commercial 0 100m
Othe
72% 34% 28% 17% 7 4% 2% 43% 76 30 sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris
sq
1km
S kyscra per
1km 1km1km
Green
362,792
Scale 1:10Built 000
b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0
500m 500m
commercial residential accomodates accomodates 500,000 people 65,000 people LRR bu i Hi gh m co se i r High
sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris
sq
00
18
Scale 1:5 000
362,792
Built
S kyscra per
b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0
Site Plan
Car p
72% 28% 76 30 34% 17% 4% 2% er
00
18
Site Axonometric
Waterways
Green
cia
S kyscra per
b u il d i n g s 3 , 6 7 4 , 0
N
100m 500m 500m 0 100m
Built
sq m 7,900 ,64 s1 al ing denti ld esi er ris
18 N
bu i
Hi gh -
7.3 Visualisation
104
105
8 New York Experiment 8.1 New York Rules 8.2 New York Outcome 8.3 Visualisation
106
Image source: https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-o/03/9b/2d/f2/new-york-city.jpg
107
8.1 New York Rules Amenities General rules: The distance between buildings and building varies from 5 meters to buildings that are built against each others. Most of the car parks are relatively small. Skyscrapers are clustered in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings which situated outside of the central area. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 33m Max length: 110m Min height: 16m Min length: 15m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 120m Max length: 80m Min height: 42m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 540m Max length: 140m Min height: 170m Min length: 45m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4
108
Max width: 50m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 15m Max width: 60m Min width: 30m
Buildings distance within parcel
Road type and Pavement
eters to arking the igh rise a 1 lane Pavement width: 3.7m
2 Lanes Pavement width: 7m
3 Lanes Pavement width: 9.3m
4 Lanes Pavement width: 13m
m m
m m
m m
Min: 0 meter
Max: 5 meters
Average parcel size: 150m x 80m = 12,000 m²
Green space relationship
Furthest: 4,290 meters Closest: 240 meters Min length : 130 m Min width : 70 m Min ratio : 1:1.9 Max length : 4,110 m Max width : 840 m Max ratio : 1:4.9
Max: 3,452,400 m²
Min: 9,100 m²
Car park size
23.1m² per person
44 people/km²
Min length : 55 m Min width : 30 m Min ratio : 1:1.8 Max length : 200 m Max width : 90 m Max ratio : 1:2.2
Min: 1650 m²
Max: 18,000 m²
109
8.1 New York Rules Infrastructural Drivers General rules: The distance between buildings and building varies from 5 meters to buildings that are built against each others. Most of the car parks are relatively small. Skyscrapers are clustered in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings which situated outside of the central area. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 33m Max length: 110m Min height: 16m Min length: 15m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 120m Max length: 80m Min height: 42m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 540m Max length: 140m Min height: 170m Min length: 45m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4
Max width: 50m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 15m Max width: 60m Min width: 30m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
110
10%
BUILDING TYPES
AMENTITIES
ROAD NETWORKS
20% 40%
40%
% High-rise building (Commerical)
40%
40%
2 lanes
40%
Car park
30
%
40
20%
%
20
% 30
30
Pedestrian Walkway
High-rise building (Residential)
%
3 lanes
30
20%
Skyscraper (Commerical)
%
30%
40%
40%
20%
1 lane
30%
60% 40 Stadium
20%
30%
40%
%
Green space
10%
4 lanes
60% Aerial tramway
40
%
Warehouse (Industrial)
% 40
Seaside
WATER-SYSTEMS
Low-rise building (Commerical)
20
50
%
%
30
%
Low-rise building (Residential)
30
ers to ing e h rise
INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS
%
30%
Tram station
TRANSPORTATIONS
111
8.1 New York Rules Building Drivers General rules: The distance between buildings and building varies from 5 meters to buildings that are built against each others. Most of the car parks are relatively small. Skyscrapers are clustered in the central district, and the majority of the buildings are low and high rise buildings which situated outside of the central area. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 33m Max length: 110m Min height: 16m Min length: 15m Max ratio: 0.7 Min ratio: 0.4 High rise building Max height: 120m Max length: 80m Min height: 42m Min length: 40m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.475 Skyscraper Max height: 540m Max length: 140m Min height: 170m Min length: 45m Max ratio: 0.75 Min ratio: 0.4
Max width: 50m Min width: 10m Max width: 60m Min width: 15m Max width: 60m Min width: 30m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
112
10%
BUILDING TYPES ROAD NETWORKS
10%
%
25%
Green space
1 lane
35
10%
20%
20%
10%
High-rise building (Commerical)
AMENTITIES Low-rise building (Residential)
40% 30%
Stadium
2 lanes %
High-rise building (Residential)
30
20%
20%
Car park
3 lanes
%
50%
Low-rise building (Commerical)
%
35%
20
m m
BUILDING TYPES
20
eters to arking the igh rise
BUILDING DRIVERS
15%
Pedestrian Walkway
4 lanes
50%
% 30
30 %
Skyscraper (Commerical)
30
%
m m
10% 10%
WATER-SYSTEMS
Train track
Train station
Warehouse (Industrial)
50%
Seaside
TRANSPORTATIONS
113
49% 14% 4%
8.2 New York Outcome Relevant Data: 914,560 sqm
30 3 8
7
sq
m
6,000 sq m 1,78
9,
00
buildings
s
,8
29
ng
r
co h-rise m. Hig
ldi
ra
pe
residential accomodates 75,000 people
b.
commercial accomodates 1,000,000 people
sc
b ui
Sky
26
83% 17%
58
114
HR R
m
LRR
sq
b.
1,3 32 ,7 00
Built
Green
49% 14% Built
Green
Waterwa
30 3 49% 14% 4% 8
914,560 sqm
sq
b.
m
LRR
6,000 sq m 1,78
29 buildings
co h-rise m. Hig
9,
6,000 sq m 1,78
29
s
Green
7
Car park
Other
buildings
sq
m
Green co h-rise m. Hig
9,
29
s
6,000 sq m 1,78
ng
Car park
b.
ra
ldi
Waterways
Waterways
7
sq
00 sq m 1,3 0 100m 500m commercial 32residential ,7 00 accomodates accomodates b. 1,000,000 people 75,000 people LRR H
buildings
83% 49% 17% 14% 4% 2% 31% 30 3 115 8 ,8
m
r
l
b
sc
b ui
Sky
26
1km
co h-rise m. Hig
ng sc
Scale 1:10 000 Built 58
b ui
Scale 1:5 000 1km 1km1km
m
ra
ldi Sky
26 Site Plan
500m 500m
1,3 32 residential ,7 00 accomodates 75,000 people
sq
sc
b ui
Built
00
sq 1,3 m commercial 32residential ,7 00 accomodates accomodates b. 1,000,000 people 75,000 people LRR and SouthH Elevation RR pe r
Site Axonometric
914,560 sqm
Car pa
Other
83% 49% 17% 14% 4% 2% 31% 30 3 8 ,8
914,560 sqm
100m 500m 500m 0 100m
Waterways
b.
commercial accomodates b. 1,000,000 people LRR HR pe R r
Sky
26
58
Green
83% 17% 30 3 49% 14% 4% 2% 8
914,560 sqm
N
b.
HR R
Built
N
1,3 32 ,7 00
1km
8.3 Visualisation
116
117
9 Regeneration Scheme Exp. 9.1 East Manchester Regeneration 9.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules 9.3 East Manchester Outcome 9.4 Visualisation
118
East Manchester proposal: - Ensure design makes the best possible use of a site or building in terms of efficient use of spaces, etc. -Take advantage of the existing infrastructure on site and proposed improvements, such as Metro-link and digital infrastructure. -Acknowledge the importance of waterways and canals such as the Ashton Canal in creating a sense of place and attracting investment. -Support Manchester Green City initiatives. - Reinforce its health and fitness focus by facilitating pedestrian and cyclist movement and community access to sports and recreation facilities. -Promote the use of public transport. -Develop new north/south green linkages through East Manchester. -Celebrate natural heritage and local amenities such as Philips Park, Ashton Canal, Clayton Vale, and the Medlock Valley. -Focus on Metro-link stations as important addresses and high-quality urban places of higher density.
East Manchester Regeneration Framework : A strategic framework for East Manchester
119
9.1 East Manchester Regeneration Regeneration Framework East Manchester was formerly heavy industrial land that is midway through a dramatic transformation. It was severely affected by industrial decline from the early 1970s. Over half the community’s manufacturing jobs were lost and house values in the area collapsed. The population had declined by over 10 percentage . Those who remained were affected by high levels of poor health, poor educational achievement and crime. A strategic ambitious plans was implemented to regenerate East Manchester from 2001. The proposals looked to develop large scale housing developments, boosting local employment opportunities, improving local transport, and raising the education achievement of young people in the area above the city average.
120
Source: Manchester City Council,. East Manchester Strategic Regeneration Framework 2008 - 2018. NEW EAST MANCHESTER, 2007. Print. Fitzgerald, Todd. “First Phase Of £1Bn Housing Project In Manchester Approved”. Manchester Evening News. N.p., 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2016. Jupp, Adam. “City Owner And Council To Build 6,000 New Homes In £1Bn Deal”. men. N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.
Housing opportunity area
Family residential neighbourhood Holt Town
Neighbourhood improvement area
Housing opportunity area Regional Park and valley systems
High density mixed-use area
Pollard St.
Family residential neighbourhood
Neighbourhood improvement area Existing Significant buildings Regional Park and valley systems Low rise neighbourhood High rise & High denseity mixed-used neighbourhood
High density mixed-use area
Existing Significant buildings Metro station Low rise neighbourhood Green pedestrain links High rise & High denseity mixed-used neighbourhood Metro station
Government’s vision for the future of the site in East Manchester
121
Green pedestrain links
9.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Infrastructural Drivers Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 30m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6
Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
122
10%
PROPOSED PLAN INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS
BUILDING TYPES
20%
ROAD NETWORKS
10% 40% 20% 10%
30%
Green space
10% 10%
10%
%
20%
Minor road
60% 40 %
Etihad Stadium
30%
30%
10
%
High-rise building (Residential)
60
%
%
30
Low-rise building (Residential)
Low-rise building (Commercial)
Metro track
10 30%
20
%
Metro station
%
Canal / Valley
%
20
%
%
Major road
50
%
20
Pedestrian Walkway
Skyscraper (Commercial)
15% 15%
10%
10% 10%
Car park
40%
High-rise building (Commercial)
10%
10% 20% 40%
30
40 %
AMENITIES
50
s
20%
WATER-SYSTEMS
TRANSPORTATIONS
123
9.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Building Drivers Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 30m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6
Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
124
10%
PROPOSED PLAN BUILDING DRIVERS BUILDING TYPES
BUILDING TYPES
High-rise building (Commercial)
15%
Minor road
Green space
40
%
20%
20%
20% 20% 5%
AMENITIES
5%
10 %
ROAD NETWORKS
Low-rise building (Residential)
30% 15%
Stadium
% 30
5%
Car park
%
Major road
20
10% 30 %
20
%
%
5%
Low-rise building (Commercial)
20
High-rise building (Residential)
1 50% 0%
%
% 10
40
% 40
10%
Pedestrian Walkway
Metro Track
Skyscraper (Commercial)
WATER-SYSTEMS
Metro Station
Canal / River
TRANSPORTATIONS
125
32% 16% 4%
9.3 Regeneration Scheme Outcome Relevant Data:
com. ise r gh Hi
bu Lowild rise res id
41
46% 54%
commercial accomodates 200,000 people
40 126
741
b
. Lowrise co m .
dings buil
335 ,09 5s q
s ing
10
m
l tia en
169 ,36 4s qm
6 sq ,64 5 21
Hig h-
residential accomodates 90,000 people
rise reside
nti a
l
q 0s 0 6 b u il d i n g s 1 , 0 0 5 ,
m
m
Built
Green
32% 16% Built sq m 46 5,6 1 2
41
1km 1km1km
b
. Lowrise co m .
41
1km
qm
500m 500m
10
m
dings buil
m. e co -ris
nti a
e sid e BuiltHigh-rise rGreen
l
Car park
Othe
0 16% 4% 1% 47% 46% 432% 54% 741
0 335 60 ,0 b u il d i n g s 1 , 0 0 5 , commercial 95residential sq m accomodates accomodates
es id
l tia en
100m 500m 500m 0 100m
sq 46 5,6 21
Waterways
90,000 people
bu Lowild rise res id
sq
m
s ing
Scale 1:5 000
Car pa
200,000 people 90,000 people bu Lowi rise ld and South Elevation r
m. e co -ris h g Hi
Site Plan
169 ,36 4s qm
Site Axonometric
dings buil
Waterways
335 ,09 5s residential q m accomodates
l tia en
sq m 46 5,6 1 2
10
m. e co -ris gh i H
Green
46% 54% 32% 4% 16% 1% 741
commercial accomodates s g n i d buil 200,000 people
b
. Lowrise co m .
169 ,36 4s qm
N
Built
s ing
10
m
bu Lowild rise res id
m. e co -ris h g Hi
b
. Lowrise co m .
41
N
m
32% 16% 4%
335 ,09 5s q
l tia en
sq 46 5,6 21
Waterwa
s ing
169 ,36 4s qm
10
741
dings buil
Green
ia Hig he nt risGreen e resid Scale 1:10Built 000
l
Waterways
Car park
Other
454% 0 16% 4% 1% 47% 46% 32% 741 127
0 335 60 ,09 b u il d i n g s 1 , 0 0 5 , 0 commercial 100m 500m 5residential sq m accomodates accomodates
200,000 people 90,000 people bu Lowild rise
sq
m
1km
9.4 Visualisation
128
129
10 Present Trends Experiment 9.1 Present Trends 9.2 Present Trends Rules 9.3 Present Trends Outcome 9.4 Visualisation
130
131
10.1 Present Trends East Manchester development At present, we can see a lot of sites are under construction within East Manchester. The photos on the left show some of the construction processes, and along some illustrations of the new developments planned for future Manchester. Many high rise residential blocks are appearing in East Manchester as well as commercial blocks and one can speculate that this will continue to progress despite the council’s zoning of “family areas” which would be low-rise. East Manchester is becoming more and more gentrified, notably as social housing is taken away and locals are pushed in in such areas as Ancoats. Despite the council’s best efforts, their lack of resources and funds means that they have to compromise with the big developers who have an entirely different agenda.
132
Source: Manchester City Council,. East Manchester Strategic Regeneration Framework 2008 - 2018. NEW EAST MANCHESTER, 2007. Print. Fitzgerald, Todd. “First Phase Of £1Bn Housing Project In Manchester Approved”. Manchester Evening News. N.p., 2016. Web. 19 Apr. 2016. Jupp, Adam. “City Owner And Council To Build 6,000 New Homes In £1Bn Deal”. men. N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Apr. 2016.
133
10.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Infrastructural Drivers Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 30m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6
Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
134
10%
CURRENT TRENDS INFRASTRUCTURE DRIVERS
BUILDING TYPES
20%
ROAD NETWORKS
30% 10% 10% 20%
50%
10%
%
10%
30 %
Minor road
30
40
%
%
Etihad Stadium
20%
High-rise building (Commercial)
30%
Major road
30%
30
%
20%
High-rise building (Residential)
20
30
%
%
20
Pedestrian Walkway
Skyscraper (Commercial)
20%
WATER-SYSTEMS
Low-rise building (Commercial)
20 20%
%
%
% 10
Canal / Valley
Low-rise building (Residential)
Metro track
50
%
%
30% 30%
%
40
10% 10%
10% 20% 40%
Car park
30
%
Green space
10%
10
AMENITIES
50
s
Metro station
TRANSPORTATIONS
135
10.2 Regeneration Scheme Rules Building Drivers General rules: Buildings between buildings have very little gap. Average car parking space is relatively small compares to San Francisco. Also, there are less skyscrapers like in Tokyo, and the majority of the buildings are low to high rise buildings only. Building information: Low rise building Max height: 35m Max length: 50m Min height: 6m Min length: 7m Max ratio: 0.9 Min ratio: 0.6 High rise building Max height: 130m Max length: 70m Min height: 40m Min length: 30m Max ratio: 0.6 Min ratio: 0.35 Skyscraper Max height: 300m Max length: 140m Min height: 150m Min length: 115m Max ratio: 0.8 Min ratio: 0.6
Max width: 20m Min width: 6m Max width: 25m Min width: 20m Max width: 90m Min width: 45m
Attraction
City: Tokyo
General rules: Buildings between b space is relatively sm less skyscrapers in T high rise buildings o
Building information Low rise building Max height: 18m Min height: 6m Max ratio: 1:5
High rise building Max height: 96m Min height: 27m Max ratio: 1:2
100%
Skyscraper Max height: 333m Min height: 103m Max ratio: 1:1.2
KEY
Attraction
100% 10%
136
10%
Built
Green
36% 11% Built sq 90 1,8 2 6
ngs 1,239,5 buildi 00 sq m c o m e s i m r erc h g i ial H
0 sq m
0 6,1 0
2,2
gs
g
in
il d
Waterways
Car park
0 6,1 0
e n ti al
0 sq m
bu
Green
b. m sq m commercial residential
2,2
ris
gs
bu
0 sq m
0 6,1 0
2,2
i d e n ti al
re s
se
il d
Waterways
Green
-ri
in
36 2 5 46% 36% 54% 11% 4% 2% 47% 151 137
552,7 488 94 s ,0 sq m 0 65 b . qm 9 sq 1,8 2 6 m 500m commercial residential 0 100m accomodates accomodates s lding 200,000 people 90,000 people b. bui er Low-rise p a r res ysc
7
e n ti al
ris h-
Built
h-
19
1km
Car pa
36 2 5 46% 36% 54% 11% 4% 2% 47% 151 552,4788 94,0s 6q5
Scale 1:10Built 000
9
1km 1km1km
ngs 1,239,5 buildi 00 sq m c o m e s i m r e h rcia g i H l
Scale 1:5 000 500m 500m
Hi
accomodates accomodates s lding 200,000 people 90,000 people b. bui r Low-ris e re rape Site Plan ysc and South si Elevation k S g LR Hi C
Site Axonometric
m residential accomodates 90,000 people
er
commercial accomodates s lding 200,000 people b. bui r Low-ris e re rape c s y si Sk LR C
e sid
552,7 94 s q
e sid
7
m
Waterways
Green
46% 54% 151 36% 11% 4% 2%
er
sq 90 1,8 2 6
100m 500m 500m 0 100m
Built
19 ngs 1,239,5 buildi 00 sq m c o m e s i m r e h rcia g i H l
N
m
s lding b. bui aper Low-rise r r c es ys i Sk
sq m 90 1,8 2 6
7
Waterwa
151 36% 11% 4% 552,7 94 s q
m
7
N
Green
1km
Car park
Other
Othe
10.4 Visualisation
138
139
11 Conclusion This digital tool or generative model allows us to think about past, present and future. Although this study has been reduced to simplify the computational aspect of the work, there is much that this model can tell us about our future development as well as the world around us. Indeed interpreting present trends can lead to a speculation of tomorrow through it but also allows all stakeholders to exert an influence at every step of the process. Citizens and council, urban planner and developer alike. All have an important role in shaping our future and would benefit from such a tool. The limitations are that it exclusively looks at the relationship between infrastructure and building typology which is only a small fraction of understanding how cities actually grow. This small fraction of understanding is however helpful and because the future is virtually unknowable it provides a useful exercise in the futurology of cities.
140
141
12 Appendix 12.1 Initial Site Strategy 12.2 Initial Working Generative Model 12.3 Toward a Hybrid Typology 12.4 Courtyard Hybrid Typologies
142
Vi Pu Pr
Pu Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Semi Open Semi-Public Hybrid
Semi Open Private Hybrid
Squared Hybrid
Stack 45° Rotating Vertical Courtyards
Vi Pr
Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Semi-Public Hybrid
Private Hybrid
Stack 90° Rotating Private Squared Vertical Hybrid Courtyards
Vi Pr
Pr
Vi Pr
Half Public
Half Private
Half Private Squared Vertical
Pr
143
12.1 Initial Site Strategy
Creating an Urban Vista The strategy was to implement new infrastructure and roll a weighted die in order to generate a semi-random building type on a random point within the boundary, depending on what type of infrastructure is nearby. The spawned building becomes another attractor and this action is repeated until the site is full. The next step is to generate parcels when buildings are clustered together of a certain size dictated by the population density of the future scenario. From these parcels, roads will spawn and attract other building types.
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ed die point
30% green
is
urban vista
d he t
0 000
1
2
3
Retain high dense residential/commercial Retain medical Retain educational
Place green corridor to create linear park covering 30% of the surface area
Place main infrastructure connecting train station and stadium, creating an urban vista
random point
random point
low-rise residential
4
5
6
Pick random point within boundary
Check distance to closest infrastructure (road, rail, water)
Weigh probabilities and spawn type
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12.2 Initial Generative Working Model
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a Hybrid Typology 12.3 Toward Toward a Hybrid Typology
Searching for a typology that optimises East manchester boasts the courtyard building morphology which the combination of built form and green infrastructure. New views,enables privacy and public space. York is famous for the skyscraper, what if a hybrid of the two typologies were to occur in order to achieve a dense East Manchester, still rich the in green infrastructure. manchester boasts courtyard building morphology
East which enables the combination of built form and green infrastructure. New York is famous for the skyscraper, what if a hybrid of the two typologies were to occur in order to achieve a dense East Manchester, still rich in green infrastructure.
East Manchester Courtyard Typology
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ology
y which ure. New o
Skyscraper 150-450 m
High-rise 30-150 m
Low-rise 6-30 m
N
e 1:1 750 @A3
New York Skyscraper Typology
Extrude and Slice Courtyard Morphology
Stack Vertical Courtyards
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12.4 Courtyard Hybrid Typologies A hybrid typology that combines big city skyscrapers and the local courtyard typology of East Manchester. The building typologies which are to be implemented within East Manchester are skyscrapers, high-rise and low-rise block buildings. A common East Manchester typology is the courtyard block which enables the combination of green infrastructure and the built environment. By creating a courtyard/skyscraper hybrid as well as a courtyard/high-rise hybrid, one can implement a high density mixture of green infrastructure and built fabric which can optimise views as well as privacy where need be. Key
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Vi
Views are optimised
Pu
Publicly accessible courtyard
Pr
Privacy is optimised
s Vi Pu
Vi Pu
Vi Pu
Vi Pu
Vi Pu Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Open Extruded Courtyard
Open Public Hybrid
Open Semi-Public Hybrid
Open Private Hybrid
Semi Open Squared Hybrid
Stack Vertical Courtyards
Stack Vertical Courtyards
Pu Pr
Vi Pu Pr
Vi Pu Pr
Pu Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Semi Open Extruded Courtyard
Semi Open Public Hybrid
Semi Open Semi-Public Hybrid
Semi Open Private Hybrid
Squared Hybrid
Stack 45째 Rotating Vertical Courtyards
Stack 45째 Rotating Vertical Courtyards
Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr Stack 90째 Rotating Vertical Courtyards Pr
Extruded Courtyard
Public Hybrid
Semi-Public Hybrid
Private Hybrid
Stack 90째 Rotating Private Squared Vertical Hybrid Courtyards
Pr
Vi Pr
Vi Pr
Pr
Vi Pr
East Manchester Courtyard
Half Public Hybrid
Half Public Hybrid
Half Private Hybrid
Half Private Squared Vertical Hybrid Courtyard
Pr
Vertical Courtyard
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