MESA+ Annual report 2006 by MESA+

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ANNUAL

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CONTENT

General Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 About MESA+, in a nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 MESA+ Strategic Research Orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Research Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Commercialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 National Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 International Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Awards, honours and appointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Highlights Applied Analysis & Mathematical Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Biophysical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Condensed Matter Physics and Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Computational Materials Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Complex Photonic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Catalytic Processes and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Inorganic Materials Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Integrated Optical MicroSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Low Temperature Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Molecular Nanofabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Membrane Technology Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Materials Science and Technology of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 NanoElectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 Optical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Physics of Complex Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Physical Aspects of Nanoelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 Physics of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 STePHS / CEPTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Semiconductor Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44 Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Solid State Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Transducer Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Publications MESA+ Scientific Publications 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 About MESA+ MESA+ Governance Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Contact details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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PREFACE

Dear readers, Under the inspired supervision of prof. dr. ir. David Reinhoudt, MESA+ has become a leading player in nanotechnology. Starting in 1999, after the merger of the MESA institute in microelectronics, sensors and actuators and the center on materials research, MESA+ has grown towards an institute with more than 350 scientists. Just a closer look to the highlights of 2006 underlines this statement. The infrastructure of MESA+ has gone through a change towards a substantial infrastructure for nanotechnology. This also thanks to NanoNed, a Dutch initiative on nanotechnology, where David played a crucial role as initiator. Besides, David started the idea of strategic research orientations, better known as SRO’s, each headed by a program director. This has led to successful multidisciplinary research topics that were additional to the running programs in the participating MESA+ research groups. I think that he can look back on a very flourishing period as scientific director. The same holds for the technical commercial director dr. Kees Eijkel. After his successful period that even exceeds MESA+, he became director of Kennispark Twente, still involved with innovation within MESA+. His successor ir. Miriam Luizink will have the tough task to continue Kees’ initiatives and led MESA+ and Nanolab Twente live its reputation. I’m looking forward to a very fruitful collaboration that will have a name as a strong team. As from now we will go into the next phase. Times are continuously changing and so must an institute. NanoNed will come to an end and the following-up will be indispensable. MESA+ has to accommodate top-research as well as a connection with the outer world. The first by the individual research groups and its researchers, the latter by all the people that work in MESA+: a magnificent institute that is a privilege to work for. Prof. dr. ing. Dave H.A. Blank, Scientific Director of MESA+

INTRODUCTION

To the benefit of excellent research and business development Our lab facilities play a crucial role in the MESA+ research programs as well as in our commercialization strategy. The MESA+ research programs are directly related to the national research program NanoNed. In NanoNed the importance of a national facility has been acknowledged, and a major part of the effort and the accompanying budget is dedicated to NanoLab NL. NanoLab NL has the aim to build up, maintain and provide a coherent and accessible high-level, state-of-the-art infrastructure for nanotechnological research and innovation in the Netherlands. NanoLab NL is about national cohesion in infrastructure, access, and tariff structure. MESA+ is proud to be part of the national consortium NanoLab NL. NanoLab NL, location Twente, is of crucial importance to spin-off companies, existing ones, as well as ones still to emerge. It is the place where young and entrepreneurial people translate knowledge to expertise. Enjoying the vibrant environment, they start up new businesses. Till today, 34 spin-offs have started at MESA+; many more are to be expected in the years to come. University of Twente focuses strongly on, and gives high priority to nanotechnology. In 2006, substantial investments in new NanoLab equipment have been realized, forming a strong basis for important break-throughs in research. The university is about to build a new and highly modern NanoLab, which is to be completed by the end of 2008. With the current facilities becoming available with the opening of the new lab, the socalled MST Factory plan has been developed. The MST Factory is to provide (pilot scale) production facilities to spin-off companies. In November 2006, the Innovation Platform Twente recognized this initiative as a significant contribution to the regional innovation system, and made it part of the Twente Investment Agenda.

5 With the ambition and spirit to form the major league in nanotechnology, and with the support of all MESA+ stakeholders, we are looking forward to a bright future. To the benefit of excellent research and business development! Ir. Miriam Luizink, Technical Commercial Director of MESA+

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PREFACE

From the MESA+ Supervisory Board In the world of nanotechnology MESA+ developed in the past years into the largest university attached institute of this class in Europe. Overall itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the second in size within Europe, and belongs to the top ten institutes worldwide. It is a matter of continuous attention to keep MESA+ at this level and preserve its reputation. The strength of the MESA+ efforts in scientific research is the application of its results towards commercially desired products. In this objective MESA+ is remarkably effective. Also in 2006 several spin-offs could be realised. The Supervisory Board sees it as its most important task to keep their eyes continuously on the needed budgets for the implementation of the chosen strategic orientations. The year 2006 brought two major changes in the management of MESA+. Prof. dr. ir. David Reinhoudt expressed his wish to end his work as scientific director. He has been succeeded by prof. dr. ing. Dave Blank. The technical commercial director dr. Kees Eijkel was invited for another position at the University of Twente and was followed up by ir. Miriam Luizink. Although we as Supervisory Board regretted the departure of two outstanding leaders, we are confident that their successors will keep MESA+ under best control. Ir. Jan J.M. Mulderink, Chairman MESA+ Supervisory Board

INTRODUCTION

From the Scientific Advisory Board The rate of technological change in the past half-century has been staggering. Personally, I can reflect how my own life has progressed from one that began on a farm in the lowlands of Scotland in the 1940s and 1950s with horses and carts and without electricity to one where in 2007 we are surrounded by technology in every shape and form that works pretty well for the most part. The dramatic growth in information technology, in the wake of the hardware and software that jointly sustain it, has had a huge impact on our daily lives over the past 25 years. Nanotechnology has given birth to many of these new developments and it augurs well for the future of society.

UCLA professor J. Fraser Stoddart is director of the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) and holds UCLA's Fred Kavli Chair in Nanosystems Sciences. He came to UCLA in 1997 from England's University of Birmingham, where he had been a professor of organic chemistry since 1990 and had headed the university's School of Chemistry from 1993. In 2005, he received an honorary doctor of science degree from the University of Birmingham, and, in December 2006, he was the proud recipient of the same honor from the University of Twente in the Netherlands. Stoddart is member of the Scientific Advisory Board of MESA+. Recently, he has been named Knight Bachelor for services to chemistry and molecular nanotechnology by Britain's Queen Elizabeth II.

Of the different options on the horizon, molecular electronics could start to make inroads into the commercial marketplace, in conjunction with silicon in a hybrid fashion, possibly in the form of inexpensive memory chips that could be embedded in plastic supports, for example. At present, however, those of us researching in the area of molecular electronics must recognize the need for a lot of fundamental work to be carried out well into the future. In the universities and institutes, this effort will have the virtue also of producing a new generation of scientists and engineers who will bring a fresh perspective to the field of nanotechnology and molecular electronics in particular. The MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology is a pioneering example of such an institute, where scientists of different disciplines come together in a manner reminiscent of selfassembly and do research together that could not tackled with the same proficiency apart. Teamwork within strategic research orientations opens the minds of researchers in highly productive ways. MESA+ is visible worldwide because of its scientific excellence, as well as its impressive infrastructure. My scientific brother Professor David Reinhoudt has elevated MESA+ to such a high standing internationally that it would be fair to say that it is second to none in the world today. He has set the standards for others, like the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), to follow. With such a high bar, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m looking forward to furthering our collaborations and to entering into vigorous and healthy scientific competition. Prof. J. Fraser Stoddart, Scientific Advisory Board

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ABOUT MESA+, IN A NUTSHELL

Profile MESA+ is one of the largest nanotechnology research institutes in the world, delivering competitive and successful high quality research. It uses a unique structure, which unites scientific disciplines, and builds fruitful international cooperation to excel in science and education. MESA+ has created a perfect habitat for start-ups in the microand nano-industry to establish and to mature. MESA+, Institute for Nanotechnology, is the largest research institute of the University of Twente, having intensive cooperation with various research groups within the University. The institute employs approximately 450 people of which 250 are PhD’s or postdocs. The institute holds 1250 m2 of cleanroom space and state of the art research equipment. MESA+ has an integral turnover of 40 million euro per year of which more than 60% is acquired in competition from external sources (National Science Foundations, European Union, industry etc.). The structure within MESA+ supports and facilitates the researchers and stimulates cooperation actively. MESA+ combines the disciplines of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and mathematics. Internationally appealing research is achieved through this multidisciplinary approach. It is strengthening its international academic and industrial network by fruitful cooperation programs. MESA+ has been the breeding place for 34 high-tech start-ups to date. A targeted program for cooperation with small and medium-sized enterprises is specially set up for start-ups. MESA+ offers the use of its extensive facilities and cleanroom space under friendly conditions. Start-ups and MESA+ work intensively together to promote transfer of knowledge.

Field and mission MESA+ focuses on nanotechnology based on its underlying strengths in materials science, microsystem technology, bottom-up chemistry, optics and systems. Its mission is: • to excel in its field of science and technology; • to educate researchers and designers in the field; • to build up fruitful national and international cooperation with industry and fellow institutes.

R E S E A R C H

Participating faculties/research groups Within MESA+ the following faculties/research groups participate:

Organizational chart MESA+

Prof.dr.ir. Jurriaan Huskens

MESA+ has defined the following indicators for achieving its mission: • scientific papers at the level of Science, Nature, or journals of comparable stature; • 1:1 balance between university funding and externally acquired funds; • sizable spin-off activities. MESA+ is a Research School, designated by the Royal Dutch Academy of Science. Organizational structure and programs The MESA+ research programs are also called Strategic Research Orientations (SRO's). The creation of SRO’s ensures a strong multidisciplinary activity within the institute and is a basis for realization of its goal. An SRO is a large scientific program in the order of 30-35 full-time researchers, combining high-quality research of at least five groups within the institute into a genuine multidisciplinary program, and providing excellent opportunities for international top-level research. Such an ambitious multidisciplinary program is attractive for external funding. A program director is responsible for the scientific coordination of each SRO. The SRO’s and their program directors should achieve a strong presence and exposure in the scientific world. Within the MESA+ institute 24 research groups participate and combine their strenghts within the following disciplines: • Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS) • Sciences and Technology (S&T) • Faculty of Management and Governance (FMB: Faculteit voor Management en Bestuur) Research facilities MESA+ NanoLab has extensive laboratory facilities at its disposal, offering a wide spectrum of opportunities for researchers in the Netherlands and abroad: • a 1250 m2 fully equipped Cleanroom, with a focus on microsystems technology, nanotechnology, CMOS and materials and process engineering; • a fully equipped central materials analysis laboratory; • a number of specialized laboratories for chemical synthesis and analysis, materials research and analysis, and device charactererization. MESA+ has a strong relationship with industry, both through joint research projects with the larger multinational companies, and through a cooperation policy focused on small and medium- sized enterprises. MESA+ NanoLab plays a central part in these collaborations with industry.

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (S&T) • BPE: Biophysical Engineering, prof. dr. V. Subramaniam • CMD: Condensed Matter Physics and Devices, prof. dr. ir. J.W.M. Hilgenkamp • CMS: Computational Materials Science, prof. dr. P.J. Kelly • COPS: Complex Photonic Systems, prof. dr. W.L. Vos • CPM: Catalytic Processes and Materials, prof. dr. ir. L. Lefferts • IMS: Inorganic Materials Science, prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank • LT: Low Temperature Division, prof. dr. H. Rogalla • MnF Molecular NanoFabrication, prof. dr. ir. J. Huskens • MTG: Membrane Technology Group, prof. dr. ing. M. Wessling • MTP: Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, prof. dr. G.J. Vancso • OT: Optical Techniques, prof. dr. J.L. Herek • PCF: Physics of Complex Fluids, prof. dr. F.G. Mugele • PNE: Physical aspects of NanoElectronics, prof. dr. ir. H.J.W. Zandvliet • POF: Physics of Fluids, prof. dr. D. Lohse • SMCT: SupraMolecular Chemistry and Technology, prof. dr. ir. D.N. Reinhoudt • SSP: Solid State Physics, prof. dr. ir. B. Poelsema ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE (EEMCS) • AAMP: Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics, prof. dr. E.W.C. van Groesen • BIOS: BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, prof. dr. ir. A. van den Berg • IOMS: Integrated Optical MicroSystems, prof. dr. M. Pollnau • NE: NanoElectronics, dr. R. Jansen • SC: Semiconductor Components, prof. dr. J. Schmitz • TST: Transducers Science and Technology, prof. dr. M.C. Elwenspoek

SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND GOVERNANCE (MB) / BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES (BS) • STeHPS Science, Technology, Health and Policy Studies Constructive Technology Assessment, prof. dr. A. Rip • CEPTES: Center for Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Science, dr. ir. M. Boon

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MESA+ STRATEGIC RESEARCH ORIENTATIONS

BioNanotechnology From a nanotechnological point of view life is nothing more than a subtle interplay of a large number of individual molecules, such as proteins and DNA. Within each cell of the human body, thousands of individual molecules interact with each other, resulting in a number of processes which create the function of the cell and make it into something that we refer to as ‘living’. The SRO Bionanotechnology provides tools that allow the study of these biological systems at the nanoscale, allowing the observation and study of single molecules, providing new insights in how nature is organized and how it realizes the multitude of functionalities that cells present. Besides the scientific interest to understand nature in detail, the acquired knowledge can be directly used in different applications. The detection of molecules in very small quantities is extremely important in the diagnosis of diseases, in environmental control and homeland security. Furthermore understanding biology and the progress of diseases on the molecular level allows the development of new therapy strategies. The projects include: • Force spectroscopy studies on biomolecular complexes • Mimicry of cell function using polymer nanocontainers • Nanopores detection of DNA-protein interactions • Atomic force microscopy imaging of molecular aggregates • Creating molecular bionanosensors • Patterning biomolecules on non-bio surfaces Program director: dr. ir. Martin Bennink, phone +31 (0)53 489 5652 m.l.bennink@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/bionano

THE CURRENT MESA+ SRO’s ARE: 1. BioNanotechnology 2. NanoElectronics 3. NanoFabrication 4. MesoFluidics 5. Molecular Photonics 6. BioMAD 7. Cell-Stress

Dr. ir. Martin Bennink

R E S E A R C H

NanoElectronics The NanoElectronics program’s aim is twofold. The first goal is conducting fundamental research on nanoelectronic devices with a curiosity-driven focus. Novel electronic concepts and/or materials are explored. Combination of different materials and expertise is leading to fascinating results. The second, and more long-term, goal is the application of those new concepts into devices with superior characteristics as compared to today’s technology. In our multidisciplinary program we are presently studying hybrid devices composed of different types of materials, such as ferromagnets, complex oxides, semiconductors, organic films and molecules. We also pay attention to the integration of nanoelectronic devices with mainstream (silicon) electronics. The projects include: • Nanoscale spintronic devices based on ferromagnetic oxides • Organic materials for nanoscale spintronic devices • Smart self-assembled monolayers for nanoelectronics • Physical properties of single organic molecules • Smart substrates for nanoelectronic devices • First-principles quantum transport theory • Nanostructured interfaces in complex oxides

Dr. ir. Wilfred van der Wiel

Prof. dr. ir. Jurriaan Huskens

Program director: dr. ir. Wilfred van der Wiel, phone + 31 (0)53 489 2873 w.g.vanderwiel@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/nanoelectronics

NanoFabrication The importance of the NanoFabrication program is the development and fine-tuning of general methods for making nanostructures. The NanoFabrication program deserves to be a separate discipline within the nanotechnology field because of its perspective of methodology development of nanostructures rather than the usual focus on end structures. The program has a fundamental approach and as such differs also from the nanomanufacturing technologies that deal with the actual application of nanotechnology in a production process. The SRO NanoFabrication focuses on key issues as surface patterning on multiple length scales, complex structures and materials and 3D nanofabrication with an emphasis on the integration of top-down and bottom-up methods. The projects include: • Integration of nanoimprint lithography and blockcopolymer assembly • Integration of edge lithography and self-assembly • Monolayer fabrication and patterning on complex oxides • Polymeric nanostructures of fluorescent nanoparticles • Porous stamp materials for microcontact printing Program director: prof. dr. ir. Jurriaan Huskens, phone +31 (0)53 489 2537 j.huskens@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/nanofabrication

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MESA+ STRATEGIC RESEARCH ORIENTATIONS

Prof. dr. Han Gardeniers

MesoFluidics The goal of this program is to study physics and chemistry of and in fluids at the mesoscopic scale. The behaviour and control of fluids, including miscible and immiscible liquids, gases and two-phase gas-liquid systems and of the chemical species contained in these fluids will be studied in a confined environment and more specifically, near plain, nanostructured and/or reactive surfaces and interfaces. Particular focus will be on microfluidic elements that contain materials fabricated by nanotechnology, to which electronically controlled stimuli will be applied in order to control the course of chemical reactions and fluidic behaviour. The projects include: • Pressure and shear driven liquid chromatography in microstructured columns with integrated injection and detection elements and microstructures for coupling to e.g. mass spectrometry • Parallel microreactor structures with on-line spectroscopic features for the study of the kinetics of catalytic and enzymaticreactions • Electrowetting and ultrasonic control of fluidic behaviour • Mass and heat transport in confined systems • Liquid behaviour on nanopatterned and hydrophobic surfaces in microstructures • Catalytic gas sensors • Micro-plasma reactors Program director: prof. dr. Han Gardeniers, phone +31 (0)53 489 4356, j.g.e.gardeniers@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/mesofluidics

R E S E A R C H

Prof. dr. Jennifer Herek

Molecular Photonics The strategic potential program in Molecular Photonics focuses on platforms, tools, and (bio) molecules that can be used to design, build, and investigate molecular photonic assemblies. Projects within this potential involve synthesis of innovative photonic materials (quantum dots, fluorescent self-assembled monolayers, proteins) and the optical creation and interrogation of these assemblies. A newly developed technology platform combining atomic force and optical microscopy with single molecule resolution (the atomic force fluorescence microscope – AFFM) will be used to explore the limits of dip-pen nanolithography for patterning and investigating molecular assemblies such as dendrimers and fluorescent proteins on molecular printboards. The projects bridge physics and chemistry expertise within MESA+. In October 2006, prof. dr. Jennifer Herek assumed leadership of this potential, as successor of Prof. dr. Vinod Subramaniam, upon her appointment to the chair of Optical Techniques. The projects include: • Dip-pen nanolithography for biomolecular assembly • Engineering optical emission of quantum dots in polymeric nano- and microspheres Program director: prof. dr. Jennifer Herek, phone +31 (0)53 489 3172 j.l.herek@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/molecularphotonics

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MESA+ STRATEGIC RESEARCH ORIENTATIONS

Bio Multi Analyte Devices (BioMAD) The strategic research orientation Bio Multi Analyte Devices combines microtechnologies and biomolecular interaction sensing applications. The integration of microfluidics, separation techniques, surface chemistries and detection of biomolecular interactions in real time without using labels are necessary to develop practical integrated biochip systems. The developments leads to new biochip devices for profiling “fingerprints of the blood” or unraveling biomolecular pathways in “Systems Biology” for understanding effects of drugs/food in the human body or the progress of a specific disease. Multi analyte devices which can be mass-produced will get a huge economic impact in the life sciences. The projects include: • Surface plasmon resonance imaging (for real-time label free biomolecular interaction detection) • Microfluidics implementation and modeling • Separation methods (capillary and free flow electrophoresis principles) • Surface chemistry including micro array spotting and protein modification • Cleanroom technology (silicon, glass, polymer devices) Dr. ir. Richard Schasfoort

Program director: dr. ir. Richard Schasfoort, phone +31 (0)53 489 5621 r.b.m.schasfoort@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/biomad

Cell-Stress In many processes taking place in living cells, the mechanical properties play a vital role. Cells divide, grow, translocate and adapt their shape to external circumstances: all processes which require an active mechanical behaviour. Conversely, cells also sense external mechanical stress, and respond to it. This response can be mechanical (like stiffening) but also biochemical, like a protein expression or a downregulation of receptor molecules, which in turn can change the mechanical behaviour. Via biochemical pathways, also diseases can lead to mechanical alterations. This makes cell mechanics and mechanotransduction a fascinating research area, in which many behaviours are still to be discovered, explained, and potentially used to diagnose the cell (e.g. using cell stiffness as a disease marker). The SRO Cell-Stress aims to analyze and characterize the response of single cells upon mechanical stimulation. By performing this in a microfluidic environment it can potentially generate new diagnosis methods.

14 The projects include: • Biological response of endothelial cells to fluid shear stress • Mechanical response of single living cells to fluid flow in microchannels • Rheology of the cell interior, measured via particle tracking • Cell rheology measured via atomic force microscopy Program director: dr. M.H.G. Duits, phone +31 (0)53 489 3097 m.h.g.duits@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/cellstress

Dr. Michèl Duits

RESEARCH GROUPS

Catalytical Processes and Materials Since January 2006 part of the Catalytical Processes and Materials (CPM) group participates in MESA+. The group is led by prof. dr. ir. Leon Lefferts. The work in this group aims on building a bridge between new discoveries on heterogeneous catalytic reactions and materials on one side and their application in practical processes on the other side. CPM applies fundamental knowledge on molecular diffusion and reactions in/on heterogeneous catalysts for exploration of new catalytic materials, catalytic devices and processes of relevance for industry and society.

Prof. dr. ir. Leon Lefferts

NanoElectronics In 2006 the group Systems and Materials for Information storage (SMI) has been divided in two parts. One part is embedded in the MESA+ group Transducers Science and Technology. The other part is called the NanoElectronics (NE) group and is also part of MESA+. The NanoElectronics group has a well-established research program in the field of spintronics and is active at the forefront of nano-science and technology. The research entails the interplay between magnetism, spin and electronic transport in solid-state nanostructures, giving rise to a wealth of fascinating physics. The group studies the fundamental physical phenomena produced by spin-related transport, down to the atomic scale and exploits these using cutting-edge facilities and advanced technology, in order to design and create new devices and components for applications in nanoelectronics and information storage. The group is led by dr. Ron Jansen.

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C O M M E R C I A L I Z AT I O N

MESA+ International Ventures The mission of MESA+ International Ventures is to transform knowledge into economic good by exploiting and strengthening MESA+ technology platforms. Together with MESA+ research groups, MESA+ International Ventures is constantly scouting and screening newly developed technologies for market potential. In case a technology screens favourable, a next step in the commercialization process is embarked on. This involves researching markets for the specific technology in more detail, contacting potential customers, developing technology towards a demonstrator product and securing necessary Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). By so doing, a spin-out company is prepared for which MESA+ International Ventures will attract necessary finance. In addition to finance from the University of Twente, MESA+ has obtained a subsidy from the province of Overijssel to get started with MESA+ International Ventures. MESA+ International Ventures acquired additional finance from a group of investors who bring in a relevant network, for instance for future spin-out finance. MESA+ International Ventures is managed by dr. mr. Paul Nederkoorn.

Nano4Vitality Innovation Program The application areas of food and health show a strong need for innovation. The cost of health care, food safety, the ageing population and many other issues demand an increased innovation rate. The nanometer scale is the relevant scale for processes in living systems. With nanotechnology it is possible, for the first time, to interact with these natural systems on their own scale based on nature’s own principles.

Together with the universities of Wageningen, Nijmegen and Groningen, MESA+ created a novel innovation program for health and food applications based on nanotechnology, called Nano4Vitality. Within Nano4Vitality a novel, accelerated innovation process is developed to support its mission of creating food and health systems to innovate industries and benefit end-users. Projects are carried by consortia of industry, high tech SME’s, high tech start-ups and universities, focusing at product realization in a time frame of three years, based on underlying business cases. The program received its first stage grant of six million euro at the end of the year 2006.

Dr. mr. Paul Nederkoorn

C O M M E R C I A L I Z AT I O N

MST Factory With the opening of the new NanoLab facilities at the beginning of 2009, the current facilities will become available. Hereto the so-called MST Factory plan has been developed, providing (pilot scale) production facilities to spin-off companies. In November 2006, the Innovation Platform Twente recognized this initiative as a significant contribution to the regional innovation system, and made it part of the Twente Investment Agenda.

Kennispark Twente The Province of Overijssel, the City of Enschede (representing other regional cities) and the University of Twente have initiated Kennispark Twente. Kennispark Twente focuses on commercialization projects and area development. The Kennispark agenda encompasses, among others, incubators, business development, patent policy, startup support, financing, facility sharing and coaching. Commercialization at MESA+ is embedded into the Kennispark system, and maintains its very strong drive towards commercialization of nanotechnology research. Key aspects of the MESA+ agenda encompass facility sharing, area development, business development and growth towards a production facility. Through Kennispark, the key projects are embedded in the provincial and regional systems. Since June 2006 Kees Eijkel, former technical-commercial director of MESA+, fulfills the position of director of Kennispark Twente. Dr. Kees Eijkel

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N AT I O N A L N E T W O R K S

NanoNed MESA+ is partner in NanoNed. NanoNed is a national nanotechnology R&D initiative that combines the Dutch strengths in nanoscience and technology in a national network with scientifically, economically and socially relevant research and infrastructure projects. The total budget amounts to 235 Mâ&#x201A;Źand the program runs until 2009. NanoNed is executed by a consortium of nine partners being the main nanotechnology institutes of the Netherlands. Their individual role within the projects and infrastructure investments is defined through proven expertise, specialization and focus combined with strategic vision and ambition. All partners are devoted to developing strong cooperation on the subject of nanotechnology in its different application areas. Therefore, the program is organized in eleven large interdependent programs called Flagships, based on national R&D strengths and industrial relevance. Several partners are working in each Flagship program under the leadership of an independent scientist. The partnership covers about 200 research projects, which over five years represent more than 1200 years of research. Generic, technology-oriented Flagships run together with more application-oriented programs, to create a cohesive nationwide multidisciplinary program. Additionally, a Technology Assessment program is an integrated part of NanoNed. The assessment will result in a mapping of the societal impact of nanotechnology in close collaboration with the scientists involved. Prof. dr. ir. David Reinhoudt chairs the NanoNed initiative.

Prof. dr. ir. David Reinhoudt

N E T W O R K S

Impression NanoLab

NanoLab NL NanoLab NL is a national investment program of high-level, state-of-the-art nanotechnology infrastructure that is accessible to NanoNed and the Dutch research community as a whole. In NanoNed the importance of a national facility has been acknowledged, and a major part of the effort and the accompanying budget is dedicated to NanoLab NL. NanoLab NL has the aim to build up, maintain and provide a coherent and accessible high-level, state-of-the-art infrastructure for nanotechnological research and innovation in the Netherlands. NanoLab NL is about national cohesion in infrastructure, access, and tariff structure. The partners in NanoLab NL are • MESA+ at University of Twente • Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at TU Delft University of Technology • Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials at Groningen University • TNO Science & Industry, Delft, and • Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, as an associate partner Together, these five locations cover most of the country and offer the widest possible spectrum of nanotechnology facilities for researchers in the Netherlands to use. 85 M€ of the total NanoNed budget is reserved for NanoLab NL.

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I N T E R N AT I O N A L N E T W O R K S

Frontiers Prof. dr. Vinod Subramaniam

Frontiers is a European Commission Network of Excellence supported by the Sixth Framework Program (FP6) with a focus on the synergies between nanotechnology and the life sciences. The consortium, coordinated by MESA+, leverages the existing strengths and potentials of several key nanotechnology groups in Europe and was kicked-off in August 2004. The recently successfully evaluated second reporting period was highlighted by the initiation of numerous joint research collaborations, and several meetings and workshops intended to facilitate the process of integration of consortium partners, in keeping with the spirit of the Networks of Excellence in FP6. This process of interactions has led to the evolution and establishment of Strategic Research Areas, which seek to establish the seed consortia for the FP7 process that has just begun. Several other initiatives within Frontiers, including the virtual European Nanoscience Laboratory, collating information on expertise and equipment within the consortium, are now complete and are accessible to the Frontiers community. The European Joint Curriculum for Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s level students was finalized, and the first student exchanges have begun. The Gender Awareness Group developed a Gender Action Plan, and their report on the Equality and Diversity survey was presented to the NMP Programme Committee and disseminated widely. The Science to Industry task force, which includes representatives from industry, developed a roadmap on nanotechnology for life science applications. The coordinator of Frontiers is prof. dr. Vinod Subramaniam. The program manager is dr. Jan Willem Weener.

Frontiers partners MESA+, University of Twente (NL) iNano, University of Aarhus (DK) Chalmers University of Technology (SE) CEMES (FR) Westfalian Wilhelms University (DE) Max Planck Institute for Solid State Physics (DE) University of Cambridge (UK)

For further information you can contact dr. Jan Willem Weener, phone +31 (0)53 489 2228, info@frontiers-eu.org, www.frontier-eu.org.

Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe (DE)

NINT

IMEC (BE)

In 2005 a Memorandum of Understanding was signed, in presence of the Canadian ambassador in the Netherlands, between the MESA+ Institute and the National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT) and the University of Alberta, both in Edmonton, Canada. NINT aims at carrying out advanced research and fostering innovation in support of a new generation of nanotechnology based firms. The past year a start was made setting up mutual research and innovation projects, and the first students were exchanged.

NCCR (CH)

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E D U C A T I O N

E D U C AT I O N

Master of Science Program Nanotechnology General information Different researchers and professors from MESA+ active in the fields of Applied Physics, Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering joined in to close the gap between scientific and technological progress and conventional disciplinary educational programs by setting up an interdisciplinary Master Program in Nanotechnology. The objective is to provide an educational program for master students as a preparation for a PhD project in nanotechnology. The Master will provide the student with training in the enabling technologies and key aspects relevant for the field of nanotechnology. Furthermore the student will learn to operate in a research environment, to set up, manage and perform research projects, including reporting and communicating the results. The philosophy in setting up the Master is that nanotechnologists must be able to combine expertise and know how, from the different disciplines (nanochemistry, nanobio, nanoengineering and nanophysics). Program Structure This 2-year Master program (120 EC) is divided into 4 semesters. In the first year, the student will follow seven core modules in Nanotechnology. The student will have practical lab courses in different lab settings and training in presentation and reporting skills. Furthermore 20 EC is reserved for elective courses which can be taken to specialize in a particular topic. In the second year, the student will do an industrial training in a company, involved in nanotechnology research or a research project in a research group active in nanotechnology at the University of Twente. The last 9 months are reserved for the MSc research project in one of the research groups in Nanotechnology. In this project the student will use all his acquired skills to set-up, manage and perform a complete research project.

21 For further information and application for the (international) master program Nanotechnology you can contact the program coordinator: dr. ir. M.L. Bennink, phone +31 (0)53 489 5652, m.l.bennink@utwente.nl, http://nt.graduate.utwente.nl.

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AW A R D S , H O N O U R S A N D A P P O I N T M E N T S Honorary Degree for Prof. Fraser Stoddart (UCLA) Prof. Fraser Stoddart (University of California), one of the members of the Scientific Advisory Board of MESA+, received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Twente for his crucial contributions to supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology on 1 December 2006. VIDI awards In 2006 three MESA+ researchers have received a VIDI award of NWO (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research). The researchers will receive a maximum of 600,000 euro each which can be used to develop their own line of research in a period of five years. Dr. ir. Wilfred van der Wiel, program director for the NanoElectronics program, submitted a proposal on organic materials for spin electronic devices. The proposed research of dr. ir. Rob Lammertink, assistant professor in the membrane technology group, will be directed to porous microreactors for gas-liquid reactions. The research on the amazing electronic effects at oxide interfaces of dr. ing. Guus Rijnders, assistant professor in the Inorganic Materials Group, has also been granted. KNAW Young Academy Dr. Wilfred van der Wiel has been appointed member of ‘De Jonge Akademie’ (Young Academy) by the Royal Netherlands Academy for Arts and Sciences (KNAW). Ten new members have been appointed to this prestigious academy, founded in 2005. The Young Academy unites scientists, who obtained their PhD degree no longer than ten years ago, from all disciplines to discuss societal and political themes, organize interdisciplinary scientific conferences and, especially, to get young people at school interested in science.

Prof. Fraser Stoddart

Cum laude and Rubicon grant for Christian Nijhuis Christian Nijhuis defended his PhD thesis on 3 November 2006. The members of the committee unanimously agreed to award dr. Nijhuis the cum laude distinction for his exceptional work. The title of his thesis is “Redox-Active Dendrimers at Molecular Printboards”. At the end of December, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) awarded a Rubicon grant to Christian Nijhuis. The Rubicon grant goes to young PhD students who recently finished their dissertation. The grant allows them to gain experience abroad. Dr. Nijhuis will head for Boston, USA, to work on molecular electronics as a postdoctoral fellow in the group of Prof. George Whitesides.

Leverhulme Trust Award for Technology Transfer MESA+ and Dr. Elwin Vrouwe, former researcher of the BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip group, have received the Leverhulme Trust Award for Technology Transfer. The Leverhulme Award for Technology Transfer recognises outstanding contributions to technology transfer made by research theses completed at higher education institutions in the Netherlands. The crucial criteria is the demonstration of effective and innovative exchange of technology between the academic and industrial sectors. The PhD thesis of Dr. Elwin Vrouwe describes the development of a microchip capillary electrophoresis system for measuring inorganic ions in samples at the point of care. The transfer of this technology has led to the startup of the spin-off Medimate, which enables diagnostics at the Point of Care using innovative Lab on a Chip microtechnology.

Dr. ir. Wilfred van der Wiel

Ir. Steven Staal, ir. Arjan Floris and dr. Elwin Vrouwe

A W A R D S

Probing Nano-Earthquakes with Electrons Scientists of the MESA+ NanoElectronics program and NTT Basic Research Laboratories in Japan have succeeded in the detection of extremely small ‘earthquakes’. Their detector consists of a double quantum dot, also known as an ‘artificial molecule’. The results are published in Physical Review Letters on 7 April 2006. The American magazine Physics Today and the Japanese NIKKEI Magazine paid also attention to this publication.

Dr. ir. Rob Lammertink

National KIVI NIRIA award 2005 In April 2006, master student Bouke Ankoné received the award for the best graduation thesis from the national society of engineers, KIVI-NIRIA. His work was entitled “Fabrication of porous microfluidic chips”. Dutch Scanning Probe Microscopy Day 2006 Aico Troeman received the best poster award in the poster competition of the Dutch Scanning Probe Microscopy Day 2006. The poster entitled "Scanning SQUID Microscopy: Highly Sensitive Magnetic Imaging" was coauthored J.R. Kirtley, D. Veldhuis, F.J.G. Roesthuis, L.X. You, H. Hilgenkamp. PhD. Student Guido Sasse wins award at prestigious conference The “best poster award” for the IEEE IRPS 2006 has been assigned to MESA+ PhD student ir. Guido Sasse. The IRPS (International Reliability Physics Symposium) is known as the most important conference in the area of reliability of micro- and nanotechnology. Sasse has won the prize with a poster titled “Charge pumping at radio frequencies: methodology, trap response and application”.

Dr. ing. Guus Rijnders

MESA+ meeting 2006 Every year, the MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology hosts the symposium ‘MESA+ Meeting’ in Enschede. This symposium is to illustrate the various projects and programs of the MESA+ institute by means of lectures and scientific poster presentations. The aim is that all MESA+ researchers should meet as well as the institute’s national profiling. In 2006 the poster with the title “Redox Active Dendrimers for Molecular Electronics” of Kim Wimbush c.s. (Supramolecular Chemistry & Technology) won the 1st prize. Prof. dr. Jennifer Herek new chair of the Optical Techniques group Prof. dr. Jennifer Herek has officially started as the new chair of the Optical Techniques group. Until october 2007, she will be working in the group on parttime basis as she still is groupleader of the Biomolecular control group at the Amolf institute in Amsterdam. After that date, her position in the Optical Techniques group will be fulltime.

PhD student Kim Wimbush and prof. dr. ir. David Reinhoudt

Appointment of Prof. Luisa De Cola Since April 2006 Luisa De Cola is appointed Professor Molecular Materials within the MESA+ group Supramolecular Chemistry & Technology. Besides this appointment Prof. De Cola is working as professor NanoElectronics at the Physikalisches Institut of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster. She is also director of the Photonic Group, part of CeNTech, centre of Nanotechnology in Münster, Germany.

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ANNUAL

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2006

H I G H L I G H T S

A A M P

A P P L I E D A N A LY S I S & M AT H E M AT I C A L P H Y S I C S Modeling of optical scanning microscopy (PSTM/T-SNOM) experiments on photonic devices The group Applied Analysis & Mathematical Physics (AAMP) conducts research and teaching activities in ordinary and partial differential equations, and in mathematical modeling of problems from the physical and technical sciences. Methods from nonlinear analysis (variational methods, bifurcation theory, dynamical system theory), small scale numerical calculations, and computer-algebra are the main mathematical tools used to study partial differential equations from a series of different fields of applications. The group contributes to MESA+ in two areas: Fluxons in coupled long Josephson junctions are investigated by the analysis of systems of coupled perturbed sine-Gordon equations. Research in optics considers the light propagation in nonhomogeneous linear and nonlinear dielectric media. The Maxwell equations of classical electrodynamics are to be solved for structures and devices from guided wave (integrated) optics or, more general, photonics.

Defects in photonic crystals can act as optical microcavities, which support resonances with well defined optical field distributions at specific wavelengths. As a means to experimentally investigate these small, localized field patterns, recently a technique called T-SNOM, or Transmission Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy has been proposed. The tip of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), a tiny dielectric rod or pyramid, is scanned over the structure while measuring the transmittance of light through the microcavity. Experiments of this type have been carried out in the group IOMS in MESA+. The presence of the tip perturbs the field of the cavity and thus the optical transmission. The question is how the spectral transmission properties change as a function of the tip position; this is where theoretical modeling comes into play. We carried out quasianalytical simulations (Quadridirectional Eigenmode Propagation, QUEP) of a cross-section of a microcavity including the AFM tip. Figure 1 shows the field distribution both with and without the tip; the field is heavily perturbed. However, when one relates the changes in transmission to a perceived wavelength shift of the original spectrum, our modeling shows that this shift is reasonably proportional to the local field intensity at the end of the AFM tip, see figure 2. Thus, indeed the T-SNOM permits to observe the field intensity at the location of the AFM tip on the sample surface. In a variant (PSTM - photonic scanning tunneling microscopy) of the experimental technique the tapered, possibly coated end of an optical fiber is scanned over the sample device. Here the tiny fraction of optical power that is collected by the fiber serves as the observed signal. By means of numerical finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations we analyzed the influence of a metal coating on the microscope performance. Figure 3 shows that the shape of the coating influences significantly the field distribution. A rounded tip seems to be favorable for the resolution of the microscope.

Figure 1: QUEP simulations of an optical defect cavity in a waveguide Bragg grating without (a) and with a perturbing AFM tip (b).

Figure 2: Perceived wavelength shift and local field intensity as a function of the AFM tip position around the central defect of the microcavity.

Figure 3: Optical field distributions for non-rounded (a) and rounded metal coating (b) on a scanning near-field optical microscope tip.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] W.C.L. Hopman, R. Stoffer and R.M. de Ridder, High resolution measurements of resonant wave-patterns by perturbing the evanescent field with a nano-sized probe in a transmission scanning near-field optical microscopy configuration, submitted to Journal of Lightwave Technology. [2] R. Stoffer, M. Hammer, Defect Grating Simulations: Perturbations with AFM-like Tips, Proceedings of the IEEE-LEOS 2006 Benelux Chapter conference, Eindhoven (2006), 105-108. [33] M. Hammer, R. Stoffer, PSTM / NSOM modeling by 2-D quadridirectional eigenmode expansion Journal of Lightwave Technology 23(5), 19561966 (2005).

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BIOS

BIOS LAB-ON-A-CHIP Nanofluidic concentrator for biomolecule detection

The research in the BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip group focuses on 4 main themes, viz. micro- and

h = < 1 µm

nanofluidics, cells on chips, electrochemical systems and nanosensing and technology. Whereas the central expertise in the group is in electrical measurements and micro/nanofluidics, the themes have a clear link to life sciences, chemistry, and physics, and several collaborations in these fields have been established. One particular aim of BIOS is to demonstrate the importance of Labs on a Chip through relevant applications, such as for example a lithium analyzer on a chip. Besides this, new research fields are being disclosed as is clearly illustrated by the work on on-line ionic concentrators carried out within the Nanofluidics Flagship of the Nanoned program.

Micro- and nanofluidics research is not only about the flow of liquids inside channels, but also a lot about electrical fields. A standard way to move liquid in micro- and nanochannels is for example by applying an electrical field in the length-direction of the channel. This so-called electroosmotic flow has a typical velocity of 1 mm/s. The electrical field acts hereby on a nanometer thin layer of mobile ions that resides at the inside of the channel wall. Fluorescence detection is commonly used for visualization and analysis, and when a fluorescent ion is dissolved in the solution normally a homogeneous fluorescence is seen throughout the channel. We decided to play with the electrical fields and see what happens with the ionic concentrations, using a fluorescent ion as indicator. To locally change the electrical fields we deposited electrode islands on one channel wall, which will locally shortcut the field (see the schematical chip design in figure 1). To our surprise the islands caused the fluorescent ions to concentrate downstream as can be seen in figure 2. Different island arrays were then investigated, leading to different patterns of concentration enhancement (figure 3). It can be seen that the zones of concentration enhancement could be shifted either to the middle of the channel or to the sides. The behavior was observed for positive and negative ions, but not for neutral substances. The observed phenomenon could be very useful in chemical analysis for on-line ionic concentration to enhance detection sensitivity. Another possible application would be for desalination. Applications in the area of biomolecule detection are also highly attractive, where sensitivity is of prime importance. In this case the concentration enhancement could be combined with the enhanced fluorescence that occurs in the vicinity of gold surfaces (figure 3).

Figure 1: Schematic top view (A) and side view (B) of channels with one particular gold island electrodes configuration.

Figure 2: Left: Concentration enhancement of fluorescein ions in a channel downstream of an array of electrode islands. Right: cross-section through the fluorescence profile at the three positions indicated. Channel height 1 µm; electrode island typical size 50 µm.

Figure 3: Concentration enhancement of fluorescein ions when different types of electrode arrays are used, leading to specific local concentration enhancements (Sebastiaan Herber et al., unpublished results).

26 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] F.C.Leinweber, J.C.T.Eijkel, J.G.Bomer and A. van den Berg, Continuous Flow Microfluidic Demixing of Electrolytes by Induced Charge Electrokinetics in Structured Electrode Arrays, Anal.Chem. 78 (2006) 1425-1434.

H I G H L I G H T S

B P E

BIOPHYSICAL ENGINEERING Nanotechnology for Medicine and Diagnostics

The Biophysical Engineering (BPE) group uses micro- and nano-scale visualization, manipulation, and spectroscopy techniques to probe the biophysics of functional biological systems. Our interests in quantitative measurements of molecular and cellular biophysical processes include efforts to control and manipulate molecular functionality, and to visualize and quantify dynamic biological processes involving multiple molecular interactions in living cells at high spatial, temporal, and chemical resolution. Supramolecular associations play a role in several key projects that we are engaged in – protein aggregation at the nanometer scale, the functional architecture of protein complexes, clustering of molecules involved in the immune response on cell surfaces, and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Parkinson’s Disease on the nanometer scale FOM OIO Martijn van Raaij’s research focuses on the nanometer scale topology of fibrils formed by the Parkinson’s Disease related protein alpha-synuclein. His work revealed essential morphological differences between fibrils formed from the wild-type protein that is ubiquitously present in human brains and those formed from mutant proteins that are present in families suffering from a hereditary form of the disease. Van Raaij used an atomic force microscope to visualize individual fibrils at extremely high resolution (figure 1). The process of protein aggregation and fibril formation is relevant to a whole class of diseases termed the ‘amyloid diseases’ including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease. The group focuses on understanding the molecular biophysics of protein aggregation and the influence of these nano- and mesoscale protein aggregates on cellular toxicity and disease.

Figure 1: Atomic force micrograph of fibrils formed in vitro by mutant alpha-synuclein. The bottom panel shows profiles of three representative fibrils indicating variety in shape and size (horizontal scale bar 200 nm, vertical scale bar 2 nm). The inset is a 3D representation of one of the fibrils.

Ultrasensitive sensor for point-of-care viral diagnostics Researcher Aurel Ymeti demonstrated a method for viral detection combining an integrated optics interferometric sensor with antibody-antigen recognition approaches to yield a very sensitive, very rapid test for virus detection. The technology is amenable to miniaturization and mass-production, and thus has significant potential to be developed into a handheld, point-of-care device.

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the sensor: monochromatic light from a laser source is coupled to a channel waveguide and is guided into four parallel channels. These four channels include one reference channel (4) and three measuring channels (1-3) that are used to monitor different viruses by coating the channels with appropriate antibodies. Upon exiting from these four waveguide channels, the light interferes on a screen generating an interference pattern. Specific virus binding to the antibody coated waveguide surface causes a corresponding phase change that is measured as a change in the interference pattern. Analysis of the interference pattern thus yields information on the amount of bound virus particles in different channels.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] Martijn E. van Raaij, Ine M. J. Segers-Nolten, and Vinod Subramaniam. Quantitative morphological analysis reveals ultrastructural diversity of amyloid fibrils from alpha-synuclein mutants. Biophysical Journal 91, L96-98 (2006). [2] Aurel Ymeti, Jan Greve, Paul V. Lambeck, Thijs Wink, Stephan W.F.M. van Hövell, Tom A.M. Beumer, Robert R. Wijn, Rene G. Heideman, Vinod Subramaniam, and Johannes S. Kanger. Fast, ultrasensitive virus detection using a Young interferometer sensor. Nano Letters, DOI: 10.1021/nl062595n.

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C M D - LT

CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS AND DEVICES - LOW TEMPERATURE DIVISION Basic studies and novel electronics based on fractional magnetic flux quanta The Condensed Matter Physics and Devices group (CMD), headed by prof. dr. ir. Hans VOL.2 NO.3 March 2006 www.nature.com/naturephysics

Hilgenkamp, carries out research on materials and structures with unconventional electronic properties, and their use in devices. The current research activities have a particular emphasis on high temperature superconductors and related perovskite oxides. High-resolution scanning SQUID magnetic microscopy presents a further focus area. The CMD group is part of the Low Temperature (LT) research division.

d-wave comes full circle SUPERCONDUCTORS 20 years at high temperature

One of the most intriguing unresolved issues in physics is the mechanism of hightemperature superconductivity. Whereas classical superconductors such as Nb are well understood in terms of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory, developed 50 years ago, the principles underlying superconductivity in the high-Tc copper-oxides, such as YBa2Cu3O7, remain elusive.

BILAYER GRAPHENE A third quantum Hall effect SPINTRONICS Resonating with electric fields

A basic aspect of superconductors is the single macroscopic wave function that describes its electronic behavior. This wave function can have different symmetryproperties, reminiscent to the case of electron-orbitals in atoms. Whereas classical superconductors are described by an s-symmetry, in the cuprates it was found to be a dsymmetry. In two separate experiments employing high-quality Josephson contacts connecting Nb and YBa2Cu3O7 we have found that the symmetry in this high-Tc compound is not purely d-wave, but that it is accompanied by the admixture of a smaller s-wave component [1,2]. For the understanding of high-temperature superconductivity this may provide important information. These experiments were displayed at the cover-pages of Physical Review Letters (December 2005) and Nature Physics (March 2006) (figure 1). A tantalizing aspect of combining these superconductors is that by constructing them in ring structures spontaneous magnetic fields can be formed, with a magnitude of a halfinteger flux quantum (1 x 10-15 Tm2) enclosed by the loop. This flux can have either an upor down polarity, which enables the coding of information into it. We have analyzed the advantageous possibilities of employing these fractional flux quanta for ultrafast superconducting electronics and have successfully demonstrated a Toggle Flip-Flop based on it [3].

28 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] H.J.H. Smilde, A.A. Golubov, Ariando, G. Rijnders, J.M. Dekkers, S. Harkema, D.H.A. Blank, H. Rogalla and H. Hilgenkamp, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 257001 (2005). [2] J.R. Kirtley, C.C. Tsuei, Ariando, C.J.M. Verwijs, S. Harkema and H. Hilgenkamp, Nature Physics 2, 190-194 (2006). [3] T. Ortlepp, Ariando, O. Mielke, C.J.M. Verwijs, K.F.K. Foo, H. Rogalla, F.H. Uhlmann and H. Hilgenkamp, Science 312, 1495-1497 (2006).

Figure 1: Cover-pages of Physical Review Letters (December 2005) and Nature Physics (March 2006).

H I G H L I G H T S

C M S

C O M P U TAT I O N A L M AT E R I A L S S C I E N C E Orientation-Dependent Transparency of Metallic Interfaces

Understanding the magnetic, optical, electrical and structural properties of solids in terms of their chemical composition and atomic structure by numerically solving the quantum mechanical equations describing the motion of the electrons is the central research activity of the group Computational Materials Science (CMS). When the equations contain no input from experiment other than the fundamental physical constants (charge and mass of the electron, Planck's constant and the speed of light), then it is possible to make statements about the properties of systems which are difficult to characterize experimentally or which have not yet been made. This is especially important as experimentalists begin to make hybrid structures approaching the nanoscale. The starting point for theoretical investigations in the CMS group is a ground state calculation carried out in the framework of Density Functional Theory. This results in a (meta-)stable atomic structure together with an electronic charge density, singleparticle eigenvalue spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunctions. These serve as input for studies of single-particle excitations based on the so-called "GW" approximation of many-body theory or for quantum transport studies based on calculations of the scattering matrix within the Landauer-Büttiker formalism. The spin dependence of the transmission and reflection of electrons at magnetic interfaces provides the key to understanding phenomena such as oscillatory exchange coupling, giant and tunneling magnetoresistance, spin transfer torque, spin pumping, and spin injection [1]. For well-studied material combinations such as Co|Cu and Fe|Cr, modest spin dependence of the interface transmission of the order of 10%–20% is sufficient to account for experimental observations. Although the theory of transport in small structures is formulated in terms of transmission and reflection matrices, measuring interface transparencies directly has proven quite difficult and the confrontation of theory and experiment is at best indirect and model-dependent. To identify interfaces suitable for experimental study, we undertook a systematic materialsspecific study of the orientation dependence of the interface transmission between pairs of isostructural metals whose lattice constants match within a percent or so in the hope that it will prove possible to grow such interfaces epitaxially [2]. One of the metal pairs we studied was Al|Ag. Both metals have the fcc crystal structure, and their lattice constants are matched within 1%. Aluminum is a textbook example of a system well described by the (nearly) free-electron model. Silver, also usually assumed to be a free-electron-like material, is a noble metal with high conductivity. In spite of the simplicity of both metals’ electronic structures, the transmission through Al|Ag interfaces was found to differ quite significantly from the predictions of the free-electron model. In particular, between (111) and (001) orientations, we find a factor of 2 difference in interface transmission for clean Al|Ag interfaces. For free electrons, the anisotropy should vanish. Our result is insensitive to interface disorder. We could identify a new factor responsible for this difference which is not related to the standard velocity- or symmetry-mismatch mechanisms. HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] A. Brataas, G.E.W. Bauer and P.J. Kelly, Phys. Reports 427 (2006) 157-255. [2] P.X. Xu, K. Xia, M. Zwieryzycki, M. Talanana, and P.J. Kelly, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 (2005) 176602.

Figure 1: Top row: Fermi surface projections for (a) Ag, (b) Al, and (c) transmission probabilities in the 2D Brillouin zone for the (111) orientation. Middle row: Same for the (001) orientation. The colour bars on the left indicate the number of scattering states in the leads for a given two-dimensional wave vector k||. The transmission probabilities indicated by the colour bars on the right can exceed 1 for k||s for which there is more than one scattering state in both Ag and Al. Bottom row: Fermi surfaces of (g) Ag and (h) Al, (i) the interface-adapted BZ for (001) and (111) orientations.

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COPS

COMPLEX PHOTONIC SYSTEMS Nanocavities for light milled by focused ion beams

The Complex Photonic Systems (COPS) group studies light propagation in ordered and disordered photonic materials. We investigate photonic bandgap materials, random lasers, diffusion and Anderson localization of light. We pioneered novel 3D photonic materials, so-called “inverse opals”. Novel photonic nanostructures are fabricated mostly in the MESA+ Cleanroom. Optical experiments are an essential aspect of our research, which COPS combines with a theoretical understanding of the properties of light. Our curiosity driven research is of interest to various industrial partners, and to applications in medical and biophysical imaging.

Artificial opals are self-assembled periodic stackings of nanospheres and exhibit unique structural optical properties. For this reason they are widely used as photonic crystals, and as templates for even more interesting photonic structures, inverse opals, as shown in figure 1. It would be exciting if optical cavities could be fabricated in these photonic crystals by removing, or adding, high-refractive-index material to a single unit cell in the structure. These optical cavities will literally localize light and potentially enable, e.g., control of spontaneous emission (photon-on-demand), the fabrication of high-resolution miniature on-chip sensors, or even qubits for quantum computers. We propose to fabricate an optical cavity in a three-dimensional photonic crystal by adding additional opal layers to structures with a cavity on the surface, and subsequent inversion of the crystal. This scheme is outlined in figure 1. The inverse opal will be a silicon or titanium dioxide structure.

Focused ion beam milling on an insulating substrate is a challenge. In composite substrates the ion beam charges the individual spheres, after which they repel each other and are ejected, thereby destroying the crystal. We were able to promote the diffusion of charges away from the milled area by depositing a conducting carbon layer on top of the substrate, and by adapting an intermittent milling procedure. This way, breakdown of the photonic crystal was prevented and we were able to obtain our nanocavities. The methods we developed to mill these structures on a non-conducting substrate expand the already abundant applications of focused ion beam milling. We have developed a method to modify the structure of individual targeted silicon dioxide spheres on the surface of opals. The structures had controllable features with radii smaller than 40 nm and were fabricated using focused ion beam milling (FIB). Circular cavities, and even arrays of cavities, were milled in the colloids, converting the spheres into donut-like or bead-like structures. An example of an array of cavities is shown in figure 2. This technique will allow the fabrication of optical cavities in photonic crystals. In order to study the confinement of light we plan to probe the emission from quantum dots placed inside the optical cavity. As an exciting prospect, if light is confined inside the cavity and the surrounding crystal is switched by modifying the refractive index, we can release the confined photon at will. This is a promising way to make a photon-on-demand light source. Alternatively, if a monolayer of nanospheres is used as a lithographic mask, cavities can act as additional apertures in the mask of which size and shape can be controlled. Modified colloids can also be used as size-selective moieties in chemically active substrates. HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] L.A. Woldering, A.M. Otter, B.H. Husken, and W.L. Vos: Focused ion beam milling of nanocavities in single colloidal particles and self-assembled opals. Nanotechnology 17, 5717–5721 (2006). [2] K.L. van der Molen, P. Zijlstra, A. Lagendijk, and A.P. Mosk: Laser threshold of Mie resonances, Opt. Lett. 31, 1432 (2006).

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the fabrication of a nanocavity in an inverse opal. (A) Material is milled away from an artificial opal with nanometer precision with a focused ion beam. (B) A cavity is achieved in the surface plane of the opal. (C) New layers of colloidal spheres are deposited on top of the crystal to bury the cavity in the bulk. (D) The opal and the embedded cavity are inverted to yield an inverse opal with a nanocavity.

Figure 2: Scanning electron micrograph of an array of cavities, milled with the MESA+ focused ion beam, in a silicon dioxide artificial opal.

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C P M

C ATA LY T I C P R O C E S S E S A N D M AT E R I A L S Towards catalytic devices

The Catalytic Processes and Materials group (CPM) applies fundamental knowledge on molecular diffusion in and chemical reactions on heterogeneous catalysts for the exploration of new catalytic materials, catalytic devices and processes of relevance for industry and society. The main research themes are: i. concentration management in

Ni-Foam

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liquid phase heterogeneous catalysis, ii. high yield selective oxidation, and iii. catalysis for sustainable processes for fuels and chemicals. CPM is a member of the national

Figure 1: Generation of CNFs by growing well attached fibers directly on Ni foam.

research school on catalysis, NIOK. The drive towards processes is reflected in CPM’s membership in the local research institute IMPACT, while preparation and design of catalytic materials and devices, e.g. carbon nanofibres and microreactors, is very much reflected in the participation in MESA+. With respect to the latter, CPM has joined forces with the group Mesoscale Chemical Systems (MCS). This group, a spin-off of the BIOS Lab-on-a-chip group, officially started on 1 November 2006, as a personal chair headed by Han Gardeniers. MCS focuses on studying the behaviour and control of liquid and gas-liquid mixtures on plain, nanostructured and reactive surfaces and interfaces in a confined environment, e.g. in a microreactor channel. The main research themes are: i. "exciting" chemistry in microreactors (VICI vernieuwingsimpuls grant of Gardeniers), focusing on microfluidic systems to which electronically controlled stimuli are applied in order to control the course of chemical reactions, ii. microfluidic process analytical technology (µPAT), focusing on integrated chromatography-based separation methods and integrated spectroscopic techniques, and iii. enzymatic microreactor systems. The development of a new type of structured catalyst support based on carbon nanofibers (CNFs) was pursued in 2006 [1]. CNFs strongly attached to Ni-foam form an accessible layer, very well-suited for use as a catalyst support for those cases where reactant-transport is limiting, as is often the case when used in the liquid phase. Especially the use of such materials in microreactors and catalytic micro-fluidic devices is currently under investigation. A second important goal was achieved by demonstrating the application of ATR-IR (IR spectroscopy via attenuated total reflection) for studying adsorbed species on catalyst surface immersed in water, preventing complete absorption of radiation by the aqueous environment [2]. Developments in 2006 in the field of mesoscale chemical systems that are of particular relevance are the fabrication and testing of integrated micromachined injection and detection systems for shear-driven chromatography in nanochannels and for reversedphase liquid chromatography in microstructured silicon and glass chips [3]. This work has been carried out within the long-standing collaboration that exists with the Free University of Brussels. Another important achievement was the development, in collaboration with the Physics of Fluids group, of a microfluidic propulsion method that exploits the oscillation of surface-attached gas bubbles [4], a method that may have important applications in the field of particle and cell sorting.

Figure 2: Top: Optical profilometry scan of injection slit of 10 µm by 500 µm, micromachined in the bottom wall of a 300 nm high nanochannel. Bottom: Sequence of photographs showing the injection and transport of a fluorescent dye plug, using the integrated injection slit.

Figure 3: Fluorescent particle trajectories for acoustic streaming around an oscillating bubble attached to a hydrophobic surface. Net flow direction is from left to right.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] N.A. Jarrah, J.G. van Ommen, L. Lefferts, Mechanistic aspects of the formation of carbon-nanofibers on the surface of Ni foam: A new microstructured catalyst support, J. Catalysis Vol. 239, pp. 460–469, 2006. [2] S.D. Ebbesen, B.L. Mojet, L. Lefferts, CO adsorption and oxidation at the catalyst - water interface; An investigation by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy, Langmuir Vol. 22, pp. 1079-1085, 2006. [3] W. De Malsche, D. Clicq, H. Eghbali, V. Fekete, H. Gardeniers and G. Desmet, "An automated injection system for sub-micron sized channels used in shear-driven-chromatography", Lab Chip, Vol. 6, pp.1322-1327, 2006. [4] P. Marmottant, J.P. Raven, J.G.E. Gardeniers, J.G. Bomer and S. Hilgenfeldt, Microfluidics with ultrasound-driven bubbles, J. Fluid. Mech. Vol. 568, pp.109-118, 2006.

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I N O R G A N I C M AT E R I A L S S C I E N C E Transparent conducting oxides on polymer substrates

The research group Inorganic Materials Science (IMS) of the Faculty Science and Technology is involved in different aspects of the science and technology of inorganic materials. The primary goal is to elucidate the effects of size, structure, and interfaces of atomically controlled nanostructures made from complex oxide materials, with special attention to properties such as electronic and ionic conductivity, spin polarization, and ferroelectricity. It is expected that these properties can be enhanced or induced if one can realize them in artificially constructed systems [1] and/or nanoscale objects with dimensions approaching the characteristic length scales, which is often in the 1-100 nanometer range.

Recently the range of materials has been extended towards transparent conducting oxides (TCO), with a special focus on those material systems that can be deposited on polymer substrates. TCOs such as indium tin oxide thin films are widely used in numerous applications such as organic light emitting diodes, flat panel displays and solar cells, because of their excellent optical and electrical properties. In many of these applications there is a strong need to replace the commonly used glass substrates for cheap, lightweighted and flexible polymers. In contrast to the deposition of TCOs on silicon or glass, the growth of these materials on plastic substrates is restricted to relatively low deposition temperatures. Since the properties of TCOs is strongly related to the crystalline structure, precise control of the process parameters during growth is required to obtain high quality films. By using the unique properties of pulsed laser deposition (PLD) we are able to grow various TCOs, such as indium-tin-oxide [2] and (impurity doped) zinc oxide thin films on polymer substrates at room temperature. The electrical and optical properties resemble those of TCOs grown by other deposition techniques at higher temperatures. Besides the work on the TCOs with n-type conductivity, much research is conducted on new materials for future applications. Nowadays, the field of p-type transparent oxide semiconductors is of major interest. These materials allow the realization of active transparent devices and UV-emitting diodes. However, p-type TCOs are hard to synthesize at low process temperatures. Our research explores the possibilities of p-type TCO deposition for applications on flexible polymer substrates. We studied the growth of spinel ZnM2O4 (M=Co, Rh), a p-type wide bandgap semiconductor by pulsed laser deposition. Based on these results we synthesized a new material [3], ZnIr2O4. The observed bandgap is increasing for higher quantum numbers, being as large as ~3 eV for ZnIr2O4, which is expected from ligand field theory. P-type conductivity is confirmed in all compounds by positive Seebeck coefficients and the position of the Fermi level with respect to the valence level. The conductivity of ZnIr2O4 is well above 2 Scm-1, whereas the optical transmission is around 60%. The research has demonstrated that the understanding of the fundamental properties, down to the atomic level, of wide bandgap semiconductors with nano-crystalline or amorphous structure is essential. This understanding has not only led to the improvement of polymer-TCO systems but also resulted in the design of a new p-type material, ZnIr2O4. The obtained results will contribute to the realization of transparent electronics on heat resistive substrates in the near future. HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] M. Huijben, G. Rijnders, D.H.A. Blank, S. Bals, S. van Aert, J. Verbeeck, G. van Tendeloo, A. Brinkman and H. Hilgenkamp, “Electronically coupled complementary interfaces between perovskite band insulators,” Nature Mater., 5 556-60 (2006). [2] J. M. Dekkers, G. Rijnders, and D.H.A. Blank, “Role of Sn doping in In2O3 thin films on polymer substrates by pulsed-laser deposition at room temperature,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 88 151908 (2006). [3] J. M. Dekkers, G. Rijnders, and D.H.A. Blank, “ZnIr2O4, a p-type transparent oxide semiconductor in the class of spinel zinc-d6-transition metal oxide” Appl. Phys. Lett. 8 021903 (2007).

Figure 1: Spectral dependence of semiconducting transparent materials, λgap and λp are the wavelengths at which the band gap absorption and free electron plasma absorption takes place. The inset: schematic representation of ZnIr2O4 spinel lattice.

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I O M S

I N T E G R AT E D O P T I C A L M I C R O S Y S T E M S Femtosecond all-optical switching demonstrated in silicon photonic device

The Integrated Optical MicroSystems (IOMS) group performs research on both passive and active planar optical waveguide devices, for a variety of applications like optical sensing and optical communication. These “optical chips” are realized in the MESA+ Cleanroom facilities. For nanophotonic structures, like photonic crystals, mostly very thin (~250 nm) crystalline silicon membranes are used, which are structured with ~10 nm resolution using focused ion beam milling and deep UV lithography. Optical microring resonators (figure 1) are frequently selected as compact building blocks for the realization of complex integrated optical circuits. Apart from passive devices, mostly based on silicon oxynitride or polymers, like wavelength filters and power splitters, active Figure 1: SEM Picture of a silicon microring resonator.

devices like tunable filters, optical switches, modulators, optical amplifiers and lasers are realized. To this end, thermo-optic, electro-optic and optical amplification effects are exploited. Optical gain properties of actively doped crystalline (double tungstates) and amorphous (aluminum oxide) materials are investigated for light amplification, lasing and modulation in integrated optical devices.

Data transport rates have increased tremendously over the last couple of years, because of the rapid growth of the internet, HD-television, digital communication, triple-play, etc. Optical glass fibers, which are known for their practically unlimited bandwidth, have experienced a huge growth as replacement for copper wires in the telecommunication networks. At this moment the switching of data signals is being performed in the electrical domain, but for future data traffic the switching should take place completely in the optical domain: ‘all-optical switching’. This way of switching will eliminate the need of slow conversions from the optical domain to the electrical domain (and vice versa), resulting in switching speeds that are many times faster than nowadays possible. Integrated optics is a logical choice for the realization of all-optical switches. Within a European Network of Excellence, ePIXnet, we recently demonstrated with our colleagues from the RWTH Aachen ultrafast all-optical switching of data pulses in silicon microring resonators (figure 1) using high intensity optical control pulses with a duration of 300 femtoseconds. The strong optical field of a control pulse will locally modify the optical properties of the straight silicon waveguide (blue port in figure 1). A data signal that propagates through the waveguide at the same time will feel a modulation of the refractive index. As a result, its carrier frequency will be shifted through a mechanism called Cross Phase Modulation. The signal is shifted to longer wavelengths (redshift) when the data pulse propagates in front of the control pulse. The achieved wavelength shift as function of the delay times between control pulses and data pulses is shown in figure 2. The principle of optical switching is schematically drawn in figure 3. The data signal (green) will propagate through the port waveguide when there is no control pulse (figure 3, above). However, when a control pulse (blue) is present, the signal wavelength will be redshifted to a resonance wavelength of the microring resonator and will subsequently get switched to the opposite waveguide (figure 3, below). In the future, switching speeds of 100GHz would become possible this way.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] R. Dekker, A. Driessen, T. Wahlbrink, C. Moormann, J. Niehusmann, and M. Först, “Ultrafast Kerr-induced all-optical wavelength conversion in silicon waveguides using 1.55 µm femtosecond pulses”, Optics Express 14(18), pp8336-8346, 2006.

Figure 2: Center wavelength of the optical data signal as function of the delay time with respect to the switching pulse.

Figure 3: Artist impression of the all-optical switching principle. Above: Switch is turned OFF. Below: Switch is turned ON.

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H I G H L I G H T S

LOW TEMPERATURE DIVISION Superconducting current sensors

The research activities of the Low Temperature (LT) division are orientated towards ‘Applied Superconductivity’ in a broad sense. On the one hand, they deal with application-oriented research, such as development of superconducting devices, systems and high-current applications, including the development of necessary supporting cooling technologies. On the other hand, they cover more fundamental research areas like material research on superconductors and related materials, device physics and mathematical modeling. This all takes place in close feedback between fundamental and applied research and technology development.

The need for highly sensitive sensors in industry and especially physics is increasing since more and more technological and physical limits are approached. One of our research topics is dealing with the usage of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) for highly accurate current measurements. The application is particularly planned for the readout of the resonant mass gravitational wave antenna MiniGRAIL, situated at Leiden University. Funding is provided by a STW project. We designed dc-SQUID sensors based on Niobium with integrated input coils aimed for operation at a temperature of 20 mK. The actual status of the design- and characterization progress can be found in the highlighted publication. Figure 1 shows one of the discussed SQUIDs with integrated input coils reaching an optimum sensitivity of 155fA/√Hz at temperatures below 0.3 K. The most important challenge is the prediction of the dynamics of the device including the influence of RF-properties of the thin-film structures. Figure 2 and 3 show the measurement on the device at a temperature of 0.6 K as well as the numerical simulation of a model calculated from the design properties. The most important features of the measured characteristics could be explained, providing essential information for future design steps. Furthermore so-called cooling fins were added to the resistors to weaken the hot-electron effect, and thus allowing to reach lower effective operation temperatures. To improve the utilization of the device, a symmetric and gradiometric layout was chosen – reducing the influence of interferences from the environment and improving the stability in operation with a resonant input load. Apart from the readout of a gravitational wave antenna the SQUID sensor can be used for e.g. the readout of a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope.

Figure 1: Current sensor with an optimal sensitivity of 155fA/√Hz.

Figure 2: Measured characteristics.

Figure 3: Simulations of the measurement shown in figure 2 including RF-properties of the layout and thermal noise.

34 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] J. Pleikies, O. Usenko, K.H. Kuit, J. Flokstra, A. de Waard, and G. Frossati, “SQUID developments for the gravitational wave antenna MiniGRAIL”, to be published in IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

H I G H L I G H T S

M n F

M O L E C U L A R N A N O F A B R I C AT I O N Patterned protein nanostructures

The Molecular Nanofabrication (MnF) group emerged from the Supramolecular Chemistry & Technology (SMCT) group in September 2005. The group currently consists of 10 PhD students and 3 postdocs, and is headed by Prof. Jurriaan Huskens. The group focuses on bottom-up nanofabrication methodologies and their integration with topdown surface structuring. Key research elements are: supramolecular chemistry at interfaces, homo- and heterotropic multivalency, supramolecular materials, nanoparticle

Figure 1: Adsorption scheme for the stepwise assembly of heterofunctionalized SAv at CD SAMs through via a divalent linker.

assembly on surfaces, inkless and flat stamp microcontact printing methodologies, nanoimprint lithography, and multistep integrated nanofabrication schemes. The group has several collaborations within MESA+, e.g. with the Materials Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP) group on the detection of single host-guest interactions with AFM and with the Biophysical Engineering (BPE) group on the assembly of proteins on patterned surfaces. Furthermore, the group actively participates in the MESA+ Strategic Research Orientation Nanofabrication and in the flagship Nanofabrication in the national nanotechnology program NanoNed, both headed by Prof. Jurriaan Huskens.

Recently we have developed a new concept for preparing protein assemblies on surfaces using small multivalent linker molecules. The attachment of proteins to a surface in such a way that the protein remains functional, is a key issue in many biotechnological processes. In this concept we describe the controlled attachment with respect to kinetics, thermodynamics and orientation of streptavidin (SAv) through an orthogonal linker to cyclodextrin (CD) self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Both a monovalent and a divalent linker are used for this process. The immobilization strategy with the divalent linker allows the stepwise adsorption of SAv to the surface, allowing heterofunctionalization of SAv and thus the build-up of more complex bio-nanostructures at the surface.

Figure 2: Fluorescence image recorded after printing a divalent linker followed by the selective attachment of SAv to the patterned areas, and subsequent attachment of biotin-4-fluorescein to the available biotin-binding pockets at SAv.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] M.J.W. Ludden, M. PĂŠter, D. N. Reinhoudt, J. Huskens, Small 2006, 2, 1192-1202; "Attachment of streptavidin to Î˛-cyclodextrin molecular printboards via orthogonal host-guest and proteinligand interactions"

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M T G

MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY GROUP Superhydrophobic surfaces

The Membrane Technology Group (MTG) focuses on the multidisciplinary topic of membrane science and technology. We consider our expertise as a multidisciplinary knowledge chain ranging from molecule to process. The knowledge chain comprises the following elements: colloid and interface science, macroscopic mass transport characterization and modeling, material science, material processing, module and system design, and process technology. The research team is assembled such that permanent staff members cover one or more of the disciplines involved. The majority of the research deals with separation of molecular mixtures and selective mass transport. Our research program distinguishes four application clusters: sustainable membrane processes, water, biomedical and life science, and micro systems technology. Our interest in micro patterning of membranes directed us to fabricate superhydrophobic surfaces. Such surfaces were prepared by making porous membranes via phase inversion while in contact with a structured mold. A micro pattern relief structure is present on the membrane surface, combined with the surface porosity from the phase inversion process. Both structures contribute to the roughness on a different length scale and can be controlled independently. When the material is hydrophobic by nature, structuring the surface of such materials can induce superhydrophobic behavior. We have obtained water contact angles on these substrates up to almost 170°, which are amongst the highest reported in literature. We are currently investigating the wetting behavior of structured surfaces for relevant membrane applications.

Figure 1: Porosity and microstructure induce superhydrophobicity.

36 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] Laura Vogelaar, Rob G. H. Lammertink, and Matthias Wessling “Superhydrophobic Surfaces Having Two-Fold Adjustable Roughness Prepared in a Single Step” Langmuir 2006, 22, 3125-3130.

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M T P

M AT E R I A L S S C I E N C E A N D T E C H N O L O G Y O F P O LY M E R S Macromolecular engineering and nanofabrication of redox stimulus responsive capsules for permeability control Research in the group Materials Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP) is focused on the molecular level understanding, manipulation and control of polymeric materials. Work is carried out in three clusters including (1) engineering and analysis of polymer surfaces and interfaces, nanotechnology, nanofabrication, and self-assembly; (2) morphology development and molecular order of polymers on the nanoscale; and (3) materials chemistry of polymers with defined molecular and mesoscopic structures with special attention to inorganic and organometallic polymers. Organometallic, iron containing, stimulus responsive “smart” polymers were used to fabricate responsive micro- and nanocapsules. The hollow containers were made in water by electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly. In this process positively and negatively charged polyions are sequentially assembled on top of each other using a microsphere template, which is chemically removed upon completion of the assembly process. The thin walls of the capsules obtained are held together by electrostatic interactions, and have a molecular permeability, which can be controlled by changing the oxidation state of iron in the polymer chains. Thus the capsules allow one to capture, retain and release molecules of predetermined sizes. Permeability of the capsule walls, thus the size of the molecules that can enter or leave the capsules, is determined by the number of polyionic layers and by the oxidation state of iron. Potential applications include biomedical and biological use, and in other “green” areas such as encapsulation and release of food additives, drugs, cosmetic agents, and in fundamental science such as in bionanochemistry, e.g. to encapsulate (and protect) single enzyme catalyst molecules and monitor their reaction in confinement with other molecules within the nanocontainers. If large numbers of containers are used simultaneously, and addressed individually, synthetic or natural catalysts may be compared and selected for optimum efficiency using the cages as nanoreactor vessels in fast, parallel, so-called high throughput combinatorial chemistry experiments.

Figure 1: Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of empty (top) and loaded (bottom) PFS capsules (copyright by Y. Ma, W.-F. Dong, M.A. Hempenius, H. Möhwald, G.J. Vancso; published with permission).

37 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] Y. Ma, W.-F. Dong, M.A. Hempenius, H. Möhwald, G.J. Vancso, RedoxControlled Molecular Permeability of Composite-Wall Microcapsules, Nature Materials, 5, 724-729 (2006). See also www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=862.php.

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NANOELECTRONICS Interfacial nanolayers connect magnetism to silicon

The research field of the NanoElectronics (NE) group is spintronics, entailing the interplay between magnetism, spin and electronic transport in solid-state nanostructures. This gives rise to a wealth of fascinating physics. We study the fundamental physical phenomena produced by spin-related transport, and develop new magnetic materials and characterization techniques down to the atomic scale. We exploit the novel physical concepts in order to design and create new devices and components for applications in nanoelectronics and information storage.

Figure 1: Layout of the silicon spin-MOSFET.

Spin transistors such as the spin-MOSFET (figure 1) are amongst the key nanoelectronic devices under worldwide development. The spin-MOSFET has a silicon channel with a gate-controlled conductivity. However, the source and drain contacts are ferromagnetic materials, providing reservoirs of spin-polarized electrons. Via spin-dependent transport this gives an additional means of manipulating the channel conductance, adding the nonvolatile memory functionality of ferromagnets to the power amplification capability of a conventional MOSFET. The crucial observation of magnetoresistance in a silicon-based spin-MOSFET has thus far remained elusive. We have recently shown that this is due to a detrimental energy barrier that is formed in contacts between Si and ferromagnetic metals (such as cobalt). The resulting contact resistance is many orders of magnitude larger then required to maintain the spin-information in the Si channel, thus precluding any significant magnetoresistance (figure 2). To solve this issue, we have developed a radically new approach to control the resistance of spin-tunnel contacts to silicon, using ferromagnetic materials with low work function. We have shown that insertion of an ultrathin layer (< 0.8 nm) of such material (Gd) is sufficient to remove the energy barrier (figure 3). This provides a means to tune the resistance area product of magnetic contacts to silicon over 8 orders of magnitude, and into the desired range. Simultaneously, we showed that such ultrathin interlayers preserve the spin-transport across the tunnel interface (inset of figure 3). This now opens the way to the development of a silicon spin-MOSFET and other silicon based spintronic devices.

Figure 2: Calculated magnetoresistance (MR) of a silicon spin-MOSFET, showing the required range of resistance-area product of the magnetic source and drain contacts. Circles are experimental data for Si/Al2O3 /Co contacts.

Figure 3: Tuning of the resistance area product of Si/Al2O3 /Gd/Ni8Fe2 tunnel contacts using ultrathin Gd interlayers. The inset shows the tunnel magnetoresistance of an all-metal magnetic tunnel junction with a similar Gd interlayer.

38 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] B.C. Min, K. Motohashi, J.C. Lodder and R. Jansen "Tunable spin-tunnel contacts to silicon using low-work-function ferromagnets", Nature Materials 5 (2006) page 817 - 822.

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O T

OPTICAL TECHNIQUES Interaction of light and particles

The focus of the research in the Optical Techniques (OT) group is Nanophotonics: the physics of light in and around nanostructures, single molecules and molecular

complexes. A careful design of the nanoscale structure is used to control local light fields, resulting in strong (plasmon) field confinement. With the appointment of Jennifer Herek as the new chair in October 2006, the group will intensify its activities in the

feedback from the system under study, will be used to explore the efficiency of functional (bio)molecules used in solar cells and photomedicine, as well as the localization of light in photonic nanostructures and molecular aggregates.

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Microscopy and near field imaging In collaboration with the Biophysical Engineering (BPE) group we have set up a CARS microscopy system based on an Optical Parametric Oscillator that is pumped by a modelocked 532 nm laser. This combination of sources proves to be an ideal candidate for CARS microscopy that allows full exploitation of the coherence of the CARS process [1]. We have demonstrated the usefulness of this system for microscopy with chemical sensitivity by imaging samples that containing mixtures of PMMA and polystyrene spheres (figure 1).

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Figure 1: CARS selective imaging of a mixture of PMMA (A) and Polystyrene (B) spheres (4µm). Panel (C) shows the combined images and (D) shows the distinct vibrational transitions [1].

By combining confocal microscopy and Scanning Near field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), we have characterized the emission from single quantum dots. We have improved existing data analysis [2], making it more accurate and faster. Using the Photon Scanning Tunneling Microscope (PSTM) developed in-house, we have measured the phase shift of evanescent waves on glass and metal interfaces directly. We have modeled and studied plasmonic negative refractive index effects SNOM imaging. Coherent control Coherent control aims to manipulate molecular dynamics by exploiting quantum interference effects. By applying a phase pattern to the spectrum of an ultrashort optical pulse, the spectral components of the pulse can be shifted in time to create an “optical melody” (figure 2). Such an optical melody can be tuned to the specific electronic and vibrational response of a given molecule. In this way, pulses can be synthesized that are highly selective for particular substances or molecules. The combination of CARS microscopy and pulse shaping offers new opportunities for chemically-selective imaging and protein detection.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] M. Jurna, J. P. Korterik, H. L. Offerhaus and C. Otto “Noncritical phasematched lithium triborate optical parametric oscillator for high resolution coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy and microscopy” Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 (25), pp. 251116-1 - 251116-3 (2006). [2] J.P. Hoogenboom, W.K. den Otter, and H.L. Offerhaus, "Accurate and unbiased estimation of power-law exponents from single-emitter blinking data" J. Chem. Phys. 125(20) pp. 204713-1 - 204713-12 (2006).

Figure 2: Femtosecond pulse shaping, as analogous to creating optical melodies. In the unshaped pulse, all colors arrive at the same time. The pulse shaper shifts the phase and adjusts the amplitude of different frequency components, resulting in a complex pattern in time.

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P C F

PHYSICS OF COMPLEX FLUIDS Oil entrainment at moving contact lines

The goal of the Physics of Complex Fluids (PCF) group is to understand and control the structure and the mechanical properties of liquids on small scales ranging from a few nanometers to many micrometers. Our activities are subdivided in three categories: i) nanofluidics, ii) (electro)wetting & microfluidics, iii) soft matter mechanics. In nanofluidics we are interested in the range of validity of classical hydrodynamics and in its breakdown upon approaching molecular scales. In microfluidics we make use of the electrowetting effect to control the shape, the motion, and the generation of microdrops. These processes involve various challenging fundamental issues, such as contact angle hysteresis, the dynamics of contact lines, and hydrodynamic singularities. In soft matter mechanics, we are interested in the correlation between the internal structure of various types of complex fluids ranging from colloidal suspensions to living cells and their viscous and elastic properties. The PCF group contributes to the SRO’s MesoFluidics and Cell-Stress.

Figure 1: Schematic setup with water drop (green) in oil bath (blue). Upon applying a voltage U, the drop spreads and the drop-substrate interface is visualized through the transparent substrate using a microscope objective (MO) and interference techniques. Lower part: schematic zoom to the contact line.

In order to move liquid drops, one has to overcome both viscous dissipation within the moving drop as well as pinning and dissipation along the moving edge of the drop, the three-phase contact line. The smaller the drops, the more important the contribution due to contact line friction. Understanding the dynamics of contact lines is therefore crucial for many processes involving small drops including digital microfluidic devices, emulsification, and ink spreading in printing technology. In ref. [1], we studied the spreading dynamics of a non-wetting aqueous drop in an ambient oil medium driven by the electrowetting effect. We found that a thin oil layer is entrapped underneath the spreading water drop. The thickness of this layer is controlled by the balance of the applied electrostatic pressure and the viscosity of the oil film. This dynamic mechanism gives rise to much thicker entrapped oil layers (O(µm)) than previously expected based on equilibrium considerations. Subsequent to the entrapment, the entrapped oil films become unstable and break up into a number of small oil drops, as shown in figure 2. Figure 2: Interference microscopy snapshots of the drop-substrate interface upon drop spreading. Interference rings (t=0.1s) indicate the entrapment of an oil layer with a thickness of order µm, which breaks up into drops at a later stage (lateral scale: approx. 1mm).

40 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] Electrowetting-Induced Oil Film Entrapment and Instability, A. Staicu and F. Mugele, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 167801 (2006).

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PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF NANOELECTRONICS An atomic seesaw

The research of the group Physical aspects of NanoElectronics (PNE) is devoted to the understanding of nanometer-sized building blocks (including single or small groups of molecules) in device-based structures, that constitutes fundamental units for electronic components such as nanowires, switches, memory and gain elements. At nanometer length scales quantum phenomena start to play an important role. For low-dimensional systems one expects a wealth of exotic physical phenomena, such as non-Fermi liquid behavior, Coulomb blockade, charge-density wave condensation due to a Peierls instability, quantization of conductance etc. In order to obtain a deeper insight into the behavior of these nanoscale devices the physical, chemical and especially electronic properties are studied with high spatial resolution techniques. The dynamic behavior of surface dimers on a germanium (001) surface has been studied by positioning the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope over single flip-flopping dimers and measuring the tunneling current as a function of time. We observe that not just symmetric, but also asymmetric appearing dimers exhibit flip-flop motion. The dynamics of flip-flopping dimers can be used to sensitively gauge the local potential landscape of the surface. Through a spatial and time-resolved measurement of the flip-flop frequency of the dimers, local strain fields near surface defects can be accurately probed. The flip-flop motion of the dimers is a consequence of the presence of phase defects (socalled phasons) in the dimer registry. A phase defect-free dimer row exclusively consists of dimers that are aligned in an antiferromagnetic fashion. The flip-flop motion process is a fully random process as is evidenced by a Poisson distribution of the residence time of a dimer in one of its two (meta)stable configurations. The spatial dependence of the flipflop frequency near surface defects reveals a logarithmically decaying repulsive interaction between the diffusing phasons and the surface defects. We suggest that this logarithmically decaying interaction arises due to the presence of strain fields in the vicinity of surface defects.

Figure 1: Scanning tunneling miroscope image of a germanium (001) surface (10 nm x 10 nm). The surface consists of surface dimers which are aligned into dimer rows. Dimer row A is comprised of symmetric appearing dimers, whereas dimer row B is comprised of asymmetric dimers (see inset for a side view of an asymmetric dimer).

Figure 2: A scanning tunneling microscope image (5 nm x 5 nm) of a germanium (001) surface. The image consists of ‘noisy’ and ‘noise-free’ areas. The noisy appearance (telegraph noise in the tunneling current) is due to the flip-flop motion of the dimers between its two buckled configurations during imaging. Please note that the noisy appearance is only observed in the proximity of surface defects (encircled areas).

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] A. van Houselt, R. van Gastel, B. Poelsema and H.J.W. Zandvliet, Dynamics and energetics of Ge(001) dimers, Physical Review Letters 97, 266104 (2006).

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PHYSICS OF FLUIDS Summary of nanofluidics activities 2006

The Physics Of Fluids (POF) group is studying various flow phenomenona, in particular those related with bubbles. We use both experimental, theoretical, and numerical techniques. Our main research areas are: • Turbulence and Two-Phase Flow • Granular Flow • Micro- and Nanofluidics • Biomedical Application of Bubbles In the context of MESA+, the Physics of Fluids group dealt with the behavior of surface nanobubbles, gas accumulation in liquids close to surfaces, and superhydrophobic surfaces. The micrometer scale is not at all the threshold for the application of the concepts from fluid dynamics: one can go down to even smaller scales, namely, to nanofluidics. A crucial question in nanofluidics is on the nature of the boundary conditions. On large length scales the no-slip boundary conditions are well established for hundreds of years: the fluid velocity at the wall is zero. On nanoscale this seems to be different. The fluid seems to have finite velocity at the wall, quantified by the so-called slip-length. For micro- and nanofluidic applications a large slip-length is very advantageous. It reduces the hydrodynamic resistance of a pipe, which otherwise increases with the fourth power of the decreasing (inverse) radius, eventually making any fluid dynamical application impossible. What is the origin of the finite slip on the surface? This is unfortunately still unknown. It is speculated that the slip may be connected with surface nanobubbles: If there is thin gas layer in between the liquid and the wall, the impression of larger slip can arise. The reason for this of course is that a gas layer allows for much larger velocity gradients. Indeed, atomic force microscopy (AFM) images reveal structures of some nanometer thickness and typical diameters of 100 nm. These structures have been associated with surface nanobubbles. However, it is not understood why they are stable and when exactly they occur, and they are a field of active research.

With the help of AFM imaging and in collaboration with the Solid State Physics (SSP) group, we have quantitatively characterized the appearance, stability, density, and shape of surface nanobubbles on hydrophobic surfaces under varying conditions such as temperature and temperature variation, gas type and concentration, surfactants, and surface treatment. We have also performed molecular dynamics simulations in order to find out why and when gas accumulates at liquid-wall interfaces, favoring the formation of surface nanobubbles. We stress that both the gas accumulation at the wall and the surface nanobubbles affect the optical properties of the liquid-wall interface. Next, we examined bubble nucleation at surfaces. Bubble nucleation at surfaces is a poorly understood phenomenon. We did visualization experiments at structured hydrophobic surfaces and compared the results with model calculations, in particular focusing on bubble-bubble interactions. It is demonstrated that in the many bubble case the bubble collapse is delayed due to shielding effects.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] Gas-enrichment at liquid-wall interfaces, Stephan Dammer and Detlef Lohse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 206101 (2006). [2] Controlled multi-bubble surface cavitation, Nicolas Bremond, Manish Arora, Claus-Dieter Ohl, and Detlef Lohse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 224501 (2006). [3] Surface cleaning from laserinduced cavitation bubbles, Claus-Dieter Ohl, Manish Arora, Rory Dijkink, and Detlef Lohse, Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 074102 (2006). [4] Interaction of cavitation bubbles on a wall, Nicolas Bremond, Manish Arora, Stefan Dammer, and Detlef Lohse, Phys. Fluids 18, 121505 (2006).

Figure 1: Comparison between experiment and simulation of the cavitation of two bubbles initially set at as distance d equal 200 µm subjected to a minimum pressure of -1.4 MPa. The cavitation bubbles originate from etched microholes on the hydrophobized silicon substrate. The time of the snapshots is indicated on the right hand side. Taken from ref. [4].

Figure 2: (color) Density profiles for droplets at walls, to characterize their hydrophobicity through the contact angle. Tunning the microscopic attraction between liquid molecules and wall molecules affects the macroscopic contact angle θ. Left: hydrophilic case. Right: hydrophobic case with a weaker liquidwall interaction potential. Taken from ref. [1].

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S Te H P S / C E P T E S Societal, Ethical and Philosophical Aspects

SEPA-NST aims at understanding the nature of nano-sciences and technologies (NST), the dynamics of their development and embedding in society, the ethical issues related to technological developments, and the possibilities to modulate these various developments. This is a collaboration between STeHPS (MB) and CEPTES (GW). STeHPS - Science, Technology, Health and Policy Studies - is the social science research group that considers in particular strategic issues that are multidisciplinary. They involve developments in science, technology, politics and society, as well as interaction between them. Studies conducted within STeHPS link analytical and normative perspectives, and consider not only technological innovations but also innovations in governance. CEPTES - the Center for Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Science - of the Philosophy Department of the University of Twente, aims to promote scholarship and research in the philosophy of technology and engineering science, and to encourage scholarly exchanges between philosophy, engineering science, and social science. CEPTES aims at bridging the gulf between the humanities and engineering sciences, and at developing and disseminating a philosophical understanding of technology and engineering science and their impact on society. Mutually related themes that are covered within SEPA-NST are: • Constructive technology assessment of NST. This is an attempt to introduce broaderconsiderations into scientific and technological developments at an early stage, when the technologies are still under consideration. • Societal embedding, images and imaginaries, issues of risk and acceptance. • Challenges of NST to philosophy of science. Einstein, Bohr and Mach were not only great physicists; they also raised philosophical issues relevant to science. These were about proper scientific methodology, the physical interpretation of theories, and how we have access to knowledge about the world. Today, these questions are still important, and also new questions need to be asked. How can we assess the quality of scientific research? Can we specify methodological approaches in the engineering sciences? How are scientific research and technological innovation related? Why is it so difficult to work multi- or inter-disciplinary. How are societal values to be embedded in scientific research? A new philosophical approach has been taken, called philosophy of science in practice, with emphasis on how science is actually done. Of particular interest are methods for constructing models, for the use of instruments, and for merging causal-mechanistic and mathematical approaches. • Valorisation, entrepreneurship, science and innovation policy.

Figure 1: Overview SEPA-NST

43 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] Mieke Boon, 2006. How Science is applied in Technology, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol 20 (1), pp. 27-47.

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SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS Miniature radiation detectors

The research program of Semiconductor Components (SC) deals with silicon technology and integrated-circuit devices. The research comprises thin film deposition and lowtemperature processing; the integration of new components (such as silicon LED’s and elementary particle detectors) into CMOS; and advanced device modeling. The group has strong ties with Philips, ASM International, and the CTIT-group IC-design, and is involved in the SRO nano-electronics. The Dutch Technology Foundation STW is its main funding source. In a VICI project, granted by STW in 2004, the group explores new microsystem technologies, where CMOS is post-processed (at wafer level) to create added functions, such as nuclear radiation imaging. One of the envisaged new microsystems is a miniaturized multiwire proportional chamber. This famous detector by Georges Charpak (Nobel Prize 1992) allows to register the position of ionizing radiation, and finds application in physics research, medical imaging and professional instrumentation. It conventionally is built of high-voltage electrodes, connected to discrete electronic preamplifiers. Our proposed microsystem combines the high voltage electrodes and the electronic preamplifiers all in one microsystem. The principle of operation of the detector is still the same, however, it is built in a completely different manner. We use microfabrication technology, offering superior dimensional control as well as materials purity, with scalability towards mass production. Prototyping is done in the MESA+ Cleanroom. The detector prototypes are designed, realized and tested in close collaboration with NIKHEF in Amsterdam. Figure 1 shows one implementation of a high-voltage electrode geometry. Such a geometry is to be realized on top of a fully functional CMOS microchip. Tests have shown that gas amplification takes place, as predicted, with superior energy resolution. High count rate capability is also shown, orders of magnitude beyond the capability of wire chambers. In a recent experiment, a new microchip (the so-called TimePix chip developed at CERN) was successfully employed. With this chip, three-dimensional images of ionizing radiation ("cosmic rays") were recorded - challenging the capabilities of silicon detectors in many application domains.

44 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] M. Chefdeville et al., An electron-multiplying ‘Micromegas’ grid made in silicon wafer postprocessing technology, Nuclear Instruments And Methods A556 (2006) pp. 490-494. [2] V. M. Blanco Carballo et al., A Miniaturized Multiwire Proportional Chamber using CMOS Wafer Scale PostProcessing, Proceedings ESSDERC 2006, pp. 129-132.

Figure 1: Three punctured aluminum electrodes, suspended on top of a silicon wafer using SU8 pillars. When voltages of a few hundred volts are applied to the electrodes, ionizing radiation is detected by the chip inside the silicon wafer.

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SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Transfer printing of biomolecules

The Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology (SMCT) group investigates the selfassembly of molecules into functional nanoscale structures. Fields of applications of such noncovalent assemblies are nanotechnology, sensor technology, and nuclear waste treatment. Current topics include: supramolecular chemistry at interfaces, multivalency in self-assembly, nanolithography, nanoelectronics, single molecule chemistry, fluorescent sensor arrays, lab-on-a-chip, and ligands for radionuclei. Most of these projects are related to nanotechnology as they strive for the control over the preparation, strength, and positioning of individual molecules and supramolecular assemblies. Recent achievements are: “click” chemistry by microcontact printing [1], supramolecular liquid crystals, supramolecular tunnel junctions prepared by metal nanotransfer, fluorescent patterns made by metal ion printing, and supramolecular capsules held together by triple ions.

Controlling cell positioning and adhesion on surfaces is of interest in fundamental cell biology, tissue engineering, biosensor development, and bioelectronics. One particularly versatile approach to control cell attachment and patterning is the physical or chemical adsorption of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins to selected areas of a substrate. ECM proteins are cytophilic in the sense that cells preferentially adhere to any surface coated with these proteins. We have developed a simple approach to the covalent immobilization of cytophilic proteins by microcontact printing that can be used to pattern cells on surfaces. Cytophilic proteins are printed in micropatterns on reactive self-assembled monolayers using imine chemistry [2]. An aldehyde-terminated monolayer on glass or on gold was used as a substrate for the direct microcontact printing of bio-engineered, collagen-like proteins using an oxidized poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamp. After immobilization of the proteins into adhesive “islands”, the remaining areas were blocked with aminopolyethylene glycol, which forms a layer that is resistant to cell adhesion. Human malignant carcinoma (HeLa) cells were seeded and incubated onto the patterned substrate. It was found that these cells adhere and spread selectively on the protein islands, while avoiding the poly(ethylene glycol) zones (figure 1). These findings illustrate the importance of microcontact printing as a method for positioning proteins at surfaces and demonstrate the scope of controlled surface chemistry to direct cell adhesion.

Figure 1: Patterns of HeLa cells obtained by microcontact printing of protein col3a1 in 100 micron dots.

Figure 2: Dot pattern of Cy5-labeled oligonucleotides obtained by microcontact printing.

Currently we are extending this work to the patterning of DNA and oligonucleotides. DNA can be printed efficiently by using modified stamps and reactive substrates (figure 2). In this way, we intend to prepare and replicate DNA microarrays with a high and homogeneous probe density [3]. The work on cell patterning is the result of a new collaboration between three Nanofabrication teams in Twente and Wageningen. This work was supported by NanoImpuls/NanoNed, the Nanotechnology program of the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] Rozkiewicz, D.I.; Janczewski, D.; Verboom, W.; Ravoo, B.J.; Reinhoudt, D.N. ”Click” chemistry by microcontact printing. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 5292-5296. [2] Rozkiewicz, D.I.; Kraan, Y.; Werten, M.W.T.; de Wolf, F.A.; Subramaniam, V.; Ravoo, B.J.; Reinhoudt, D.N. Covalent microcontact printing of proteins for cell patterning. Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 6290-6297. [3] Rozkiewicz, D.I.; Reinhoudt, D.N.; Ravoo, B.J. European Patent Application 05077749.9.

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S O L I D S TAT E P H Y S I C S Collective optical properties of silver nanocrystal arrays

The research of the Solid State Physics (SSP) group focuses on the preparation and physical properties of materials in reduced dimensions. It incorporates surface science based methods to exercise control over materials on the nanometer scale, a search for new properties resulting from that size, and the (further) development of adequate research tools. Our research aims at providing fundamental principles for future application in nanotechnology. A broad spectrum of surface and interface features and properties is studied, using ultra-sensitive laterally averaging probes as well as techniques with high spatial resolution. Materials of potential interest for future applications inspire the choice of subjects. Potential applications include nano(opto)electronic and nano-magnetic devices and truly new materials, all based on improved understanding of the underlying physics and chemistry on the atomic and molecular scale. Our studies range from state-of-the-art ultra-high-vacuum based, curiosity driven experiments to strategic ones under ambient conditions. The optical properties of noble metal nanoparticles are characterized by a strong absorption in the visible range of the spectrum, arising from a collective oscillation of all free electrons within the particles. The dielectric function of the particle material determines the resonance energy of this localized surface plasmon. This energy can be tuned by changing the shape and/or the dielectric environment of the nanoparticles. The ability to tune the resonance energy is of importance for plasmonic and sensor applications. Hexagonally close-packed arrays of silver nanocrystals (figure 1) provide a further means to gain influence on the resonance energy. The interaction among neighbouring nanoparticles within the array differs for the directions parallel and perpendicular to the nanocrystals film. This results in an effective particle polarizability with a different resonance energy in these two directions (figure 2). Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we have studied these collective effects. The experimental results are well described with a model that incorporates collective effects and enables to identify the parameters governing the optical properties of the arrays. We concluded that the measured optical response is similar to that of an assembly of isolated particles with a strongly deformed oblate shape. A decreasing interparticle distance within the array (figure 2) increases the mutual interaction. The effective “optical” shape of the particles becomes more deformed, leading to a larger resonance peak splitting.

46 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] H. Wormeester, A.I. Henry, E.S. Kooij, B. Poelsema and M.P. Pileni, Ellipsometric identification of collective optical properties of silver nanocrystal arrays Journal of Chemical Physics 124 (2006) 204713.

Figure 1: Transmission electron microscopy image of hexagonally ordered self-assembled silver nanocrystal array. The array is formed by dropcasting of a dodecanethiol-stabilised silver nanocrystal suspension on a graphite surface. The inset shows a schematic representation of the model used to describe the optical spectra in terms of interacting dipolar entities.

Figure 2: The optical response of interacting silver nanocrystals in hexagonally ordered arrays can be described in terms of an effective elastic deformation of the nanoparticles of the spherical particles into oblate entities. This leads to a splitting of the single-particle polarizability α(black) into components parallel (red) and perpendicular (blue) to the substrate. The magnitude of the interaction, and therewith the splitting of the plasmon resonance peaks, is determined by the particle-particle distance r0 of the nanocrystals (radius a) within the array. The deformed “optical” shape of the particle for the silver nanocrystals array is illustrated by the dashed shape.

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TRANSDUCER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Probes for scanning probe microscopy and recording

The Transducer Science and Technology (TST) group has a history and focus on microelectro-mechanical sensors and actuators (MEMS). An extensive technological research program and the versatile high quality MESA+ cleanroom facilities allow the group to fabricate and investigate transducers off the beaten paths offered e.g. through foundry processes. Based on micro and nanotechnology, applications are clustered around Sensors, Actuators and Microfluidics. Nanotechnology is particularly important for the fabrication of advanced probes for scanning probe microscopy. Silicon bulk micromachining, either by wet anisotropic etching or reactive ion beam etching, allows us to realize large numbers of flexible cantilevers, on which various types of probe tips can be produced. Rather than using nanolithography, the smallers features are defined by clever tricks. One example is the CantiClever, which uses deposition of Co on the side of a free etched silicon-nitride plane to define a thin magnetic wire (figure 1). The point of the tip has to be extremely sharp. This is achieved by a double lithography and etching step, in which a blunt silicon-nitride tip produced in the first lithography step is cut by means of a chromium etch mask. The dimensions of the tip are completely defined by layer thicknesses, which can be accurately controlled by deposition times. Tip planes as thin as 20 nm with Co coatings down to 15 nm have been realized. The very thin silicon-nitride plane is supported by a thicker support plane (light yellow part in figure 1). With this tip, magnetic imaging has been performed at a resolution of 20 nm. Another example of using microscale lithography to produce nano-scale features is shown in figure 2. This tip is realized by covering an anisotropically etched silicon pit by a silicon-nitride layer, which is than partly eched away. Due to the conformity in the layer deposition and the selective isotropic etching technique, only material in the corners of the silicon pit remain. After removal of the silicon, an open structure remains. Before removal of the silicon, the pit can be filled with other materials to realize composite tips. The technique has been used to realize nanostructures as small as 17 nm (figure 3).

Figure 1: Free standing 50 nm silicon-nitride probe tip with a tip radius below 50 nm (above), which can be coated with a 15 nm Co layer on the side of the plane (below) to produce a magnetic wire for Magnetic Force Microscopy.

Figure 2: Probe tip realized by the corner lithography technology. The open wire structure can have a wire diameter down to 60 nm.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] Sarajlic E., Berenschot E., Krijnen G., Elwenspoek M., Fabrication of 3D nanowire frames by conventional micromachining technology, Digest of Technical Papers - International Conference on Solid State Sensors and Actuators and Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS '05. 2005;1:27-30. [2]. Deladi S., Tas N.R., Berenschot J.W., Krijnen G.J.M., De Boer M.J., De Boer J.H., et al, Micromachined fountain pen for atomic force microscope-based nanopatterning, Applied Physics Letters, 2004, 85(22):5361-3. [3] Van den Bos A., Heskamp I., Siekman M., Abelmann L., Lodder C., The CantiClever: A dedicated probe for magnetic force microscopy, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 2002, 38(5 I):2441-3. [4] Phillips G.N., Siekman M., Abelmann L., Lodder J.C., High resolution magnetic force microscopy using focused ion beam modified tips, Applied Physics Letters, 2002, 81(5):865.

Figure 3: Free standing nanowire with a diameter of only 17 nm, produced by corner lithography.

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P U B L I C A T I O N S

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PHD-THESES Altena, G. (2006, juni 07). Evanescent field sensing in hybrid integrated optical MEMS devices. UT University of Twente (179 pag.) (Enschede, The Netherlands: G. Altena). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. P.V. Lambeck, & Dr. H.J.W.M. Hoekstra. ■ Ashima sah, A.S. (2006, maart 03). Chemically Modified Ceramic Membranes-Study of Structural and Transport Properties. UT Universiteit Twente (101 pag.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank, & Dr.ir. J.E. ten Elshof. ■ Bankras, R.G. (2006, november 01). In-situ RHEED and characterization of ALD AI2O3 gate dielectrics. UT University of Twente (172 pag.) (Enschede, The Netherlands: MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. J. Schmitz, & Dr. J. Holleman. ■ Barisonzi, M. (2006, mei 31). Mass measurements of the top quark in electroweak production channels at ATLAS. UT Universiteit Twente (170 pag.). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ing. B. van Eijk, & Dr.ir. J.C. Vermeulen. ■ Basabe desmonts, M.L. (2006, januari 13). Fluorescent self-assembled monolayers as new sensing materials. UT Universiteit Twente (195 pag.) (Zutphen, Nederland: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, & Dr. M. Crego Calama. ■ Crespo biel, O. (2006, februari 10). Nanofabrication of two- and three-dimensional structures by multivalent supramolecular interactions. UT Universiteit Twente (201 pag.) (Zuthpen: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Prof.dr.ir. J. Huskens, & Dr. B.J. Ravoo. ■ Dekker, R. (2006, december 22). All-optical Processes in Integrated Optical Devices Using Materials with Large Third-Order Nonlinearities and Gain. UT University of Twente (227 pag.) (Amersfoort, The Netherlands: R. Dekker). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. A. Driessen. ■ Dijk, F.R. van (2006, april 28). An electrochemical and STM study of Cu(001) in contact with aqueous chloride and cobalt solutions. UT Universiteit Twente (123 pag.) (Enschede, the Netherlands: Solid State Physics Group, University of Twente). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema. ■ Dirks, B. (2006, november 23). Study and modelling of the new generation Cd(Zn)Te X- and gammaray detectors for space applications. UT Universiteit Twente / University Paris 7 (164 pag.) (Paris: RICOH). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ing. B. van Eijk, & F. Lebrun. ■ Dziomkina, N. (2006, april 06). Polymer Colloidal Crystals: Synthesis and Template-Assisted Fabrication with Controlled Structure and Orientation. UT Universiteit Twente (181 pag.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. G.J. Vancso. ■ Faber, E.J. (2006, maart 16). Toward the hybrid organic semiconductor FET (HOSFET) electrical and electrochemical characterization of functionalized and unfunctionalized, covalently bound organic monolayers on silicon surfaces. Univ. of Twente (222 pag.) (Enschede: Febodruk B.V.). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. A. van den Berg, & Dr.ir. W. Olthuis. ■ Galca, A.C. (2006, juli 12). Ellipsometric studies of anisotropic nanoscaled media. UT Universiteit Twente (134 pag.) (Enschede, the Netherlands: Solid State Physics Group, University of Twente). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema. ■ Gokcan, H. (2006, juli 13). Magnetotransport of hot electrons and holes in the spin-valve transistor. Univ. of Twente (126 pag.) (Zutphen: Wohrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. J.C. Lodder, & Dr. R. Jansen. ■ Götz, S. (2006, september 01). Quantitative wavelenght-resolved fluorescence detection for microchip capillary electrophoresis. UT Universiteit Twente. Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. U. Karst. ■ Hallbäck, A.S.V.M. (2006, september 21). On the physical properties of organic molecules on surfaces: Decanethiol self assembled monolayers on gold and oxygen radicals on silicon. UT Universiteit Twente (137 pag.) (Enschede, the Netherlands: Solid State Physics Group, University of Twente). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema, & Prof.dr.ir. H.J.W. Zandvliet. ■ Haneveld, J. (2006, januari 20). Nanochannel fabrication and characterization using bond micromachining. UT Universiteit Twente (151 pag.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek, Dr.ir. H.V. Jansen, & Dr.ir. N.R. Tas. ■ Henneken, H.. Sampling strategies for the analysis of reactive low-molecular weight compounds in air. UT Universiteit Twente. Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. U. Karst. ■

PUBLICATIONS

Huijben, M. (2006, april 28). Interface Engineering for Oxide Electronics. Tuning electronic properties by atomically controlled growth. UT Universiteit Twente (184 pag.) (Zutphen: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof. H. Hilgenkamp, Prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank, & Dr.ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders. ■ Huisstede, J.H.G. (2006, april 20). Scanning Probe Optical Tweezers: a new tool to study DNAprotein interactions. UT Universiteit Twente (132 pag.) (Enschede: Febodruk BV). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. V. Subramaniam, & Dr.ir. M.L. Bennink. ■ Jong, B.R. de (2006, november 03). A six degrees of freedom mems manipulator. UT University of Twente (201 pag.) (Enschede: Twente University Press). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek, Prof.ir. H.M.J.R. Soemers, & Dr.ir. G.J.M. Krijnen. ■ Karakaya, K. (2006, april 20). CeO2 and HfO2 High-K Gate Dielectrics by Pulsed Laser Deposition from binary oxides to nanolaminates. UT Universiteit Twente (139 pag.) (Zutphen: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank, & Dr.ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders. ■ Khomyakov, P.A. (2006, mei 11). Electronic transport through nanowires: a real-space finitedifference approach. UT Universiteit Twente (135 pag.) (Enschede: Febodruk BV). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. P.J. Kelly, & Dr. G. Brocks. ■ Koopman, M. (2006, april 21). Nanoscale cell membrane organization : a near-field optical view. UT Universiteit Twente (142 pag.) (Enschede: Printpartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. N.F. van Hulst. ■ Murillo Vallejo, R. (2006, april 12). Magnetic media patterned by laser interference lithography. UT Universiteit Twente (142 pag.) (Zuthpen: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. J.C. Lodder, & Dr.ir. L. Abelmann. ■ Nijhuis, C.A. (2006, november 03). Redox-active dendrimers at molecular printboards. UT Universiteit Twente (160 pag.) (Zutphen: Wöhrmann Printservice). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, & Prof.dr.ir. J. Huskens. ■ Nikolaev, I. (2006, november 02). Spontaneous-emission rates of quantum dots and dyes controlled with photonic crystals. UT Universiteit Twente (137 pag.) (Enschede, The Netherlands). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. W.L. Vos. ■ Oshovsky, G. (2006, maart 23). Cavitand-based anion receptors and self-assembled (hemi)capsules in polar competitive media. UT Universiteit Twente (166 pag.). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, & Dr. W. Verboom. ■ Ovsyanko, M.M. (2006, februari 23). Ion sculpting of Cu(001). UT Universiteit Twente (142 pag.) (Enschede, the Netherlands: Solid State Physics Group, University of Twente). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema. ■ Ran, S. (2006, juni 16). Ceramic Composites of 3Y-TZP Doped with CuO: Processing, Microstructure and Tribology. UT Universiteit Twente (123 pag.) (Enschede: Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank, & Dr. A.J.A. Winnubst. ■ Sharpe, R.B.A. (2006, januari 12). Controlling mass transport in microcontact printing. UT Universiteit Twente (129 pag.) (Zutphen: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, & Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema. ■ Shunmugavel, K. Ir. (2006, oktober 13). Rapid Single Flux Quantum Logic in High Temperature Superconductor Technology. UT Universiteit Twente (99 pag.) (Enschede: Ipskamp Printpartners). Prom./coprom.: Prof. H. Rogalla, & Dr.ir. A. Brinkman. ■ Sopaheluwakan, A. (2006, december 14). Characterization and Simulation of localized stated in Optical Structures. Universiteit Twente (128 pag.) (Enschede: Wohrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. E. van Groesen. ■ Spijksma, G.I. (2006, januari 20). Modification of zirconium and hafnium alkoxides; the effect of molecular structure on derived materials. UT Universiteit Twente (251 pag.) (Enschede: Febodruk BV). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank, V.G. Kessler, & Dr. H.J.M. Bouwmeester. ■ Sturm, J.M. (2006, juli 13). Oxide growth on silicon: interface formation and nanoscale electrical properties. UT Universiteit Twente (161 pag.) (Enschede, the Netherlands: Solid State Physics Group, University of Twente). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema. ■

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Susanto, H. (2006, januari 19). Josephson Junctions with Pase Shifts, Stability Analysis of Fractional Fluxons. UT Universiteit Twente (130 pag.) (Zuthpen: Wohrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. S.A. van Gils. ■ Talanana, M. (2006, juli 12). Spin transport from first-principles: metallic multilayers and a model spin-valve transistor. UT Universiteit Twente (161 pag.) (Enschede: Febodruk BV). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. P.J. Kelly. ■ Tocha, E. (2006, april 27). Bridging Lenght and Time Scales by AFM-Based Nanotribology: Applications to Nanostructured Ceramics and Polymer Surfaces. UT Universiteit Twente (195 pag.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr. G.J. Vancso. ■ Valero, A. (2006, oktober 12). Single cell electroporation on chip. Univ. of Twente (209 pag.) (Zutphen: Wohrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. A. van den Berg, & S.M.H. Andersson. ■ Vonk, V. (2006, juni 07). Growth and Structure of Complex Oxide Thin Films. UT Universiteit Twente (159 pag.) (Zutphen: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof. H. Rogalla, Dr.ir. H. Graafsma, & Dr. S. Harkema. ■ Wouden, E.J. van der (2006, december 15). Field effect control of electro-osmotic flow in microfluidic networks. Univ. of Twente (204 pag.) (Zutphen: Wohrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof.dr.ir. A. van den Berg, & Dr. J.G.E. Gardeniers. ■

ACADEMIC JOURNAL REFEREED (RANKED BY IMPACT FACTOR) Ortlepp, T; Ariando; Mielke, O; Verwijs, CJM; Foo, KFK; Rogalla, H; Uhlmann, FH; Hilgenkamp, H, Flip-flopping fractional flux quanta, SCIENCE 312 (2006) 1495 – 1497 ■ Boukamp, BA, Anodes sliced with ions, NATURE MATERIALS 5(7) (2006) 517 – 518 ■ Huijben, M; Rijnders, G; Blank, DHA; Bals, S; Van Aert, S; Verbeeck, J; Van Tendeloo, G; Brinkman, A; Hilgenkamp, H, Electronically coupled complementary interfaces between perovskite band insulators, NATURE MATERIALS 5 (2006) 556 - 560 ■ Ma, YJ; Dong, WF; Hempenius, MA; Mohwald, H; Vancso, GJ, Redox-controlled molecular permeability of composite-wall microcapsules, NATURE MATERIALS 5 (2006) 724 - 729 ■ Min, BC; Motohashi, K; Lodder, C; Jansen, R, Tunable spin-tunnel contacts to silicon using lowwork-function ferromagnets, NATURE MATERIALS 5 (2006) 817 - 822 ■ Kirtley, JR; Tsuei, CC; Ariando, A; Verwijs, CJM; Harkema, S; Hilgenkamp, H, Angle-resolved phasesensitive determination of the in-plane gap symmetry in YBa2Cu3O7-delta, NATURE PHYSICS 2 (2006) 190 - 194 ■ Ludden, MJW; Reinhoudt, DN; Huskens, J, Molecular printboards: versatile platforms for the creation and positioning of supramolecular assemblies and materials, CHEMICAL SOCIETY REVIEWS 35 (2006) 1122 - 1134 ■ Nibbering, NMM, Four decades of joy in mass spectrometry, MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 25 (2006) 962 - 1017 ■ Brataas, A; Bauer, GEW; Kelly, PJ, Non-collinear magnetoelectronics, PHYSICS REPORTS-REVIEW SECTION OF PHYSICS LETTERS 427 (2006) 157 - 255 ■ Freitag, M; Tsang, JC; Kirtley, J; Carlsen, A; Chen, J; Troeman, A; Hilgenkamp, H; Avouris, P, Electrically excited, localized infrared emission from single carbon nanotubes, NANO LETTERS 6 (2006) 1425 - 1433 ■ Le Gac, S; Vermes, I; van den Berg, A, Quantum dots based probes conjugated to annexin V for photostable apoptosis detection and imaging, NANO LETTERS 6 (2006) 1863 - 1869 ■ Sharpe, RBA; Titulaer, BJF; Peeters, E; Burdinski, D; Huskens, J; Zandvliet, HJW; Reinhoudt, DN; Poelsema, B, Edge transfer lithography using alkanethiol inks, NANO LETTERS 6 (2006) 1235 - 1239 ■ van Houselt, A; Oncel, N; Poelsema, B; Zandvliet, HJW, Spatial mapping of the electronic states of a one-dimensional system, NANO LETTERS 6 (2006) 1439 - 1442 ■ Piermattei, A; Giesbers, M; Marcelis, ATM; Mendes, E; Picken, SJ; Crego-Calama, M; Reinhoudt, DN, Induction of liquid crystallinity by self-assembled molecular boxes, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIEINTERNATIONAL EDITION 45 (2006) 7543 - 7546 ■

PUBLICATIONS

Rozkiewicz, DI; Janczewski, D; Verboom, W; Ravoo, BJ; Reinhoudt, DN, Click chemistry by microcontact printing, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 45 (2006) 5292 - 5296 ■ Schmuhl, R; van den Berg, A; Blank, DHA; ten Elshof, JE, Surfactant-modulated switching of molecular transport in nanometer-sized pores of membrane gates, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIEINTERNATIONAL EDITION 45 (2006) 3341 - 3345 ■ Thathagar, MB, Elshof, JE ten, & Rothenberg, G, Pd nanoclusters in C-C coupling reaction: proof of leaching, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION 45(18) (2006) 2886 - 2890 ■ Basabe-Desmonts, L; Reinhoudt, DN; Crego-Calama, M, Combinatorial fabrication of fluorescent patterns with metal ions using soft lithography, ADVANCED MATERIALS 18 (2006) 1028 ■ Cheng, JY; Zhang, F; Smith, HI; Vancso, GJ; Ross, CA, Pattern registration between spherical blockcopolymer domains and topographical templates, ADVANCED MATERIALS 18 (2006) 597 ■ Spijksma, GI; Huiskes, C; Benes, NE; Kruidhof, H; Blank, DHA; Kessler, VG; Bouwmeester, HJM, Microporous zirconia-titania composite membranes derived from diethanolamine-modiried precursors, ADVANCED MATERIALS 18 (2006) 2165 ■ Zhang, WD; Phang, IY; Liu, TX, Growth of carbon nanotubes on clay: Unique nanostructured filler for high-performance polymer nanocomposites, ADVANCED MATERIALS 18 (2006) 73 - 77 ■ Antezza, M; Pitaevskii, LP; Stringari, S; Svetovoy, VB, Casimir-Lifshitz force out of thermal equilibrium and asymptotic nonadditivity, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 97 (2006) - 223203 ■ Baret, J-C; Mugele, F, Electrical discharge in capillary break-up: controlling the charge of a droplet, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) - 016106 ■ Bergmann, RPHM; Meer, RM van der; Stijnman, M, Sandtke, M; Prosperetti, A; Lohse, D;, Giant Bubble Pinch-Off, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) 154505-1-154505-4 ■ Bremond, NP, Arora, M, Ohl, CD, & Lohse, D, Controlled Multibubble Surface Cavitation, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) 224501-1 - 224501-4 ■ Catalan, G; Janssens, A; Rispens, G; Csiszar, S; Seeck, O; Rijnders, G; Blank, DHA; Noheda, B, Polar domains in lead titanate films under tensile strain, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) - 127602 ■ Dammer, SM, & Lohse, D, Gas Enrichment at Liquid-Wall Interfaces, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) 206101-1 - 206101-4 ■ Dullens, RPA, Mourad, MCD, Aarts, DGAL, Hoogenboom, JP, & Kegel, WK, Shape-induced frustration of hexagonal order in polyhedral colloids, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) 0283041 - 028304-4 ■ Eijkel, JCT; Dan, B; Reemeijer, HW; Hermes, DC; Bomer, JG; van den Berg, A, Strongly accelerated and humidity-independent drying of nanochannels induced by sharp corners, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 95 (2005) - 256107 ■ Grajcar, M; Izmalkov, A; van der Ploeg, SHW; Linzen, S; Plecenik, T; Wagner, T; Hubner, U; Il'ichev, E; Meyer, HG; Smirnov, AY; Love, PJ; van den Brink, AM; Amin, MHS; Uchaikin, S; Zagoskin, AM, Four-qubit device with mixed couplings, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) - 47006 ■ Hernando, J; van Dijk, EMHP; Hoogenboom, JP; Garcia-Lopez, JJ; Reinhoudt, DN; Crego-Calama, M; Garcia-Parajo, MF; van Hulst, NF, Effect of disorder on ultrafast exciton dynamics probed by single molecule spectroscopy, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 97 (2006) - 216403 ■ Naber, WJM; Fujisawa, T; Liu, HW; van der Wiel, WG, Surface-acoustic-wave-induced transport in a double quantum dot, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) - 136807 ■ Park, BG; Banerjee, T; Lodder, JC; Jansen, R, Opposite spin asymmetry of elastic and inelastic scattering of nonequilibrium holes injected into a ferromagnet, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 97 (2006) - 137205 ■ Sbragaglia, M, Benzi, R, Biferale, L, Succi, S, & Toschi, F, Surface Roughness-Hydrophobicity Coupling in Microchannel and Nanochannel Flows, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 97 (2006) 204503-1 - 204503-4 ■ Smilde, HJH; Golubov, AA; Ariando; Rijnders, G; Dekkers, JM; Harkema, S; Blank, DHA; Rogalla, H; Hilgenkamp, H, Admixtures to d-wave gap symmetry in untwinned YBa2Cu3O7 superconducting films measured by angle-resolved electron tunneling, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 95 (2005) - 257001 ■ Staicu, AD, & Mugele, F, Electrowetting-induced oil film entrapment and instability, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 97 (2006) 167801 ■

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Tögel, R, Luther, S, & Lohse, D, Viscosity Destabilizes Sonoluminescing Bubbles, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) 114301-1 - 114301-4 ■ Tokura, Y; van der Wiel, WG; Obata, T; Tarucha, S, Coherent single electron spin control in a slanting Zeeman field, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) - 47202 ■ van Gastel, R; Bartelt, NC; Kellogg, GL, Reversible shape transition of Pb islands on Cu(111), PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) - 36106 ■ van Nieuwstadt, JAH; Sandtke, M; Harmsen, RH; Segerink, FB; Prangsma, JC; Enoch, S; Kuipers, L, Strong modification of the nonlinear optical response of metallic subwavelength hole arrays, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 97 (2006) - 146102 ■ Xu, PX; Xia, K; Zwierzycki, M; Talanana, M; Kelly, PJ, Orientation-dependent transparency of metallic interfaces, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 96 (2006) - 176602 ■ Blum, C; Meixner, AJ; Subramaniam, V, Single oligomer spectra probe chromophore nanoenvironments of tetrameric fluorescent proteins, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 128 (2006) 8664 - 8670 ■ Cacciapaglia, R, Casnati, A, Mandolini, L, Reinhoudt, DN, Salvio, R, Sartori, A, & Ungaro, R, Catalysis of diribonucleoside monophosphate cleavage by water soluble copper(II)complexes of calix[4]arene based nitrogen ligands, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 128(37) (2006) 12322 - 12330 ■ Crespo biel, O, Lim, CW, Ravoo, BJ, Reinhoudt, DN, & Huskens, J, Expression of a supramolecular complex at a multivalent interface, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 128(51) (2006) 17024 - 17032 ■ Oshovsky, GV; Reinhoudt, DN; Verboom, W, Triple-ion interactions for the construction of supramolecular capsules, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 128 (2006) 5270 - 5278 ■ Sharpe, RBA; Burdinski, D; Huskens, J; Zandvliet, HJW; Reinhoudt, DN; Poelsema, B, Oxidized gold as an ultrathin etch resist applied in microcontact printing, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 128 (2006) 15560 - 15561 ■ Bruinink, CM; Peter, M; Maury, PA; De Boer, M; Kuipers, L; Huskens, J; Reinhoudt, DN, Capillary force lithography: Fabrication of functional polymer templates as versatile tools for nanolithography, ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 16 (2006) 1555 - 1565 ■ Feng, CL, Vancso, GJ, & Schönherr, H, Fabrication of Robust Biomolecular Patterns by Reactive Microcontact Printing on NHS Ester Containing Polymer Films, ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 16 (2006) 1306 - 1312 ■ Speets, EA; Riele, PM te, Boogaart, MAF van den, Doeswijk, LM, Ravoo, BJ, Rijnders, AJHM, Brugger, JP, Reinhoudt, DN, & Blank, DHA, Formation of metal nano- and micro-patterns on selfassembled monolayers using pulsed laser deposition through nanostencils and electroless deposition, ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 16 (2006) 1337 - 1743 ■ Valsesia, A; Colpo, P; Meziani, T; Bretagnol, F; Lejeune, M; Rossi, F; Bouma, A; Garcia-Parajo, M, Selective immobilization of protein clusters on polymeric nanocraters, ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 16 (2006) 1242 - 1246 ■ Cambi, A; Joosten, B; Koopman, M; de Lange, F; Beeren, I; Torensma, R; Fransen, JA; GarciaParajo, M; van Leeuwen, FN; Figdor, CG, Organization of the integrin LFA-1 in nanoclusters regulates its activity, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL 17 (2006) 4270 - 4281 ■ De Pra, M; Kok, WT; Gardeniers, JGE; Desmet, G; Eeltink, S; van Nieuwkasteele, JW; Schoenmakers, PJ, Experimental study on band dispersion in channels structured with micropillars, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 78 (2006) 6519 - 6525 ■ Henneken, H; Assink, L; de Wit, J; Vogel, M; Karst, U, Passive sampling of airborne peroxyacetic acid, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 78 (2006) 6547 - 6555 ■ Leinweber, FC; Eijkel, JCT; Bower, JG; van den Berg, A, Continuous flow microfluidic demixing of electrolytes by induced charge electrokinetics in structured electrode arrays, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 78 (2006) 1425 - 1434 ■ Schulte-Ladbeck, R; Edelmann, A; Quintas, G; Lendl, B; Karst, U, Determination of peroxide-based explosives using liquid chromatography with on-line infrared detection, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 78 (2006) 8150 - 8155 ■

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PUBLICATIONS

■ Andersson, SMH; Berg, A van den, Where are the biologists? A series of mini-reviews covering new trends in fundamental and applied research, and potential applications of miniaturised technologies, LAB ON A CHIP 6(4) (2005) 467 - 470 ■ Brivio, M; Verboom, W; Reinhoudt, DN, Miniaturized continuous flow reaction vessels: influence on chemical reactions, LAB ON A CHIP 6 (2006) 329 - 344 ■ Eijkel, JCT, & Berg, A van den, Nanotechnology for membranes, filters and sieves, LAB ON A CHIP 6(1) (2006) 19 - 23 ■ Eijkel, JCT; van den Berg, A, Active transport: a new chemical separation method?, LAB ON A CHIP 6 (2006) 597 - 600 ■ Eijkel, JCT; van den Berg, A, Young 4ever - the use of capillarity for passive flow handling in lab on a chip devices, LAB ON A CHIP 6 (2006) 1405 - 1408 ■ Jong, J de, Lammertink, RGH, & Wessling, M, Membranes and microfluidics: a review, LAB ON A CHIP 6 (2006) 1125 - 1139 ■ Kohlheyer, D; Besselink, GAJ; Schlautmann, S; Schasfoort, RBM, Free-flow zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing using a microfabricated glass device with ion permeable membranes, LAB ON A CHIP 6 (2006) 374 - 380 ■ Malsche, DMW de, Clicq, D, Eghbati, H, Fekete, V, Gardeniers, JGE, & Desmet, G, An automated injection system for sub-micron sized channels used in shear-driven-chromatography, LAB ON A CHIP 6(10) (2006) 1322 - 1327 ■ Merkerk, RO, & Berg, A van den, More than technology alone, LAB ON A CHIP 6(7) (2006) 838 - 839 ■ van Merkerk, RO; van den Berg, A, More than technology alone, LAB ON A CHIP 6 (2006) 838 - 839 ■ Wouden, EJ van der, Hermes, DC, Gardeniers, JGE, & Berg, A van den, Directional flow induced by synchronized longitudinal and zeta-potential controlling AC-electrical fields, LAB ON A CHIP 6(10) (2006) 1300 - 1305 ■ Chowdhury, SR; Witte, PT; Blank, DHA; Alsters, PL; ten Elshof, JE, Recovery of homogeneous polyoxometallate catalysts from aqueous and organic media by a mesoporous ceramic membrane without loss of catalytic activity, CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 12 (2006) 3061 - 3066 ■ Rozkiewicz, DI; Kraan, Y; Werten, MWT; de Wolf, FA; Subramaniam, V; Ravoo, BJ; Reinhoudt, DN, Covalent microcontact printing of proteins for cell patterning, CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 12 (2006) 6290 - 6297 ■ Crespo biel, O, Dordi, B, Maury, PA, Peter, M, Reinhoudt, DN, & Huskens, J, Patterned hybrid, multilayer nanostructures based on multivalent supramolecular interactions, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS 18(10) (2006) 2545 - 2551 ■ McIntosh, S; Vente, JF; Haije, WG; Blank, DHA; Bouwmeester, HJM, Oxygen stoichiometry and chemical expansion of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta measured by in situ neutron diffraction, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS 18 (2006) 2187 - 2193 ■ Ohl, CD, Arora, M, Dijkink, RJ, Jong, N de, Delius, M, & Lohse, D, Sonoporation from jetting bubbles, BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL (2006) ■ Ohl, CD, Arora, M, Ikink, RP, Jong, N de, Versluis, M, Delius, M, & Lohse, D, Sonoporation from jetting cavitation bubbles, BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 91 (2006) 4285 - 4295 ■ van Raaij, ME; Segers-Nolten, IMJ; Subramaniam, V, Quantitative morphological analysis reveals ultrastructural diversity of amyloid fibrils from alpha-synuclein mutants, BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 91 (2006) L96 - L98 ■ Korczagin, I; Lammertink, RGH; Hempenius, MA; Golze, S; Vancso, GJ, Surface nano- and microstructuring with organometallic polymers, ORDERED POLYMERIC NANOSTRUCTURES AT SURFACES 200 (2006) 91 - 117 ■ Schönherr, H; Degenhart, GH; Dordi, B; Feng, CL; Rozkiewicz, DI; Shovsky, A; Vancso, GJ, Organic and macromolecular films and assemblies as (bio)reactive platforms: From model studies on structure-reactivity relationships to submicrometer patterning, ORDERED POLYMERIC NANOSTRUCTURES AT SURFACES 200 (2006) 169 - 208

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■ Schönherr, H, Degenhart, GH, Dordi, B, Feng, CL, Rozkiewicz, DI, Shovsky, A, & Vancso, GJ, Organic and Macrolecular Films and Assemblies as(Bio)reactive Platforms: From Model Studies on Structure-Reactivity Relationships to Submicrometer Patterning, ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 200 (2006) 169 - 208 ■ Vancso, GJ; Hillborg, H; Schonherr, H, Chemical composition of polymer surfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy and complementary approaches, POLYMER ANALYSIS, POLYMER THEORY 182 (2005) 55 - 129 ■ Van Manen, HJ; Van Bruggen, R; Roos, D; Otto, C, Single-cell optical imaging of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, ANTIOXIDANTS & REDOX SIGNALING 8 (2006) 1509 - 1522 ■ Crego-Calama, M; Reinhoudt, DN; ten Cate, MGJ, Templation in noncovalent synthesis of hydrogen-bonded rosettes, TEMPLATES IN CHEMISTRY II 249 (2005) 285 - 316 ■ Carlen, ET, Weinberg, MS, Dube, CE, Zapata, AM, & Borenstein, JT, Micromachined silicon plates for sensing molecular interactions, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89(17) (2006) - 173123-1 ■ Dekkers, JM; Rijnders, G; Blank, DHA, Role of Sn doping in In2O3 thin films on polymer substrates by pulsed-laser deposition at room temperature, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88 (2006) - 151908 ■ Haq, E; Banerjee, T; Siekman, MH; Lodder, JC; Jansen, R, Excitation and spin-transport of hot holes in ballistic hole magnetic microscopy, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88 (2006) - 242501 ■ Iannuzzi, D; Deladi, S; Gadgil, VJ; Sanders, RGP; Schreuders, H; Elwenspoek, MC, Monolithic fibertop sensor for critical environments and standard applications, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88 (2006) - 53501 ■ Jurna, M, Korterik, JP, Offerhaus, HL, & Otto, C, Noncritical phase-matched lithium triborate optical parametric oscillator for high resolution coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy and microscopy, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006) 251116/1-6 ■ Laan, DC van der, Ekin, JW, Eck, HJN van, Dhallé, MMJ, Haken, B ten, Davidson, MW, & Schwartz, J, Effect of tensile strain on grain connectivity and flux pinning in Bi2Sr2Cu3Ox tapes, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88 (2006) 022511 ■ Leca, V; Blank, DHA; Rijnders, G; Bals, S; van Tendeloo, G, Superconducting single-phase Sr1xLaxCuO2 thin films with improved crystallinity grown by pulsed laser deposition, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006) - 92504 ■ Mugele, F, Baret, J-C, & Steinhauser, D, Microfluidic mixing through electrowetting-induced droplet oscillations, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88(204106) (2006) 204106-1 ■ Ohl, CD, Arora, M, Dijkink, RJ, Janve, V, & Lohse, D, Surface cleaning from laser-induced cavitation bubbles, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006) 074102-1 - 074102-3 ■ Suomalainen, S; Guina, M; Hakulinen, T; Okhotnikov, OG; Euser, TG; Marcinkevicius, S, 1 mu m saturable absorber with recovery time reduced by lattice mismatch, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 89 (2006) - 71112 ■ Ul Haq, E, Banerjee, T, Siekman, MH, Lodder, JC, & Jansen, R, Excitation and spin-transport of hot holes in ballistic hole magnetic microscopy, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 88 (2006) 242501 - 242501 ■ de Witte, PAJ; Hernando, J; Neuteboom, EE; van Dijk, EMHP; Meskers, SCJ; Janssen, RAJ; van Hulst, NF; Nolte, RJM; Garcia-Parajo, MF; Rowan, AE, Synthesis and characterization of long perylenediimide polymer fibers: From bulk to the single-molecule level, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 110 (2006) 7803 - 7812 ■ Rusu, PC; Brocks, G, Surface dipoles and work functions of alkylthiolates and fluorinated alkylthiolates on Au(111), JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 110 (2006) 22628 - 22634 ■ Sanchez Mosteiro, G ir, Dijk, EMHP van, Hernando, J, Heilamann, M, Tinnefeld, P, Sauer, M, Koberlin, F, Patting, M, Wahl, M, Erdmann, R, Hulst, NF van, & Garcia Parajo, MF, DNA-based Molecular Wires: Multiple Emission Pathways of Individual Constructs, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 110 (2006) 26349 - 26353 ■ Korczagin, I; Hempenius, MA; Fokkink, RG; Stuart, MAC; Al-Hussein, M; Bomans, PHH; Frederik, PM; Vancso, GJ, Self-assembly of poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane-b-methyl methacrylate) block copolymers in a selective solvent, MACROMOLECULES 39 (2006) 2306 - 2315

PUBLICATIONS

Spijksma, GI; Bouwmeester, HJM; Blank, DHA; Fischer, A; Henry, M; Kessler, VG, Chemistry of 2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione (Hthd) modification of zirconium and hafnium propoxide precursors, INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 45 (2006) 4938 - 4950 ■ Eiijkel, JCT; van den Berg, A, The promise of nanotechnology for separation devices - from a topdown approach to nature-inspired separation devices, ELECTROPHORESIS 27 (2006) 677 - 685 ■ Wolbers, F, Braak, PM ter, Gac, S le, Luttge, R, Andersson, H, Vermes, I, & Berg, A van den, Evaluation of the viability of HL60 cells in contact with commonly used microchip materials, ELECTROPHORESIS 27 (2006) 5073 - 5080 ■ Wolbers, F, Braak, PM ter, Le Gac, S, L ttge, R, Andersson, SMH, Vermes, I, & Berg, A van den, Viability study of HL60 cells in contact with commonly used microchip materials, ELECTROPHORESIS 27(24) (2006) 5073 - 5080 ■ Dekker, R; Driessen, A; Wahlbrink, T; Moormann, C; Niehusmann, J; Forst, M, Ultrafast Kerrinduced all-optical wavelength conversion in silicon waveguides using 1.55 mu m femtosecond pulses, OPTICS EXPRESS 14 (2006) 8336 - 8346 ■ Engelen, RJP; Sugimoto, Y; Watanabe, Y; Korterik, JP; Ikeda, N; van Hulst, NF; Asakawa, K; Kuipers, L, The effect of higher-order dispersion on slow light propagation in photonic crystal waveguides, OPTICS EXPRESS 14 (2006) 1658 - 1672 ■ Hopman, WCL; Hollink, AJF; de Ridder, RM; van der Werf, KO; Subramaniam, V; Bogaerts, W, Nano-mechanical tuning and imaging of a photonic crystal micro-cavity resonance, OPTICS EXPRESS 14 (2006) 8745 - 8752 ■ Huisstede, JHG; van der Werf, KO; Bennink, ML; Subramaniam, V, Force constant calibration corrections for silicon position detectors in the near-infrared, OPTICS EXPRESS 14 (2006) 8476 - 8481 ■ Grivas, C, Shepherd, DP, Eason, RW, Laversenne, L, Moretti, P, Borca, CN, & Pollnau, M, Roomtemperature continuous-wave operation of Ti:sapphire buried channel-waveguide lasers fabricated via proton implantation, OPTICS LETTERS 31(23) (2006) 3450 - 3452 ■ Romanyuk, YE, Borca, CN, Pollnau, M, Rivier, S, Petrov, V, & Griebner, U, Yb-doped KY(WO4)(2) planar waveguide laser, OPTICS LETTERS 31(1) (2006) 53 - 55 ■ Baret, J-C; Decre, MMJ; Mugele, F, Self-excited drop oscillations in electrowetting, LANGMUIR (2006) ■ Ebbesen, SD, Mojet, BL, & Lefferts, L, CO Adsorption and Oxidation at the Catalyst-Water Interface: An Investigation by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy, LANGMUIR 22(3) (2006) 1079 - 1085 ■ Ling, XY; Reinhoudt, DN; Huskens, J, Ferrocenyl-functionalized silica nanoparticles: Preparation, characterization, and molecular recognition at interfaces, LANGMUIR 22 (2006) 8777 - 8783 ■ Mewe, AA; Kooij, ES; Poelsema, B, Seeded-growth approach to selective metallization of microcontact-printed patterns, LANGMUIR 22 (2006) 5584 - 5587 ■ Nijhuis, CA; Sinha, JK; Wittstock, G; Huskens, J; Ravoo, BJ; Reinhoudt, DN, Controlling the supramolecular assembly of redox-active dendrimers at molecular printboards by scanning electrochemical microscopy, LANGMUIR 22 (2006) 9770 - 9775 ■ Perl, A; Peter, M; Ravoo, BJ; Reinhoudt, DN; Huskens, J, Heavyweight dendritic inks for positive microcontact printing, LANGMUIR 22 (2006) 7568 - 7573 ■ Sharpe, RBA; Burdinski, D; van der Marel, C; Jansen, JAJ; Huskens, J; Zandvliet, HJW; Reinhoudt, DN; Poelsema, B, Ink dependence of poly(dimethylsiloxane) contamination in microcontact printing, LANGMUIR 22 (2006) 5945 - 5951 ■ Tocha, E; Schönherr, H; Vancso, GJ, Quantitative nanotribology by AFM: A novel universal calibration platform, LANGMUIR 22 (2006) 2340 - 2350 ■ Crespo-Biel, O; Ravoo, BJ; Reinhoudt, DN; Huskens, J, Noncovalent nanoarchitectures on surfaces: from 2D to 3D nanostructures, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 16 (2006) 3997 - 4021 ■ Oshovsky, GV; Reinhoudt, DN; Verboom, W, Self-assembled hemicapsules with inherent functionalities: Modeling of a supramolecular electrostatic self-assembly, JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 71 (2006) 7441 - 7448 ■

M E S A

Huisstede, JHG; van Rooijen, BD; van der Werf, KO; Bennink, ML; Subramaniam, V, Dependence of silicon position-detector bandwidth on wavelength, power, and bias, OPTICS LETTERS 31 (2006) 610 - 612 ■ van der Molen, KL; Zijlstra, P; Lagendijk, A; Mosk, AP, Laser threshold of Mie resonances, OPTICS LETTERS 31 (2006) 1432 - 1434 ■ Pirozhenko, I; Lambrecht, A; Svetovoy, VB, Sample dependence of the Casimir force, NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 8 (2006) - 238 ■ van der Wiel, WG; Stopa, M; Kodera, T; Hatano, T; Tarucha, S, Semiconductor quantum dots for electron spin qubits, NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 8 (2006) - 28 ■ Ludden, MJW; Peter, M; Reinhoudt, DN; Huskens, J, Attachment of streptavidin to betacyclodextrin molecutar printboards via orthogonal, host-guest and protein-ligand interactions, SMALL 2 (2006) 1192 - 1202 ■ Nijhuis, CA; Oncel, N; Huskens, J; Zandvliet, HJW; Ravoo, BJ; Poelsema, B; Reinhoudt, DN, Roomtemperature single-electron tunneling in dendrimer-stabilized gold nanoparticles anchored at a molecular printboard, SMALL 2 (2006) 1422 - 1426 ■ Salazar, RB; Shovsky, A; Schönherr, H; Vancso, GJ, Dip-pen nanolithography on (bio)reactive monolayer and block-copolymer platforms: Deposition of lines of single macromolecules, SMALL 2 (2006) 1274 - 1282 ■ Lisowski, W; Keim, EG; van den Berg, AHJ; Smithers, MA, Thermal desorption of deuterium from modified carbon nanotubes and its correlation to the microstructure, CARBON 44 (2006) 974 - 982 ■ Castricum, HL; Mittelmeijer-Hazeleger, MC; Sah, A; ten Elshof, JE, Increasing the hydrothermal stability of mesoporous SiO2 with methylchlorosilanes - a 'structural' study, MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS 88 (2006) 63 - 71 ■ Hoogenboom, JP; den Otter, WK; Offerhaus, HL, Accurate and unbiased estimation of power-law exponents from single-emitter blinking data, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 125 (2006) - 204713 ■ Wormeester, H; Henry, AI; Kooij, ES; Poelsema, B; Pileni, MP, Ellipsometric identification of collective optical properties of silver nanocrystal arrays, JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 124 (2006) - 204713 ■ Abranyi, A; Szazdi, L; Pukanszky, B; Vancso, GJ; Pukanszky, B, Formation and detection of clay network structure in poly (propylene)/layered silicate nanocomposites, MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 27 (2006) 132 - 135 ■ Zou, S; Hempenius, MA; Schönherr, H; Vancso, GJ, Force spectroscopy of individual stimulusresponsive poly (ferrocenyldimethylsilane) chains: Towards a redox-driven macromolecular motor, MACROMOLECULAR RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 27 (2006) 103 - 108 ■ Fekete, V; Clicq, D; De Malsche, W; Gardeniers, H; Desmet, G, Detection enhancement in nano-channels using micro-machined silicon groove, JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A 1130 (2006) 151 - 157 ■ Henneken, H; Hayen, H; Vogel, M; Karst, U, Validation of a diffusive sampling method for airborne low-molecular isocyanates using 4-nitro-7-piperazinobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-impregnated filters and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A 1134 (2006) 112 - 121 ■ Vankrunkelsven, S; Clicq, D; Cabooter, D; De Malsche, W; Gardeniers, JGE; Desmet, G, Ultra-rapid separation of an angiotensin mixture in nanochannels using shear-driven chromatography, JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A 1102 (2006) 96 - 103 ■ Vrouwe, EX; Luttge, R; Olthuis, W; van den Berg, A, Rapid inorganic ion analysis using quantitative microchip capillary electrophoresis, JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A 1102 (2006) 287 - 293 ■ Crespo-Biel, O; Ravoo, BJ; Huskens, J; Reinhoudt, DN, Writing with molecules on molecular printboards, DALTON TRANSACTIONS (2006) 2737 - 2741 ■ van der Molen, KL; Mosk, AP; Lagendijk, A, Intrinsic intensity fluctuations in random lasers, PHYSICAL REVIEW A 74 (2006) - 53808 ■ Born, F, Siegel, M, Hollmann, EK, Braak, H, Golubov, A, Gusakova, DYu, & Kupriyanov, MY, Multiple 0-p transitions in SFS Josephson tunnel junctions, PHYSICAL REVIEW B CONDENSED MATTER AND MATERIALS PHYSICS 74 (2006) 140501(R) ■

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PUBLICATIONS

Brinkman, A, & Golubov, A, Crossed Andreev reflection in diffusive contacts: quasiclassical Keldysh-Usadel formalism, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 74 (2006) 214512 ■ Carbone, F, Zangrando, M, Brinkman, A, Nicolaou, A, Bondino, F, Magnano, E, Nugroho, AA, Parmigiani, F, Jarlborg, Th, & Marel, D van der, Electronic structure of MnSi: The role of electronelectron interactions, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) - 085114 ■ Chesca, B; Doenitz, D; Dahm, T; Huebener, RP; Koelle, D; Kleiner, R; Ariando; Smilde, HJH; Hilgenkamp, H, Observation of Andreev bound states in YBa2Cu3O7-x/Au/Nb ramp-type Josephson junctions, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) - 14529 ■ Fauré, M, Buzdin, AI, Golubov, A, & Kupriyanov, MY, Properties of superconductor/ferromagnet structures with spin-dependent scattering, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) 064505 ■ Huijben, J; van Houselt, A; Zandvliet, HJW; Poelsema, B, Influence of dimer buckling on dimer diffusion: A scanning tunneling microscopy study, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) - 73311 ■ Kalkman, J, Gersen, H, Kuipers, L, & Polman, A, Excitation of surface plasmons at SIO2/Ag interface by silicon quantum dots: experiment and theory, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73(7) (2006) 075317/1-8 ■ Kawabata, S, Kashiwaya, S, Asano, Y, Tanaka, Y, & Golubov, A, Macroscopic quantum dynamics of pi-junction with ferromagnetic insulators, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 74 (2006) 180502 ■ Khomyakov, PA; Brocks, G, Stability of conductance oscillations in monatomic sodium wires, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 74 (2006) - 165416 ■ Kirtley, JR; Tsuei, CC; Ariando; Smilde, HJH; Hilgenkamp, H, Antiferromagnetic ordering in arrays of superconducting pi-rings, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 72 (2005) - 214521 ■ Park, BG; Banerjee, T; Min, BC; Lodder, JC; Jansen, R, Tunnel spin polarization of Ni80Fe20/SiO2 probed with a magnetic tunnel transistor, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) - 172402 ■ Pepe, GP, Latempa, R, Parlato, L, Ruotolo, A, Ausanio, G, Peluso, G, Barone, A, Golubov, A, Fominov, IV, & Kupriyanov, MY, Proximity effect in planar superconducting tunnel junctions containing Nb/NiCu superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) 054506 ■ Rogacki, K, Batlogg, B, Karpinski, J, Zhigadlo, ND, Schuck, G, Kazakov, SM, Wägli, P, Puzniak, R, Wisniewski, A, Carbone, F, Brinkman, A, & Marel, D van der, Strong magnetic pair breaking in Mnsubstituted MgB2 single crystals, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) 174520 ■ Rusu, PC; Brocks, G, Work functions of self-assembled monolayers on metal surfaces by firstprinciples calculations, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 74 (2006) - 73414 ■ Xia, K; Zwierzycki, M; Talanana, M; Kelly, PJ; Bauer, GEW, First-principles scattering matrices for spin transport, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) - 64420 ■ Xu, PX, & Xia, K, Ab initio calculations of the alloy resistivities of lattice-matched and latticemismatched metla pairs: Influence of local-impurity-induced distortions, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 74 (2006) 184206-1 - 184206-6 ■ Xu, PX; Karpan, VM; Xia, K; Zwierzycki, M; Marushchenko, I; Kelly, PJ, Influence of roughness and disorder on tunneling magnetoresistance, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) - 180402 ■ Yokoyama, T, Tanaka, Y, & Golubov, A, Resonant proximity effect in normal metal/diffuse ferromagnet/superconductor junctions, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) 094501 ■ Yokoyama, T, Tanaka, Y, Golubov, A, & Asano, Y, Nonmonotonic temperature dependence of critical current in diffusive d-wave junctions, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 73 (2006) 14050R ■ Benzi, R; Biferale, L; Sbragaglia, M; Succi, S; Toschi, F, Mesoscopic Modelling of a Two-Phase Flow in Presence of the Boundaries: the Contact Angle., PHYSICAL REVIEW E 74 (2006) 021509-1021509-15 ■ Calzavarini, E, Doering, CR, Gibbon, JD, Lohse, D, Tanabe, A, & Toschi, F, Exponentially growing solutions in homgeneous Rayleigh-Bénard convection, PHYSICAL REVIEW E 73 (2006) 035301-1035301-4 ■ Krijnen, GJM; Dijkstra, M; van Baar, JJ; Shankar, SS; Kuipers, WJ; de Boer, RJH; Altpeter, D; Lammerink, TSJ; Wiegerink, R, MEMS based hair flow-sensors as model systems for acoustic perception studies, NANOTECHNOLOGY 17 (2006) S84 - S89 ■ Woldering, LA; Otter, AM; Husken, BH; Vos, WL, Focused ion beam milling of nanocavities in single colloidal particles and self-assembled opals, NANOTECHNOLOGY 17 (2006) 5717 - 5721 ■

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■ Szazdi, L; Pukanszky, B; Vancso, GJ; Pukanszky, B, Quantitative estimation of the reinforcing effect

of layered silicates in PP nanocomposites, POLYMER 47 (2006) 4638 - 4648 ■ Zhang, X; Vancso, GJ, Special issue on single chain polymers, POLYMER 4 7 (2006) 2481 - 2482 ■ Zou, S; Korczagin, I; Hempenius, MA; Schönherr, H; Vancso, GJ, Single molecule force spectroscopy of smart poly(ferrocenylsilane) macromolecules: Towards highly controlled redoxdriven single chain motors, POLYMER 47 (2006) 2483 - 2492 ■ Hoang, T; Leminh, P; Holleman, J; Schmitz, J, The effect of dislocation loops on the light emission of silicon LEDs, IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS 27 (2006) 105 - 107 ■ Hempen, C; Glasle-Schwarz, L; Kunz, U; Karst, U, Determination of telmisartan in human blood plasma Part I: Immunoassay development, ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 560 (2006) 35 - 40 ■ Hempen, C; Glasle-Schwarz, L; Kunz, U; Karst, U, Determination of telmisartan in human blood plasma Part II: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method development, comparison to immunoassay and pharmacokinetic study, ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA 560 (2006) 41 - 49 ■ Radivojevic, D, Seshan, K, & Lefferts, L, Preparation of well-dispersed Pt/SiO2 catalysts using lowtemperature treatments, APPLIED CATALYSIS A: GENERAL 301(1) (2006) 51 - 58 ■ Steinmann, T; Casas, J; Krijnen, G; Dangles, O, Air-flow sensitive hairs: boundary layers in oscillatory flows around arthropod appendages, JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 209 (2006) 4398 - 4408 ■ Bos, SJ; van Leeuwen, SM; Karst, U, From fundamentals to applications: recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization mass spectrometry, ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 384 (2006) 85 - 99 ■ Fox, MB, Esveld, DC, Valero, A, Luttge, R, Mastwijk, HC, Bartels, PV, Berg, A van den, & Boom, RM, Electroporation of cells in microfluidic devices: a review, ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 385(3) (2006) 474 - 485 ■ Hempen, C; Karst, U, Labeling strategies for bioassays, ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 384 (2006) 572 - 583 ■ Lisowski, W; Keim, EG; Van den Berg, AHJ; Smithers, MA, Structural and chemical characterisation of titanium deuteride films covered by nanoscale evaporated palladium layers, ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 385 (2006) 700 - 707 ■ Chowdhury, SR; Peters, AM; Blank, DHA; ten Elshof, JE, Influence of porous substrate on mesopore structure and water permeability of surfactant templated mesoporous silica membranes, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 279 (2006) 276 - 281 ■ de Lint, WBS; Zivkovic, T; Benes, NE; Bouwmeester, HJM; Blank, DHA, Electrolyte retention of supported bi-layered nanofiltration membranes, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 277 (2006) 18 - 27 ■ Gestel, T van, Kruidhof, H, Blank, DHA, & Bouwmeester, HJM, Preparation and characterization of a corrosion-resistant ZrO2 nanofiltration membrane with a MWCO < 300, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 284 (2006) 128 - 136 ■ Gestel, TJJ van, Kruidhof, H, Blank, DHA, & Bouwmeester, HJM, ZrO2 and TiO2 membranes for nanofiltration and pervaporation: Part 1. Preparation and characterization of a corrosion-resistant ZrO2 nanofiltration membrane with a MWCO < 300, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 284 (2006) 128 - 136 ■ Gielens, FC; Knibbeler, RJJ; Duysinx, PFJ; Tong, HD; Vorstman, MAG; Keurentjes, JTF, Influence of steam and carbon dioxide on the hydrogen flux through thin Pd/Ag and Pd membranes, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 279 (2006) 176 - 185 ■ Girones, M; Akbarsyah, IJ; Nijdam, W; van Rijn, CJM; Jansen, HV; Lammertink, RGH; Wessling, M, Polymeric microsieves produced by phase separation micromolding, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 283 (2006) 411 - 424 ■ Van Gestel, T; Kruidhof, H; Blank, DHA; Bouwmeester, HJM, ZrO2 and TiO2 membranes for nanofiltration and pervaporation - Part 1. Preparation and characterization of a corrosion-resistant ZrO2 nanofiltration membrane with a MWCO < 300, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 284 (2006) 128 - 136

PUBLICATIONS

Yi, JX; Zuo, YB; Liu, W; Winnubst, L; Chen, CS, Oxygen permeation through a Ce0.8Sm0.2O2-deltaLa0.8Sr0.2CrO3-delta dual-phase composite membrane, JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE 280 (2006) 849 - 855 ■ Iannuzzi, D, Deladi, S, Slaman, M, Rector, JH, Schreuders, H, & Elwenspoek, MC, A fiber-top cantilever for hydrogen detection, SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B(CHEMICAL) 1 (2006) 3 ■ Krommenhoek, EE; Gardeniers, JGE; Bomer, JG; Van den Berg, A; Li, X; Ottens, M; van der Wielen, LAM; van Dedem, GWK; Van Leeuwen, M; van Gulik, WM; Heijnen, JJ, Monitoring of yeast cell concentration using a micromachined impedance sensor, SENSORS AND ACTUATORS BCHEMICAL 115 (2006) 384 - 389 ■ Lambeck, PV; van Lith, J; Hoekstra, HJWM, Three novel integrated optical sensing structures for the chemical domain, SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B-CHEMICAL 113 (2006) 718 - 729 ■ Reinoso-Garcia, MM; Janczewski, D; Reinhoudt, DN; Verboom, W; Malinowska, E; Pietrzak, M; Hill, C; Baca, J; Gruner, B; Selucky, P; Gruttner, C, CMP(O) tripodands: synthesis, potentiometric studies and extractions, NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 30 (2006) 1480 - 1492 ■ Oshovsky, G, Reinhoudt, DN, & Verboom, W, The underestimated role of counter ions in electrostatic self-assembly: [1+1]cavitand-calix[4]arene capsules based on azinium-sulfonate interactions, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2006(12) (2006) 2810 - 2816 ■ Shovsky, GV; Reinhoudt, DN; Verboom, W, The underestimated role of counter ions in electrostatic self-assembly: [1+1] cavitand-calix[4]arene capsules based on azinium-sulfonate interactions, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2006) 2810 - 2816 ■ Kooij, ES; Poelsema, B, Shape and size effects in the optical properties of metallic nanorods, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS 8 (2006) 3349 - 3357 ■ Brouwer, DM; de Jong, BR; Soemers, HMJR; Van Dijk, J, Sub-nanometer stable precision MEMS clamping mechanism maintaining clamp force unpowered for TEM application, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) S7 - S12 ■ Deladi, S; Iannuzzi, D; Gadgil, VJ; Schreuders, H; Elwenspoek, MC, Carving fiber-top optomechanical transducers from an optical fiber, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) 886 - 889 ■ Dijkink, RJ, Dennen, JP van der, Ohl, CD, & Prosperetti, A, The 'acoustic scallop': a bubble powered actuator, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16(8) (2006) 1653 1659 ■ Fazal, I; Louwerse, MC; Jansen, HV; Elwenspoek, MC, Design, fabrication and characterization of a novel gas microvalve using micro- and fine-machining, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) 1207 - 1214 ■ Fernandez, LJ; Berenschot, E; Wiegerink, RJ; Flokstra, J; Jansen, HV; Elwenspoek, M, Fabrication of thick silicon nitride blocks embedded in low-resistivity silicon substrates for radio frequency applications, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) 862 - 868 ■ Fernandez, LJ; Wiegerink, RJ; Flokstra, J; Sese, J; Jansen, HV; Elwenspoek, M, A capacitive RF power sensor based on MEMS technology, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) 1099 - 1107 ■ Haneveld, J; Berenschot, E; Maury, P; Jansen, H, Nano-ridge fabrication by local oxidation of silicon edges with silicon nitride as a mask, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) S24 - S28 ■ Kuijpers, AA; Krijnen, GJM; Wiegerink, RJ; Lammerink, TSJ; Elwenspoek, M, A micromachined capacitive incremental position sensor: part 1. Analysis and simulations, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) S116 - S124 ■ Kuijpers, AA; Krijnen, GJM; Wiegerink, RJ; Lammerink, TSJ; Elwenspoek, M, A micromachined capacitive incremental position sensor: part 2. Experimental assessment, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) S125 - S134 ■ Lerou, PPM, Venhorst, GCF, Berends, CF, Burger, JF, Brake, HJM ter, & Rogalla, H, Fabrication of a micro cryogenic cooler using MEMS-technology, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) 1919 - 1925 ■

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■ Llona, LDV; Jansen, HV; Elwenspoek, MC, Seedless electroplating on patterned silicon, JOURNAL OF MICROMECHANICS AND MICROENGINEERING 16 (2006) S1 - S6 ■ Min, BC; Lodder, JC; Jansen, R; Motohashi, K, Cobalt-Al2O3-silicon tunnel contacts for electrical spin injection into silicon, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 99 (2006) - 08S701 ■ Park, BG; Haq, E; Banerjee, T; Min, BC; Lodder, JC; Jansen, R, Excitation and transport of hot holes in a magnetic tunnel transistor, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 99 (2006) - 08S703 ■ van Dijk, FR; Zandvliet, HJW; Poelsema, B, Energetics and dynamics of Cu(001)-c(2x2)Cl steps, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 99 (2006) - 123506 ■ Zhang, L, Bain, JA, Zhu, JG, Abelmann, L, & Onoue, T, The effect of external magnetic field on mark size in heat-assisted probe recording on CoNi/PT multilayers, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 99(2) (2006) 1 - 5 ■ Zhang, L; Bain, JA; Zhu, JG; Abelmann, L; Onoue, T, Dynamic domain motion of thermalmagnetically formed marks on CoNi/Pt multilayers, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 100 (2006) 53901 ■ Wolbers, F, Andersson, H, Vermes, I, & Berg, A van den, Miniaturisation in the biotechnology laboratory, BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING (2006) ■ Haselberg, R; Hempen, C; van Leeuwen, SM; Vogel, M; Karst, U, Analysis of microperoxidases using liquid chromatography, post-column substrate conversion and fluorescence detection, JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES 830 (2006) 47 - 53 ■ Bankras, R; Holleman, J; Schmitz, J; Sturm, M; Zinine, A; Wormeester, H; Poelsema, B, In situ reflective high-energy electron diffraction analysis during the initial stage of a trimethylaluminum/water ALD process, CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION 12 (2006) 275 - 279 ■ Glyanenko, PV, Kamenetsky, YuM, Nemudry, AP, Zhogin, IL, Bouwmeester, HJM, & Ismagilov, ZR, Oxygen diffusion in nanostructured perovskites, CATALYSIS TODAY 118(1-2) (2006) 151 - 157 ■ Nardello, V; Aubry, JM; De Vos, DE; Neumann, R; Adam, W; Zhang, R; ten Elshof, JE; Witte, PT; Alsters, PL, Inorganic compounds and materials as catalysts for oxidations with aqueous hydrogen peroxide, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS A-CHEMICAL 251 (2006) 185 - 193 ■ Diemeer, MBJ, Hilderink, LTH, Dekker, R, & Driessen, A, Low-Cost and Low-Loss Multimode Waveguides of Photodefinable Epoxy, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 18(15) (2006) 1624 - 1626 ■ Hopman, WCL; Dekker, R; Yudistira, D; Engbers, WFA; Hoekstra, HJWM; de Ridder, RM, Fabrication and characterization of high-quality uniform and apodized Si3N4 waveguide gratings using laser interference lithography, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 18 (2006) 1855 - 1857 ■ Benzi, R; Biferale, L; Sbragaglia, M; Succi, S; Toschi, F, Mesoscopic Modelling of a Two-Phase Model for Describing Apparant Slip in Microchannel Flows, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 74 (2006) 651 - 657 ■ Biena, M; Vallade, M; Quillet, C; Mugele, F, Electrical field induced curvature increase on a drop of conducting liquid, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 74 (2006) 103 ■ Kuczaj, AK, Geurts, BJ, & Lohse, D, Response maxima in time-modulated turbulence: Direct numerical simulations, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 73(6) (2006) 851 - 857 ■ Sbragaglia, M, & Succi, S, A note on the Lattice Boltzmann Method Beyond the Chapman Enskog Limits, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 73 (2006) 370 - 376 ■ Zandvliet, HJW, The 2D Ising square lattice with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 73 (2006) 747 - 751 ■ Zandvliet, HJW, The 2D Ising square lattice with nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor interactions (vol 73, pg 747, 2006), EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 74 (2006) 1123 - 1124 ■ Karakaya, K; Zinine, A; van Berkum, JGM; Verheijen, MA; Rittersma, ZM; Rijnders, G; Blank, DHA, Characterization of laminated CeO2-HfO2 high-k gate dielectrics grown by pulsed laser deposition, JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 153 (2006) F233 - F236 ■ Kovalgin, A; Holleman, J, Low-temperature LPCVD of polycrystalline GexSi1-x films with high germanium content, JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 153 (2006) G363 - G371 ■ Kovalgin, AY; Holleman, J; Iordache, G; Jenneboer, T; Falke, F; Zieren, V; Goossens, MJ, Lowpower, antifuse-based silicon chemical sensor on a suspended membrane, JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 153 (2006) H181 - H188

PUBLICATIONS

Svetovoy, VB; Berenschot, JW; Elwenspoek, MC, Precise test of the diffusion-controlled wet isotropic etching of silicon via circular mask openings, JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY 153 (2006) C641 - C647 ■ Yang, B, & Prosperetti, A, A second-order boundary-fitted projection method for free-surface flow computations, JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS 213(2) (2006) 574 - 590 ■ Zhang, Q, Ichiki, K, & Prosperetti, A, On the computation of ensemble averages for spatially nonuniform particle systems, JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS 212(1) (2006) 247 - 267 ■ Hueting, RJE; Heringa, A, Analysis of the subthreshold current of pocket or halo-implanted nMOSFETs, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 53 (2006) 1641 - 1646 ■ Merticaru, AR, Mouthaan, AJ, & Kuper, FG, Current Degradation of a-Si:H/SiN TFTs at Room Temperature and Low Voltages, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES 53(9) (2006) 2273 2279 ■ Ahlers, G; Brown, E; Fontenele Araujo Jr, F; & Funfschilling, D, Non-Oberleck-Boussinesq effects in strongly turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection, JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS 569 (2006) 409 445 ■ Benzi, R; Biferale, L; Sbragaglia, M; Succi, S; Toschi, F, Mesoscopic Modelling of Heterogeneous Boundary Conditions for Microchannel Flows, JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS 548 (2006) 257 - 280 ■ Lu, X, & Prosperetti, A, Axial stability of Taylor bubbles, JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS 568 (2006) 173 - 192 ■ Marmottant, P; Raven, JP; Gardeniers, H; Bomer, JG; Hilgenfeldt, S, Microfluidics with ultrasounddriven bubbles, JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS 568 (2006) 109 - 118 ■ Prosperetti, A, Zhang, Q, & Ichiki, K, The stress system in a suspension of heavy particles: antisymmetric contribution, JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS 554 (2006) 125 - 146 ■ Kooij, ES; Galca, AC; Poelsema, B, Versatile transmission ellipsometry to study linear ferrofluid magneto-optics, JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE 304 (2006) 261 - 270 ■ Tjerkstra, RW, Electrochemical formation of porous GaP in aqueous HNO3, ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS 9 (2006) C81 - C84 ■ Le Minh, P, & Holleman, J, Silicon light-emitting diode antifuse: properties and devices, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 39 (2006) 3749 - 3754 ■ Zhang, L; Bain, JA; Zhu, JG; Abelmann, L; Onoue, T, Heat-assisted magnetic probe recording on a granular CoNi/Pt multilayered film, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D-APPLIED PHYSICS 39 (2006) 2485 - 2487 ■ Mateos-Timoneda, MA; Crego-Calama, M; Reinhoudt, DN, Amplification of chirality in hydrogenbonded tetrarosette helices, CHEMISTRY-A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 12 (2006) 2630 - 2638 ■ Ciotti, M, Nijhuis, A, Ribani, PL, Savoldi Richard, L, & Zanino, R, THELMA code electromagnetic model of ITER superconducting cables and application to the ENEA Stability Experiment, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) 987 - 997 ■ Demencik, E, Usak, P, Polak, M, Piel, H, & Dhallé, MMJ, Lateral critical current distribution and self-field profile of Bi-2223/Ag conductors: measurements and calculations, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19(8) (2006) 848 - 853 ■ Devred, A, Baudouy, B, Baynham, DE, Boutboul, T, Canfer, S, Chorowski, M, Fabbricatore, P, Farinon, S, Felice, H, Fessia, P, Fydrych, J, Granata, V, Greco, M, Greenhalgh, J, Leroy, D, Loverige, P, Matkowski, M, Michalski, G, Michel, F, Oberli, L, Ouden, A, Overview and status of the Next European Dipole Joint Research Activity, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19(3) (2006) 67 - 83 ■ Godeke, A, Haken, B ten, Kate, HHJ ten, & Larbalestier, DC, A general scaling relation for the critical current density in Nb3Sn, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19(10) (2006) 100 - 116 ■ Ilyin, Y, Nijhuis, A, Wessel, WAJ, & Abbas, W, Critical current and axial strain variation of bronze Nb3Sn strand scaled with the deviatoric scaling law, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) ■ Kovac, P, Husek, I, Melisek, T, Martinez, E, & Dhallé, MMJ, Properties of doped ex and in situ MgB2 multifilament superconductors, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19(10) (2006) 1076 - 1082 ■ Nijhuis, A, & Ilyin, Y, Transverse Load Optimisation in Nb3Sn CICC Design; Influence of Cabling, Void Fraction and Strand Stiffness, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) 945 - 962 ■

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■ Nijhuis, A, Ilyin, Y, & Kate, HHJ ten, Influence of the Magnetic Field Profile on ITER Conductor Testing, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) 783 - 791 ■ Nijhuis, A, Ilyin, Y, & Wessel, WAJ, Spatial periodic contact stress and critical current of a Nb3Sn strand measured in TARSIS, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) 1089 - 1096 ■ Nijhuis, A, Ilyin, Y, Wessel, WAJ, & Abbas, W, Critical current and strand stiffness of three types Nb3Sn strand subjected to spatial periodic bending, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) 1136 - 1145 ■ Portesi, C; Mijatovic, D; Veldhuis, D; Brinkman, A; Monticone, E; Gonnelli, RS, MgB2 magnetometer with a directly coupled pick-up loop, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) S303 - S306 ■ van Zalk, M; Brinkman, A; Golubov, AA; Hilgenkamp, H; Kim, TH; Moodera, JS; Rogalla, H, Fabrication of multiband MgB2 tunnel junctions for transport measurements, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 19 (2006) S226 - S230 ■ van der Rijt, JAJ; van der Werf, KO; Bennink, ML; Dijkstra, PJ; Feijen, J, Micromechanical testing of individual collagen fibrils, MACROMOLECULAR BIOSCIENCE 6 (2006) 697 - 702 ■ Oncel, N; van Beek, WJ; Huijben, J; Poelsema, B; Zandvliet, HJW, Diffusion and binding of CO on Pt nanowires, SURFACE SCIENCE 600 (2006) 4690 - 4693 ■ Dziomkina, N, Hempenius, MA, & Vancso, GJ, Synthesis of Cationic Core-Shell Latex Particles, EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL 42 (2006) 81 - 91 ■ Feng, CL; Embrechts, A; Vancso, GJ; Schönherr, H, Reactive mu CP on ultrathin block copolymer films: Localized chemistry for micro- and nano-scale biomolecular patterning, EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL 42 (2006) 1954 - 1965 ■ Tomczak, N; Gu, SY; Han, MY; van Hulst, NF; Vancso, GJ, Single light emitters in electrospun polymer nanofibers: Effect of local confinement on radiative decay, EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL 42 (2006) 2205 - 2210 ■ Vancso, GJ, European Polymer Journal announces new section on macromolecular nanotechnology, EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL 42 (2006) 1 - 2 ■ Vancso, GJ, Macromolecular Nanotechnology in European Polymer Journal - Preface, EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL 42 (2006) 1953 - 1953 ■ Berg, ThH van den; Luther, S; Lohse, D, Energy spectra in microbubbly turbulence, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 18 (2006) 038103-1-038103-3 ■ Bremond, NP, Arora, M, Dammer, SM, & Lohse, D, Interaction of cavitation bubbles on a wall, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 18 (2006) 121505-1 - 121505-10 ■ Jong, J de, Jeurissen, RJM, Borel, GH, Berg, M van den, Versluis, M, Wijshoff, H, Prosperetti, A, Reinten, H, & Lohse, D, Entrapped air bubbles in piezo-driven inkjet printing: Their effect on the droplet velocity, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 18 (2006) 121511-1 - 121511-7 ■ Resagk, C; du Puits, R; Thess, A; Dolzhansky, FV; Grossmann, S; Araujo, FF; Lohse, D, Oscillations of the large scale wind in turbulent thermal convection, PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 18 (2006) - 95105 ■ de Jong, J; de Bruin, G; Reinten, H; van den Berg, M; Wijshoff, H; Versluis, M; Lohse, D, Air entrapment in piezo-driven inkjet printheads, JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 120 (2006) 1257 - 1265 ■ Yntema, DR, Druyvesteyn, WF, & Elwenspoek, MC, A four paricle velocity sensor device, JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (2006) ■ Giannotti, MI; Lv, H; Ma, Y; Steenvoorden, MP; Overweg, AR; Roerdink, M; Hempenius, MA; Vancso, GJ, Stimulus responsive poly(ferrocenylsilanes): Redox chemistry of iron in the main chain, JOURNAL OF INORGANIC AND ORGANOMETALLIC POLYMERS AND MATERIALS 15 (2005) 527 - 540 ■ van Leeuwen, FWB; Davis, JT; Verboom, W; Reinhoudt, DN, Non-covalent (iso) guano sine-based ionophores for alkali(ne earth) cations, INORGANICA CHIMICA ACTA 359 (2006) 1779 - 1785 ■ Fang, DL; Wang, ZB; Yang, PH; Liu, W; Chen, CS; Winnubst, AJA, Preparation of ultra-fine nickel manganite powders and ceramics by a solid-state coordination reaction, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 89 (2006) 230 - 235 ■ Ran, S; Winnubst, L; Wiratha, W; Blank, DHA, Sintering behavior of 0.8 mol%-CuO-doped 3Y-TZP ceramics, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 89 (2006) 151 - 155

PUBLICATIONS

Henneken, H; Vogel, M; Karst, U, Effects of humidity and filter material on diffusive sampling of isocyanates using reagent-coated filters, JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 8 (2006) 1014 - 1019 ■ Boukamp, BA; Verbraeken, M; Blank, DHA; Holtappels, P, SOFC-anodes, proof for a finite-length type Gerischer impedance?, SOLID STATE IONICS 177 (2006) 2539 - 2541 ■ Holtappels, P; Verbraeken, M; Vogt, U; Blank, DHA; Boukamp, BA, Preparation and electrochemical characterisation of supporting SOFC-Ni-YZT anodes, SOLID STATE IONICS 177 (2006) 2029 - 2032 ■ McIntosh, S; Vente, JF; Haije, WG; Blank, DHA; Bouwmeester, HJM, Phase stability and oxygen non-stoichiometry of SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3-delta measured by in situ neutron diffraction, SOLID STATE IONICS 177 (2006) 833 - 842 ■ McIntosh, S; Vente, JF; Haije, WG; Blank, DHA; Bouwmeester, HJM, Structure and oxygen stoichiometry of SrCo0.8Fe0.2O3-delta and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-delta, SOLID STATE IONICS 177 (2006) 1737 - 1742 ■ Wang, ZB; Zhao, CH; Yang, PH; Winnubst, L; Chen, CS, Effect of annealing in O-2 or N-2 on the aging of Fe(0.5)Mn(1.84)Ni(0.66)O4NTC-ceramics, SOLID STATE IONICS 177 (2006) 2191 - 2194 ■ Ran, S; Winnubst, L; Wiratha, W; Blank, DHA, Synthesis, sintering and microstructure of 3YTZP/CuO, JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 26 (2006) 391 - 396 ■ Wang, ZB; Zhao, CH; Yang, PH; Winnubst, AJA; Chen, CS, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectra studies of FexMn2.34-xNi0.66O4 (0 < x < 1) NTC ceramics, JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 26 (2006) 2833 - 2837 ■ Esquivel-Sirvent, R; Villarreal, C; Mochan, WL; Contreras-Reyes, AM; Svetovoy, VB, Spatial dispersion in Casimir forces: a brief review, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 39 (2006) 6323 - 6331 ■ Svetovoy, VB; Esquivel, R, The Casimir free energy in high- and low-temperature limits, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS A-MATHEMATICAL AND GENERAL 39 (2006) 6777 - 6784 ■ Hiremath, KR; Stoffer, R; Hammer, M, Modeling of circular integrated optical microresonators by 2-D frequency domain coupled mode theory, OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 257 (2006) 277 - 297 ■ Suryanto, A; van Groesen, E, Self-splitting of multisoliton bound states in planar Kerr waveguides, OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 258 (2006) 264 - 274 ■ Uranus, HP, Hoekstra, HJWM, & Groesen, E van, Considerations on material composition for lowloss hollow-core integrated optical waveguides, OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 260(2) (2006) 577 - 582 ■ Szazdi, L; Abranyi, A; Pukanszky, B; Vancso, JG; Pukanszky, B, Morphology characterization of PP/clay nanocomposites across the length scales of the structural architecture, MACROMOLECULAR MATERIALS AND ENGINEERING 291 (2006) 858 - 868 ■ Brinkman, A; van der Ploeg, SHW; Golubov, AA; Rogalla, H; Kim, TH; Moodera, JS, Charge transport in normal metal-magnesiumdiboride junctions, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS 67 (2006) 407 - 411 ■ Yokoyama, T, Tanaka, Y, Golubov, A, Inoue, J, & Asano, Y, Theory of charge transport in diffusive normal metal/conventional superconductor point contacts in the presence of magnetic impurity, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS 67 (2006) 68 ■ Eijkel, K; Hruby, J; Kubiak, G; Scott, M; Brokaw, J; Saile, V; Walsh, S; White, C; Walsh, D, Commercial importance of a unit cell: nanolithographic patenting trends for microsystems, microfabrication, and nanotechnology, JOURNAL OF MICROLITHOGRAPHY MICROFABRICATION AND MICROSYSTEMS 5 (2006) - 11014 ■ Saravanan, S; Berenschot, E; Krijnen, G; Elwenspoek, M, A novel surface micromachining process to fabricate AlN unimorph suspensions and its application for RF resonators, SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A-PHYSICAL 130 (2006) 340 - 345 ■ Eijkel, JCT; van den Berg, A, Nanofluidics: what is it and what can we expect from it?, MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 1 (2005) 249 - 267 ■ Kohlheyer, D; Besselink, GAJ; Lammertink, RGH; Schlautmann, S; Unnikrishnan, S; Schasfoort, RBM, Electro-osmotically controllable multi-flow microreactor, MICROFLUIDICS AND NANOFLUIDICS 1 (2005) 242 - 248 ■

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■ Gokcan, H; Lodder, JC; Jansen, R, Effect of nonmagnetic spacer on hot-electron transport in the spin-valve transistor, MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY 126 (2006) 129 - 132 ■ Merticaru, AR, Mouthaan, AJ, & Kuper, FG, Determination of the contribution of defect creation and charge trapping to the degradation of a-Si:H/SiN TFTs at room temperature and low voltages, JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS 352(36-37) (2006) 3849 - 3853 ■ Olah, A; Hernpenius, MA; Zou, S; Vancso, GJ, Adhesion studies of latex film surfaces on the mesoand nanoscale, APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 252 (2006) 3714 - 3728 ■ Iannuzzi, D; Deladi, S; Berenschot, JW; de Man, S; Heeck, K; Elwenspoek, MC, Fiber-top atomic force microscope, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 77 (2006) - 106105 ■ Nijhuis, A, Wessel, WAJ, Ilyin, Y, Ouden, A den, & Kate, HHJ ten, Critical current measurement with spatial periodic bending imposed by electromagnetic force on a standard test barrel with slots, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 77 (2006) 054701 ■ Postma, S; van der Walle, P; Offerhaus, HL; van Hulst, NF, Compact high-resolution spectral phase shaper, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 76 (2005) - 123105 ■ Campbell, M; Heijne, EHM; Llopart, X; Colas, P; Giganon, A; Giomataris, Y; Chefdeville, M; Colijn, AP; Fornaini, A; van der Graaf, H; Kluit, P; Timmermans, J; Visschers, JL; Schmitz, J, GOSSIP: A vertex detector combining a thin gas layer as signal generator with a CMOS readout pixel array, NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 560 (2006) 131 - 134 ■ Chefdeville, M; Colas, P; Giomataris, Y; van der Graaf, H; Hejine, EHM; van der Putten, S; Salm, C; Schmitz, J; Smits, S; Timmermans, J; Visschers, JL, An electron-multiplying 'Micromegas' grid made in silicon wafer post-processing technology, NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 556 (2006) 490 - 494 ■ Kessler, VG; Spijksma, GI; Seisenbaeva, GA; Hakansson, S; Blank, DHA; Bouwmeester, HJM, New insight in the role of modifying ligands in the sol-gel processing of metal alkoxide precursors: A possibility to approach new classes of materials, JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 40 (2006) 163 - 179 ■ Kuswandi, B; Nuriman; Verboom, W; Reinhoudt, DN, Tripodal receptors for cation and anion sensors, SENSORS 6 (2006) 978 - 1017 ■ Waard, A de, Bassan, M, Benzaim, Y, Fafone, V, Flokstra, J, Frossati, G, Gottardi, L, Herbschleb, CT, Karbalai-Sadegh, A, Kuit, KH, Mark, H van der, Minenkov, Y, Oonk, JBR, Pallottino, GV, Pleikies, J, Rocchi, A, Usenko, O, & Visco, M, Preparing for science run 1 of MiniGrail, CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY 23 (2006) 79 - 84 ■ Kinge, S; Bonnemann, H, One-pot dual size- and shape selective synthesis of tetrahedral Pt nanoparticles, APPLIED ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 20 (2006) 784 - 787 ■ Vente, JF; McIntosh, S; Haije, WG; Bouwmeester, HJM, Properties and performance of BaxSr1xCo0.8Fe0.2O3-delta materials for oxygen transport membranes, JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY 10 (2006) 581 - 588 ■ Phang, IY; Aldred, N; Clare, AS; Callow, JA; Vancso, GJ, An in situ study of the nanomechanical properties of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) cyprid cement using atomic force microscopy (AFM), BIOFOULING 22 (2006) 245 - 250 ■ Botchev, MA, & Golub, GH, A Class of Nonsymmetric Preconditioners for Saddle Point Problems, SIAM JOURNAL ON MATRIX ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS 27(4) (2006) 1125 - 1149 ■ Timmer, BH; van Delft, KM; Koelmans, WW; Olthuis, W; van den Berg, A, Selective low concentration ammonia sensing in a microfluidic lab-on-a-chip, IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 6 (2006) 829 - 835 ■ Marmottant, PGM, Versluis, M, Jong, N de, Hilgenfeldt, S, & Lohse, D, High-speed imaging of an ultrasound-driven bubble in contact with a wall: "Narcissus" effect and resolved acoustic streaming, EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS 41(2) (2006) 147 - 153 ■ Huskens, J, Multivalent interactions at interfaces, CURRENT OPINION IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 10(6) (2006) 537 - 543

PUBLICATIONS

Liu, Y; Kang, S; Chen, Y; Yang, YW; Huskens, J, Photo-induced switchable binding behavior of bridged bis(beta-cyclodextrin) with an azobenzene dicarboxylate linker, JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 56 (2006) 197 - 201 ■ Balakrishnan, M; Faccini, M; Diemeer, MBJ; Verboom, W; Driessen, A; Reinhoudt, DN; Leinse, A, Photodefinable electro-optic polymer for high-speed modulators, ELECTRONICS LETTERS 42 (2006) 51 - 52 ■ Mitsuzuka, K; Kikuchi, N; Shimatsu, T; Kitakami, O; Aoi, H; Muraoka, H; Lodder, JC, Pt content dependence of magnetic properties of CoPt/Ru patterned films, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS 42 (2006) 3883 - 3885 ■ Pamme, N, Eijkel, JCT, & Manz, A, On-chip free-flow magnetophoresis: Separation and detection of mixtures of magnetic particles in continuous flow, JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 307(2) (2006) 237 - 244 ■ Zhang, L, Bain, JA, Zhu, JG, Abelmann, L, & Onoue, T, Characterization of heat-assisted magnetic probe recording on CoNi/Pt multilayers, JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 305(1) (2006) 16 - 23 ■ Brake, HJM ter, Buchholz, F-Im, Burnell, G, Claeson, T, Crete, DG, Febvre, P, Gerritsma, GJ, Hilgenkamp, H, Humphreys, R, Ivanov, ZG, Jutzi, W, Khabipov, MI, Mannhart, J, Meyer, HG, Niemeyer, J, Ravex, A, Rogalla, H, Russo, M, Satchell, J, Siegel, M, Töpf, SCENET roadmap for superconductor digital electronics, PHYSICA C 439 (2006) 1 - 41 ■ Gonnelli, RS; Daghero, D; Calzolari, A; Ummarino, GA; Tortello, M; Stepanov, VA; Zhigadlo, ND; Rogacki, K; Karpinski, J; Portesi, C; Monticone, E; Mijatovic, D; Veldhuis, D; Brinkman, A, Recent achievements in MgB2 physics and applications: A large-area SQUID magnetometer and pointcontact spectroscopy measurements, PHYSICA C 435 (2006) 59 - 65 ■ Yokoyama, T, Tanaka, Y, Golubov, A, Inoue, J, & Asano, Y, Josephson current between p-wave superconductors, PHYSICA C 445 (2006) 963 ■ Uranus, HP, A simple and intuitive procedure for evaluating mode degeneracy in photonic crystal fibers, AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 74 (2006) 211 - 217 ■ Zhang, L; Bain, JA; Zhu, JG; Abelmann, L; Onoue, T, A model of heat transfer in STM-based magnetic recording on CoNi/Pt multilayers, PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER 381 (2006) 204 - 208 ■ Ilyin, Y, Nijhuis, A, & Kate, HHJ ten, Interpretation of conduit voltage measurements on the Poloidal Field Insert Sample using the CUDI-CICC numerical code, CRYOGENICS 46 (2006) 517 - 529 ■ Nijhuis, A, & Kate, HHJ ten, CHATS-2005 - Workshop on Computation of Thermohydraulic Transients in Superconductors, CRYOGENICS 46 (2006) 479 - 480 ■ Wiegerinck, GFM, Burger, JF, Holland, HJ, Hondebrink, E, Brake, HJM ter, & Rogalla, H, A sorption compressor with a single sorber bed for use with Linde-Hampson cold stage, CRYOGENICS 46 (2006) 9 - 20 ■ Salm, C; Hof, AJ; Kuper, FG; Schmitz, J, Reduced temperature dependence of hot carrier degradation in deuterated nMOSFETs, MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY 46 (2006) 1617 - 1622 ■ Hermes, DC; Heuser, T; van der Wouden, EJ; Gardeniers, JGE; van den Berg, A, Fabrication of microfluidic networks with integrated electrodes, MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES 12 (2006) 436 440 ■ Murillo Vallejo, R, Siekman, MH, Bolhuis, T, Abelmann, L, & Lodder, JC, Thermal stability and switching field distribution of CoNi/Pt patterned media, MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES 17(65) (2006) ■ Oosterbroek, RE; Hermes, DC; Kakuta, M; Benito-Lopez, F; Gardeniers, JGE; Verboom, W; Reinhoudt, DN; van den Berg, A, Fabrication and mechanical testing of glass chips for high-pressure synthetic or analytical chemistry, MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES 12 (2006) 450 - 454 ■ Yudistira, D; Hoekstra, H; Hammer, M; Marpaung, D, Slow light excitation in tapered 1D photonic crystals: Theory, OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 38 (2006) 161 - 176 ■ Valkering, T, Slow light via a tapered grating: Transfer matrix approach, OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 38 (2006) 83 - 96 ■ Valkering, TP, Bloch amplitudes and energy of slow light in a tapered grating, JOURNAL OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL PHYSICS & MATERIALS 15 (2006) 381 - 400 ■

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■ Davelaar, GG, & Abelmann, L, Comment on Y. Wang, D. Liui, Y. Wang, "Discovering the capacity of Human memory" Brain and Mind 4(2003), SYNTHESE 189 (2006) 198 ■ Davelaar, GG; Abelmann, L, Comment on Wang, Liu, and Wang (2003), SYNTHESE 153 (2006) 457 458 ■ Tiggelaar, RM; Gardeniers, JGE; van den Berg, A, Silicon-based microreactors as research tools in chemistry, CHIMICA OGGI-CHEMISTRY TODAY 24 (2006) 52 - 54 ■ Kozorezov, AG, Brammertz, G, Hijmering, RA, Wigmore, JK, Peacock, A, Martin, D, Verhoeve, P, Golubov, A, & Rogalla, H, Quasiparticle dynamics in superconducting tunnel junctions, NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 559 (2006) 695 ■ Franke, HR, Jordaan, AF, Wolbers, F, Vermes, I, Oostrom, KAM, & Mooren, MJ van der, Ex vivo measurement of cell apoptosis and proliferation in breast tissue of healthy women: Influence of age and steroid status. An exploratory study, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY AND REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY 129(1) (2006) 96 - 98 ■ Vysotsky, VS, Sytnikov, V, Rakhmanov, AL, & Ilyin, Y, Analysis of stability and quench in HTS devices - new approaches, FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 81 (2006) 2417 - 2424 ■ Berg, ThH van den; Luther, S; Mazzitelli, I; Rensen, JM; Toschi, F; Lohse, D, Turbulent bubbly flow, JOURNAL OF TURBULENCE 7(14) (2006) 1 - 12 ■ Bonn, D, Wegdam, G, Meer, RM van der, & Lohse, D, Mythes uit Hollywood die op drijfzand rusten, NEDERLANDS TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR NATUURKUNDE 72 (2006) 148 - 151 ■ Crego-Calama, M, Self-assembled monolayers on glass for combinatorial sensing and (nano)fabrication, ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 230 (2005) U1155 - U1155 ■ Demencik, E, Dhallé, MMJ, Kate, HHJ ten, & Polak, M, The current distribution in Bi-2223/Ag HTS conductors: comparing Hall probe and magnetic knife, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONFERENCE SERIES 43(1) (2006) 83 - 86 ■ Fazal, I, Louwerse, MC, Jansen, HV, & Elwenspoek, MC, Stepper Motor Actuated Microvalve, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONFERENCE SERIES 34 (2006) 1032 - 1037 ■ Hempenius, MA; Korczagin, I; Fokkink, RG; Stuart, MAC; Al-Hussein, M; Bomans, PHH; Frederik, PM; Vancso, GJ, Self-assembly of PFS-b-PMMA block copolymers in a selective solvent, ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 231 (2006) ■ Hempenius, MA; Korczagin, I; Vancso, GJ, Poly(ferrocenylsilane-block-methacrylate)s via sequential anionic and atom transfer radical polymerization, METAL-CONTAINING AND METALLOSUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS AND MATERIALS 928 (2006) 320 - 333 ■ Hoogenboom, R; Huskens, J; Schubert, US, Grid forming metal coordinating macroligands: Synthesis and complexation, METAL-CONTAINING AND METALLOSUPRAMOLECULAR POLYMERS AND MATERIALS 928 (2006) 63 - 71 ■ Iannuzzi, D, Deladi, S, & Elwenspoek, MC, Fiber-top cantilevers: a new sensor on the tip of a fiber, LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 17(12)39 (2006) 39 ■ Iannuzzi, D, Deladi, S, Schreuders, H, Slaman, M, Rector, JH, & Elwenspoek, MC, Fiber-top cantilever: a new generation of micromachined sensors for multipurpose applications, JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B(OPTICAL PHYSICS) 1 (2006) 4 ■ Jansen, R, Magnetisme op nanoschaal - Een kijkje in de wondere wereld van nanomagnetisme, NEVAC BLAD 44(1) (2006) 5 - 10 ■ Jong, BR de, Brouwer, DM, Jansen, HV, Boer, MJ de, Lammertink, TG, Stramigioli, S, & Krijnen, GJM, A planar 3 dof sample manipulator for nano-scale characterization, PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 750 (2006) 753 ■ Lambeck, PV, Integrated optical sensors for the chemical domain, MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 17 (2006) ■ Lohse, D, Bubble puzzles, NONLINEAR PHENOMENA IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS 9(2) (2006) 125 - 132 ■ Lohse, D, Endliche Turbulenz, PHYSIK JOURNAL 5 (1 ) (2006) 18 - 19 ■ Moehwald, H, Controlling permeability and mechanics of core/shell micro- and nanocapsules, ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 231 (2006)

PUBLICATIONS

Riele, PM te, Vroegindeweij, F, Janssens, JA, Roesthuis, FJG, Rijnders, AJHM, & Blank, DHA, Zeefdrukken op de nanoschaal, NEVAC BLAD 44(3) (2006) 71 - 75 ■ Ross, CA; Cheng, JY; Ilievski, F; Mayes, AM; Thomas, EL; Smith, HI; Vancso, GJ, Templated selfassembly of block copolymers for nanolithographic applications, ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 230 (2005) U4160 - U4160 ■ Schönherr, H; Feng, CL; Vancso, GJ, Reactive block copolymer film platforms: From tailored biointerfaces to nanoperidic arrays, ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 231 (2006) ■ Schönherr, H; Salazar, RB; Shovsky, A; Vancso, GJ, AFM tip mediated nanofabrication of (bio) reactive polymer platforms: Towards deposition of single dendrimer molecules onto reactive films, ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 231 (2006) ■ Selig, A; Koop, R, Stam, D; Berg, A van den; Flokstra, J; Laan, E; Zegers, T, Atmosferisch en Geofysisch Planeetonderzoek, ZENIT 232 (2006) 237 ■ Vancso, GJ; Zou, S; Hempenius, MA; Ma, YJ; Schönherr, H, Surface grafted, single-chain macromolecular motors from redox responsive, "smart" poly(ferrocenylsilanes), ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 231 (2006) ■ Versluis, M, Blom, C, Meer, RM van der, Weele, JP van der, & Lohse, D, Leaping shampoo and the stable Kaye effect., JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS 07(p07007) (2006) p07007-1 - 07007-12 ■ Ymeti, A, Greve, J, Lambeck, PV, Wink, T, Hovell, SWFM van, Beumer, TAM, Heideman, RG, Subramaniam, V, & Kanger, JS, Fast ultrasensitive virus detection using a Young interferometer, NANO LETTERS. WEB RELEASE (2006) ■ Boogaard, A, Kovalgin, AY, Aarnink, AAI, Wolters, RAM, Holleman, J, Brunets, I, & Schmitz, J, Langmuir-probe characterization of an inductively-coupled remote plasma system intended for CVD and ALD, ECS TRANSACTIONS 2(7) (2006) 181 - 191 ■ Collings, EW, Sumption, MD, Dietderich, DR, Ilyin, Y, & Nijhuis, A, AC loss and contact resistance of Nb3Sn Rutherford cables in response of surface and heat treatment, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 16 (2006) 1200 - 1203 ■ Eck, HJN van, Koppers, WR, Smeets, P, Ouden, A den, Goedheer, WJ, Lopes Cardozo, NJ, & Kleyn, AW, Pre-design of the superconducting magnet system for magnum-psi, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 16(2) (2006) 906 ■ Gusakova, DYu, Golubov, A, & Kupriyanov, MY, Superconducting decay length in a ferromagnetic metal, JETP LETTERS 83 (2006) 418 ■ Gusakova, DYu, Golubov, A, Kupriyanov, MY, & Buzdin, AI, Density of states in SF bilayers with arbitrary strength of magnetic scattering, JETP LETTERS 83 (2006) 327 ■ Hayen, H; Vogel, M; Karst, U, Recent developments in the determination of formaldehyde in air samples using derivatizing agents, GEFAHRSTOFFE REINHALTUNG DER LUFT 63 (2003) 295 - 298 ■ Ilyin, Y, Nijhuis, A, Eijnden, NC van den, Wessel, WAJ, & Kate, HHJ ten, Axial tensile stress strain characterisation of 36 strands cable, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 16 (2006) 1249 - 1252 ■ Le Minh, P, Hoang, T, Holleman, J, & Schmitz, J, Influence of interface recombination in light emission from lateral Si-based light emitting devices, ECS TRANSACTIONS 3(11) (2006) 9 - 16 ■ Lerou, PPM, Vanapalli, S, Jansen, HV, Burger, JF, Veenstra, TT, Venhorst, GCF, Holland, HJ, Elwenspoek, MC, Brake, HJM ter, & Rogalla, H, Microcooling developments at the University of Twente, ADVANCES IN CRYOGENIC ENGINEERING 51 (2006) 977 - 984 ■ Nijhuis, A, Ilyin, Y, & Kate, HHJ ten, The effect of inter-bundle resistive barriers on the coupling loss and current distribution in ITER NbTi Cable-in-Conduit Conductors, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 16 (2006) 868 - 871 ■ Ouden, A den, Boutboul, T, Pedrini, D, Previtali, V, Quettier, L, & Volpini, G, Critical current measurements on Nb3Sn conductors for the NED project, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 16(2) (2006) 1265 ■ Schasfoort, RBM, Verdoold, R, & Beusink, JB, High Density Protein Micro Arrays, BIOFORUM EUROPE 10 (2006) 60 - 62 ■

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■ Wolbers, F, Andersson, H, Vermes, I, & Berg, A van den, Miniaturisation in clinical diagnostics, CLINICAL MATERIALS 30 (2006) 22 - 25 ■ Zanino, R, Bagnasco, M, Baker, W, Bellina, F, Bruzzone, P, Della Corte, A, Ilyin, Y, Martovetsky, N, Mitchell, N, Muzzi, L, Nijhuis, A, Nunoya, Y, Okuno, K, Rajainmaki, H, Ribani, PL, Ricci, M, Salpietro, E, Savoldi Richard, L, Shikov, A, Sytnikov, V, Tak, Implications of NbTi short-sample test results and analysis for the ITER Poloidal Field Conductor Insert(PFCI), IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 16 (2006) 886 - 889

BOOKS - CHAPTER

■ Boon, M. (2006). Innovatie als beeldenstorm. In H. Procee & I. Baas (Eds.), 202020. Universiteit Twente in twintig vooruitzichten (pp. 42-56). Enschede: Faculty Club Foundation Press University of Twente. ■ Driessen, A., Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Hopman, W.C.L., Kelderman, H., Lambeck, P.V., Lith, J. van, Klunder, D.J.W., Ridder, R.M. de, Krioukov, E., & Otto, C. (2006). Ultracompact Optical Sensors based on high index-contrast Photonic Structures. In F. Baldini, A.N. Chester, J. Homola, & S. Martellucci (Eds.), Optical Chemical Sensors (NATO Science Series, Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry) (pp. 281-295). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: IOP. ■ Geuzebroek, D.H., & Driessen, A. (2006). Ring-resonator-based wavelength filters. In H. Venghaus (Ed.), Wavelength filters in fibre optics (Springer series in optical sciences) (pp. 341-379). Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. ■ Hempenius, M.A., Korczagin, I., & Vancso, G.J. (2006). Poly(ferrocenylsilane-block-methacrylate)s via Sequential Anionic and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. In U.S. Schubert, G.R. Newkome, & I. Manners (Eds.), Metal-Containing and Metallosupramolecular Polymers and Materials (ACS Symposium Series, 928) (pp. 320-333). New York: Oxford University Press. ■ Jansen, R. (2006). The spin-valve transistor.. In Y. Xu & S. Thompson (Eds.), Spintronic Materials and Technology (pp. 371-413). London: CRC Press. ■ Kuper, F.G., & Fan, X.J. (2006). Reliability practice. In Mechanics of Microelectronics (Solid Mechanics and Its Applications) (pp. 35-63). London: Springer Verlag. ■ Lambeck, P.V., & Hoekstra, H.J.W.M. (2006). Planar Waveguiding Systems for Optical Sensing. In F. Baldini, A.N. Chester, J. Homola, & S. Martellucci (Eds.), Optical Chemical Sensors (NATO Science Series, Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry) (pp. 261-280). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. ■ Lodder, J.C. (2006). Patterned Nanomagnetic Films. In D. Sellmyer & R. Skomski (Eds.), Advanced Magnetic Nanostructures (pp. 261-288). New York: Springer Verlag. ■ Luttge, R. (2006). Exposure: An art from the past carrying the economical success of the 21st century. In Scintilla Jaarboek 2005-2006. ■ Pollnau, M. (2006). Waveguide fabrication methods in Dielectric solids. In B. Di Bartolo & O. Forte (Eds.), Advances in Spectroscopy for Lasers and Sensing (NATO Science Series, Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry) (pp. 335-350). Dordrecht: Springer Verlag. ■ Prosperetti, A. (2007). Averaged equations for multiphase flows. In A. Prosperetti & G. Tryggvason (Eds.), Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ■ Prosperetti, A. (2007). Coupled methods for multi-fluid models. In A. Prosperetti & G. Tryggvason (Eds.), Computational Methods for Multiphase Flow. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ■ Ridder, R.M. de, & Roeloffzen, C.G.H. (2006). Interleavers. In H. Venghaus (Ed.), Wavelength Filters for Fibre Optics (Springer Series in Optical Sciences) (pp. 381-432). Berlin, Germany: SpringerVerlag. ■ Rijnders, A.J.H.M., & Blank, D.H.A. (2006). Growth Kinetics During Pulsed Laser Deposition. In R. Eason (Ed.), Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films (pp. 177-190). New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ■ Rijnders, A.J.H.M., & Blank, D.H.A. (2006). In Situ Diagnostics by High-Pressure RHEED During PLD. In R. Eason (Ed.), Pulsed Laser Deposition on Thin Films (pp. 85-97). New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. ■ Schasfoort, R.B.M., & Tudos, A.J. (2006). Separation and detection on a chip. In G. Urban (Ed.), BioMEMS (pp. 243). Springer.

PUBLICATIONS

■ Schönherr, H., & Vancso, G.J. (2006). Chemical Force Microscopy: Nanometer-Scale Surface Analysis with Chemical Sensitivity. In P. Samori (Ed.), Scanning Probe Micoscopies Beyond Imaging: Manipulation of Molecules and Nanostructures (pp. 275-314). New York: Wiley & Sons. ■ Zou, S(han), Schönherr, H., & Vancso, G.J. (2006). Atomic Force Microscopy-Based SingleMolecule Force Spectroscopy of Synthetic Supramolecular Dimer and Polymers. In P. Samori (Ed.), Scanning Probe Micoscopies Beyond Imaging: Manipulation of Molecules and Nanostructures (pp. 315-354). New York: Wiley & Sons.

PATENTS Ashima sah, A.S., Castricum, H.L., Vente, J.F., Blank, D.H.A., & Elshof, J.E. ten (16-01-2006). Microporous molecular separtaion membrane with high hydrothermal stability. no EP 06100388. ■ Broekmaat, J.J., Roesthuis, F.J.G., Blank, D.H.A., & Rijnders, A.J.H.M. (23-10-2006). Side Approach No EP 06076925.4. no No EP 06076925.4. ■ Decre, M.M.J., Blees, M., Eerd, P.P.J. van, Schroeders, R.J.M., Burdinski, D., Sharpe, R.B.A., & Huskens, J. (12-01-2006). Soft lithographic stamp with a chemically patterned surface. no WO 2006/003592 A2. ■ Hasper, A., Snijders, G.J., Vandezande, L., De Blank, M.J., & Bankras, R.G. (23-03-2006). Deposition of TiN films in a batch reactor. no US2006/0060137A1. ■ Ingham, C.J., Sprenkels, A.J., Bomer, J.G., Hylckama Vlieg, J. van, Vos, W.M., & Berg, A. van den (26-10-2006). Biochip and process for the production of a biochip. no WO2006112709 A2. ■ Ingham, C.J., Sprenkels, A.J., Hylckama Vlieg, J. van, & Vos, W.M. (18-04-2006). High throughput screening method for assessing heterogeneity of microorganisms. no WO2006112713. ■

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ABOUT MESA+

MESA+ GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE

MESA+ Governing Board Prof. dr. ir. A. Bliek Dr. G.J. Jongerden Ir. J.J.M. Mulderink Dr. A.J. Nijman Prof. dr. J.A. Put Ir. M. Westermann Prof. dr. ir. A.J. Mouthaan

Dean Faculty Science & Technology Managing Director Helianthos BV Consultant Sustainable Technology Director Research Strategy & Business Development Philips NatLab Director Performance Materials DSM Research President of GigaPort Next Generation Network Dean Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

MESA+ Scientific Advisory Board Dr. J.G. Bednorz Prof. H. Fujita Prof. M. Möller Prof. C.N.R. Rao Dr. H. Rohrer Prof. F. Stoddart Prof. E. Thomas Prof. E. Vittoz Prof. G. Whitesides

IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of Tokyo, Japan Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), Germany Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, India IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of California, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Switzerland Harvard University, USA

MESA+ Management Prof. dr. ir. D.N. Reinhoudt Prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank Dr. C.J.M. Eijkel Ir. M. Luizink

Scientific Director (till January 2007) Scientific Director (from January 2007) Technical Commercial Director (till June 2006) Technical Commercial Director (from June 2006)

C O N TA C T D E TA I L S

MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands Tel.: + 31 53 489 2715 E-mail: info@mesaplus.utwente.nl www.mesaplus.utwente.nl

Colophon Editing: MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Miriam Luizink, Annerie van Steijn-Heesink Design: Zone2design Photography: Slightly Tilted, Martin Bosker Communication Department, Jan Hesselink Arjan Reef Traffic: Communication Department, Karin Middelkamp Printed by: Te Sligte

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