USYD-MARC4003

MARC4003

DIGITAL RESEARCH STUDIO

Assessment -3

Jinyi Zhang Mengting Guan

CONTENT

01

INTRODUCTION

Three Questions Purpose and Strategy -Historical research/ -Future Generation/ -Present Issues

02

PRECEDENT STUDY

Three Precedent Studies Methodology:Space Syntax

03

DESIGN PROCESS

Site Analysis Communicate with historical building Component A:Tree Form Generation Component B: Lobby Design Result

04

ARCHITECTURE OUTPUT

Plan Section Axonometric Perspective

05

CONCLUSION

Evaluation Bibliography

2

The development of urbanization bring huge population into the city.The expanding requirement of the education as well as the land scarcity contributes to the rising of vertical school.That is to say, the idea of vertical school the solution for the potential problems in the future, which inspires us to explore more about the future and set our concept as the future education.

Before discussing the future education, we have to understand what is education first.Learning from the quarantine experience, we realized that the essence of education is about two-way communication, in both physical and digital way. (Quotation from James Bryce also enhance the credibility of this idea)To promote the effective 2-way communication will be our fist goal.To approach this idea, our project should focus on the design of multi-functional, open minded space for different kinds of communication, rather than the arrangement of classrooms.

Firstly, Without understanding history, it is impossible for us to predict the future.From the research of evolution of educational building throughout the history, we learn that the function become more and more diversed.

Also, landscape design is brought into educational architecture design to improve the learning experience.

The design of function and make full use of landscape /view from the adjacent park will be our strategy of deisgn.

At the same time, we make a table to show the varied proportion of different function in different period, which illustrate the hidden pattern through the historial development. It also offers us the possible direction for the future prediction. We will apply this table to evaluate the final output of our design.

Secondly, future school should reply to the existing problems in current education system. We analysis the problems that students might have to deal with and attempt to solve them with function design.

Thirdly, the traditional education pattern no loner meet the requirement of Generation Z. Respond to this point, we analysis the main characters and the new requirement of Generation Z.We introduce new technologies and spacial forms into architectural design in order to create the more active and intuitive learning experience.

ABSTRACT

3

01

INTRODUCTION

Three Questions Purpose and Strategy -Historical research/ -Future Generation/ -Present Issues

4

FUTURE EDUCATION THREE QUESTIONS

image-01

WHAT IS EDUCATION?

Since the project is about school,it is crucial for us to understand what is the very essence of education.

Communication is the key to education, understanding and peace.’

---James Bryce However, why did he say this?Let us think about the quarantine period.

With the help of ZOOM, we can continue to study dWuring this special time peiod. However, something important is missing, that is the face to face communication. We are surrounded with a kind of experience that everybody works hard around you and communication happens everywhere.That aura urges us to study actively.Thatis the power of communication.Therefore, Education is not a one-way knowledge output, but a two-way communication.

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FUTURE EDUCATION THREE QUESTIONS

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WHAT IS THE ARCHITECTURE OF EDUCATION? To promote the effective 2-way communication will be our fist goal.

To approach this idea, our project should focus on the design of multi-functional, open minded space for different kinds of communication, rather than the arrangement of classrooms.However, is there any perticular form which could illustrate the idea of communication?The answer is tree!

Schools began with a man under a tree, who did not know he was a teacher, discussing his realizations with a few others, who did not know they were students.

--- Louis Kahn

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FUTURE EDUCATION THREE QUESTIONS

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WHAT IS THE SCHOOL OF FUTURE? This project is not an utopia fantasy. In the contrary, it reflects the reality in a harsh way. Australia has extremely beauty landscape and people in this country tried so hard to maintain it.

However, the reality is, extremely high land price and land scarcity force people to seperate with ground, or you can say, the nature.That is probably why, no matter how fancy the skyscraper is desigend and constructed, nagetive comments always follows. It is the same with the word future.It is complex and occurs people with the metropolian vision of egoism.But why?Future should not be defined in such a negative way. The reason behind the future of egoism is the igoration of context,historical pattern and the existing problems.

We attempt to design towards future without abandon all those context behind our project and we hope our project can break the sterotype of the concept of futureand design the school of future which is welcomed by the students and the community.

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HISTORICAL RESEARCH

SHIFTING FORM OF EDUCATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

1839: Monitorial System Grammer School was considered as the formal schooling since the 16th century. Students were allocated in classes by different subject. With society’s development and changes, the demand for public education had gone up. Increasing students lead to discipline problems.

English Educator Joseph Lancaster invent a monitorial system to manage a large amount of students simultaneously.Classes of student stand

Lancasterian School(1839)

in a form of semicircle, receiving the instruction from the center.(1)

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1850: Graded School The concept of the Lancaster educational system was based on the recitation, which was criticized as the mechanism only producing copyist.

Reformers developing new school model the Quincy Grammar SchoolHouse, as the typical example of this system, divided students into different classes by their ability. To prevent interference, the school need to be divided into smaller rooms. In addition, the urbanization brought about a large number of students, which implies the muti-storey building.(2)

Quincy Grammer School(1850) image-06

1939: Accessibility to Outdoor In the early 20th century, along with economy development, increasing market segmentation requires different types of talent. Thus the subject-specific schooling system emerged in this context.Recitation based learning system unable to adapt to the needs of multi-displinery education. Idea of Laboratory school promoted application of open and flexible space. Educationlist Neutra suggested the division of the space by different functions. Also, he addressed the importance of accessiblity to outdoor greenery space.(3)

Crow Islands Elementary School(1939) image-07,08

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HISTORICAL RESEARCH

SHIFTING FORM OF EDUCATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

1966: Open Plan Influenced by the emerging idea of open office, the principles of flexibility was applied in the school design. The Educational Facilities Laboratories was dedicated in developing school design to implement the advanced educational theory. EFL funded the Paul Klapper Public school to develop a huge floating dome and invent the an open space without fixed wall. It was the most adventurous example of the open school. However, the open space often leads

Paul Klapper School (1966) image-09

to acoustic problems.(4)

Present: Learning Community The core philosophy behind the open school is student-centered flexiable education modes. This idea is not out of date, and the things need to be improved is the space implementation.In order to solve the acoustic problems as well as pursuiting the open and dynamic learning modular, the idea of learning community was carried out. Individual working space, teacher team space and ajacent prep and meeting space was combined together in order to cre-

Jatkasaari School (2015)

ate the learing community. These clusters of classrooms is considered as the

image-10

solution for the open schooling model. (5)

Future: Intersection and Isolation The concept of future will not exist without understanding history. The underlying idea behind the learning community is the communication of varying function area.How they intersect with each other, how they isolated themselves with other function? The idea of intersection and isolation will be one of the

MIT Stata Center (2004)

concept of our deisgn.

image-11

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SUMMARY

WHAT COULD WE LEARN FROM THE HISTORICAL RESEARCH? PURPOSE-STRATEGY

PURPOSE

DIVERSED FUNCTION

STRATEGY

FUNCTION

LEARNING COMMUNITY IMPROVING FUNTION DESIGN FUNCTION INTEGRETION INCRESING OUTDOOR SPACE LANDSCAPE DESIGN

SUMMARY

HIDDEN PATTERN OF FUNCTION PROPORTION EVALUATION SYSTEM

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VIEW

MAKE FULL USE OF PARK VIEW

FUTURE GENERATION THE CHARACRISTIC OF GENERATION Z PURPOSE-STRATEGY

PURPOSE

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GENERATION Z 1. Digital Savvy 2. Self-learning 3. Collaboration and Communication

STRATEGY

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PROGRAMMING 1. VR Room 2. Self-learning room AND meeting room takes the place of classroom.

3. Group learning room/discussion area/ recreational area

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FUTURE GENERATION

THE BENEFIT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DESIGN STRATEGY

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BENEFIT ONE IMMERSIVE LEARNING 5G+VR+ AI technology gives us the opportunity for immersive learning, so that we can better learn physics, biology, anatomy, entomology, etc.Such as anatomy, we can better understand anatomical structure through immersive learning methods, instead of just looking at the book.

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BENEFIT TWO PERSONALIZED TEACHING 5G+VR+ AI technology gives us the opportunity to have personalized and customized teaching, instead of being unified and uniform. In fact, every child should teach according to his aptitude and individualized learning.

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BENEFIT THREE 24 HOURS SUPPORT 5G+VR+ AI technology can support 24 hours of learning, because the machine does not need to rest and can respond to our needs if we want. As a result,this change is more helpful for our learning.

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FUTURE GENERATION

THE BENEFIT OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DESIGN STRATEGY

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SINGLE LEARNING ROOM This is the single learning room we designed. According to the minimum space required for one person acting in the VR room, our single learning room has a length of 2.5M and a width of 1.5M. 5G + VR + AI technology gives us the opportunity for immersive learning so that we can better learn physics, biology, and so on.

image-19.20

GROUP LEARNING ROOM This is a group learning room, students can team up to do some dangerous experiments and discuss togother.

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VR COMPREHENSIVE CLASSROOM This is a VR comprehensive classroom. The integrated VR classroom uses a multi-person collaborative education management system, which is suitable for a teacher-student multi-head VR integrated machine.

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PRESENT PROBLEMS

DIFFICULTY STUDENTS MIGHT HAVE TO DEAL WITH

THE STRUGGLE STUDENTS Lack the ability to keep in pace with the average course schedule.Need face to face mentouring - Supporting Group(3-5 people) - Supporting Group(10-15 people) - Counseling Room image-23

STUDENTS COME UP WITHMISFORTUNE Family issue / breakup / bullying Not willing to learn at all need special intervention and help.

- Counseling Room - Supporting Group(10-15 people) - Meditation Space image-24

THE AVERAGE STUDENTS Ecourage them to extracurricular community activities - Activity Room - Lab - Lecture Hall - Theatre image-25

LEARNING BRANCH PHENOMENON Exposure to other types of disciplines Lead supporting group of the certain course they good at - Lab - Supporting Group(3-5 people) - Theatre image-26

GENIUS Student of high academic abilityFeel boring about the average course - Lab - Lead Supporting Group(3-5 people) - Lecture Hall - Theatre image-27

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PRESENT PROBLEMS

DIFFICULTY STUDENTS MIGHT HAVE TO DEAL WITH SOLUTION-FUNTION LIST

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02

PRECEDENT STUDY

Three Precedent Studies Methodology:Space Syntax

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PRECEDENT STUDY

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA GREEN ROOF/ATRIUM

image-28

Building Name

Nanyang Technological University School of Art, Design and Media

Architect

Designed by CPG Consultants

Location

Singapore

Building Type

School

Square Foot

215000 sqft

The teaching building of Nanyang Technology University's School of Art, Design and Media is a five-story building with a very striking sloped "green grass roof", making it a perfect complement to the NTU garden-like campus. In addition to its ingenious beauty, the green grass roof is also an outdoor public space with beautiful views. It also keeps indoor temperatures cool and reduces daytime heat. In addition, the pond in the middle of the courtyard provides a particularly cool resting place for those coming out of classrooms, laboratories, and offices.

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PRECEDENT STUDY

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ART, DESIGN AND MEDIA

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image-30,31

Entry Analysis

Green Roof Analysis

The green roof can absorb intense sun, insulate the building, cool the surrounding air, and harvest rainwater for landscaping irrigation. The roofs serve as informal gathering spaces.

There are green woodlands next to it, and then through the curved green roof, it attracts people nearby to enter the building naturally, and also echoes the site to make the building merge with the woodland next to it

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Curve - Atrium

Double-Glazed Glass Facade

The facade of the building is an expansive curtain wall facades of high-performance, double-glazed glass 1.The double-glazed glass facade can reduce solar gain and heat load while allowing the benefits of natural views and daylight into creative spaces.

2.Glass walls provide a visual exchange between indoors and out allowing students and teachers to experience the building and the surrounding landscape 3.Diffused natural daylight is abundant throughout studios and classrooms filtered through the surrounding foliage.

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METHODLOGY

SPACE SYNTAX INTRODUCTION

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WHAT IS SPACE SYNTAX? Usually, people consider the space syntax as the tool for analysizing the circulation and accessibilty. However, they ignore the very essence behind it, that is the relationship between human behaviour and the space layout. The following quote will prove that.

“The relation between space and social existence lies in the relations between configurations of people and configurations of space.”(Bill Hillier, Space is the machine, (London, United Kingdom, 2007),22.)

Therfore, space syntax is groups of techniques for analysing spatial layouts and human activity patterns in buildings and urban areas.

WHY WE USE IT? Space Syntax is a set of powerful tools for illustrating the relationship between space and behaviour. From the previous study, we already figure out a set of function blocks.Behaviour is the hidden logic behind the functional result.

We will study two excellent verticle school with space syntax and attempt to design with the outcome from our study.

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METHODLOGY

SPACE SYNTAX APPLICATION

STEPS

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LOCATE

1. Analysis precedents

CHAPTER02

2. Generate the rules for syntax design

CHAPTER02

3. Design space syntax with the rules

CHAPTER03

4. Rules Application

CHAPTER03

5. Criterial system

CHAPTER05

PRECEDENT STUDY THE SCHOOL OF ARTS/WOHA VEGETATION/LANDSCAPE/VIEW

image-34

Building Name

School of Arts

Architect

Designed by WOHA

Location

Singapore

Building Type

High School

Area

52945 m²

WOHA devotes to apply their environmental and social principles in their design.The school of arts is a perfect example for their sustainable design principles, The project is famous as the machine of wind.

The platform in-between the blocks provide the interior space with breeze as well as the recreational space for relaxing.From the historical research, we realize the importance of view and landscape design in school design and set this project as our second precedent.With the methodolgy of space syntax, we tried to explore the relationship between function layout ,sustainable balance and social principles.

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PRECEDENT STUDY THE SCHOOL OF ARTS/WOHA VEGETATION/LANDSCAPE/VIEW

image 35-39

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PRECEDENT STUDY

THE SCHOOL OF ARTS/WOHA VEGETATION/LANDSCAPE/VIEW/SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

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PRECEDENT STUDY THE NEW UNIVERSITY DIVISIFIED FUNCTIONS

image-40

Building Name

The New University

Architect

Designed by SOM

Location

New York, the US

Building Type

University

Area

375,000 square feet

The SOM architects carried out a daring attempt.They put the whole university into one single building, that is the new university. The drive behind this bold ideais actually quite simiilar with our project--the land scarcity.Skyscraper occurs people with the scenario of highly homogenenous, repetitive little boxes. SOM solve this problem by designing circulation and intereactive space in both horizontal and verticle way, which create the sense of diversity in the building. We set this building as our third example to explore the relationship between function layout and the experience of activeness and diversity.

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PRECEDENT STUDY THE NEW UNIVERSITY DIVISIFIED FUNCTIONS

image41---47

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PRECEDENT STUDY THE NEW UNIVERSITY DIVISIFIED FUNCTIONS

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PRECEDENT STUDY

GENERATE THE RULES FOR SYNTAX DESIGN

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03

TWO COMPONENTS

Site Analysis Communicate with historical building Component A:Tree Form Generation Component B: Lobby Design Result

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SITE ANALYSIS

WIND/SOLAR/CIRCULATION/VIEW/SURROUNDING

Wind Analysis

Wind Analysis

Circulation Analysis

View

Building Height

30

Solar Analysis

Connection with historical building

Function Analysis

SITE GENERAL INFORMATION SATELLITE MAP/ MAPPING

Location

image 48

General Analysis

We focus on the accessibility, climate condition of the site to recreate connection between school and local community. In response to the sustainable consideration, we analyzed the climate condition and existing vegetation on our site; We also had a look on the relationship between our site and the surrounding building for the further development.

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SITE ANALYSIS

COMMUNITY/HERITAGE/VIEW

Community

Heritage

View

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04

ARCHITECTURE OUTPUT

Plan Section Axonometric Perspective

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FLOOR PLAN

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SECTION The size and publicity of the space varied vertically.In the lobby part, space is more open and public.On the tree structure, space become intimate and interesting.

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FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

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FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM

GF --- F5

F6 --- F14

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CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

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CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

GF --- F5

F6 --- F14

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CIRCULATION DIAGRAM

ROOF CONNECTIVITY AND MATERIAL ANALYSIS

ROOF CONNECTIVITY

ROOF MATERIAL ANALYSIS

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PERSPECTIVE

HUMAN ACTIVITY ON TREE STRUCTURE

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PERSPECTIVE

HUMAN ACTIVITY ON TREE STRUCTURE

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PERSPECTIVE

HUMAN ACTIVITY IN LOBBY

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ELEVATION

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PERSPECTIVE

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MODEL IN ISOMETRIC VIEW

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05

CONCLUSION

Evaluation Bibliography

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EVALUATION ANALYSIS OUR DESIGN

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EVALUATION ANALYSIS OUR DESIGN DEPTHMAP

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EVALUATION

TEST DESIGN WITH HISTORY PATTERN

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EVALUATION

TEST DESIGN WITH HISTORY PATTERN

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix A: Figures from the experiments, including codes, GH definition and all weekly tasks that are relevant to your project.

Gh file Function Proportion

Gh file Space Syntax-01 Generate Depth Map

Function boundry

Centroid point

Circulation Name of the function

Area

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix A: Figures from the experiments, including codes, GH definition and all weekly tasks that are relevant to your project.

Gh file Space Syntax-02 Generate Depth Map Graph From Node&Links

Integration analysis

Justified Graph Drawing (Depthmap generation)

Pie chart

Gh file Daylight Analysis01

Gh file Daylight Analysis02

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix A: Figures from the experiments, including codes, GH definition and all weekly tasks that are relevant to your project.

Gh file Daylight Analysis03

Gh file view Analysis

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix B: All other relevant materials from secondary sources

image 1 "James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce". Wikipedia. Accessed Jun 15, 2020.https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce, image 2 Galbraith,David,"Louis Khan",12 architects with glasses. Accessed Jun 15, 2020. http://www. oobject.com/category/12-architects-with-architects-glasses/ image 3 self generated Image 4: Kurtze, Peter E. “”A School House Well Arranged”: Baltimore Public School Buildings on the Lancasterian Plan, 1829-1839.” Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture 5 (1995): 71.Accessed Jun 15, 2020. doi:10.2307/3514246.

Image 5: Kurtze, Peter E. “”A School House Well Arranged”: Baltimore Public School Buildings on the Lancasterian Plan, 1829-1839.” Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture 5 (1995): 72.

Accessed Jun 15, 2020. doi:10.2307/3514246.

Iimage 6: Perez, Bryan Hill. “Shifting School Design to the 21st Century: Challenges with Alternative Learning Environments.” (2017): 9 Image 7: Ogata, Amy F. “Building for Learning in Postwar American Elementary Schools.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 564. Accessed Jun 15, 2020. doi:10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.562.

Image 8: Ogata, Amy F. “Building for Learning in Postwar American Elementary Schools.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 565. Accessed Jun 15, 2020. doi:10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.562.

Image 9: Ogata, Amy F. “Building for Learning in Postwar American Elementary Schools.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 584. Accessed Jun 15, 2020. doi:10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.562.

Image 10: 2015. “Jätkäsaari school competition”. Vestas:https://verstasarkkitehdit.fi/projects/jatkasaari-school/ Image 11: Gehry Partners. 2004. “Gehry at MIT”. architectureweek: Accessed Jun 15, 2020. http:// www.architectureweek.com/2004/0623/design_1-3.html image 12 CODEVILLA,THOMAS. 2019. FTC's COPPA Request Implies Increased Burden for General Audience Websites.The SK&S law group. Accessed Jun 15, 2020. https://skandslegal.com/ sks-blog/2019/7/27/ftcs-coppa-request-signals-trouble-for-general-audience-websites

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix B: All other relevant materials from secondary sources

image 13 Admin,2019, Concept Sequence Diagram in Architecture, Dezign ark, Accessed Jun 15, 2020. https://dezignark.com/blog/concept-sequence-diagram-in-architecture/

image 14: PCMag Australia, T-Mobile Kicks Off Limited Home Internet Service Trial, 2019. Accessed April 5,2020. https://au.pcmag.com/news/61195/t-mobile-kicks-off-limited-home-internet-servicetrial Image15: 3D Printing industry, MHOX ENVISIONS SYMBIOTIC VR WITH 3D PRINTED VR-MASK. Accessed Jun 15, 2020. http://3dprintingindustry.com/news/mhoxs-3d-printed-carapace-accessories-show-vr-applications-64816/ Image16: Falon Fatemi, These 5 Fields Will Be The First Hotbeds For Artificial Intelligence, 2017, Accessed Jun 15, 2020. https://www.forbes.com/sites/falonfatemi/2017/07/26/these-5-fields-will-bethe-first-hotbeds-for-artificial-intelligence/#6379a45e7110 image 17: SSVAR, Oculus Update Adds Room-scale Guardian Feature Async Spacewarp and User Reviews, 2016,Accessed Jun 15, 2020. https://ssvar.ch/oculus-update-adds-room-scale-guardian-feature-async-spacewarp-and-user-reviews/ image 18: self generated image 19:i Steelcase, LEARNING SPACES CLASSROOM, 2018, Accessed June 15,2020 https://www. steelcase.com/content/uploads/2018/05/Insights-and-Applications-Guide-Classroom-Section.pdf image 20: self generated image 21: Steelcase, LEARNING SPACES CLASSROOM, 2018, Accessed June 15,2020 https://www. steelcase.com/content/uploads/2018/05/Insights-and-Applications-Guide-Classroom-Section.pdf image 22: self generated image 23: Asiamah, Emmanuel, "Ways to Help a Child Diagnosed as a Slow Learner to Excel", GhanaGuardian. Accessed Jun 15, 2020.https://mobile.ghanaguardian.com/ways-to-help-a-childdiagnosed-as-a-slow-learner-to-excel image 24 Gordon, Sherri."The Long-Lasting Effects of Bullying", verywell family, 2020. Accessed Jun 15, 2020 https://www.verywellfamily.com/bullying-impact-4157338. image 25 Louise, Jade. The Rise Of Cliques, 15 High School Moments We Can All Relate To,2017.Accessed Jun 15, 2020. https://www.thetalko.com/15-high-school-moments-we-can-all-relateto/?n=f&v=6

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix B: All other relevant materials from secondary sources

image 26 Giardi,Michael. Promoting Productive Struggle in Math,edutopia,2018. Accessed Jun 15, 2020. https://www.edutopia.org/article/promoting-productive-struggle-math image 27 Ford, Colin. "TED Talk #167 – Your elusive creative genius", CN&CO ,2020. Accessed Jun 15, 2020.https://www.cnandco.com/ted-talk-167-your-elusive-creative-genius/ image 28-32 Adila Zaas, Nanyang Technological University School of Art Design and Media Building Science report, 2014, Accessed June 15,2020, https://www.slideshare.net/nuradilazaas/nanyang-technological-university-school-of-art-design-and-media-building-science-report image 33 self generated image 34 Hall, Patrick Bingham, "School of the Arts / WOHA",archdily, 2012. Accessed June 15,2020. https://www.archdaily.com/217481/school-of-the-arts-woha image 35-39 School of the Arts, Archnet. Accessed June 15,2020. https://archnet.org/sites/6925/media_ contents/77822 image 40 Frearson,Amy, "SOM completes campus building for The New School in New York", dezeen, 2014. Accessed June 15,2020. https://www.dezeen.com/2014/02/11/the-new-school-university-campus-som-new-york/ image 41-47 "The New School University Center | SOM", Arch2o, 2013. Accessed June 15,2020. https:// www.arch2o.com/new-school-university-center-som/ image 48 Google Maps. 2020. “Inner high school, Sydney.” Google. Accessed April 5,2020. https:// www.google.com/maps/place/Inner+Sydney+High+School/@-33.8892883,151.2036934,17z/ data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b12b15efe345613:0x72b2f454517f4fd7!8m2!3d-33.8892883!

4d151.2058821

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Appendix B: All other relevant materials from secondary sources

BOOKS 1. Gislason, Neil. (2009). Building paradigms: Major transformations in school architecture (1798-2009). 55. 231-232.

2. Perez, Bryan Hill. “Shifting School Design to the 21st Century: Challenges with Alternative Learning Environments.” (2017): 9-10 3. Ogata, Amy F. “Building for Learning in Postwar American Elementary Schools.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 564-565. Accessed April 4, 2020. doi:10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.562.

4. Ogata, Amy F. “Building for Learning in Postwar American Elementary Schools.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 583-85. Accessed April 4, 2020. doi:10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.562.

Gislason, Neil. (2009). Building paradigms: Major transformations in school architecture (1798-2009). 55. 244-246.

5. Gislason, Neil. (2009). Building paradigms: Major transformations in school architecture (1798-2009). 55. 245-246.

Ogata, Amy F. “Building for Learning in Postwar American Elementary Schools.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 67, no. 4 (2008): 583-85. Accessed April 4, 2020. doi:10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.585.

Perez, Bryan Hill. “Shifting School Design to the 21st Century: Challenges with Alternative Learning Environments.” (2017): 44

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Mengting Guan Jinyi Zhang 2020

Sydney School of Architecture Master of Architecture Digital Studio 4003