MESA+ Annual report 2008

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H I G H L I G H T S

ANNUAL R E PO R T

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ANNUA L R E PO R T

2008

C O N T E N T

CONTENT

General Preface..................................................................................................................................4 About MESA+, in a nutshell................................................................................................8 MESA+ Strategic Research Orientations....................................................................... 10 Commercialization.............................................................................................................. 22 National Networks............................................................................................................. 24 International Networks..................................................................................................... 26 Education............................................................................................................................. 27 Awards, honours and appointments............................................................................... 28 Winners Mesa+ photo contest......................................................................................... 31 Highlights AAMP BIOS BPE CMD-LT CMS COPS CPM IMS IOMS LPNO MCS MNF MTG MTP NE OS PCF PNE POF SC SEPA-NST SMCT SSP TST

- Applied Analysis & Mathematical Physics............................................ 33 - BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip................................................................................... 34 - Biophysical Engineering........................................................................... 35 - Condensed Matter Physics and Devices............................................... 36 - Computational Materials Science........................................................... 37 - Complex Photonic Systems...................................................................... 38 - Catalytic Processes and Materials......................................................... 39 - Inorganic Materials Science.................................................................... 40 - Integrated Optical MicroSystems............................................................ 41 - Laser Physics and Nonlinear Optics....................................................... 42 - Mesoscale Chemical Systems................................................................. 43 - Molecular Nanofabrication...................................................................... 44 - Membrane Technology Group.................................................................. 45 - Materials Science and Technology of Polymers................................... 46 - NanoElectronics......................................................................................... 47 - Optical Sciences........................................................................................ 48 - Physics of Complex Fluids........................................................................ 49 - Physical aspects of NanoElectronics..................................................... 50 - Physics of Fluids......................................................................................... 51 - Semiconductor Components.................................................................... 52 - ST PHS / CEPTES....................................................................................... 53 - Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology.......................................... 54 - Solid State Physics.................................................................................... 55 - Transducer Science and Technology...................................................... 56

Publications MESA+ Scientific Publications 2008............................................................................... 58 About MESA+ MESA+ Governance Structure......................................................................................... 78 Contact details.................................................................................................................... 79

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P R E FA C E

2008 was special Of course, every year is an important year, but 2008 was special.

In 2008 the institute was evaluated by an international expert committee, and the outcome was very encouraging given the fact that the performance of the institute was considered outstanding. Specifically our combination of excellent research and our endeavor to stimulate entrepreneurship gives us a special reputation in the field of nanotechnology.

2008 also was the year the research agenda of the Netherlands Nano Initiative was completed. Within this research agenda the focus areas which the Netherlands should excel at are depicted. In 2008 a start was made on a granted part of the micro- and nanotechnology strategic research agenda that focuses on valorization. This so-called FES proposal obtains its profits from our gas-sources. In 2009 we will know if and how much funding will become available for nano.

Nanotechnology is becoming part of our culture. In this respect the discussion about the risks and impact on our society is an important one. MESA+ is conscious of this and will stimulate the discussion as well as the research on this matter. New initiatives have started in 2008 and will continue in 2009. The same holds for nanotechnology for energy, in particular nanomaterials and nanotechnology for innovating medicine. For all three subjects, new strategic orientations will be initiated.

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Besides the above mentioned activities, MESA+ continued with business as usual, like researchers publishing in high level journals, PhD candidates completing their theses, technicians making high standard experiments possible, MESA+ people being awarded personal grants, and scientists initiating new research fields (most of these are listed in this report).

But also the shaping of the new cleanroom (NanoLab) of MESA+, the continuous growth of our spin-offs, and the contours of the High Tech Factory show that MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology is alive and ready for the future.

Prof. dr. ing. Dave H.A. Blank Scientific Director MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology

INTRODUCTION

Joint research and shared production in nanotechnology Science and industry benefit from shared initiatives for research and production in nanotechnology, bringing both science and business forward.

The MESA+ research programs are directly related to the national research program NanoNed and the Netherlands Nanotechnology Initiative’s Strategic Research Agenda. At its start NanoNed acknowledged the importance of a national facility dedicating a major part of the effort and the accompanying budget to NanoLab NL. Today NanoLab NL provides a state-of-the-art infrastructure for nanotechnological research and innovation in the Netherlands.

MESA+ NanoLab is of crucial importance to spin-off companies, existing ones, as well as ones still to emerge. It is the place where young and entrepreneurial people translate knowledge to expertise. Enjoying the vibrant environment at and around MESA+, they start up new businesses. Till today, 40 spin-offs have started at MESA+; many more are to be expected in the years to come. In 2009 MESA+ expects to start the BioNanoLab, expanding its infrastructure for research and innovation in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine, facilitating risk-related research in nanotechnology.

University of Twente gives high priority to nanotechnology. Construction of CarrĂŠ, offering housing to the majority of the MESA+ research groups, and NanoLab, a new and highly modern research facility, is expected to be completed in 2009.

With the current research facilities becoming available with the opening of the new lab, the High Tech Factory concept has been developed. High Tech Factory is to provide production facilities to spin-off companies. In 2008, as a starting point, MESA+ together with spin-off companies and High Tech Factory developed a 9 million euro project to develop the product-specific equipment and processes, mainly related to testing, packaging and assembly, required by the partners to establish their production process (phase 1). The project achieved top ranking in the Eastern Netherlands Peaks in the Delta Innovation Programme (PIDON) and is funded by the partners and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Province of Overijssel. The next steps will be the set-up of a high-tech equipment fund where companies can apply for funding to lease production equipment (phase 3) and redevelopment of the existing R&D facility (phase 3), eventually leading to realization of the shared production facility in 2010 (phase 4).

With the ambition and spirit to form the major league in nanotechnology, and with the support of all MESA+ stakeholders, we are looking forward to a bright future.

To the benefit of excellent research and business development!

Ir. Miriam Luizink, Technical Commercial Director of MESA+

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P R E FA C E

From the Supervisory Board It has always been a privilege to witness and guide such a thriving, energetic and entrepreneurial research organization as MESA+. The supervisory board sees their proud corroborated by a review in 2008 by a high-level international committee of experts. The overall findings of the committee are best illustrated by the following quotes: ‘The research performance of MESA+ as an organization is outstanding. The research contributions from members of the Institute have positioned MESA+ as a leader nationally and internationally and most of the researchers have established strong international reputations in their respective fields. The evidence is in the consistently high quality and quantity of publications, in the number of citations, and in the number of national and international awards. Moreover, members of MESA+ play leadership roles at the national level in strategic deliberations, such as creation of NanoNed and its transformation into Netherlands Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The University of Twente’s reputation is clearly enhanced by the performance of the members of the Institute. This is recognized by the University leadership.’

‘The Committee was extremely impressed with the role of MESA + in nurturing the formation of new companies and their survival. The entrepreneurial spirit and culture in the Institute is evident. The young people who are driving the new companies clearly understand the value that MESA+ provides and lauded the flexibility of access to facilities and expertise. Specifically, they noted that the shared use of facilities and expertise within MESA+ created a network among the entrepreneurs that ensured their success. They fully support the focus of the Institute on research excellence.’

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New challenges lie ahead. Budgets may become tighter, while MESA+ has the ambition to maintain, and even enhance, its high standards in research excellence, open facilities and business development. Yet, we are confident that MESA+ can meet this challenge and will strengthen its international position in nanotechnology in the years to come.

Dr. Loek Nijman Member of the Supervisory Board Senior Vice President Philips Research

INTRODUCTION

From the Scientific Advisory Board It is with great pleasure that I make the following observations regarding MESA+, the Institute for Nanotechnology at Twente. This Institute represents the current new directions in advanced materials. The subject has become highly interdisciplinary in recent years and demands expertise in several areas as well as high-level facilities. In addition, research in the subject often generates results that are of great benefit to industry. The time gap between fundamental discovery and technological exploitation has decreased in the area in advanced materials unlike in many other areas. This is particularly true for nanoscience and technology. Nanoscience and technology has added a new dimension to research and has created great excitement and expectations amongst young people, researcher and industry. Whether nanoscience and technology produces major results which are of benefit to mankind or not, it has certainly created opportunities for new science. Passing through the corridors of MESA+, one experiences the excitement of research workers and also their interest in doing something of technological value.

MESA+ has important and relevant scientific themes which include nanostructured materials, bionanotechnology, nanoelectronics, nanophotonics and nanofluidics.

These are the very areas that are making headlines today and promise much. Looking at the recent progress report, it is clear that the Institute is making headway and producing outstanding results of fundamental importance as well as possible potential applications. I am impressed by the performance of this fine institute. It is gratifying that the mission of the Institute includes not only pursuing excellence in science and technology and providing educational opportunities, but also commercialization of research results. In today’s world, international collaboration is especially important and I am delighted that MESA+ is involved in this as well. I wish MESA+ great success in the years to come in its research efforts and technological innovations. Being located in one of the most beautiful university campuses in the world, I feel that it has every chance of attaining even greater acclamation.

Prof. C.N.R. Rao National Research Professor & Linus Pauling Research Professor Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, India

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A bo u t M E S A + , i n a n u tshe l l

Profile MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology is one of the largest nanotechnology research institutes in the world and aims to deliver competitive and successful high-quality research. MESA+ is part of the University of Twente, and cooperates closely with various research groups within the University. The institute employs 500 people of whom 275 are PhD candidates or postdocs. With its NanoLab facilities, the institute has 1250 m2 of cleanroom space and state of the art research equipment. MESA+ has been the breeding ground for more than 40 high-tech start-ups to date. MESA+ has an integral turnover of 45 million euros per year of which more than 60% is acquired in competition from external sources (National Science Foundations, European Union, industry etc.).

MESA+ supports and facilitates researchers and actively stimulates cooperation.

MESA+ combines the disciplines of physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and mathematics. Currently 25 research groups participate in MESA+. MESA+ introduced Strategic Research Orientations, headed by a scientific researcher, that bridge the research topics of a number of research groups working in common interest fields. The SROs’ research topics are an addition to the research topics of the chairs. Their task is to develop these interdisciplinary research areas which could result in new independent chairs. Internationally attractive research is achieved through this multidisciplinary approach. MESA+ uses a unique structure that unites scientific disciplines, and builds fruitful international cooperation to excel in science and education.

MESA+ has been the breeding ground for more than 40 high-tech start-ups to date. A targeted program for cooperation with small and medium-sized enterprises has been specifically created for start-ups. MESA+ offers the use of its extensive NanoLab facilities and cleanroom space under hospitable conditions. Start-ups and MESA+ work together intensively to promote the transfer of knowledge. MESA+ has created a perfect habitat for start-ups in the micro and nano-industry to establish and to mature.

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Mission and strategy MESA+ conducts research in the strongly multidisciplinary field of nanotechnology and nanoscience.

The mission of MESA+ is: • to excel in nanoscience and nanotechnology; • to educate researchers and designers in this field; • to commercialize and valorize research results; • to initiate and participate in fruitful national and international cooperation with industry and fellow institutes.

RESEARCH

Participating faculties/research groups Within MESA+ the following faculties/research groups participate:

Science & Technology (S&T)

MESA+ has defined the following indicators for achieving its mission: • scientific papers at the level of Science, Nature, or journals of comparable stature; • 1:1 balance between university funding and externally acquired funds; • sizable spin-off activities.

MESA+ focuses on three issues to pursue its mission: • to create a top environment for international scientific talent; • to create strong multidisciplinary cohesion within the institute; • to become a national leader and international key player in nanotechnology.

Research facilities MESA+ NanoLab has extensive laboratory facilities at its disposal, offering a wide spectrum of opportunities for researchers in the Netherlands and abroad: • a 1250 m2 fully equipped cleanroom, with a focus on microsystems technology, nanotechnology, CMOS and materials and process engineering; • a fully equipped central materials analysis laboratory; • a number of specialized laboratories for chemical synthesis and analysis, materials research and analysis, and device characterization.

MESA+ has a strong relationship with industry, both through joint research projects with the larger multinational companies, and through a cooperation policy focused on small and medium sized enterprises. MESA+ NanoLab plays a central part in these collaborations with industry.

Organizational structure MESA+ is an institute of the University of Twente and falls under the responsibility of the University Executive Board. The MESA+ Scientific Advisory Board assists MESA+ management in matters concerning research conducted at the institute and gives feedback on the scientific results of MESA+. The MESA+ Governing Board advises MESA+ management in organizational matters. The Scientific Director accepts responsibility for the institute and the scientific output. The Managing Director is responsible for commercialization, central laboratories, finance, communications and the internal organization. The participating research groups and SRO program directors form the MESA+ advisory board.

• B PE: Biophysical Engineering, prof. dr. V. Subramaniam • CMD: Condensed Matter Physics and Devices, prof. dr. ir. H. Hilgenkamp • CMS: Computational Materials Science, prof. dr. P.J. Kelly • COPS: Complex Photonic Systems, prof. dr. W.L. Vos • CPM: Catalytic Processes and Materials, prof. dr. ir. L. Lefferts • IMS: Inorganic Materials Science, prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank • LPNO: Laser Physics and Nonlinear Optics, prof. dr. K.J. Boller • LT: Low Temperature Division, prof. dr. H. Rogalla • MCS: Mesoscale Chemical Systems: prof. dr. J.G.E. Gardeniers • MnF: Molecular NanoFabrication, prof. dr. ir. J. Huskens • MTG: Membrane Technology Group, prof. dr. ing. M. Wessling • MTP: Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, prof. dr. G.J. Vancso • OS: Optical Sciences, prof. dr. J.L. Herek • PCF: Physics of Complex Fluids, prof. dr. F.G. Mugele • PNE: Physical aspects of NanoElectronics, prof. dr. ir. H.J.W. Zandvliet • POF: Physics of Fluids, prof. dr. D. Lohse • SMCT: SupraMolecular Chemistry and Technology, prof. dr. ir. D.N. Reinhoudt • SSP: Solid State Physics, prof. dr. ir. B. Poelsema Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS) • AAMP: Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics, prof. dr. E.W.C. van Groesen • BIOS: BIOS, the Lab-on-a-Chip group, prof. dr. ir. A. van den Berg • IOMS: Integrated Optical MicroSystems, prof. dr. M. Pollnau • NE: NanoElectronics, dr. R. Jansen • SC: Semiconductor Components, prof. dr. J. Schmitz • TST: Transducers Science and Technology, prof. dr. M.C. Elwenspoek

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School of Management and Governance (MB)/ Behavioural Sciences (BS) • ST HPS Science, Technology, Health and Policy Studies Constructive Technology Assessment, prof. dr. A. Rip • SEPA-NST: Social, Ethical, Philosophical Aspects of NanoScience technology, dr. ir. M. Boon

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D r . ir . M artin B ennin k

M E S A + S trateg i c R esearch O r i entat i ons

Dr. ir. Martin Bennink

BioNanotechnology From a nanotechnological point of view life is nothing more than a subtle interplay of a large number of individual molecules, such as proteins and DNA. Within each cell of the human body, thousands of individual molecules interact with each other, resulting in a number of processes which create the function of the cell and make it into something that we refer to as ‘living’.

The ultimate goal of this program is the design and construction of nanometer-scaled technological devices, with functionalities that are derived from single molecules and/ or larger biomolecular aggregates (i.e. complexes of molecules, proteins, cell organelles and complete cells). This approach allows exploitation of the enormous potential of bio-organic and organic systems within functional devices. Essential in this approach is the characterization of these individual biomolecules or nanoscale aggregates and their successful integration within a non-biological environment, such that their functionality can be coupled to existing sensor and actuator micro- and nanotechnology and thereby exploited to the fullest within these bionanodevices.

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The projects include: • Force spectroscopy studies on biomolecular complexes • Development of polymer nanocontainers for cell function mimicry and drug delivery applications • Measuring DNA-protein interactions using nanopores • Atomic force microscopy imaging of molecular aggregates • Creating molecular bionanosensors • Using biomolecules for the creation of nanostructures • Patterning biomolecules on non-bio surfaces • Measuring mechanical and elastic parameters of suprabiomolecular structures Program director: dr. ir. Martin Bennink, phone +31 (0)53 489 5652 m.l.bennink@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/bionano

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R E S E A R C H

Mechanical properties of native and cross-linked type i collagen fibrils Micromechanical bending experiments using atomic force microscopy were performed to study the mechanical properties of native and carbodiimide-crosslinked single collagen fibrils. Fibrils obtained from a suspension of insoluble collagen type I isolated from bovine Achilles tendon were deposited on a glass substrate containing microchannels. Collagen fibrils that were deposited across the microchannels were selected for measurement. Force displacement curves recorded at multiple positions on top of the collagen fibril that is suspended across the microchannel were used to assess the bending modulus. Fitting the slope of the force-displacement curves recorded at ambient conditions to a model describing the bending of a rod, allowed the determination of a bending modulus ranging from 1.0 GPa to 3.9 GPa. In the data we observed a clear relation of the Young’s modulus with the length of the suspended part of the collagen fibril, indicating that the collagen fibril is an anisotropic materials. Using a model to include this anisotropy of the material, a shear modulus of the collagen fibril is calculated to be 33 +/- 2 MPa at ambient conditions. When fibrils are immersed in phosphate-buffered saline, their bending and shear modulus decrease to 0.07–0.17 GPa and 2.9 +/- 0.3 MPa, respectively. The two orders of magnitude lower shear modulus compared with the Young’s modulus confirms the mechanical anisotropy of the collagen single fibrils. Crosslinking the collagen fibrils with a water-soluble carbodiimide did not significantly affect the bending modulus. The shear modulus of these fibrils, however, changed to 74 +/- 7 MPa at ambient conditions and to 3.4 +/- 0.2 MPa in phosphate-buffered saline.

Figure 2: TOP Schematic representation of a single collagen fibril (200 nm in diameter) deposited across a 5 um wide channel. The arrows indicate the different positions where with the AFM a force distance curve is recorded. BOTTOM: Scanning electron microscopy image of a collagen fibril crossing the microchannel.

Figure 1: Hierarchical structure of collagen, revealing how the collagen fiber is consisting of collagen fibrils, and how this fibril again is built up from the collagen molecules that form triple helices.

11 HigHligHted publication: Yang L., van der Werf, K.O., Fitie, C.F.C., Dijkstra, P.J., Feijen, J., Mechanical properties of native and cross-linked type I collagen fibrils, BIOPHYS. J. 94 (2008) 2204-2211.

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D r . M ich è l D uits

M E S A + S trateg i c R esearch O r i entat i ons

Dr. Michèl Duits

Cell Stress In many processes taking place in living cells, mechanical properties play a vital role.

Cells divide, grow, translocate and adapt their shape to external circumstances: all processes which require an active mechanical behaviour. Conversely, cells also sense external mechanical stress, and respond to it via mechanical and biochemical pathways. Due to this coupling, both diseases and their treatment with drugs can involve mechanical changes. This makes cell mechanics and mechanotransduction a fascinating research area, in which many behaviours are still to be discovered, explained, and potentially used to diagnose cells. The Cell-Stress SRO aims to analyze and characterize the response of single cells upon mechanical stimulation, in microfluidic environments.

The projects include: • Biological response of endothelial cells to fluid shear stress • Mechanical response of single living cells to fluid flow in microchannels • Rheology of the cell interior, measured via particle tracking • Cell rheology measured via atomic force microscopy

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Program director: dr. Michèl Duits, phone +31 (0)53 489 3097 m.h.g.duits@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/cellstress

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R E S E A R C H

Cells in chips Both adherent and suspended cells can reveal aspects of their physiological state via their mechanical properties. Measuring those properties for individual cells holds great promise for screening and diagnostics applications in microfluidic chips, due to the small amounts of cells and reagents needed, high throughput and low cost. In 2008 several developments towards this goal were made.

Suspended cells generate an increased hydrodynamic resistance (HR) when they flow through a microfluidic channel. This effect depends on cell shape and deformability, and hence on the cell’s state. Also the geometry of the microfluidic channel contributes to the HR (via the flow pattern). Using a home made ultrasensitive hydrodynamic comparator, we explored the dependence of HR on these properties for droplets suspended in immiscible oil, at different drop volumes, viscosities and speeds (Figure 1).

Distinct flow regimes were found, in which the HR showed different dependences on drop size [1].

Individual adherent cells can be studied in large numbers by parallelization. Also here, microfluidic chips offer possibilities due to the ease at which microstructures can be made at micron lengthscales. Using soft lithography platforms, chips with two layers (one for fluidics, one for control) were made. Such chips offer enormous flexibility in design, using valves (in combination with multiplexing) for fluid control, and structured elastic membranes (SEMs) for 1) confining cells or fluid, 2) in situ micro contact printing or 3) loading cells with mechanical stress. We developed SEMs for 1) and 2) and achieved reliable functionality as demonstrated in (Figure 2).

Figure 1: (A) Schematic diagram of a T-junction device integrated with a microfluidic comparator.

(B) Interface displacement ( ∆ Y) is zero, when equal driving pressures are imposed at the inlets of the oil phases. (C) Interface moving upwards during the pinch-off process. (D) Interface moving downwards during the advection of a drop. Scale bar is 200 µm and is the same for (B), (C) and (D).

Figure 2: Using SEMs, areas with prescribed geometry can be shielded from or exposed to the liquid in the fluidic channel, depending on the pressure applied in the control channel. This allows creating cell-adhesive patches with arbitrary shape, surrounded by cell repelling surfaces. Shown are endothelial cells on fibronectin islands. The shapes of the patterns are highlighted with a white dotted line. The actin network and nucleus of the cells are labeled in green and blue respectively.

Scale bar is 20 μm.

13 Highlighted publication: Vanapalli, S.A., Banpurkar, A.G., van den Ende, D., Duits, M.H.G., Mugele F., Hydrodynamic resistance of single confined moving droplets in rectangular microchannels, Lab on a Chip 9 (2009) 1461-1467.

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p ro f . dr . H an J . G . E . G ardeniers

M E S A + S trateg i c R esearch O r i entat i ons

Prof. dr. Han Gardeniers

MesoFluidics The goal of this program is to study physics and chemistry of and in fluids at the mesoscopic scale. The behaviour and control of fluids, including miscible and immiscible liquids, gases and two-phase gas-liquid systems and of the chemical species contained in these fluids will be studied in a confined environment and more specifically, near plain, nanostructured and/or reactive surfaces and interfaces.

Particular focus will be on microfluidic elements that contain materials fabricated by nanotechnology, to which electronically controlled stimuli will be applied in order to control the course of chemical reactions and fluidic behaviour.

The projects include: • Pressure and shear driven liquid chromatography in microstructured columns with integrated injection and detection elements and microstructures for coupling to e.g. mass spectrometry • Parallel microreactor structures with on-line spectroscopic features (NMR, UV-Vis) for the study of the kinetics of catalytic and enzymatic reactions • Electrowetting and ultrasonic control of fluidic and chemical behaviour • Mass and heat transport in confined systems • Liquid behaviour on nanopatterned and hydrophobic surfaces in microstructures • Catalytic gas sensors • Micro-plasma reactors

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Program director: prof. dr. Han Gardeniers, phone +31 (0)53 489 4356 j.g.e.gardeniers@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/mesofluidics

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Fluidics at the nanometer to millimeter scale As a highlight of the project in 2008, a microfabricated device capable of selecting and collecting multiple components from a mixture separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed. Component collection is automated and can be easily controlled by a set of rules defined by an operator, enabling fast and consistent operation. Applications are in fields where only limited sample amounts are available so that sample work-up with conventional methods are impossible, e.g. in single-cell or tissue studies in one of the "omics" fields (genomics, metabollomics, proteomics, etc.)

The device consists of an electrokinetically steered fluidic network that can be divided into three sections: a CE part, a fraction distribution region and a set of storage channels.

Sample fractions leave the CE channel and are detected in the interfacial region by fluorescence intensity measurements (although other detection principles are also possible). If an upcoming peak is detected, separation is withheld and the potentials are reconfigured to force the fraction into one of the collection channels, where they become available for further processing or analysis, e.g. derivatization for specific analysis methods, or in the case of DNA fractions, amplification by PCR. The sequence of separation and collection is repeated until all the bands of interest are captured. A mixture of three fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine B and Fluorescein) was used to demonstrate the principle. The components were repeatedly separated by means of CE and pooled in their respective storage channels.

Figure 1: Glass chip for collection of fractions after separation by electrophoresis. B and S are buffer and sample inlets, respectively, W and CR are waste and collected fraction outlets, respectively. D is the position of a detector.

Figure 2: Guiding of separated fractions: rhodamine B entering the 4th collection channel a) without electrokinetic focusing, c) with electrokinetic focusing; fluorescein entering the 2nd collection channel after rhodamine B has been stored: b) without electrokinetic focusing, d) with electrokinetic focusing.

15 Highlighted publication: Zalewski, Dawid R. , Schlautmann, Stefan, Schasfoort, Richard B.M., Gardeniers Han J.G.E., Electrokinetic sorting and collection of fractions for preparative capillary electrophoresis on a chip, Lab on a Chip 8 (2008) 801-809.

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Pro f . dr . J enni f er L . H ere k

M E S A + S trateg i c R esearch O r i entat i ons Prof. dr. Jennifer Herek

Molecular Photonics The strategic potential program in Molecular Photonics focuses on platforms, tools, and (bio) molecules that can be used to design, build, and investigate molecular photonic assemblies. Projects within this potential involve synthesis of innovative photonic materials (quantum dots, fluorescent self-assembled monolayers, proteins) and the optical creation and interrogation of these assemblies. A newly developed technology platform combining atomic force and optical microscopy with single molecule resolution (the atomic force fluorescence microscope – AFFM) will be used to explore the limits of dip-pen nanolithography for patterning and investigating molecular assemblies such as dendrimers and fluorescent proteins on molecular printboards. The projects bridge physics and chemistry expertise within MESA+.

The projects include: • Dip-pen nanolithography for biomolecular assembly • Engineering optical emission of quantum dots in polymeric nano- and microspheres Program director: prof. dr. Jennifer Herek, phone +31 (0)53 489 3172 j.l.herek@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/molecularphotonics

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Focusing on the platforms, tools, and (bio)molecules used to design, create, and investigate molecular photonic assemblies Responsive polymer hydrogels are smart materials that undergo reversible changes in their optical, mechanical, and/or electronic properties in response to changes in their environment. AFM was used to probe the morphology and the nanomechanical properties of individual PNIPAM microgels deposited on surfaces of silicon oxide (see Figure 1). Surprising temperature-dependent changes in particle morphology were observed, in which the shape could be changed from pancake-like to spherical [1].

A new AFM tip design serves as an ink reservoir for biomolecules. A homogeneous porous tip (see Figure 2) was prepared by a layer by layer functionalization technique.

The advantage of a hyrdophylic porous tip is that it overcomes the short operating times typical of dip-pen lithography, allowing for extended patterning.

Figure 1: SEM image of PNIPAM particles on silicon oxide substrate.

17 Figure 2: SEM image of a porous AFM tip. The porous structure is fabricated by a novel layer-by-layer technique.

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: [1] Tagit, O., Tomczak, N., Vancso, G.J., Probing the Morphology and Nanoscale Mechanics of Single Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels Across the Lower-Critical-Solution Temperature by Atomic Force Microscopy, SMALL 4 (2008) 119-126.

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D r . ir . W i l f red v an der W ie l

M E S A + S trateg i c R esearch O r i entat i ons Dr. ir. Wilfred van der Wiel

NanoElectronics The NanoElectronics program’s aim is twofold. The first goal is conducting fundamental research on nanoelectronic devices with a curiosity-driven focus. Novel electronic concepts and/or materials are explored. Combination of different materials and expertise is leading to fascinating new results. The second, and more long-term, goal is the application of those new concepts in devices with superior or complementary characteristics as compared to today’s technology.

In our interdisciplinary program we are presently studying hybrid devices composed of different types of materials, such as ferromagnets, complex oxides, semiconductors, organic single-crystals, and thin films and molecules. We also pay attention to the integration of nanoelectronic devices with mainstream (silicon) electronics.

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The projects include: • Spin injection in organic single-crystals • Design and optimization of silicon nanowires for biochemical sensing • Smart Self Assembled Monolayers for the Development of SAMFETs • Micro to nano interfacing • Physical Properties of Organic Molecules on Self-Organized Atomic Platinum Wires on a Germanium or Silicon Surface • Conducting interfaces between perovskite oxide insulators and their uses in novel devices • Photo and electro responsive assemblies based on organic and organometallic fragments and Quantum dots • First-principles studies of electron and spin transport through novel layered materials • Hybrid spintronics with ferromagnetic nanoparticles • Ballistic Electron Magnetic Microscopy (BEMM) Graphite • Spin transport in silicon Program director: dr. ir. Wilfred van der Wiel, phone +31 (0)53 489 2873 w.g.vanderwiel@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/nanoelectronics

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Organic field-effect transistors with ferromagnetic contacts Both spin electronics (spintronics) and organic electronics have made their introduction in science and technology over the last few decades. Spintronics adds new functionality and economy to electronic devices by not only applying the electron’s charge, but also its spin. Organic materials particularly provide fabrication advantages, allowing for, e.g., light-weight and flexible electronics. The merging of these two developments into the field of organic spintronics [1] not only potentially combines the advantages of both parental fields, but also provides additional value. Organic materials are expected to have long spin relaxation times, due to their low spin-orbit coupling and reduced hyperfine interaction as compared to their inorganic counterparts [1]. This makes organic materials particularly interesting for application in spintronic devices.

Although the potentially long spin relaxation time in organic semiconductors seems very promising for organic spintronics, their low carrier mobility (typically <<1 cm2(Vs)-1) is a disadvantage. Thin films of organic polymers and (to a lesser extent) small molecules suffer from imperfections like disorder and grain boundaries, resulting in mobilities orders of magnitude lower than silicon. This leads to a short spin relaxation length, despite the long spin relaxation time. Carbon-based materials such as graphite, graphene and carbon nanotubes do offer high mobilities, but device fabrication remains challenging.

We have explored the suitability of organic single-crystals for realizing a spin-valve FET [2]. This is a highly desired – yet to be realized – goal in spintronics, as it integrates amplification and memory functionality in one and the same device. Such devices require reproducible ferromagnetic contacts that can act as spin injectors and detectors.

They should be tunnel-coupled to the conduction channel in the organic single-crystal, to overcome the conductivity mismatch problem of injecting spins from a metallic ferromagnet into a semiconductor. We have realized, for the first time, FETs of 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene (rubrene, C42H28) single-crystals with high-quality Co contacts and Al2O3 tunnel barriers.

Figure 1: Organic single-crystal field effect transistor with ferromagnetic contacts. (a) Schematic of the device. (b) Photograph of the rubrene single-crystal device with Co/Al2O3 electrodes (numbered 0 to 12; other contacts not used). Electrodes 1, 6, 7 and 12 have 12 μm width, 2-5 and 8-11 6.5 μm. The doped Si substrate is used as back gate. The active device area is denoted by the dashed rectangle. The crystal axes a and b (the latter corresponding to the highest mobility) are denoted by the arrows. (c) Source-drain current ISD vs. voltage VSD for different gate voltages VG (electrodes 1-7).

HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] Naber, W.J.M., Faez, S., van der Wiel, W.G., Organic spintronics, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40 (2007) R205. [2] Naber, W.J.M., Craciun, M.F., Lemmens, J.H.J., Arkenbout, A.H., Palstra, T.T.M., Morpurgo, A.F., van der Wiel, W.G., Single-crystal rubrene field-effect transistors with ferromagnetic electrodes, submitted.

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Pro f . dr . ir . J urriaan H us k ens

M E S A + S trateg i c R esearch O r i entat i ons

Prof. dr. ir. Jurriaan Huskens

NanoFabrication The main aim of the NanoFabrication program is the development of general methods for making nanostructures. The NanoFabrication program is a separate discipline within the nanotechnology field because of its perspective on methodology development of nanostructures rather than the more common focus on final structures.

The program has thus a fundamental approach and as such differs also from the nanomanufacturing technologies that deal with the actual application of nanotechnology in production processes.

The SRO NanoFabrication focuses on key issues such as surface patterning on multiple length scales, complex structures and materials, and 3D nanofabrication with an emphasis on the integration of top-down and bottom-up methods.

The projects include: • Integration of nanoimprint lithography and blockcopolymer assembly • Integration of edge lithography and self-assembly • Monolayer fabrication and patterning on complex oxides • Polymeric nanostructures of fluorescent nanoparticles • Porous stamp materials for microcontact printing Program director: prof. dr. ir. Jurriaan Huskens, phone +31 (0)53 489 2537 j.huskens@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/nanofabrication

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R E S E A R C H

Nanoridge stamps for nanoimprint lithography Edge lithography has been developed, in a collaboration between the TST and MNF groups, for making very high resolution ridges of silicon oxide on a silicon wafer in a cost-effective microfabrication strategy [1]. These can be as thin as 20 nm with a height of up to 100 nm. To increase their mechanical strength, these ridges were overgrown by silicon nitride. This led to some increase in width but at the same time in a much higher mechanical strength. This allowed the use of such ridge structures as stamps in nanoimprint lithography (NIL).

In a follow-up study [2], the BPE, TST, and MNF groups in collaboration with a partner from the University of Sheffield, have used these stamps for making nanopatterned protein structures. Light-harvesting complexes were immobilized by supramolecular interactions onto cyclodextrin molecular printboards, resulting in highly specific protein immobilization. Nanopatterning by NIL using the nitride-enforced ridge stamps resulted in sub-100 nm protein lines with a protein binding specificity of >95% both comparing patterned vs nonpatterned areas and specific vs nonspecific binding within the patterned areas.

Figure 1: SEM picture of an imprint stamp: a silicon oxide ridge overgrown with SiNx to create a reinforced nano-ridge with a height of 80 nm and width of 40 nm.

Figure 2: Fluorescence microscopy image of 80-nm wide lines of light-harvesting LH2 complexes assembled on cyclodextrin molecular printboards nanopatterned by NIL employing the stamp shown in Figure 1.

21 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] Zhao, Y., Berenschot, E., de Boer, M., Jansen, H., Tas, N., Huskens, J., Elwenspoek, M., Fabrication of silicon oxide stamp by edge lithography reinforced with silicon nitride for nanoimprint lithography, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 18 (2008) 064013. [2] Escalante, M., Zhao, Y., Ludden, M. J. W., Vermeij, R., Olsen, J. D., Jansen, H. V., Hunter, C.N., Huskens, J., Subramaniam, V., Otto, C., Nanometer arrays of functional light harvesting antenna complexes by nanoimprint lithography and host-guest interactions, Journal of the American Chemical Society 130 (2008) 8892-8893.

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High Tech Factory MESA+ aims to establish the High Tech Factory, a shared production facility for products based on microsystems and nanotechnology. Many of the companies involved market these products in medical and pharmaceutical sectors and in food industry. High Tech Factory is designed to ensure that the (microsystems and nanotechnology) companies involved can concentrate on business operations and focus their energy on growth rather than on realizing the basic production infrastructure required achieving that growth. Individual SMEs find it difficult and expensive to establish their own state-of-the-art production facilities. A shared production facility is essential in order to guarantee continued growth and to retain these companies.

High Tech Factory will be realized in 2010 (phase 4). In 2009 the existing R&D facility will become available for redevelopment into a production environment (phase 3). The preparations for phase 2, the establishment of a technical infrastructure fund, and phase 3, planning for the redevelopment of the R&D facility into a production environment, started in 2008.

On 2 April 2008 the ‘High Tech Factory - phase 1’ project proposal was approved by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Province of Overijssel, granting 4.5 million euros.

The project achieved a top ranking in the National Peaks in the Delta Innovation Program (PIDON). The proposal aims to develop the product-specific equipment and processes, mainly related to testing, packaging and assembly, required by partners to establish their production process.

Blue4Green In July 2008, Blue4Green started as a young and innovative company working towards better and faster methods of diagnosing animals using point-of-care analysis solutions based on lab-on-a-chip technologies, this way improving animal care. The company founded by Erik Staijen and Daan Sistermans is a spin-off of Medimate and the MESA+ research group BIOS headed by Prof. dr. ir. Albert van den Berg.

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Ostendum In March 2008, the company Ostendum was officially launched, developing a fast and sensitive, portable biosensor for bacteria, viruses, yeasts, biomarkers, etc. The Ostendum biosensor detects the micro-organisms, proteins or DNA molecules, and instantaneously determines their concentration in the sample. Ostendum founded by

COMMERCIA LIZATION

Dr. mr. Paul Nederkoorn, Dr. Aurel Ymeti, Prof. dr. Vinod Subramaniam and Dr. ir. Hans Kanger is a spin-off of the MESA+ research group BioPhysical Engineering headed by Prof. dr. Vinod Subramaniam. Ostendum is one of the spin-off companies that benefited from the MESA+ International Ventures initiative.

MESA+ International Ventures The mission of MESA+ International Ventures, a public private partnership, is to transform knowledge into economic advantage by exploiting and strengthening MESA+ technology platforms. Together with MESA+ research groups, MESA+ International Ventures is constantly scouting and screening newly developed technologies for market potential. When a technology screens favorably, the next step in the commercialization process is embarked on. This involves researching markets for the specific technology in more detail, contacting potential customers, developing technology towards a demonstrator product, and securing necessary Intellectual Property Rights. Through this a spin-off company is created and then MESA+ International Ventures obtains the necessary finance. Examples of promising technologies include a coating for LEDs to significantly increase light out-coupling and an instantaneous, optionally in-line, optical detection technology for micro-organisms.

MESA+ International Ventures is financed by a group of private investors (who are also an important network for the financing of future spin-off companies), the province of Overijssel and the University of Twente. MESA+ International Ventures is managed by Dr. mr. Paul Nederkoorn.

Dr. Aurel Ymeti (left) and Dr. Alma Dudia

Dr. mr. Paul Nederkoorn

Nano4Vitality Innovation Program The application areas of food and health are challenging areas for innovation. The cost of healthcare, food safety, the ageing population, and many other issues demand an increased rate of innovation. The nanometer scale is the relevant scale for processes in living systems. With nanotechnology it is possible, for the first time, to interact with these natural systems on their own scale based on natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own principles.

Together with the universities of Wageningen, Nijmegen and Groningen, MESA+ created a novel innovation program for health and food applications based on nanotechnology, called Nano4Vitality. The program received a grant of six million euros in 2007 from the Ministry of Economic Affairs and the Province of Overijssel.

Projects are carried out by consortia of industry, high tech SMEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, high tech start-ups and universities, focusing at product or prototype realization in a time frame of three years, based on underlying business cases.

Kennispark Twente Commercialization of nanotechnology research is one of the very strong drivers of MESA+. As illustrated above, key aspects of the MESA+ agenda encompass business development, facility sharing, area development, and growth towards a production facility. With these key commercialization projects, MESA+ contributes strongly to the Kennispark agenda and the provincial and regional innovation systems.

Dr. ir. Jeroen Wissink of Medspray/U-Needle

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N at i ona l N et w orks

NanoNed NanoNed, the Nanotechnology network of the Netherlands, is an initiative of eight knowledge institutes and Philips. It combines the nanotechnology and enabling technology capabilities of the Dutch industrial and scientific nanotechnology knowledge infrastructure into a single national network. This network facilitates rapid progress in terms of knowledge through strong research projects, the infrastructure investment program NanoLab NL, and the dissemination of knowledge and expertise in an economically relevant manner, resulting in high added-value economic growth.

The program is organized in eleven large interdependent programs called Flagships, based on national R&D strengths and industrial relevance. The partnership covers about 200 research projects, which over five years represent more than 1200 years of research. Generic, technology-oriented Flagships operate together with more application-oriented programs to create a cohesive nationwide multidisciplinary program. The Technology Assessment program, resulting in a mapping of the societal impact of nanotechnology in close collaboration with the scientists involved, is an integral part of NanoNed. Since NanoNed was established, it is not only in the field of nano-electronics that progress has been made: tremendous improvements have also been seen in nanostructured materials science, enabling technology for a broad variety of functional nanostructures and applications in the field of life sciences, energy and sustainable energy.

MESA+ is partner in NanoNed. NanoNed has a total budget of 235 million euros, of which about 120 million was granted by the Dutch government. NanoNed started in 2004 and runs till 2010.

NanoLab NL

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NanoNed recognized the importance of a national facility, and therefore provided a large part of the driving force and the accompanying budget to establish NanoLab NL. NanoLab NL provides access to a coherent, high-level, state-of-the-art infrastructure for nanotechnology research and innovation in the Netherlands. The NanoLab facilities are open to internal as well as external researchers from universities as well as companies. NanoLab NL seeks to bring about coherence in national infrastructure, access, and tariff structure.

From 2004, when NanoLab NL was established, until the end of 2009, the NanoNed NL partners invest about 110 million euros in nanotech facilities through their own funding and additional public funding.

N E T W O R K S

Impression of the new MESA+ NanoLab

The partners in NanoLab NL are: • MESA+ at University of Twente • Kavli Institute of Nanoscience at Delft University of Technology • Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials at Groningen University • TNO Science & Industry, Delft, and • Philips Research Laboratories, Eindhoven, as an associate partner Together, these five locations cover most of the country and offer the widest possible spectrum of nanotechnology facilities for researchers in the Netherlands to use.

The University Twente, re-allocating the buildings for research and education, is building a new cleanroom and analysis facility, MESA+ NanoLab. The new NanoLab contains 1000 m2 cleanroom and 800 m2 laboratory space. With the investment in NanoLab the University shows the interest for and the importance of Nanotechnology research. MESA+ NanoLab is scheduled to be ready in the fall of 2009.

Netherlands Nano Initiative The nanotechnology research area is comprehensive and still extending. The Netherlands makes choices based on existing strengths supplemented with new opportunities. To maintain the Netherlands position as a competitive nation with the rest of the world, NanoNed, and its partners the Technology Foundation STW and the Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter FOM, presented a Strategic Research Agenda to the Dutch Cabinet in the summer of 2008, in order to start of the Netherlands Nano Initiative in 2009. MESA+ is one of the initiators in this process. The Netherlands Nanotechnology Initiative program, successor to NanoNed, covers both these relevant generic and social themes. NanoLab NL provides the infrastructure for the implementation of this program.

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Nanoforumeula Nanoforumeula aims to foster lasting research relations between European and Latin American research organizations specializing in nanotechnology. In 2008 Nanoforumeula funded twenty exchange visits from Latin American researchers to four European research organizations, and organized two workshops and fact finding missions in Mexico and Brazil, which enabled European researchers and industrialists to identify opportunities for establishing working relations. MESA+ hosted five Mexican researchers. Nanoforumeula, coordinated by MESA+, is a Specific Support Action funded by the European Union under the Sixth EU Framework Program (FP6).

Frontiers Frontiers is a European Commission Network of Excellence (NoE) supported by the Sixth Framework Program (FP6) creating synergy between nanotechnology and life sciences. The consortium of more than 180 researchers leverages the existing strengths and potentials of several key nanotechnology groups in Europe, e.g. iNANO at Aarhus (DK), Max Planck (DE), Cambridge (UK) and IMEC (BE). Frontiers started in August 2004 and ends in January 2009.

The successful midterm evaluation of the network was highlighted by the initiation of numerous joint research collaborations, and several meetings and workshops intended to facilitate the process of integration of consortium partners. The coordinator of Frontiers is Prof. dr. Vinod Subramaniam.

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From 2009 Frontiers will find continuation, in a joint initiative with NoE Nano2Life, in NaBia, the European Alliance in Nanobiotechnology. The most committed partners of the two EU FP6 networks of excellence have agreed to join their forces and combine their best practices for the benefit of the European S&T nanobiotechnology community. NaBiA represents the single, largest and most competent nanobiotechnology network in Europe.

See the NaBia website for more information: www.nabia.eu.

E D U C A T I O N

E D U C AT I O N Master of Science Nanotechnology General information Different researchers and professors from MESA+ active in the fields of Applied Physics, Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering came together to close the gap between scientific and technological progress and conventional disciplinary educational programs by setting up an interdisciplinary Master of Science in Nanotechnology. The objective is to provide an educational program for master’s students as specific preparation for a PhD project in nanotechnology. The master’s will provide students with training in the enabling technologies and key aspects relevant for the field of nanotechnology. Furthermore students will learn to operate in a research environment, to set up, manage and perform research projects, including reporting and communicating the results. The philosophy behind the set up of the master’s program is that for students to become nanotechnologists they must develop the skills to combine expertise, knowledge and skills from the different disciplines (nanochemistry, nanobio, nanoengineering and nanophysics).

Program Structure This two year master’s program (120 EC) is divided into four semesters. In the first year, seven nanotechnology modules are offered that cover the different subfields in nanotechnology. In the second semester two different practical training modules are provided. The first practical training module is an intensive course in the MESA+ cleanroom, and the second is a larger practical course completed in the lab of one of the nanotechnology research groups. The curriculum also includes a course that focuses on improving skills required to search literature, present results in front of audiences and write scientific reports. In the last part of the first year, the modules “Societal embedding of Nanotechnology” and “Technology venturing” provide tools for the students to think and to deal with the development of nanotechnology in the context of society. Five European credits (EC) are reserved for elective courses which can be taken to specialize in a particular topic (in most cases related to the final thesis assignment). In the second year, industrial training in a company involved in nanotechnology research is required, and the last approximate six months are reserved for the final master’s research project, which is to done in one of the MESA+ research groups. In this project student use all their acquired skills to set-up, manage and perform a complete research project.

For further information and application for the (international) Master of Science in Nanotechnology, see http://nt.graduate.utwente.nl/ or http://www.tnw.utwente.nl/nt and/or contact the program coordinator: Dr Martin Bennink, phone +31 (0)53 489 5652, m.l.bennink@ utwente.nl.

Fundamentals of Nanotechnology workshop Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary research field, and requires expertise from the field of electrical engineering, applied physics, chemical technology and life sciences. The workshop “Fundamentals of Nanotechnology” is organized by MESA+ every year (end October, beginning November) and this workshop provides an initial introduction to the complete scope of what nanotechnology is about within MESA+. The workshop is set up for graduate students and postdoctoral fellows with training in electrical engineering, applied physics, chemical engineering or any other applied science that are starting to work or are currently working in the field of nanotechnology.

The workshop will be given in an intensive one-week format, in which the participants will attend about 20 lectures on different subfields of nanotechnology in the morning, accompanied with visits to the laboratories in the afternoon. Each year there are 25 to 30 participants.

Program Structure Master NT

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Awards , hono u rs and appo i ntments

Membership KNAW Prof. dr. ir. Albert van den Berg (BIOS Lab-on-a-chip group) has been appointed a member of the KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences). The Academy has a maximum of 220 regular members. Those eligible for membership are active scientists with an excellent scientific record.

Advanced Grant of the European Research Council for eLab4Life The project eLab4Life of the BIOS Lab-on-a-chip group has received an Advanced Grant of 2.4 million euros from the European Research Council. The Advanced Grants of the European Research Council are awarded for cutting edge research. Diagnosing cancer at a very early stage, studying cell growth and developing new drugs: future Lab-on-a-Chip systems will make use of electrical fields on the nanoscale to detect and manipulate cells, proteins and DNA. According to Prof. dr. ir. Albert van den Berg, head of the BIOS group, a real breakthrough can be made by fabricating special nanostructures that induce local electrical fields to study and investigate individual biomolecules and cells. The new nanostructures offer the opportunity to further miniaturize analysis systems and make commercially attractive instruments.

Prof. dr. ir. Albert van den Berg

VICI awards Prof. dr. ir. Hans Hilgenkamp and Prof. dr. ir. Jurriaan Huskens both will receive a VICI grant of up to 1.25 million euros. This grant, which is also part of the NWO’s Innovational Research (Vernieuwingsimpuls) program, is awarded to highly experienced researchers who have developed an innovative line of research. The scientists selected are among the very best in their field of research and have also demonstrated their ability to coach younger researchers.

Hans Hilgenkamp (41), who heads the Condensed Matter Physics and Devices group, will be conducting research into an unusual class of materials known as Mott materials.

Like metals, these can conduct electricity, but they differ in that the mobile charge carriers - electrons or ‘holes’ - show a high level of interaction with each other. This gives them highly unusual properties such as superconductivity at relatively high temperatures. When two different types of Mott materials (a ‘hole conductor’ and an ‘electron conductor’) are brought into contact with each other, Hilgenkamp believes this has the potential to create spectacular effects, caused by the ‘dance of the electrons and holes’ at the point of contact. These may include high thermal conductivity, or at even higher temperatures, the dream scenario of superconductivity.

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Jurriaan Huskens (40), who heads the Molecular Nanofabrication group will receive the VICI grant for research into mobile nanostructures. Mobility is an elementary property of molecules and nanoparticles. Huskens and his fellow researchers aim to control the movement of molecules and nanostructures on surfaces by using gradients: surface properties which slowly change in a specific direction. By precisely controlling these properties in time and place, it is possible to also control the movement of molecules and particles that have adhered to the surface.

Prof. dr. ir. Hans Hilgenkamp

Prof. dr. ir. Jurriaan Huskens

A W A R D S

VIDI awards NWO also awarded three VIDI subsidies to three excellent young scientists of MESA+.

Each scientist will receive a maximum of 600,000 euros. With this amount they can develop their own research line over a five-year period and appoint one or more researchers.

Dr. Tamalika Banerjee of the group NanoElectronics is awarded this grant for a project called ‘Harnessing novel materials for spintronics’. Spin-electronics uses both the charge and spin of an electron. In this research, functional properties of novel material systems will be harnessed and their spin-transport properties studied at the nanoscale.

This will enable fabrication of spintronic devices with more diverse functionalities.

Dr. ir. Michèl de Jong

Dr. ir. Michèl de Jong (NanoElectronics group) is awarded this grant for the project: ‘Spintronics: en route to smarter computer chips’. Alongside the electrical properties of electrons, spintronics also makes use of a magnetic property, the electron spin, which makes new functions possible. This research is aimed at controlling this electron spin in silicon, the workhorse of modern electronics.

Dr. ir. Niels Tas (Transducer Science and Technology group) is awarded this grant for his project ‘Probing the atomic world’. In the ‘atomic forces microscope’ surfaces are probed with a very sharp needle. The aim of this research is to build elements such as sensors into the needle in order to enhance the speed, accuracy and sensitivity of the mechanical microscope.

VENI award The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) has granted a VENI award to Dr. ir. Joost van Honschoten of the Transducer Science and Technology group for his research on ‘Microscopic origami with water drops’. This research focuses on techniques, similar to origami, to manufacture new three-dimensional elements such as micro-robots, micro-needles or switches. Folding takes place using the powerful surface tensions of liquid drops. VENI awards are intended for recent PhD graduates to develop research ideas over a three-year period. The subsidy is a maximum of 208,000 euro per researcher.

Dr. ir. Niels Tas

Rubicon grants The Rubicon grant will enable researchers, who have recently been awarded their PhDs, to gain valuable research experience abroad. In 2008 two MESA+ researchers received this grant.

Dr. Xing Yi Ling (Molecular Nanofabrication group) will spend two years at the University of California, Berkeley, researching new techniques to trace and identify a single molecule. She will develop advanced crystals for the technique known as ‘Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy’ (SERS).

Dr. ir. Joost van Honschoten

Dr. Wolter Siemons (Inorganic Materials group) whose research will be carried out in Ramesh group at Berkeley, one of the leading groups on oxide electronics. The aim of the proposed work is to find an answer to why these devices do not work at room temperature, even though theoretically they should. Wolter did his PhD within NanoNed in a collaboration between the IMS group and the group of Professor Mac Beasley at Stanford. He received his graduation ‘cum laude’ last April.

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Dr. Xing Yi Ling

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Cum laude distinction In 2008 two MESA+ PhD candidates received cum laude distinctions with honors for their work: Dr. Wolter Siemons of the Inorganic Materials Science group for his PhD thesis ‘Nanoscale properties of complex oxide films’, and Dr. Gianluca Giovannetti of the Computational Materials Science group for his thesis ‘Electronic structure of various Carbon based, Correlated and Multiferroic Materials form Ab-initio investigations‘.

2007 Vederprijs (reception prize in 2008) The 2007 Vederprijs, the Scientific radio fund Veder prize, has been awarded to Dr Edwin Klein, who received his PhD in April 2007 in the Integrated Optical Microsystems group. The jury praised his broad interests and his qualities as an experimental and innovative researcher. Klein currently works at Xio Photonics that was founded, in part, based on his research. Edwin Klein received his award at the thematic meeting of the Dutch Electronics and Radio society (NERG) on 17 April 2008 held on the topic of ‘Integrated broadband optics’. The Scientific radio fund Veder, set up in 1927, annually distributes the Vederprijs to someone who has made an innovative and groundbreaking contribution to telecommunication.

Dr. ir. Edwin Klein

2008 Overijssel PhD award At the 47th Dies Natalis, Dr. Floor Wolbers received the 2008 Overijssel PhD award for the best University of Twente thesis from the last year. The award, 5,000 euros, was presented by the Queen’s Commissioner, Mr. Geert Jansen. Dr. Floor Wolbers developed a microfluidic Lab-on-a-Chip system to analyse the effect of different drugs on tumour cells and normal cells. This Lab-on-a-Chip device enables us to better understand the cancer process and improve the current cancer therapy regime. This research was carried out in close cooperation with the Medisch Spectrum Twente in Enschede.

NanoNed Innovation Award Helmut Rathgen, PhD candidate of the Physics of Complex Fluids group, was presented with the NanoNed Innovation Award. He received this award for the invention of a new ultrasound sensor. The new sound sensor enables accurate ultrasound scans with a small mobile device and can be used to improve the sonar equipment used on boats.

The objective of the NanoNed Innovation Award of 5,000 euros is to encourage young researchers to translate their scientific work into a business idea that meets a demonstrable market need. The University of Twente has applied for a patent on the invention and will be developing the principle into a ready-to-use product in cooperation with a company in the region.

2008 Nano2Life Best Publication Award At the final scientific meeting of Nano2Life in Heraklion (Greece), Drs. ing. Georgette Salieb-Beugelaar’s paper, published in Nano Letters July 2008, presenting recent DNA work, was awarded with the “Nano2Life Best Publication 2008”. This work was funded

by Nano2Life and NanoNed.

Dr. Floor Wolbers

Helmut Rathgen (right)

At the annual meeting of Nano2Life in Champery (Switzerland) her poster presenting the recent DNA work was also awarded with the third prize. Part of this work was funded by Nano2Life.

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2008 MESA+ meeting During the annual MESA+ meeting in September 2008, the poster with the title ‘Sculpting wavefronts to direct light through a maze’ of ir. Elbert G. van Putten with others from the group Complex Photonic Systems won first prize at the scientific poster presentations.

MESA+ organizes this meeting every year to create an opportunity to exchange scientific work.

Drs. ing. Georgette Salieb-Beugelaar

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W i nners mesa + photo contest 2 0 0 8 / 2 0 0 9 1st prize Frans Segerink - Optical Sciences Group An image of a nanostructure that unfortunately did not make it

2nd prize Daniël Wijnperlé - BIOS Lab-on-a-chip group Polymeric worms

3rd prize (shared prize) Left Martin Jurna - Optical Sciences Group Vet cells imbedded between strings of collagen fibers in beef

3rd prize (shared prize) Right Oktay Yildirim - Molecular NanoFabrication Group/Inorganic Materials Science Group Self Assembled Monolayers on Metal Oxide Surfaces

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A A M p

p R O f. D R . I R . B R E N N Y vA N G R O E S E N

applied analysis & MatHeMatical pHysics dimensionality reduction 3d-to-2d for simulations in photonics

The group Applied Analysis & Mathematical Physics conducts research and teaching activities in ordinary and partial differential equations, and in mathematical modeling of problems from the natural and technical sciences. Methods from nonlinear analysis (variational methods, bifurcation theory, dynamical system theory), small scale numerical calculations, and computer-algebra are the main mathematical tools used to study partial differential equations from a series of different areas of applications.

The group contributes to MESA+ in the field of theoretical optics, with a focus on phenomena related to the light propagation in nonhomogeneous linear and nonlinear dielectric media. The Maxwell equations of classical electrodynamics are to be solved for structures and devices from guided wave (integrated) optics or, more general, photonics.

In a joint NanoNED-funded project with the IOMS and TST groups of MESA+, the goal is to create nano-mechanically activated optical switches. A mechanical cantilever will disturb the optical field in a (photonic crystal) nanocavity, switching light from one channel to another. When designing the optical parts of the devices, and their interaction with the nanomechanics, one needs to predict how the light propagates through the structure. However, fully vectorial 3D calculations are CPU and memory-intensive.

Therefore, the AAMP group attempts to define lower-dimensional models that capture the essence of the full 3D structure, while being computationally much more efficient.

Figure 1: Transmission spectrum of the photonic crystal waveguide shown in Fig. 2. What concerns the location of the stopband and the general spectral features, the VEIM predictions are reasonably close to the 3D FDTD reference results, while the ‘conventional’ EIM data, using either the cladding (1.0) or substrate refractive indices (1.445) as effective values for the hole regions, are much further off.

Traditionally, integrated optics designers very often use a technique called the ‘Effective Index Method’ (EIM) to reduce a simulation of a 3D structure to two spatial dimensions.

Frequently, as it is the case for the photonic crystal slabs in the present project, the effective parameters for the 2D simulation are only rather ambiguously defined, i.e. rely more or less on guesswork. Here we have developed a mathematical formulation that allows to a priori derive these parameters when going from 3D to 2D, based on a sound variational reasoning (Variational EIM, VEIM). Results for a photonic crystal slab waveguide show that this approach predicts the location of the bandgap and other spectral features much more precisely than any guesses using the standard EIM. Currently, work is in progress to extend the method to deal with the third dimension even more accurately.3

HigHligHted publications: [1] Ivanova, O.V., Stoffer, R., Hammer, M., A dimensionality reduction technique for scattering problems in photonics, 1st International Workshop on Theoretical and Computational Nano-Photonics TaCoNa-Photonics (2008) Bad Honnef, Germany. [2] Ivanova, O.V., Hammer, M., Stoffer, R., van Groesen, E., A variational mode expansion mode solver, OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 39 (2007) 849-864.

Figure 2: Light propagation through the photonic crystal slab waveguide, absolute value of the principal magnetic component of the optical field.

TOP: almost full transmission at a vacuum wavelength of 1492 nm; BOTTOM: hardly any transmission at 1568 nm.

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bios lab-on-a-cHip field dependent dna Mobility in 20 nm High nanoslits

The research carried out in the BIOS - Lab–on-Chip group, as part of the Electrical Engineering department, aims at understanding and utilizing new micro- and nanofluidic phenomena, new nanosensor principles and incorporating these in Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) systems for environmental and biomedical applications. It is our mission to: • further the knowledge and understanding of nanofl uidics, with a focus on electrochemical aspects • develop new electrical nanosensing technologies • bridge the gap between nanotechnologists and Lab-on-Chip users from physical,

Figure 1: Top view of the device.

chemical, biomedical and life-sciences fields • demonstrate the potential of LOC applications It is our vision that Lab-on-Chip systems will play an important role in solving future societal needs, both in the areas of healthcare (Point-of-care medical devices) as well as for sustainable development (e.g environmental monitoring, (bio)chemical process optimization and energy generation). Therefore, apart from scientific research also strong emphasis is placed on the real-life application and valorization of our research by collaborations with companies (e.g. Philips, Vertex, OGT, etc.), with the health care profession and by the creation of spin-off companies, such as Medimate, Blue4Green etc.

The multidisciplinary work presented here concerns fundamental research on the physical and structural properties of nanoconfined DNA molecules. Since our group lacked experience in this field, a Nano2Life co-operation was started with Jonas Tegenfeldt from Lund University, Sweden. He learned us how to pull DNA into nanoconfinement and to perform single molecule measurements with a high sensitivity EMCCD camera.

Devices were manufactured from fused silica (Figure 1). DNA molecules intercalated with the fluorescent dye YOYO-1 were pumped into buffer inlet A, whereas in B only buffer was pumped. After an electrical field was applied, molecules were pulled into the nanochannels.

The mobility of the DNA molecules was found to be strongly field dependent (Figure 2). The observation that the long λ-DNA has a higher mobility than the smaller Litmus DNA, opens the door to gel-free nanochannel DNA separation devices. Interestingly, λ-DNA moved fluently at low applied electrical fields (below 30 kV/m), but in a stop-and-go fashion at higher fields, while Litmus DNA moved in stop-an-go at all fields. The molecules showed preferential pathways and trapping sites (Figure 3), which suggests an influence of surface roughness. The trapping mechanism is presently being investigated.

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This research shows that unknown behavior of DNA can still be discovered which can contribute to the improvement of DNA diagnostics, the development of new separation devices or tools to study DNA-protein interactions. This research was funded by NanoNed .3

HigHligHted publication: Salieb-Beugelaar, G. B., Teapal, J., van Nieuwkasteele, D., Wijnperlé, J., Tegenfeldt, O., Lisdat, F., van den Berg, A., Eijkel, J. C. T., Field-dependent DNA mobility in 20nm high nanoslits, NANO LETTERS 8 (2008) 1785-1790.

Figure 2: The mobility of λ-DNA and Litmus DNA in nanoslits differs and is strongly dependent on the applied field.

Figure 3: By the superimposition of video frames, pathways and traps inside nanoslits can be tracked.

The white dashed line at the top represents a pathway, the black circles in the bottom figure represent trapping sites.

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Biophysical Engineering Nanoscale biomolecular interactions in disease

We are a multidisciplinary team using nanotechnology and optical methods to manipulate, organize, visualize, and probe the biophysics of functional biological systems. We are particularly interested in quantitative measurements of dynamic molecular and cellular biophysical processes at high spatial, temporal, and chemical resolutions. Supramolecular associations play a role in several of our projects: disease-related protein aggregation, the functional architecture of protein complexes, patterning of biomolecules, clustering of cell-surface molecules, and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Strong collaborations with other MESA+ groups and national and international collaborators are essential elements of our work.

Nanoscale insights into Parkinson’s Disease

α-Synuclein (aS) is a small intrinsically disordered protein that is abundantly expressed throughout the human brain. Genetic and neuropathological data suggest that the protein plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease. The mechanisms through which the protein damages neurons is currently not understood. There is compelling evidence that the membrane interaction of small aggregates of aS contribute to neurotoxicity. It has been hypothesized that these oligomers can form pore-like structures that permeabilize the cellular membranes. However, the fundamental biophysical bases of these interactions remain to be unraveled. MESA+ PhD student Bart van Rooijen has been focusing on studying the interaction of oligomeric aS with lipids in a project designed to understand the key driving forces behind the lipid-oligomeric aS interactions. Recent work has demonstrated that oligomeric aS binds specifically to fluid lipid phases in mixed lipid giant unilamellar vesicles (Figure 1). The paper was highlighted on the cover of the journal FEBS Letters [1].

Figure 1: Membrane binding of Alexa488 labeled aS oligomers (green) to the liquid disordered domains of 18:2 PG:DPPG:Cholesterol giant unilamellar vesicles labeled with 0.05% DOPE-rhodamine (red), using confocal (A) and wide-field (B) fluorescence microscopy. The scale bar indicates 5 μm. The lipid composition was chosen specifically because it phase separates into coexisting fluid and gel phases.

DOPE-rhodamine is known to accumulate in the fluid lipid phases. The colocalization of the fluorescence from the aS oligomers with the signal from DOPErhodamine indicates a binding specificity of oligomeric aS to the fluid lipid phase.

Given the importance of membrane interactions to the physiological role of α-Synuclein, during the course of 2008 we have, in collaboration with the group of Dr. Martina Huber at Leiden University, used advanced electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to characterize the structure of membrane-bound α-Synuclein [2][3].3

35 Highlighted Publications: [1] van Rooijen, B. D., Claessens, M.M.A.E., Subramaniam, V., Membrane binding of oligomeric alpha-synuclein depends on bilayer charge and packing, FEBS Letters 582 (2008) 3788-3792. [2] Drescher, M., Veldhuis, G., van Rooijen, B. D., Milikisyants, S., Subramaniam, V., Huber, M., Antiparallel arrangement of the helices of vesicle-bound alpha-synuclein, J. Am., Chem. Soc. 130 (2008) 7796-7797. [3] Drescher, M., Godschalk, F., Veldhuis, G., van Rooijen, B. D., Subramaniam, V., Huber, M., Spin-label EPR on alpha-synuclein reveals differences in the membrane binding affinity of the two antiparallel helices, ChemBioChem 9 (2008) 2411-2416.

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condensed Matter pHysics and deVices / loW teMperature diVision flux-Quanta trapping in superconducting strips The Condensed Matter Physics and Devices group (lead by Prof. H. Hilgenkamp) covers the MESA+ part of the Low Temperature Research Division (headed by Prof. H. Rogalla).

The CMD group is dedicated to the study of materials and structures with unconventional electronic properties, and their use in devices. The current research activities have a particular emphasis on high temperature superconductors and related perovskite oxides.

High resolution Scanning SQUID Magnetic Microscopy presents a further focus area.

From 2009 onwards, the CMD group will be an independent research chair within the MESA+ Institute.

Understanding the fundamental conditions under which magnetic flux-quanta get trapped in superconducting thin films occurs is essential for the operation of superconducting sensors and electronics in an unshielded environment. A method to prevent magnetic flux trapping is by dividing the superconducting body into narrow strips.

We have investigated flux trapping in thin film narrow strips by Scanning SQUID Microscopy (SSM). Samples with YBa2Cu3O7 strips having various widths were fabricated.

With the SSM, the threshold fields for flux trapping of these strips were determined. A new theory was developed, which showed much better correspondence to these experimental results than existing theories [1].

Figure 1: Pickup loop of a SQUID for High-Resolution Scanning SQUID Microscopy. The pickup loop is realized in a combination of photolithography and FIB-milling.

The SSM uses a SQUID magnetic field sensor with a very small pickup loop to achieve a high spatial resolution in the imaging of the magnetic flux. In Figure 1 the pickup loop part of the SQUID is displayed. Focused ion beam milling (FIB) is used to make the pickup loop smaller than is possible with the standard photolithography process.

In a follow up of these experiments on the high critical temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3O7, also Niobium strips were investigated. Whereas basic properties of the Nb, such as the superconducting coherence length, differ strongly from YBa2Cu3O7, our model was also able to describe the experimental data for Nb with high accuracy.

We could show that, above the threshold fields, the flux-quanta order in a single row in the center of the strip for low applied magnetic fields and in parallel rows for high fields as is displayed in Figure 2. Comparison of the distribution between Nb and YBa2Cu3O7 shows a better ordering in Nb. This can be attributed to differences in the microstructures of these materials and in the way defect states work out in the pinning of magnetic flux quanta.3

36 HigHligHted publication: Kuit, K.H., Kirtley, J.R., van der Veur, W., Molenaar, C.G., Roesthuis, F.J.G., Troeman, A.G.P., Clem, J.R., Hilgenkamp,H., Rogalla, H., Flokstra, J., Vortex trapping and expulsion in thin-film YBa2Cu3O7-δ strips, PHYSICAL REVIEW B 77 (2008) 134504.

Figure 2: Typical SSM images of 35 µm wide strips of YBCO in a 10µT and 20µT background field. The dots represent individual magnetic flux quanta of magnitude 2x10-15 Tm2.

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coMputational Materials science electronic-structure-induced reconstruction and magnetic ordering at the laaio3|srtio3 interface Understanding the magnetic, optical, electrical and structural properties of solids in terms of their chemical composition and atomic structure by numerically solving the quantum mechanical equations describing the motion of the electrons is the central research activity of the group Computational Materials Science. When the equations contain no input from experiment other than the fundamental physical constants (charge and mass of the electron, Planck’s constant and the speed of light), then it is possible to make statements about the properties of systems which are difficult to characterize experimentally or which have not yet been made. This is especially important as experimentalists begin to make hybrid structures approaching the nanoscale.

An interface between the insulating oxides LaAlO3 and SrTiO3 can be metallic with an extremely high carrier mobility, the valence mismatch at the interface leading to the transfer of half an electron per unit cell from LaAlO3 (band gap 5.6 eV) to SrTiO3 (band gap 3.2 eV), from the LaO interface layer to the TiO2 layer. Samples prepared under increasing oxygen pressure exhibit a large increase of the sheet resistance which decreases on increasing the temperature from 10K to 70K as well as a large negative magnetoresistance and magnetic hysteresis at low temperatures [1]. These properties are presumably characteristic of intrinsic interfaces.

To gain some insight into the origin of the observed magnetoresistance, we used parameter-free electronic structure calculations to show that the half electron (per interface Ti ion) transferred from the LaO layer on one side of the interface to the TiO2 layer on the other side favours a rotation of TiO6 octahedra just as it does in bulk LaTiO3 (see Figure 1). As in bulk LaTiO3, the distortion is crucial to the formation of a chargeordered antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulating ground state and other charge, magnetic and orbital properties, and results in a characteristic buckling of the Ti-O-Ti bonding at the interface. Ionic relaxation plays a crucial role in determining the localization of the extra electron on the interface Ti ions and leakage into the bulk layer. However, charge ordering suppresses this leakage even when relaxation is included and, in the charge-ordered states the electrons are strongly localized at the interface. Our calculations suggest an explanation for recent experimental results in terms of the proximity of an AFM insulating ground state to a metallic ferromagnetic excited state (or an insulating ferromagnetic state with reduced band gap).3

Figure 1: caption: Relaxed LaAlO3|SrTiO3 interface structure and charge density iso-surface of the surplus electron for the charge-ordered ferromagnetic state. The orthorhombic translation vectors are a, b, c.

37 HigHligHted publications: [1] Brinkman, A., Huijben, M., van Zalk, M., Huijben, J., Zeitler, U., Maan, J.C., van der Wiel, W.G., Rijnders, G., Blank D.H.A., Hilgenkamp, H., Magnetic effects at the interface between nonmagnetic oxides, NATURE MATERIALS 6 (2007) 493-496. [2] Zhong, Z., Kelly, P.J., Electronic-structure–induced reconstruction and magnetic ordering at the LaAlO3|SrTiO3 interface, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 84 (2008) 27001.

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coMpleX pHotonic systeMs universal optimal transmission of light

The Complex Photonic Systems (COPS) group studies light propagation in ordered and disordered nanophotonic materials. We investigate photonic bandgap materials, random lasers, diffusion and Anderson localization of light. We recently pioneered control of spontaneous emission in photonic crystals and active control of the propagation of light in disordered photonic materials. Novel photonic nanostructures are fabricated and characterized in the MESA+ cleanroom. Optical experiments are an essential aspect of our research, which COPS combines with a theoretical understanding of the properties of light. Our curiosity driven research is of interest to various industrial partners, and to applications in medical and biophysical imaging.

Materials such as paper, paint, or disordered photonic crystals, are opaque because of light scattering. In such materials, light will not propagate along a straight line, but in a random, diffusive manner. The thicker the material is, the less light will come through, not because of absorption, but because light is diffusely reflected.

A surprising theoretical prediction is that, no matter how thick a nonabsorbing material, there always exist some patterns of incoming waves that pass through almost unimpeded.

The reason for this lies in interference: Diffuse transmission of these wavefronts is enhanced by constructive interference, while diffuse reflection is reduced by destructive interference. Such wavefronts, called open eigenchannels, were not observed directly so far. Open eigenchannels are complicated in shape and different for each individual sample of scattering material.

We have constructed an apparatus to synthesize accurately shaped wavefronts for light, and used it to address the open eigenchannels in strongly scattering samples. The wavefront shaping procedure uses feedback from a detector on the other side of the sample to optimize the transmission. When the shape of the wavefronts was optimized, it matches the open eigenchannels and we observed an increase of up to 44% in the transmission of light. This increase was shown to be independent of the sample thickness, but strongly dependent on the quality of the shaped wavefronts. Samples of different thicknesses showed a similar, universal behavior: the transmission of a perfectly shaped wave tends to 2/3, regardless of the thickness of the sample.

Figure 1: TOP: When plane waves are incident on an opaque sample (a layer of paint), most light is diffusely reflected and only a low-intensity speckle pattern is transmitted. BOTTOM: When the incident waves are shaped using feedback to optimize transmission, the result is a bright focus at the target point and a global increase of the speckle intensity.

Now that light can be shaped to pass through non-transparent materials, one of the next goals is to use shaped light to illuminate the inside of opaque disordered materials, ranging from disordered semiconductors to biological tissue.3

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38 HigHligHted publications: [1] Vellekoop I.M., Mosk A. P. , Universal optimal transmission of light through disordered materials, PHYS. REV. LETT. 101 (2008) 120601. [2] Woldering, L.A., Tjerkstra, R.W., Jansen, H.V., Setija, I.D., Vos, W.L., Periodic arrays of deep nanopores made in silicon with reactive ion etching and deep UV lithography, NANOTECHNOLOGY 19 (2008) 145304.

Figure 2: (a) The diffusive intensity pattern transmitted through a 11.3-Âľm thick sample of zinc oxide nanopowder. (b) the transmitted pattern after optimizing the intensity in the center point. (c) intensity versus position (summed over the y-direction). Dashed curve: non-optimized wave front; solid curve, optimized wave front.

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catalytic processes and Materials towards catalytic devices

Catalysts are functional materials of high relevance for the chemical industry, of which the performance is determined by the structure of the catalyst on the nano-scale as well as the micro-scale. The ambition of CPM is therefore to build a bridge between IMPACT and MESA+ by developing new (heterogeneous) catalytic materials and devices, based on the expertise in MESA+, for practical application in the chemical processes for sustainable energy and clean fossil energy, spearhead of IMPACT. The strategic alliance between MCS and CPM is an important asset to meet this ambition.

The most prominent research cluster in the group is the controlled preparation of microstructured catalysts for operation in liquid phase, based on thin layers of carbon-nano-

Figure 1: Schematic representation of activation of alkanes in a micro-plasma.

fibers on e.g. foam materials, in micro-channels, on metal surface and in tubing. The primary application is catalyst supports enabling accurate control of concentrations at the active site by preventing mass transfer limitations. However, also other applications are being studied in cooperation with other research groups, e.g. in composites resins, super-hydrophobic materials, e.g. in micro-fluidic devices (SRO meso-fluidics).

Micro-reactors are also used for scientific purposes, e.g. in liquid phase operation.

Micro-reactors with integrated sensors, e.g. IR spectroscopy (ATR), as well as transient operated micro-reactors allow detailed studies of adsorbed species despite the presence of the fluid. Also, micro-plasma reactors provide unique ability to study the interaction between radicals and (catalyst-) surfaces, relevant for high-temperature catalytic processes, i.e. oxidative cracking.

On the longer term, CPM would like to use 3D nanotechnology for step-change improvements in catalyst synthesis. Several MESA+ research-groups have expressed their explicit interest to join this initiative.

Hydrocarbons contain C-C and C-H bonds. Larger hydrocarbons can be converted at using catalysts to smaller components or olefins by breaking C-C or C-H bonds, respectively. This is routinely carried out in oil refineries to make fuel and chemical precursors. C-C and C-H bond scissions are endothermic reactions and occur at higher temperatures via hydrocarbon radicals. However, if hydrocarbon radicals can be formed at lower temperatures, i.e. closer to room temperature, the radicals formed have the thermodynamic tendency to couple because C-C bond formation is exothermic and favoured at lower temperatures. We have shown that smaller hydrocarbons e.g propane, ethane, or methane can be activated to form hydrocarbon radicals near room temperature in the presence of a mildly oxidizing catalyst (Li/MgO) by application of dielectric discharge plasma. At the lower temperatures, these radicals couple and form higher molecular weight components. Thus we have shown that methane (C1) and ethane (C2) can be converted to hydrocarbons with more four carbon atoms or more. In the context of the decreasing oil reserves and the availability of large deposits of gases, this combination of catalyst and plasma allows scope for a gas to liquid fuel process.3 HigHligHted publication: Trionfetti, C., Agiral, A., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Lefferts, L., Seshan, K., Alkane activation at ambient temperatures â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Unusual selectivities, C-C, C-H bond scission vs C-C bond coupling, CHEM. PHYS. CHEM. 9 (2008) 533.

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inorganic Materials science nanosieve for energy-efficient biofuel production

The research group Inorganic Materials Science of the Faculty Science and Technology is involved in different aspects of the science and technology of advanced inorganic materials on the nano-scale. Our primary goal is to elucidate the effects of size, structure, and interfaces of atomically controlled oxide nanostructures made from (sometimes artificially constructed) complex materials, with special attention to properties such as electronic and ionic conductivity, spin polarization, ferroelectrics, and surface chemistry.

At first sight, the exhibited phenomena look very diverse but, and this is the uniqueness of the materials which are under investigation, the elements that control these phenomena, such as carrier doping and strong correlation of the carriers, are universal. It is expected that these effects become extremely large if one can realize them in systems in which the dimensions approach the characteristic length scales of the long-range order, which is often in the 1-100 nanometer range.

Figure 1: The cylinder is the carrier of the hybrid nanosieve: a layer of about 100 nanometer thickness.

On the outside of the cylinder is the ‘wet’ solvent. The insert shows a close-up of the layer showing the organic links and pores. From the left of the tube, only water molecules leave the sieve.

A new type of membrane, invented within the Inorganic Materials Science group, can withstand high temperatures and operate stably for a very long period of time. This ‘molecular sieve’ is capable of removing water from solvents and biofuels, and provides a very energy efficient alternative to existing techniques like distillation. The IMS scientists, who cooperated with colleagues from the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) and the University of Amsterdam, patented their invention and published their findings in a ’Hot Article’ in the journal Chemical Communications of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

Even after testing for 18 months under industrially relevant conditions, the new nanosieves proved to be highly effective, while having continuously been exposed to a temperature of 150 ºC. Existing ceramic and polymer membranes will last considerably shorter periods of time, when exposed to a combination of water and high temperature. The researchers managed to stabilize the structure by using a new ‘hybrid’ type of material that combines the best of both worlds of polymeric and ceramic membranes. The result is a nanosieve with pores that are sufficiently small to let only the smallest molecules, i.e., water, pass.

Conventional ceramic membranes have a tendency to degrade because they react with water and steam. In the new membrane, part of the ceramic links that make up the structure are replaced by organic links. As a result, water no longer has the chance to ‘attack’ the membranes. Manufacturing the new hybrid membranes is simpler than that of ceramic membranes, because the material is flexible and will not develop cracks when put under pressure. What they have in common with ceramic membranes is the high throughput (flux) of water: an advantage of this is that the membrane surface can be kept small.

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The hybrid membranes are suitable for ‘drying’ solvents and biofuels, an application for which there is a large potential market worldwide. The main advantage of membrane technology is that it consumes far less energy than common distillation techniques.

Because of its small pore size, the scientists also foresee opportunities in separating hydrogen gas from gas mixtures. This implies a broad range of applications in sustainable energy.3 HigHligHted publications: [1] Castricum, H.L., Sah, A., Kreiter, R., Blank, D.H.A., Vente J.F., ten Elshof, J.E., Hybrid ceramic nanosieves: stabilizing nanopores with organic links, CHEMCOMM (2008) 1103-1105. [2] Castricum, H.L., Sah, A., Kreiter, R., Blank, D.H.A., Vente J.F., Elshof, J.E., Hydrothermally stable molecular separation membranes from organically linked silica, J. MATER. CHEM. 18 (2008) 2150-2158.

Figure 2: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) picture of the cross section of a hybrid nanosieve.

The hybrid molecular sieving layer can be seen, resting on mechanically supporting mesoporous interlayers.

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integrated optical MicrosysteMs ultra-compact refractometric sensors

The Integrated Optical MicroSystems (IOMS) group performs research on both passive and active planar optical waveguide devices, for a variety of applications in the fields optical sensing, bio-diagnostics and optical communication. After a careful design, using dedicated computational tools, ‘optical chips’ are realized using the MESA+ clean room facilities. Hereby standard lithographic tools are being used as well as high resolution techniques for nano-structuring, like focused ion beam milling and laser interference lithography. Integrated optical devices such as switches, actuated micro-mechanically being made.

Integrated optical (IO) sensors are suitable candidates for accurately detecting changes of parameters such as refractive index, layer thickness, or position of a movable part, like a cantilever. In the dominant application field of these sensors, the measurement of small chemical concentrations, such changes are generated at a chemo-optical interface containing receptors which are specific for a certain target molecule or virus. The use of selective receptor layers opens the way to label-free sensing, which is quite attractive for many (bio-) chemical applications, because a chemical processing step for selectively attaching fluorescent “labels” to the species of interest is not needed . The current sensor research focuses on highly sensitive and compact IO devices, which enable the fabrication of on-chip sensor arrays for simultaneously measuring concentrations of multiple species.

We recently have realized a sensitive refractometric sensor based on a silicon waveguide with a grated section as short as 180 μm (Figure 1) [1]. The corresponding transmission spectrum, as depicted in Figure 2, shows sharp features owing to the combined effect of cavity enhancement and slow-light propagation in the grated section and, consequently, strong light-mater interaction and a high sensitivity to index changes. Operating the device at a wavelength corresponding to such a sharp spectral feature, a resolution for index changes of the cover layer of 10-6 was recently demonstrated.

In ongoing research the potential of such grated waveguide sensors is investigated for the read out of displacements of cantilevers which are covered with a receptor layer that is sensitive to a certain target molecule (Figure 3). On absorption of such a molecule by the receptor layer the induced mechanical stress leads to cantilever bending which can be monitored by the IO sensing device in a highly sensitive way, enabling even gas detection with a resolution in the part-per-trillion range.3

Figure 1: SEM picture of the grated section of a silicon waveguide. The length of the grated section, being the sensing part of the device, is as short as 180 μm, corresponding to twice the thickness of a human hair.

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Figure 2: Transmission spectrum of a grated silicon photonic wire. Sharp spectral features indicate a high sensitivity for index changes. grated channel waveguide

Pd-receptor layer

SiO2 cantilever

Figure 3: SEM picture of a sensor consisting of a cantilever coated with a receptor layer (here Pd), suspended above a Si3N4 grated waveguide. Light transmission through this waveguide is affected by small cantilever displacements caused by stress changes due to absorption of target molecules (here H2) by the receptor layer.

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HigHligHted publication: Kauppinen, L.J., Hoekstra H.J.W.M., de Ridder, R.M., A compact refractometric sensor based on grated silicon photonic wires, SENSORS & ACTUATORS B 139 (2009) 194-198.

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laser pHysics and nonlinear optics XuV photons and fast electrons via extreme light intensities

The Laser Physics and Nonlinear Optics group studies the physics and applications of linear and nonlinear optical processes using coherent light within a wide range of wavelengths, from THz toward soft X-rays. We have pioneered continuous wave optical parametric oscillators for innovative MIR spectroscopy, compact free-electron lasers as versatile light sources, and the use of nonlinear optical processes for the characterisation of scattering materials. The group has the laser system with the highest peak power available in the Netherlands, to investigate extreme nonlinear processes such as the generation of coherent radiation at XUV wavelengths or the acceleration of particles to relativistic energies.

Our strongest (Ti:Sapphire) laser system delivers 35 fs pulses with a peak power in excess of 10 TW. A unique feature of this system is the synchronization of the pulses to ultrashort electron bunches generated by a radio-frequency accelerator. This allows novel types of experimental investigation, such as laser wakefield acceleration [1] with controlled external electron injection. For our experimental conditions we have predicted that the injected electrons will be accelerated to GeV energy over a distance of only 5 cm.

In another experiment, part of this laser system is used to study high harmonic generation in a plasma channel. We successfully generated up to the 21st harmonic (i.e., 38 nm) using a HeNe mixture in the channel driven by a few mJ pulse from the Ti:Sapphire laser (Figure 1). This complements our work in collaboration with Service des Photons Atomes et Molécules (CEA, France) where we demonstrated for the first time phase coherence and phase control in high harmonics also from solid targets [2]. For this experiment (Figure 2a) the incident laser pulse is split in three separate focal spots each producing independently high harmonics. These harmonics from the separate spots show mutual coherence as proven by a stable interference pattern (Figure 2b and c). In this interference the relative phase of harmonic generation can be adjusted via the laser intensity, in agreement with the theoretical model.

Figure 1: High harmonic spectrum from a HeNe gas mixture in a plasma channel driven by an 800 nm short laser pulse.

Outlook We have started a new research direction to combine diode lasers with planar waveguide circuits on a chip. The project, performed in collaboration with the Optical Sciences group, aims on controlling the emission of diode lasers through a smart control of on-chip actuators. This approach is of high interest for a variety of applications based on miniaturized lasers, so-called light engines. One further research project will focus on realizing Bragg-Fresnel-type multilayer mirrors, via nano-imprint lithography, to manipulate light in the extreme ultraviolet. This collaborative research involves the Inorganic Materials Systems (IMS), the Molecular Nanofabrication and the Mesoscale Chemical System groups, as well as the industrial partner PANalytical (Almelo). A last, newly granted project is aimed to develop piezo-electrically controlled multilayer optics employing pulsed laser deposition, jointly with IMS, the DESY/FLASH free electron laser facility and the advanced optics manufacturer Carl Zeiss SMT AG (both from Germany).3

42 HigHligHted publications: [1] Khachatryan, A.G., van Goor F.A., Boller, K.-J., Coherent and incoherent radiation from a channel-guided laser wakefield accelerator, NEW J. PHYS. 10 (2008) 083043J. [2] Thaury, C., George, H., Quéré, F., Loch, R., Geindre, J.-P., Monot P., Martin, Ph., Coherent dynamics of plasma mirrors, NATURE PHYSICS 4 (2008) 631.

Figure 2: Coherent harmonic beams from plasma mirrors. Experimental set-up, and intensity distribution in the focal plane (a). Single-shot far-field interference pattern of harmonics (b). Fringes and theoretical fit (c).

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p R O f. D R . H A N J . G . E . G A R D E N I E R S

Mesoscale cHeMical systeMs chemistry in confinement

The aim of the research group MCS is to study the behaviour and control of fluids and of the chemical species contained in these fluids in a confined environment. The main research themes are (1) “exciting” chemistry in microreactors, focusing on microfluidic systems to which electronically controlled stimuli are applied in order to control the course of chemical reactions; (2) microfluidic process analytical technology, focusing on integrated chromatography-based separation methods and integrated spectroscopic techniques (e.g. MS and NMR); (3) catalytic microdevices and nanostructures.

Enzyme kinetic data were obtained in a porous silicon microfluidic channel by combining an enzyme and substrate droplet, allowing them to react and deposit a small amount of residue on the channel walls. The porous silicon of the channel walls functions in a manner analogous to the matrix in MALDI-MS. The intensity of a specific mass signal, after direct ionization via a laser source of the residue on the porous silicon, is measured as a function of position in the channel, which correlates with relative concentration of a molecule with that specific mass, as a function of reaction time.

Figure 1: Silicon chip with porous silicon channel, and inlets for pressure-driven droplet injection.

The system (Figure 1) is especially suitable for the high throughput determination of initial reaction kinetics for chemical problems with a limited availability of sample, and is broadly applicable to time-resolved kinetic assays as long as at least one substrate or product of the reaction is ionizable on porous silicon.

The microreactor was tested for single reacting droplets with a volume between 2 and 4 nl. The model enzyme system investigated was the arginine to ornithine reaction by arginase (Figure 2). Enzyme concentrations from a wide variety of enzyme and substrate concentrations were tested. For this particular case, the pores of the porous silicon were tuned to be smaller than the enzyme, but larger than the reaction product, so that when the droplet passes the channel, the reaction is quenched for that part of the droplet that is held back in the pores. An additional benefit of the system is the absence of dead time between the initiation of mixing and the point at which measurements can be taken, since measurements are possible along the entire channel.3

Figure 2: Imaging of a porous silicon channel using mass spectrometry at m/z = 173.1 (arginine), after an enzymatic reaction has taken place, and overview of device regions.

43 HigHligHted publication: Nichols, K., Azoz, S., Gardeniers, H., Enzyme Kinetics By Directly Imaging A Porous Silicon Microfluidic Reactor Using Desorption/Ionization on Silicon Mass Spectrometry, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 80 (2008) 8314-8319.

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p R O f. D R . I R . J U R R I A A N H U S k E N S

Molecular nanofabrication nanoimprint lithography for nanophotonics in silicon

The Molecular Nanofabrication (MnF) group, headed by Prof. Jurriaan Huskens, focuses on bottom-up nanofabrication methodologies and their integration with top-down surface structuring. Key research elements are: supramolecular chemistry at interfaces, multivalency, supramolecular materials, biomolecule assembly and cell patterning, nanoparticle assembly, soft and imprint lithography, microfluidics, and multistep integrated nanofabrication schemes. The group has several collaborations within MESA+, e.g. on the assembly of proteins and cells on patterned surfaces and on the development of alternative lithographies and their applications. Furthermore, the group actively participates in the MESA+ Strategic Research Orientation Nanofabrication, and in the flagship Nanofabrication in the national nanotechnology program NanoNed.

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the lithographic procedure for the replication of the 2D photonic crystal waveguides (PhCWGs) on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates.

In a collaborative effort, researchers from the MNF, TST, and OS groups and AMOLF have made, replicated, and tested two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal waveguide (PhCWG) structures. The main achievement was the replication of an e-beam lithography-made master structure into silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates using nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and a pattern inversion strategy called local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS). This integrated nanofabrication strategy resulted in pattern replication with a feature definition fidelity of <5 nm.

This novel inverse imprinting procedure for nanolithography offers a transfer accuracy and feature definition that is comparable to state-of-the-art nanofabrication techniques.

The fabrication quality was illustrated by this demanding nanophotonic structure: a photonic crystal waveguide. Local examination using photon scanning tunneling microscopy (PSTM) showed that the resulting nanophotonic structures have excellent guiding properties at wavelengths in the telecommunications range with encouragingly low losses, which indicates a high quality of the local structure and the overall periodicity. 3

Figure 2: SEM images at different stages of the fabrication and replication procedure: (a) NIL mold, (b) final 2D PhCWG on SOI, and (c) cross-section of the 2D PhCWG on SOI.

44 HigHligHted publication: Bruinink, C.M., Burresi, M., de Boer, M.J., Segerink, F.B., Jansen, H.V., Berenschot, E., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Kuipers, L., Nanoimprint lithography for nanophotonics in silicon, NANO LETTERS 8 (2008) 2872-2877.

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p R O f. D R . I N G . M AT T H I A S W E S S l I N G

MeMbrane tecHnology group Membranes and microfluidics

The Membrane Technology Group focuses on the multidisciplinary topic of membrane science and technology. We consider our expertise as a multidisciplinary knowledge chain ranging from molecule to process. The knowledge chain comprises the following elements: colloid and interface science, macroscopic mass transport characterization and modeling, material science and processing (both organic and inorganic), module and system design, and process technology. The research team is assembled such that permanent staff members cover one or more of the disciplines involved. The majority of the research deals with separation of molecular mixtures and selective mass transport. Our research program distinguishes five application clusters: sustainable membrane processes, water, biomedical and life science, inorganic membranes, and micro/nano structuring.

Research within the membrane technology group has been focused on the integration of membrane functionality with microfluidic devices. Current lines of interest include membrane microreactors, microfluidic membrane contactors, and microstructured membranes. The use of microfluidics enables the local control of medium. We have demonstrated this by locally contacting a liquid flow with distinct gas phases, through the use of membranes (Figure 1). As such, it is possible to create steady concentration gradients that are sustained under flowing conditions. By using acidic and basic vapors, e.g. HCl vapor and ammonia vapor, pH could be controlled inside microfluidic channels locally (Figure 2). By using this gas-liquid contacting approach it is possible to adjust to pH changes without adding solutions to the present liquid stream. The same concept allows extracting volatile components from the liquid, concentrating the liquid, or degassing the liquid. In the presented devices, a porous hydrophobic membrane was used. Vapor and volatile components can freely pass through such a membrane, whereas the liquid is contained due to the capillary forces (Laplace pressure). Incorporating membranes that are permselective for certain components can further extend the field of application. These concepts are currently being explored within this research cluster.3

Figure 1: Schematic of a micro gas-liquid membrane contactor with multiple contacting regions: top view and cross section.

Figure 2: Variations of pH profile with liquid flow rate, using HCl and NH3 vapor: a) continuous pH switch, at increasing flow rate of the pH indicator solution (HCl vapor 500 µl/min, NH3 vapor 500 µl/min); c) stopped flow pH switch after different contact times (HCl vapor 1000 µl/min, NH3 vapor 100 µl/min). Yelloworange: pH <4.5; Blue: pH >8.5.

45 HigHligHted publications: [1] De Jong, J., Verheijden, P.W., Lammertink, R.G.H., Wessling, M., Generation of local concentration gradients by gas-liquid contacting, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 3190-3197. [2] De Jong, J., Lammertink, R.G.H., Wessling, M., Membranes and Microfluidics; a Review, LAB ON A CHIP 6 (2006) 1125–1139.

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P R O F. D R . G . J U L I U S V A N C S O

Materials Science and technology of polymers Designer Polymer Brush Layers as Platforms for Biointerfaces The general focus of research in the Materials Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP) group revolves around macromolecular nanotechnology and materials chemistry of nanostructured organic and organometallic macromolecular materials.

MTP’s mission is to devise and construct tools, establish approaches, and build molecular platforms that enable studies of macromolecular structure and behavior form the nanometer length scale, bottom up, in a direct one-to-one control of the molecular objects. This knowledge is utilized to obtain advanced macromolecular materials and

Figure 1: Preparation of designer polymer grafts using controlled polymerizations.

devices with enhanced of novel properties and functions for targeted applications.

Iniferter-mediated surface-initiated photopolymerization was used to graft poly(methacrylic acid) (PMMA) brushes from self-assembled monolayers on gold surfaces. The PMAA chains were subsequently functionalized with the RGD cell-adhesive peptide sequence. RGD units were covalently immobilized both at the top of the brushes and within the brush layers after extension of the polymer chains by a further polymerization step. The stepwise fabrication/chemical modification of the brushlike platforms allowed us to control the brush composition in depth, as well as the position of the cell adhesive units within the polymer layers (Figure 1.).

MG63 osteoblastic cells were used to evaluate the effect of RGD positioning within the brush. No significant differences were observed with the LDH-based adhesion study.

However, there were noteworthy differences with respect to the cells’ morphology. Cells spread well with marked focal adhesion points at the periphery of the cytoplasm on samples with RGD motifs coupled on the surface, whereas in the case of the samples where RGD was buried, cells were found to adopt a rounded morphology and focal adhesions concentrated toward the internal part of the cell (Figure 2.).

These findings indicate that there is a direct correlation between the vertical position of the RGD motif and cell morphology. The evidence reported suggests that surfaces modified with well-defined, nanostructured polymer brushes can represent model platforms for the study of changes in the cell adhesion and morphology.3

46 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATION: Navarro, M., Benetti, E.M., Zapotoczny, S., Planell, J.A., Vancso, G.J., Buried, Covalently Attached RGD Peptide Motifs in Poly(methacrylic) Brush Layers: The Effect of Brush Structure on Cell Adhesion, Langmuir 24 (2008) 10996–11002.

Figure 2: Schematic of the morphological changes of cells on a PMMA brush without RGD (A) and with RGD at different depths in the brush layer (B,C,).

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DR. RON JANSEN

nanoelectronics towards probing spins at the single atom level

Spintronics is the emerging technology in which solid-state electronic nanostructures based on the spin of electrons are developed. The interplay between magnetism, spin and electronic transport gives rise to a wealth of fascinating physics and new device concepts. The NanoElectronics (NE) group aims to exploit these to design and create devices and components with unique functionality for applications in nanoelectronics and information storage. Important research lines are the fundamental physics of spinrelated phenomena, the implementation in electronic devices, the creation of new electronic materials, and the development of characterization techniques down to the scale of a single atomic spin.

Nanomagnetism plays a central role in information technology, and the continuous scaling of electronic and data storage components to smaller dimensions demands magnetic characterization techniques with ever higher spatial resolution. Scanning probe techniques, such as magnetic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, have been widely used, but current implementations have become insufficient to meet the demand. In particular, a versatile technique to probe quantitatively the conduction electron spin polarization in a wide variety of a materials or nanostructures, and with atomic resolution, is not available. Yet, this is of the utmost importance for understanding and developing spin-transport and nanomagnetism in new materials and devices.

We are developing such a technique to study magnetic nanostructures at the level of a single atomic spin, namely, spin-filter scanning tunneling microscopy (SF-STM). In SFSTM a magnetic signal is obtained via spin-dependent filtering of electrons in a semiconductor-ferromagnet heterostructure, integrated into a two-terminal probe tip (Figure 1). Spin analysis occurs within the STM tip (after tunneling), effectively decoupling magnetic contrast from the tunneling signal. This novel approach will allow quantitative measurement of the surface spin polarization of any conductive material at high spatial resolution. We have successfully fabricated the novel SF-STM probes, designed as multi-terminal Si pyramids terminated with a nanoscale Schottky diode for spin-filtering and carrier collection (Figure 2). Optimization of a local oxidation of silicon process allows tuning of the contact area. Transport characterization of these probes demonstrates carrier collection, while imaging of metal surfaces has also been achieved. Next is to demonstrate magnetic contrast.3

Figure 1: Schematic of tip-sample configuration used for SF-STM. A bias VT is applied between the magnetic sample and the metal layer stack on the tip, resulting in a spin-polarized tunneling current IT .

A small portion of the electrons is able to transmit the normal metals and the ferromagnetic (FM) layer of the tip, cross the semiconductor/metal interface, and enter the semiconductor, forming the collector current IC . The magnitude of IC is dependent on the spin polarization of the sample because the transmission from the ferromagnetic metal into the silicon is spin-dependent. The silicon/metal contact is defined only at the apex of the tip via SiO2 isolation of the rest of the structure.

Figure 2: View of the SF-STM tip. LEFT: SEM image of a complete double pyramid probe, formed by a two-step anisotropic wet etching of Si using KOH solution. The small top pyramid is the actual STM tip.

RIGHT: AFM image of the top pyramid showing the SiO2 isolation and the rounded tip apex with exposed Si. The tip radius is approximately 300nm.

47 HigHligHted publication: Vera MarĂşn, I.J., Jansen, R., Multiterminal semiconductor/ferromagnet probes for spin-filter scanning tunneling microscopy, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 105 (2009) 07D520.

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p R O f. D R . J E N N I f E R H E R E k

optical sciences active and passive control of light-matter interactions

The Optical Sciences (OS) group explores ways to shape light and its environment so as to manipulate the interaction of light and matter at the nanoscale. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s what we call active and passive control. Our current focus is on the interaction of light with biomolecules and nanostructures. In 2008, four PhD students and four master students graduated, including two cum laude.

Coherent control Adaptive femtosecond pulse shaping in an evolutionary learning loop was applied to a bioinspired dyad molecule that closely mimics the early-time photophysics of the lightharvesting complex 2 photosynthetic antenna complex [1]. By pulse shaping it was possible to achieve control over the branching ratio between the two competing pathways for energy flow, internal conversion (IC) and energy transfer (ET), as shown in Figure 1.

The optimization results are analyzed by using Fourier analysis, which gives direct insight to the mechanism featuring quantum interference of a low-frequency mode. The results from the closed-loop experiments are repeatable and robust and demonstrate the power of coherent control experiments as a spectroscopic tool (i.e., quantum-control spectroscopy) capable of revealing functionally relevant molecular properties that are hidden from conventional techniques.

Figure 1: A closed-loop optimization of an artificial light harvesting complex. An improvement of ~15% in the energy transfer efficiency (red dots) is found, compared to that measured with an unshaped pulse (blue squares). (Inset) Cross-correlation (top) and fast Fourier transform of the cross-correlation (lower) of the best shaped pulse.

CARS By spectral phase shaping of both the pump and probe pulses in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy we demonstrated the extraction of the frequencies, bandwidths and relative cross sections of vibrational lines (see Figure 2).

We employed a tunable broadband Ti:Sapphire laser synchronized to a ps-Nd:YVO mode locked laser. A high resolution spectral phase shaper allows for spectroscopy with a precision better than 1 cm-1 in the high frequency region around 3000 cm-1. We also demonstrated how new spectral phase shaping strategies can amplify the resonant features of isolated vibrations to such an extent that spectroscopy and microscopy can be done at high resolution, on the integrated spectral response without the need for a spectrograph [2].

Heterodyne CARS, based on a controlled and stable phase-preserving chain, can be used to measure amplitude and phase information of molecular vibration modes. The technique is validated by a comparison of the imaginary part of the heterodyne CARS spectrum to the spontaneous Raman spectrum of polyethylene. The detection of the phase allows for rejection of the non-resonant background from the data. The resulting improvement of the signal to noise ratio is shown by measurements on a sample containing lipid.3

48 HigHligHted publications: [1] Savolainen, J., Fanciulli, R., Dijkhuizen, N., Moore, A.L., Hauer, J., Buckup, T., Motzkus, M., Herek, J.L., Controlling the efficiency of an artificial light-harvesting complex, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (PNAS) 105 (2008) 7641-7646. [2] Postma, S., van Rhijn, A.C.W., Korterik, J.P., Gross, P., Herek J.L., Offerhaus, H.L., Application of spectral phase shaping to high resolution CARS spectroscopy, OPTICS EXPRESS 16 (2008) 7985-7996.

Figure 2: CARS spectra contour plot measured for acetone, with a positive phase step swept through the spectrum of the pump and probe pulses. The diagonal elements are resonant CARS signals, superimposed over a non-resonant background.

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p R O f. D R . f R I E D E R G . M U G E l E

pHysics of coMpleX fluids Manipulating fluids from the nano- to the Microscale

The goal of the PCF group is to understand and control the structure and the mechanical properties of liquids on small scales ranging from a few nanometers to many micrometers.

Our activities cover the areas of: i) nanofluidics, ii) (electro)wetting & microfluidics, iii) soft matter mechanics. In nanofluidics we are interested in novel phenomena in fluid physics arising from the breakdown of classical continuum hydrodynamics upon approaching molecular scales. In microfluidics we study wetting phenomena and their manipulation using surface patterning (e.g. superhydrophobic surfaces) as well as external fields (electrowetting). We focus primarily on dynamic phenomena, such as contact angle hysteresis and contact line dynamics, drop generation, thin film flows, and microfluidic two-phase flows. In soft matter mechanics, we are interested in the correlation between the internal structure of various types of complex fluids ranging from colloidal suspensions to living cells and their viscous and elastic properties.

The PCF group contributes to the SROs Mesofluidics and Living Cell Mechanics.

Hearing with a bubble – a novel concept for ultrasound detection Ultrasound is a widely used diagnostic tool in various fields of both materials science and medical diagnostics. In particular in the latter field, reducing the size of sensors and improving their sensitivity is of genuine interest. Based on our earlier research on superhydrophobic surfaces [1] together with the Physics of Fluids group, we realized that the deflection of microscopic liquid-vapor interfaces can be used as extremely sensitive detector for ultrasound. In collaboration with the Optical Sciences group a fiber optical sensor was developed, which makes use of a micrometer-sized hole drilled into the cleaved end of an optical fiber with a focused ion beam (FIB). If this fiber end is hydrophobized and submersed into water, a small air bubble is entrapped inside the hole.

Upon irradiation with ultrasound, the surface of this bubble oscillates with an amplitude that is measured via interferometry through the optical fiber. Owing to the enormous softness of the liquid-vapor interface this sensitivity of this ultrasmall sensor outruns current ultrasound sensing techniques by far [2,3].

Figure 1: Setup of capillarity-based ultrasound detector. TOP: schematic detection principle and SEM picture of fiber with FIB-drilled hole (diameter: 5µm).

BOTTOM: optical setup with fiber interferometer.

For this work, Dr. Helmut Rathgen received the 2008 NanoNed innovation award.3

Figure 2: Normalized interferometer signal vs. time for ultrasound pressure amplitudes of 150, 900, and 1260Pa (bottom to top).

HigHligHted publications: [1] Helmut Rathgen, Kazuyasu Sugiyama, Claus-Dieter Ohl, Detlef Lohse, Frieder Mugele, Nanometer-Resolved Collective Micromeniscus Oscillations through Optical Diffraction, PHYS. REV. LETT. 99 (2007) 214501. [2] Helmut Rathgen: Superhydrophobic Surfaces: from Fluid Mechanics to Optics (PhD thesis, Univ. Twente 2008) [3] Helmut Rathgen, Kazuyasu Sugiyama, Frans Segerink, Frieder Mugele; Dynamics of ultrasound-driven micromenisci (under review).

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p R O f. D R . I R . H A R O l D J . W. Z A N D v l I E T

pHysical aspects of nanoelectronics playing pinball with atoms

The research of the group Physical aspects of NanoElectronics (PNE) is devoted to the understanding of nanometer-sized building blocks (including single or small groups of molecules) in device-based structures, that constitute fundamental units for electronic components such as nanowires, switches, memory and gain elements. At nanometer length scales quantum phenomena start to play an important role. For low-dimensional systems one expects a wealth of exotic physical phenomena, such as non-Fermi liquid behavior, Coulomb blockade, charge-density wave condensation due to a Peierls instability, quantization of conductance etc. In order to obtain a deeper insight into the behavior of these nanoscale devices the physical, chemical and especially electronic properties are studied with high spatial resolution techniques.

The concept of a ‘machine’ – a mechanical or electrical device that transmits or modifies energy to perform a certain task – can be extended to the nano-world. On the nanoscale, the nanomachine components would be atomic or molecular structures each designed to perform a specific task which, all taken together, would result in a complex function.

However, these nanomachines cannot be built by just further miniaturizing machine blueprints from the macro-world.

Figure 1: (a) An STM topograph of atomic chains on Ge(001) at 4.7 K. (b) Top view of a regular dimer pair at 77 K. (c) and (d) Two subsequent images of a dimer pair that exhibits mobility. The reconfiguration of the dimer pairs is too fast to image with STM and shows up as a discontinuity as the tip is scanned across the chain.

We report how an atomic scale mechanical device consisting of two moving parts, each composed of only two atoms can be controlled by an external electrical signal, while being stable and providing a variety of functional modes. We jokingly refer to it as playing atomic pinball, since the two moving parts resemble the flippers in a pinball machine – unfortunately they haven’t got a ball yet to play with. We have demonstrated the stimulated and controllable mobility of an atomic scale mechanical device. This atomic scale variant of pinball machine flippers exhibits a variety of dynamic modes that are exclusively excited by an external electrical signal (see Figures 1-2). Our work is an important advance in atomic-scale engineering since it shows that even on the scale of a few atoms, a device can be constructed that only operates if an external stimulus is applied.

The temporal resolution of an STM is insufficient to study the dynamic behaviour of the atomic pinball machine. To overcome this hurdle we position the STM tip close to the dimer pair open the STM feedback loop and record the tunnel current as a function of time. Because the tunnel current depends exponentially on the distance between tip and surface, any reconfiguration of the dimer pair causes a detectable change of the tunnel current. The resulting telegraphic signal allows us to directly measure the frequency of the switching motion of the dimers. Figure 2(a) shows how the frequency of the dimer motion depends on the tunnel current. The switching frequency of the dimers shows a linear dependence on the tunnel current. This indicates that the dimer motion is a single electron process. In addition, if the tunnel current is switched off the atomic pinball stops flipping.3

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Figure 2: (a) The measured flip-flop frequency of the flippers as a function of tunnel current. The frequency depends linearly on the tunnel current and passes through the origin. (b) Telegraphic signal resulting from different dimer flipping modes at 77 K. The dimer pair switches between six well-defined states, indicated by the red lines in the graph.

HigHligHted publications: Saedi, A. van Houselt, R. van Gastel, B. Poelsema and H.J.W. Zandvliet, Playing Pinball with Atoms, NANO LETTERS 9 (2009) 1733-1736 (cover story).

Breaking News in the New Scientist by Jon Evans. Atomic flippers seek tiny ball for pinball fun (September 18th 2008). Featured article in RSC by James Mitchell Crow, Atomic Pinball (Chemistry World, Advancing the Chemical Sciences). Featured article in Nanowerk by Michael Berger, Playing nanotechnology pinball in the atomic café. Featured article in ScienceDaily, Playing Pinball With Atoms: How To Turn Nanotech Devices On And Off, Featured article in Nano Today, News and Opinions Nanomechanical devices come under control Nano Today 4 (2009) 3-4 by Cordelia Sealy.

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pHysics of fluids group Highlight of nanofluidics activities 2008

Our group is studying various flow phenomenona, in particular those related with bubbles.

We use both experimental, theoretical, and numerical techniques. Our main research areas are: • Turbulence and Two-Phase Flow • Granular Flow • Biomedical Application of Bubbles • Micro- and Nanofl uidics In the context of MESA+, the Physics of Fluids group dealt with the behavior of surface nanobubbles, thin films, and wetting phenomena on superhydrophobic surfaces.

Here we will only report on the first issue: Various recent studies have revealed the existence of nanoscale gas bubbles on liquid-solid interfaces. These objects – dubbed surface nanobubbles – typically have heights of ≈ 10 nm and diameters of 2R ≈ 100 nm.

As pointed out by de Gennes, they are of potentially great technological importance, since they result in fluid slip on hydrophobic surfaces, thus reducing the drag in microand nanofluidics applications. The evidence in their favor is meanwhile considerable and the number of papers on them has been growing exponentially over the last years.

The main research question on surface nanobubbles is: Why are they stable? This is in flat contradiction to the classical theory of bubble stability, as the compressive action of surface tension should press the gas out of these nanoscale bubbles (due to the tremendous Laplace pressure) within microseconds. Nonetheless, experimentally they are found to be stable for many hours or even days!

In 2008 we have suggested a mechanism to account for the stability of surface nanobubbles by a dynamic equilibrium theory [1]. The theory makes various predictions, namely on the dependence of surface nanobubbles on gas concentration, temperature, hydrophobicity, etc., which will be tested in the next years within our group.3

Figure 1: (color) TOP: A typical AFM topography image of a HOPG (highly orientated pyrolytic graphite) surface with atomic steps. Such well-defined structures are essential in order to get reproducible results. Nanobubbles form with a large density on the surface. Many nanobubbles are formed along the upper side (i.e., to the left) of the steps. In contrast, on the lower side (i.e., to the right) of the steps only a few nanobubbles are found. Figure taken from [3].

BOTTOM: Real-time profiles of a hydrogen nanobubble on a HOPG surface (as cathode) at 1 V, with time interval of 10 sec. By means of electrolysis, nanobubbles form on the surface and subsequently grow towards an equilibrium state, in spite of nonzero electrical current, i.e., further gas production! The figure also reveals that the nanobubbles grow with a higher rate in height than in width, possibly due to contact line pinning. Taken from [5].

51 HigHligHted publications: [1] Michael Brenner, Detlef Lohse, Dynamic Equilibrium Mechanism for Surface Nanobubble Stabilization, PHYS. REV. LETT. 101 (2008) 214504.

[2] Dollet, B., Hoeve, W. van, Raven, J.P., Marmottant, P., Versluis, M., Role of the Channel Geometry on the Bubble Pinch-Off in Flow-Focusing Devices, PHYS. REV. LETT. 100 (2008) 034504. [3] , Yang, Shangjiong, Kooij, Stefan, Poelsema, Bene, Lohse, Detlef, Zandvliet, Harold, Correlation between geometry and nanobubble distribution on HOPG surfaces, EPL. 81 (2008) 64006. [4] Christophe Pirat, Aurore Naso, van der Wouden, E. J., Gardeniers, J. G. E., Detlef Lohse, Albert van den Berg, Quantification of electrical field-induced flow reversal in a microchannel, LAB ON CHIP 8 (2008) 945-949. [5] Shangjiong Yang, Peichun Tsai, Stefan Kooij, Andrea Prosperetti, Harold Zandvliet, Detlef Lohse, Electrolytically Generated Nanobubbles on Highly Orientated Pyrolytic Graphite Surfaces, LANGMUIR 25 (2009) 1466-1474.

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seMiconductor coMponents degradation mechanisms in rf MeMs capacitive switches

The research program of Semiconductor Components (SC) deals with silicon-based technology and integrated-circuit devices. Scope of the group is “More than Moore” microtechnology. Our aim is to contribute to this emerging field by adding functionality to completed CMOS microchips. The research comprises thin film deposition and lowtemperature processing; the integration of new components (such as silicon LED’s and elementary particle detectors) into CMOS; and advanced device physics and modelling.

The group has strong ties with Philips, NXP Semiconductors, ASM International, and the CTIT-group IC-design, and is involved in the SRO NanoElectronics. The Dutch Technology Foundation STW is its main funding source.

Figure 1: SEM picture of an RF MEMS capacitive switch.

RF MEMS capacitive switches are an emerging technology for multiband handheld devices such as cellular phones. They consist of two parallel metal plates acting as a capacitor, with one of the plates suspended so it can move freely over several micrometers. (See Figure 1). A dc bias will lead to electrostatic attraction, causing the plates to move in and leading to higher capacitance. This device has excellent time-zero performance, but the long term operation is known to be hampered by gradual degradation.

In a research project funded through the Casimir program, the degradation mechanisms, failure and reliability of RF MEMS capacitive switches were investigated. The work was carried out in an industrial environment (the project started at Philips Research and ended at EPCOS BV). Known good practices in integrated-circuit reliability testing were translated to this new device; and new measurement approaches introduced.

It was established that the degradation through (homogeneous) dielectric charging can be accelerated by an increased bias voltage. The degradation accelerates according to a power law model. Then, the research shifted to other degradation phenomena: inhomogeneous dielectric charging and mechanical degradation. The first was proposed

by Rottenberg and coworkers (IMEC) in 2004. Using scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, we were able to experimentally confirm this prediction and to quantify the associated time constants [1].

Further, we were the first to observe mechanical degradation of the springs of the RF MEMS device under mechanically intense switching conditions. This type of degradation was shown to occur when the switch was rapidly cycled and depends on the plate velocity of the closing switch. By careful comparison of the electrical performance parameters, this degradation mode can be identified unambiguously from the other degradation modes (See Figure 2). A suitable choice of base pressure, combined with the appropriate switching signal fed to the device, will effectively suppress this degradation mode, yielding more reliable RF switches.3

52 HigHligHted publications: [1] Herfst, R.W., Steeneken, P.G., Schmitz, J., Mank A.J.G., van Gils, M., Kelvin probe study of laterally inhomogeneous dielectric charging and charge diffusion in RF MEMS capacitive switches, (2008) IEEE IRPS conference, San Diego. [2] Herfst, R.W., Steeneken, P.G., Schmitz, J., Identifying degradation mechanisms in RF MEMS capacitive switches, (2008) IEEE MEMS conference, Japan.

Figure 2: RF MEMS degradation. The relation is plotted between the so-called pull-in and pull-out voltages of the devices, as a function of time. All devices start at the right-hand upper corner, but over time, the parameters change. The left-hand side data and curve show mechanical degradation of the springs. The right-hand side data and curve are associated with (inhomogeneous) dielectric charging.

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P R O F. D R . A R I E R I P / D R . I R . M I E K E B O O N

ST PS / CEPTES Societal, Ethical and Philosophical Aspects of NanoScience & Technology SEPA-NST aims at understanding the nature of nano-sciences and technologies (NST), the dynamics of their development and embedding in society, the ethical issues related to technological developments, and the possibilities to modulate these various developments.

Participants in SEPA-NST come from ST PS (MB) and CEPTES (GW).

ST PS (http://www.mb.utwente.nl/steps/) • Science, Technology and Policy Studies - is a department in the Faculty of Management and Governance, studying science and technology in society, including their governance, as well as policy analysis. Their work on Constructive Technology Assessment, which combines analysis of ongoing technology developments and their embedding in society with feedback to and interaction with actors relevant for these developments and their uptake, is the main input in SEPA-NST. Such studies link analytical and normative perspectives, and consider technological innovations as well as innovations in governance.

CEPTES (http://www.utwente.nl/ceptes/) • the Center for Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Science - of the Philosophy

Figure 1: Blowing nano-bubbles.

Practices of nanotechnology are shot through with expectations and promises. These can be evaluated, and one way to do is to develop them into scenarios of possible futures.

Department of the Faculty of Behavioural Sciences, aims to promote scholarship and research in the philosophy of technology and engineering science, and to encourage scholarly exchanges between philosophy, engineering science, and social science.

Mutually related themes covered in SEPA-NST are: • Constructive technology assessment of NST. In 2008, workshops were organized on strategic issues in research on nano-enabled deep brain implants and on societal aspects of body-area-networks in health care. The methodology of socio-technical scenarios was developed further, including the role of institutional entrepreneurs putting broader issues on the agenda, e.g. for nanotechnology in the food packaging industry. We published an overview of the methodology in the first Yearbook Nanotechnology in Society [3].

• Societal embedding of NST, images, risk, social acceptance and ethics. The circulation of images of nanotechnology was studied. Ethics (“in the real world”) of scientists and industrialists were analysed based on interviews. Governance challenges and how actors (including firms) respond to them were identified, and presentations were made, including one for an OECD workshop on public engagement.

• Valorisation, entrepreneurship, science and innovation policy. In 2008 the study of how governmental funding agencies in European countries attempt to meet the challenge of NST, was concluded. We were involved in the preparation of the Netherlands Nanotechnology Initiative and the Societal Dialogue.

• Challenges of NST to philosophy of science. How can we assess the quality of scientific research? Can we specify methodological approaches in the engineering sciences?

How are scientific research and technological innovation related? Why is it so difficult to work multi- or inter-disciplinary. How are societal values to be embedded in scientific research? A philosophy of science in practice, with emphasis on how science is actually done, is necessary. The interest at present is in methods for constructing models, for the use of instruments, and for merging causal-mechanistic and mathematical approaches.

• Workshops in Philosophy of Science for MESA+ PhD students and their supervisors. In these three-weekly workshops, we discuss philosophical themes relevant for scientific research, and scientific work of these PhD students.3 HIGHLIGHTED PUBLICATIONS: [1] Mieke Boon, Tarja Knuuttila (2009). Models as Epistemic Tool in Engineering Sciences: A Pragmatic Approach in: Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Volume 9: Philosophy of Technology and Engineering, Anthonie Meijers (ed.), Amsterdam, Elsevier Science: 687-720. [2] Mieke Boon, Peter Henk Steenhuis (2009). Filosofie van het Kijken – Kunst in ander Perspectief. Lemniscaat. [3] Arie Rip, Haico te Kulve, Constructive Technology Assessment and Sociotechnical Scenarios. In Erik Fisher, Cynthia Selin, Jameson M. Wetmore (eds.), The Yearbook of Nanotechnology in Society, Volume I: Presenting Futures, Berlin etc: Springer (2008) 49-70.

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supraMolecular cHeMistry & tecHnology nuclear Magnetic resonance spectroscopy on the supramolecular nanoscale The Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology (SMCT) group investigates (macro) molecular systems and the self assembly of molecules into functional nanoscale structures. Current topics include: supramolecular chemistry at interfaces, reactive microcontactprinting, nanoelectronics, multimodality diagnostic labeling and lab-on-achip. Most of these projects are related to nanotechnology as they strive for the control over the preparation, positioning and analysis of molecules and supramolecular assemblies. New lines of research have been set up in the area of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and imaging (MRI) for bio-, nano- and medicinal applications.

Within the field of micro- and nanotechnology, the potential of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has long been undervalued. In the NMR & MS, department embedded in the Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology group, new NMR applications are successfully being investigated, ranging from experimental small volume NMR-on-a-chip, to mass-limited natural product analysis, and high-resolution multidimensional heteronuclear NMR analyses of nanoparticle systems.

Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles (DENs) are widely investigated in nanoparticle synthesis and model catalyst studies but, until recently, the location of the nanoparticles inside the dendrimer voids was based on circumstantial evidence only. In collaboration with Prof. Richard Crooks from the University of Texas, the structure of palladium-DENs has now been elucidated using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy with cryoprobe technology, unambiguously proving the 1.5 nm sized nanoparticles to be located in the inner voids of the dendritic structures (Figure 1), which has been published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society [1].

Figure 1: Fourth-generation, hydroxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers: with and without encapsulated Pd Nanoparticle (top), overlapped HMQC and HMBC spectra (middle), and 1H-13C coupling scheme (bottom).

Small-volume 1H-NMR spectroscopy has made a dramatic impact as analytical tool for mass-limited samples but, surprisingly, the use of 19F NMR has remained unexploited in this field. We have developed a microfluidic chip equipped with a planar tranceiver microcoil to perform 19F NMR spectroscopy in a 9.4 Tesla magnet on nanoliter sample volumes (Figure 2), which has been published in Small [2]. The high resolution and sensitivity achieved enable the monitoring of host-guest interactions inside the NMRchip using only picomol (~nanogram) quantities of material, which sets new horizons for mass-limited and small-volume analysis and concomitant applications.

In 2008, Dr. Victoria Gomez finished her Marie Curie Individual Fellowship, and successfully applied for the prestigious Marie Curie Reintegration Grant (EU), to continue the work on microfluidic NMR-on-a-chip systems.3 Figure 2: 19F NMR spectra proving the supramolecular interaction between α-cyclodextrin and sodiumhexafluorophosphate, obtained with a microfluidic NMR-chip (inset) measuring only picomol (nanogram) quantities of material.

54 HigHligHted publications: [1] Victoria Gómez, M., Javier Guerra, Aldrik H. Velders, Richard M. Crooks, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 131 (2009) 341-350. [2] Victoria Gómez, M., David N. Reinhoudt, Aldrik H. Velders, Supramolecular interactions at the picomole level studied by 19F NMR spectroscopy in a microfluidic chip, SMALL 4 (2008) 1293-1295.

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solid state pHysics optical anisotropy of ion beam induced self-organized nanostructures The research of the Solid State Physics (SSP) group focuses on the preparation and physical properties of materials in reduced dimensions. It incorporates surface science based methods to exercise control over materials on the nanometer scale, a search for new properties resulting from that size, and the (further) development of adequate research tools. Our research aims at providing fundamental principles for future application in nanotechnology. A broad spectrum of surface and interface features and properties is studied, using ultra-sensitive laterally averaging probes as well as techniques with high spatial resolution. Materials of potential interest for future applications inspire the choice of subjects. Potential applications include nano(opto)electronic and nano-magnetic devices and truly new materials, all based on

Figure 1: STM– image of ripples with an average separation of 10 nm, oriented along the plane of incidence, emerged after off-normal bombardment with 800 eV Ar+-ions of a Cu (001) substrate (see cartoon). Temperature: 250 K, flux: 2·1012 ions.cm-2.s-1.

improved understanding of the underlying physics and chemistry on the atomic and molecular scale. Our studies range from state-of-the-art ultra-high-vacuum based, curiosity driven experiments to strategic ones under ambient conditions.

Ion beam bombardment induced erosion of samples has emerged as a versatile, generic technique for the creation of nanopatterns. It can be applied for a variety of materials including metal, semi-conductors and amorphous materials. Being based upon selforganization, it provides a fast, powerful way to create macroscopic areas with highly ordered nanoscale features. As an example, ion beam bombardment at glancing incidence leads to ordered nanoripple patterns (Figure 1). The periodicity of the nanoripple patterns can be varied at will between ca. 3 and up to several 100 nm and is governed by the diffusivity (temperature!) of adatoms and defects at the surface and energy, mass and fluence of the ions.

The ripple patterns lead to anisotropy of a number of physical properties, including magnetism, friction, wetting, optics, etc. The anisotropic optical properties of the nanoripple patterns can be measured using Reflection Anisotropy Spectroscopy, RAS. This technique makes use of differences in the reflection of light, polarized perpendicular, respectively, parallel to the ripples. The optical anisotropy is basically caused by confinement of the plasmonic excitations perpendicular to the actual ripples giving rise to reflection anisotropy at particular wavelengths (Figure 2). The experimental spectra can be reproduced well using the so-called Rayleigh-Rice Theory (RRT) with convincing results in the high-end ripple periodicity (Figure 3). In turn, RAS opens a unique and powerful option for in-situ monitoring of the ripple pattern evolution during ion bombardment.3

HigHligHted publication: Everts, F., Wormeester H., Poelsema, B., Optical anisotropy induced by ion bombardment of Ag(001), PHYSICAL REVIEW B 78 (2008) 155419.

Figure 2: Measured reflectance difference spectra, obtained at 350 K (blue markers) and 400 K (red markers), after 2 keV Ar+-ion off-normal (polar angle 70°) bombardment at a fluence of 6·1018 ions.cm-2. The fits to the data (solid lines) contain information on ripple periodicity and surface roughness.

Figure 3: Evolution of the ripple periodicity during ion bombardment as a function of time for different sample temperatures: 400 K (green), 410 K (red) and 420 K (blue).

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transducer science and tecHnology Viscosity of water in nano-confinement

The Transducer Science and Technology (TST) group has a history and focus on micro system technology. The research is highly multidisciplinary, ranging from the millimeter down to the nanometer range, including physical concepts, materials and micro- and nanofabrication technology, as well as system aspects. The extensive technological research program and the versatile high quality MESA+ cleanroom facilities allow the group to fabricate and investigate transducers off the beaten paths offered e.g. through foundry processes. Applications are clustered around Sensors, Actuators, Micro and nanofluidics and probe based data storage.

The viscosity of water in nano-confinement was studied by analyzing the dynamics of capillary filling of flat, rectangular nanochannels with heights in the 5 – 50 nm range and a width of 20 µm. Nanochannels were created by locally removing an accurately defined silicon oxide spacer layer on top of a silicon wafer and enclosing this pattern by bonding the wafer to an extremely smooth borosilicate glass wafer (Borofloat Schott 33). Next to the channels rulers were etched in order to measure the position of the moving meniscus during filling (Figure 1).

During filling of the channels with various liquids, the measured position x of the moving meniscus during capillary filling follows the well known Washburn equation, which gives straight lines when x is plotted versus t1/2 (Figure 2). In the smallest channels a small deviation (curvature) of these lines was found which is subject to further investigations. The slope of the Washburn plot is a function of the liquid viscosity, surface tension and the contact angle of the liquid to the channels walls. Figure 3 shows the deviations of the slope (as compared to the expected slope based on the Washburn equation) as a function of channel height. As the contact angle and surface tension of water are most likely independent of the channel height down to the 5 nm scale, it was concluded that observed slower than expected filling is caused by a viscosity effect.

The red line in Figure 3 indicates the expected effect if one assumes a highly viscous layer of 0.9 nm next to the polar channel walls. This assumption is in correspondence with recent findings by other groups using the AFM to study viscosity of water in confinement of a few nm.3

56 HigHligHted publication: Haneveld, J., Tas, N.R., Brunets, N, Jansen, H.V., Elwenspoek, M., Capillary Filling of sub-10 nm Nanochannels, JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 104 (2008) 014309.

Figure 1: Typical still image of the filling process of the 11 nm deep channels. The meniscus is located around the 15 millimeter mark. The contrast has been slightly increased compared to the original microscope image.

Figure 2: Measured position of the moving meniscus as a function of t1/2 for filling of 5, 11, 23 and 47 nm deep nanochannels with DI water (at temperatures of 22.7, 22.2, 21.6 and 20.8 ± 0.5°C, respectively).

Figure 3: Apparent viscosity increase as a function of the channel height. The red line indicates the effect of a solidified layer next to the channel walls with a thickness of 0.9 nm, or 4 monolayers.

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PHD THESES Azarov, A.V. (2008, September 25). Preionization and gain studies in fluorine based excimer laser

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gas discharges. UT University of Twente (165 p.) (Enschede: Twente University Press). Prom./ coprom.: Prof. dr. K.J. Boller & Dr. P.J.M. Peters.

Balakrishnan, M. (2008, September 19). Electro-Optic Modulation using a Polymeric Microring Resonator with Highly Photostable Chromophores. UT University of Twente (143 p.) (Enschede: Balakrishnan M.). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. A. Driessen.

Boer, Y.R. de (2008, January 10). Measurement of Single W Boson Production in ep Scattering.

UT University of Twente (99 p.) (Enschede: Gildeprint). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ing. B. van Eijk & Dr. C. Diaconu.

Boffa, V. (2008, February 22). Niobia-silica and silica membranes for gas separation. UT University of Twente (170 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank & Dr. ir. J.E. ten Elshof.

Broek, D.M. van den (2008, October 31). Explosive micro-bubble actuator. Univ. of Twente (167 p.)

(Enschede: Twente University Press). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. M.C. Elwenspoek.

Broekmaat, J.J. (2008, April 10). In-situ growth monitoring with Scanning Force Microscopy during Pulsed Laser Deposition. UT University of Twente (150 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank, Dr. ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders & Dr. ir. A. Brinkman.

Dalslet, B.T. (2008, April 03). Measurement and Modelling of the Defect Chemistry and Transport Properties of Ceramic Oxide Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conductors. UT University of Twente (213 p.) ( Schultz Grafisk). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. A. Nijmeijer, Dr. H.J.M. Bouwmeester & Prof. dr. ing. M. Wessling.

Engelen, R.J.P. (2008, June 19). Ultrafast investigations of slow light in photonic crystal structures.

UT University of Twente (119 p.). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. L. Kuipers.

Faccini, M. (2008, June 26). Highly stable polymeric materials for electro-optical modulators. UT University of Twente (163 p.) (Enschede: Faccini, M.). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. D.N. Reinhoudt & Dr. W. Verboom.

Fèbre, A.J. le (2008, March 28). Field emission sensing for non-contact probe recording. UT University of Twente (162 p.) (Zutphen: Koninklijke Wohrmann). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J.C. Lodder & Dr. ir. L. Abelmann.

Giovannetti, G. (2008, November 27). Electronic structure of various Carbon based, Correlated and Multiferroic Materials form Ab-initio investigations. UT University of Twente (147 p.)

(Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Dr. J. van den Brink, Prof. dr. P.J. Kelly & Dr. G. Brocks.

Harding, P.J. (2008, June 13). Photonic crystals modified by optically resonant systems. UT University of Twente (134 p.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. W.L. Vos & Dr. A.P. Mosk.

Herfst, R.W. (2008, November 12). Degradation of RF MEMS capacitive switches. UT University of Twente (114 p.) (Oisterwijk: BOX press). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J. Schmitz.

Houselt, A. van (2008, June 05). Structural and electronic properties of Pt/Ge(001) and Au/Ge(001).

UT University of Twente (95 p.) (Enschede: Physical Apects of Nanoelectronics Group & Solid State Physics Group). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. H.J.W. Zandvliet & Prof. dr. ir. B. Poelsema.

Jong, J. de (2008, April 18). Application of Membrane Technology in Microfluidic Devices. UT University of Twente (164 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ing. M. Wessling & Dr. ir. R.G.H. Lammertink.

Kaas, B.C. (2008, September 25). Multiple Scattering of waves in anisotropic random media.

UT University of Twente (148 p.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. A. Lagendijk & Dr. B. van Tiggelen.

Karpan, V.M. (2008, June 20). Towards perfect spin-filtering: a first-principles study. UT University of Twente (126 p.) (Enschede: Gildeprint). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. P.J. Kelly.

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Kohlheyer, D. (2008, June 20). Microfluidic Free-Flow Electrophoresis for Proteomics-on-a-Chip.

Univ. of Twente (186 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. A. van den Berg & Dr. ir. R.B.M. Schasfoort.

Leeuwen, S.M. van (2008, September 12). Expanding the focus of LC/MS: New analytical methods based of advances in ionization and hyphenation. UT University of Twente. Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. U. Karst.

Ling, X.Y. (2008, October 24). From supramolecular chemistry to nanotechnology: assembly of 3D nanostructures. UT University of Twente (150 p.) (Enschede: Ling, X.Y.). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. J. Huskens & Prof. dr. ir. D.N. Reinhoudt.

Ma, Y. (2008, January 10). Supramolecular Assembly with Ionic, Redox-Responsive Poly(ferrocenylsilanes). UT University of Twente (157 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp).

Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. G.J. Vancso & Dr. M.A. Hempenius.

Maksimovic, M. (2008, April 11). Optical resonances in multilayer structures. UT University of Twente (158 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. E. van Groesen & Dr. M. Hammer.

Malsche, D.M.W. de (2008, May 30). Solving advanced micromachining problems for ultrarapid and ultra-high resolution on-chip liquid chromatography. UT University of Twente (159 p.)

(Enschede: Twente University Press). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J.G.E. Gardeniers & G. Desmet.

Moerland, R.J. (2008, November 06). Controlling light emission with plasmonic nanostructures.

UT University of Twente (128 p.) (Enschede: Gildeprint). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. L. Kuipers.

Nawamawat, K. (2008, June 15). Effect of non-rubber components on basic characteristics and physical properties on natural rubber form hevea brasiliensis. Mahideol University, Thailand (252 p.) (Mahidol: University of Mahidol). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J. Sakdapipanich & Prof. dr. G.J. Vancso.

Phang In Yee, I. (2008, October 24). Marine Biofouling of Surfaces: Morphology, and Nanomechanics of Barnacle Cyprid Adhesion Proteins by AFM. UT University of Twente (138 p.)

(Zutphen: CPI Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. G.J. Vancso.

Postma, S. (2008, September 11). Spectral phase shaping for non-linear spectroscopy and imaging. UT University of Twente (144 p.) (Enschede: Gildeprint). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J.L. Herek & Dr. ir. H.L. Offerhaus.

Prodan, L.G. (2008, March 28). Mid-Infrared characterization of two-dimensional photonic crystal slabs fabricated in silicon with laser interference lithography. UT University of Twente (124 p.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. K.J. Boller & Prof. dr. L. Kuipers.

Raaij, M.E. van (2008, December 10). Biophysical characterization of alpha-synuclein aggregates: Parkinson’s disease at the nanoscale. UT University of Twente (154 p.) (Enschede). Prom./ coprom.: Prof. dr. V. Subramaniam & Dr. G.M.J. Segers-Nolten.

Rabbering, F.L.W. (2008, February 29). On the interplay of steering and interlayer diffusion in Cu(001) homoepitaxy. UT University of Twente (116 p.) (Enschede: Solid State Physics Group).

Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. B. Poelsema.

Radivojevic, D. (2008, May 23). Liquid Phase Heterogeneous Catalysis - Deeper Insight; Novel Transient Response Technique with ESI-MS as a Detector. UT University of Twente (126 p.)

(Enschede: Gildeprint). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. L. Lefferts & Dr. K. Seshan.

Rathgen, H. (2008, December 03). Superhydrophobic surfaces: from fluid mechanics to optics. UT University of Twente (216 p.). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. F. Mugele.

Riele, P.M. te (2008, September 11). Direct Patterning of Oxides by Pulsed Laser Stencil Deposition. UT University of Twente (132 p.) (Zutphen: Wöhrmann Print Service). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank & Dr. ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders.

Sasse, G.T. (2008, July 04). Reliability engineering in RF CMOS. Univ. of Twente (132 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J. Schmitz & Prof. dr. ir. F.G. Kuper.

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Savolainen, J. (2008, May 16). Coherent control of biomolecules. UT University of Twente (144 p.)

(Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J.L. Herek.

W. (2008, April 17). Nanoscale properties of complex oxide films. UT University of Twente (106 p.) (Enschede: PrintPartners Ipskamp). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank, M. Beasley & Ir. G. Koster.

Stoian, F.G. (2008, December 17). Primary effects in ripple formation induced by erosion and growth of Cu(001). UT University of Twente (95 p.) (Enschede: Solid State Physics). Prom./ coprom.: Prof. dr. ir. B. Poelsema.

Vanapalli, S. (2008, March 27). High-frequency Operation and Miniaturization aspects of Pulsetube Cryocoolers. UT University of Twente (168 p.) (Enschede: Gildeprint). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. M.C. Elwenspoek & Dr. ir. H.J.M. ter Brake.

Vellekoop, I.M. (2008, April 24). Controlling the propagation of light in disordered scattering media. UT University of Twente (142 p.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. A. Lagendijk & Dr. A.P. Mosk.

Voorst, P.D. van (2008, January 25). Spectral spatial and temporal control of high-power diode lasers through nonlinear optical feedback. UT University of Twente (Enschede: University of Twente). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. K.J. Boller & Dr. ir. H.L. Offerhaus.

Woldering, L.A. (2008, September 05). Fabrication of photonic crystals and Nanocavities. UT University of Twente (218 p.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. W.L. Vos & Dr. R.W. Tjerkstra.

Yang, S. (2008, October 09). Manipulating Surface Nanobubbles. UT University of Twente (113 p.)

(Enschede: Gildeprint). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. D. Lohse & Prof. dr. ir. H.J.W. Zandvliet.

Yntema, D.R. (2008, October 03). An integrated three-dimensional sound-intensity-probe. Univ. of Twente (172 p.) (Enschede: Twente University Press). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. M.C. Elwenspoek, Prof. dr. ir. W.F. Druyvesteyn & Dr. ir. R.J. Wiegerink.

Zalewski, D.R. (2008, October 24). Electrokinetic Methods for Preparative Electrophoresis on a Chip. UT University of Twente (158 p.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. J.G.E. Gardeniers & Dr. ir. R.B.M. Schasfoort.

Zhang, D. (2008, December 11). Quantitative Fluorescence Nanospectroscopy of Nucleotide Excision Repair. UT University of Twente (193 p.) (Enschede). Prom./coprom.: Prof. dr. V. Subramaniam & Dr. C. Otto.

Siemons,

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ACADEMIC JOURNAL REFEREED (RANKED BY IMPACT FACTOR) Taminiau, T., Stefani, F.D., Segerink, F.B., Hulst, N.F. van, Optical antennas direct single-molecule

emission, NATURE PHOTONICS 2 (2008) 234-237 Rijnders, G., Blank, D.H.A., An atomic force pencil and eraser, NATURE MATERIALS 7 (2008) 270-

271 Thaury,

C., George, H., Quere, F., Loch, R.A., Geindre, J.P., Monot, P., Martin, Ph., Coherent dynamics of plasma mirrors, NATURE PHYSICS 4 (2008) 631-634 Gaikwad, A.V., Boffa, V., Elshof, J.E. ten, Rothenberg, G., Cat-in-a-cup: Facile separation of large homogeneous catalysts, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE - INTERNATIONAL EDITION 47 (2008) 54075410 Spruell, J.M., Sheriff, B.A., Rozkiewicz, D.I., Dichtel, W.R., Rohde, R.D., Reinhoudt, D.N., Stoddart, J.F., Heath, J.R., Heterogeneous catalysis through microcontact printing, ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE - INTERNATIONAL EDITION 47 (2008) 9927-9932 Beugelaar, G.B., Teapal, J., Nieuwkasteele, J.W. van, Wijnperle, D., Tegenfeldt, J.O., Lisdat, F., Berg, A. van den, Eijkel, J.C.T., Field-dependent DNA mobility in 20nm high nanoslits, NANO LETTERS 8 (2008) 1785-1790 Bruinink, C.M., Burresi, M., Boer, M.J. de, Segerink, F.B., Jansen, H.V., Berenschot, E., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Kuipers, L., Nanoimprint Lithography for Nanophotonics in Silicon, NANO LETTERS 8 (2008) 2872-2877 Dudia, A., Kocer, A., Subramaniam, V., Kanger, J.S., Biofunctionalized lipid-polymer hybrid nanocontainers with controlled permeability, NANO LETTERS 8 (2008) 1105-1110 Moerland, R.J., Taminiau, T., Novotny, L., Hulst, N.F. van, Kuipers, L., Reversible polarization control of single photon emission, NANO LETTERS 8 (2008) 606-610 Claessens, M.M.A.E., Semmrich, C., Ramos, L., Bausch, A.R., Helical twist controls the thickness of F-actin bundles, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 105 (2008) 8819-8822 Savolainen, J., Fanciulli, R., Dijkhuizen, N., Moore, A.L., Hauer, J., Buckup, T., Motzkus, M., Herek, J.L., Controlling the efficiency of an artificial light-harvesting complex, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 105 (2008) 7641-7646 Busby, M., Blum, C., Tibben, M.M.J., Fibikar, S., Calzaferri, G., Subramaniam, V., Cola, L. de, Time, Space, and Spectrally Resolved Studies on J-Aggregate Interactions in Zeolite L Nanochannels, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 130 (2008) 10970-10976 Dam, H.H., Beijleveld, H., Reinhoudt, D.N., Verboom, W., In the pursuit for better actinide ligands: an efficient strategy for their discovery, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 130 (2008) 5542-5551 Drescher, M., Veldhuis, G., Rooijen, B.D. van, Milikisyants, S., Subramaniam, V., Huber, M., Antiparallel arrangement of the helices of vesicle-bound alpha-synuclein, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 130 (2008) 7796-7797 Escalante, M., Zhao, Y., Ludden, M.J.W., Vermeij, R.J., Olsen, J.D., Berenschot, E., Hunter, C.N., Huskens, J., Subramaniam, V., Otto, C., Nanometer arrays of functional light harvesting antenna complexes by nanoimprint lithography and host-guest interactions, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 130 (2008) 8892-8893 Ludden, M.J.W., Li, X., Greve, J., Amerongen, A.L. van, Escalante, M., Subramaniam, V., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Assembly of bionanostructures onto beta-cyclodextrin molecular printboards for antibody recognition and lymphocyte cell counting, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 130 (2008) 6964-6973 Andreev, A., Levy, A., Ceccotti, T., Thaury, C., Platonov, K., Loch, R.A., Martin, Ph., Fast ion energy flux enhancement from ultra thin foils irradiated by intense and high contrast short laser pulses, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 155002 Boeri, L., Dolgov, O.V., Golubov, A., Is LaFeAsO1-xFx an Electron-Phonon Superconductor?, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 26403

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M., Lohse, D., Dynamic Equilibrium Mechanism for Surface Nanobubble Stabilization, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 214505 Calzavarini, E., Cencini, M., Lohse, D., Toschi, F., Quantifying Turbulence-Induced Segregation of Inertial Particles, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 084504 Gekle, S., Bos, J.A. van der, Bergmann, R.P.H.M., Meer, R.M. van der, Lohse, D., Noncontinuous Froude Number Scaling for the Closure Depth of a Cylindrical Cavity, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 100 (2008) 084502 Giovannetti, G., Khomyakov, P.A., Brocks, G., Karpan, V.M., Brink, J. van den, Kelly, P.J., Doping graphene with metal contacts, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 026803 Giovannetti, G., Brink, J. van den, Electronic correlations decimate the ferroelectric polarization of multiferroic HoMn2O5, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 100 (2008) 227603 Lieleg, O., Claessens, M.M.A.E., Luan, Y., Bausch, A.R., Transient Binding and Dissipation in Cross-Linked Actin Networks, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 108101 Rubinstein, S.M., Manukyan, G., Staicu, A.D., Rubinstein, I., Zaltzman, B., Lammertink, R.G.H., Mugele, F., Wessling, M., Direct observation of nonequilibrium electroosmotic instability, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 236101 Svetovoy, V., Application of the Lifshitz Theory to Poor Conductors, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 163603 Vellekoop, I.M., Mosk, A.P., Universal optimal transmission of light through disordered materials, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 101 (2008) 120601 Xia, J., Schemm, E., Deutscher, G., Kivelson, S.A., Bonn, D.A., Hardy, W.N., Liang, R., Siemons, W., Koster, G., Fejer, M.M., Kapitulnik, A., Polar Kerr-effect measurements of the high-temperature YBa2Cu3O6+x superconductor: Evidence for broken symmetry near the pseudogap temperature, PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 100 (2008) 127002 Yang, L., Fitie, C.F.C., van der Werf, K.O., Bennink, M.L., Dijkstra, P.J., Feijen, J., Mechanical properties of single electrospun collagen type I fibers, BIOMATERIALS 29 (2008) 955-962 Blum, C., Mosk, A.P., Nikolaev, I., Subramaniam, V., Vos, W.L., Color control of natural fluorescent proteins by photonic crystals, SMALL 4 (2008) 492-496 Gomez Almagro, M.V., Reinhoudt, D.N., Velders, A.H., Supramolecular interactions at the picomole level studied by 19F NMR spectroscopy in a microfluidic chip, SMALL 4 (2008) 1293-1295 Tagit, O., Tomczak, N., Vancso, G.J., Probing the Morphology and Nanoscale Mechanics of Single Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels Across the Lower-Critical-Solution Temperature

by Atomic Force Microscopy, SMALL 4 (2008) 119-126 Xu, W., Dong, M., Rauls, E., Vazquez Campos, M.S., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Laegsgaard, E., Stensgaard, I., Linderoth, T.R., Besenbacher, F., Influence of alkyl side chains on hydrogen-bonded molecular surface nanostructures, SMALL 4 (2008) 1620-1623 Berg, A. van den, deMello, A., An extraordinary scientist for an extraordinary journal, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 1767-1768 Berg, A. van den, Playing with space and time (on a chip), LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 1779-1780 Eijkel, J.C.T., Searching lab on a chip literature: the need for a glossary of terms and concepts in a multidisciplinary environment, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 1781-1783 Nichols, K.P.F., Eijkel, J.C.T., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Nanochannels in SU-8 with floor and ceiling metal electrodes and integrated microchannels, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 173-175 Pirat, C., Naso, A., Wouden, E.J. van der, Gardeniers, J.G.E., Lohse, D., Berg, A. van den, Quantification of electrical field-induced flow reversal in a microchannel, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 945-949 Shui, L., Pennathur, S., Eijkel, J.C.T., Berg, A. van den, Multiphase flow in lab on chip devices: A real tool for the future, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 1010-1014

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W., Eijkel, J.C.T., Bomer, J.G., Berg, A. van den, Rapid sacrificial layer etching for the fabrication of nanochannels with integrated metal electrodes, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 402407 Valero, A., Post, J.N., Nieuwkasteele, J.W. van, Braak, P.M. ter, Kruijer, W., Berg, A. van den, Gene transfer and protein dynamics in stem cells using single cell electroporation in a microfluidic device, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 62-67 Zalewski, D.R., Schlautmann, S., Schasfoort, R.B.M., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Electrokinetic sorting and collection of fractions for preparative capillary electrophoresis on a chip, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 801-809 Zhao, W.A., Berg, A. van den, Lab on paper, LAB ON A CHIP 8 (2008) 1988-1991 Bakker, B.I. de , Bodnรกr, A., Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Vรกmosi, G., Damjanovich, S., Waldmann, T.A., Hulst, N.F. van, Jenei, A., Garcia Parajo, M.F., Nanometer-scale organization of the alpha subunits of the receptors for IL2 and IL15 in human T lymphoma cells, JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE 121 (2008) 627-633 Raz, V., Vermolen, B.J., Garini, Y., Onderwater, J.J.M., Mommaas-Kienhuis, M.A., Koster, A.J., Young, I.T., Tanke, H.J., Dirks, R.W., The nuclear lamina promotes telomere aggregation and centromere peripheral localization during senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells, JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE 121 (2008) 4018-4028 Janssen, K.G.H., Hoang, T.H., Floris, J., Vries, J. de, Tas, N.R., Eijkel, J.C.T., Hankemeier, T., Solution titration by wall deprotonation during capillary filling of silicon oxide nanochannels, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 8095-8101 Jong, J. de, Verheijden, P.W., Lammertink, R.G.H., Wessling, M., Generation of Local Concentration Gradients by Gas-Liquid Contacting, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 3190-3197 Kohlheyer, D., Eijkel, J.C.T., Schlautmann, S., Berg, A. van den, Schasfoort, R.B.M., BubbleFree Operation of a Microfluidic Free-Flow Electrophoresis Chip with Integrated Pt Electrodes, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 4111-4118 Malsche, D.M.W. de , Gardeniers, J.G.E., Desmet, G., Experimental study of porous silicon shell pillars under retentive conditions, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 5391-5400 Manen, H.J. van , Lenferink, A.T.M., Otto, C., Noninvasive imaging of protein metabolic labeling in single human cells using stable isotopes and Raman microscopy, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 9576-9582 Nichols, K.P.F., Azoz, S., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Enzyme Kinetics By Directly Imaging A Porous Silicon Microfluidic Reactor Using Desorption/Ionization on Silicon Mass Spectrometry, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 8314-8319 Zalewski, D.R., Kohlheyer, D., Schlautmann, S., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Synchronized, continuousflow zone electrophoresis, ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 80 (2008) 6228-6234 Verbaan, F.J., Bal, S.M., Berg, D.J. van den, Dijksman, J.A., Hecke, M. van, Verpoorten, H., Berg, A. van den, Luttge, R., Bouwstra, J.A., Improved piercing of microneedle arrays in dermatomed human skin by an impact insertion method, JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE 128 (2008) 8088 Maury, P.A., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Assembly of nanoparticles on patterned surfaces by noncovalent interachtions, CURRENT OPINION IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE 13 (2008) 74-80 Ludden, M.J.W., Ling, X.Y., Gang, T., Bula, W.P., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Multivalent Binding of Small Guest Molecules and Proteins to Molecular Printboards inside Microchannels, CHEMISTRY: A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 14 (2008) 136-142 Ludden, M.J.W., Mulder, A., Schulze, K., Subramaniam, V., Tampe, R., Huskens, J., Anchoring of histidine-tagged proteins to molecular printboards: Self-assembly, thermodynamic modeling, and patterning, CHEMISTRY: A EUROPEAN JOURNAL 14 (2008) 2044-2051

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H.L., Sah, A., Kreiter, R., Blank, D.H.A., Vente, J.F., Elshof, J.E. ten, Hybrid ceramic nanosieves: stabilizing nanopores with organic links, CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS 9 (2008) 1103-1105 Mannhart, J., Blank, D.H.A., Hwang, H.Y., Millis, A.J., Triscone, J.-M., Two-Dimensional Electron Gases at Oxide Interfaces, MRS BULLETIN 33 (2008) 1027-1034 Schonherr, H., Tocha, E., Vancso, G.J., Friction and Surface Dynamics of Polymers on the Nanoscale by AFM, TOPICS IN CURRENT CHEMISTRY 285 (2008) 1-54 Ebbesen, S.D., Mojet, B.L., Lefferts, L., In situ ATR-IR study of nitrite hydrogenation over Pd/Al2O3, JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 256 (2008) 15-23 Radivojevic, D., Ruitenbeek, M., Seshan, K., Lefferts, L., Development of a transient response technique for heterogeneous catalysis in the liquid phase, Part 1: Applying an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detector, JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 257 (2008) 244-254 Radivojevic,

D., Ruitenbeek, M., Seshan, K., Lefferts, L., Development of a transient response technique for heterogeneous catalysis in liquid phase, Part 2: Applying membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) for detection of dissolved gasses, JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 257 (2008) 255261 Ling, X.Y., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Reversible attachment of nanostructures at molecular printboards through supramolecular glue, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS 20 (2008) 3574-3578 Setten, M.J. van , Wijs, G.A. de, Fichtner, M., Brocks, G., A density functional study of α-Mg(BH4)2, CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS 20 (2008) 4952-4956 Bathe,

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M., Heussinger, C., Claessens, M.M.A.E., Bausch, A.R., Frey, E., Cytoskeletal bundle mechanics, BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 94 (2008) 2955-2964 Manen, H.J. van , Verkuijlen, P., Wittendorp, P., Subramaniam, V., Berg, T.K. van den, Roos, D., Otto, C., Refractive index sensing of green fluorescent proteins in living cells using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 94 (2008) L67-L69 Raaij, M.E. van , Gestel, J. van, Segers-Nolten, G.M.J., Leeuw, S.W. de, Subramaniam, V., Concentration dependence of alpha-synuclein fibril length assessed by quantitative atomic force microscopy and statistical-mechanical theory, BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 95 (2008) 48714878 Zhang, D., Lans, H., Lenferink, A.T.M., Vermeulen, W., Otto, C., Quantitative Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy reveals a 1000-fold increase in lifetime of protein functionality, BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL 95 (2008) 3439-3446 Castricum, H.L., Sah, A., Kreiter, R., Blank, D.H.A., Vente, J.F., Elshof, J.E. ten, Hydrothermally stable molecular separation membranes from organically linked silica, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 18 (2008) 2150-2158 Faccini, M., Balakrishnan, M., Diemeer, M.B.J., Hu, Z., Clays, K., Asselberghs, I., Leinse, A., Driessen, A., Reinhoudt, D.N., Verboom, W., Enhanced poling efficiency in highly thermal and photostable nonlinear optical chromophores, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 18 (2008) 2141-2149 Faccini, M., Balakrishnan, M., Diemeer, M.B.J., Torosantucci, R., Driessen, A., Reinhoudt, D.N., Verboom, W., Photostable nonlinear optical polycarbonates, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 18 (2008) 5293-5300 Hsu, S.H., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Velders, A.H., Imidazolide monolayers for versatile reactive microcontact printing, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 18 (2008) 4959-4963 Faccini, M., Balakrishnan, M., Torosantucci, R., Driessen, A., Reinhoudt, D.N., Verboom, W., Facile attachment of nonlinear optical chromophores to polycarbonates, MACROMOLECULES 41 (2008) 8320-8323 Song, J., Tranchida, D.D., Vancso, G.J., Contact mechanics of UV/ozone-treated PDMS by AFM and JKR testing: Mechanical performance from nano-to micrometer length scales, MACROMOLECULES 41 (2008) 6757-6762

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Chinthaginjala,

J.K., Thakur, D.B., Seshan, K., Lefferts, L., How carbon nanofibers attach to Ni foam, CARBON 46 (2008) 1638-1647 van Dijk, L., Kersten, S.P., Jonkheijm, P., van der Schoot, P., Bobbert, P.A., Photoluminescence spectra of self-assembling helical supramolecular assemblies: A theoretical study, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 112 (2008) 12386-12393 Claessens, M.M.A.E., Leermakers, F.A.M., Hoekstra, F.A., Cohen Stuart, M.A., Osmotic shrinkage and reswelling of giant vesicles composed of dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol and cholesterol, BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 1778 (2008) 890-895 Embrechts, A., Schonherr, H., Vancso, G.J., Rupture Force of Single Supramolecular Bonds in Associative Polymers by AFM at Fixed Loading Rates, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 112 (2008) 7359-7362 Savolainen, J., Dijkhuizen, N., Fanciulli, R., Lidell, P.A., Gust, D., Moore, T.A., Moore, A.L., Buckup, T., Motzkus, M., Herek, J.L., Ultrafast energy transfer dynamics of a bioinspired dyad molecule, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 112 (2008) 2678-2685 Schleifenbaum, F., Blum, C., Elgass, K., Subramaniam, V., Meixner, A.J., New insights into the photophysics of DsRed by multiparameter spectroscopy on single proteins, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 112 (2008) 7669-7674 Wei, Q., Wang, F., Nie, Z.-R., Song, C., Wang, Y.-L., Li, Q.Y., Highly Hydrothermally Stable Microporous Membranes for Hydroge Separation, JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 112 (2008) 9354-9359 Banpurkar, A.G., Nichols, K.P.F., Mugele, F., Electrowetting-based microdrop tensiometer, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 10549-10551 Duan, X., Sadhu, V.B., Perl, A., Peter, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Huskens, J., Bifunctional, chemically patterned flat stamps for microcontact printing of polar inks, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 2044-2051 Duvigneau, J., Schonherr, H., Vancso, G.J., Atomic Force Microscopy Based Thermal Lithography of Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) Block Copolymer Films for Bioconjugation, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 10825-10832 Ebbesen, S.D., Mojet, B.L., Lefferts, L., In situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) study of the adsorption of NO2-, NH2OH, and NH4+ on Pd/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 869879 Embrechts, A., Feng, C.L., Mills, C., Lee, M., Bredebusch, I., Schnekenburger, J., Domschke, W., Vancso, G.J., Schonherr, H., Inverted Microcontact Printing on Polystyrene-block-Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) Films; A Versatille Approach to Fabricate Structured Biointerfaces Across the Length Scale, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 8841-8849 Hartsuiker, A., Vos, W.L., Structural Properties of Opals Grown with Vertical Controlled Drying, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 4670-4675 Li, X., He, T., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Conversion of a metastable superhydrophobic surface to an ultraphobic surface, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 8008-8012 Navarro Toro, M.E., Benetti, E.M., Zapotoczny, S.J., Planell, J.A., Vancso, G.J., Buried, Covalently Attached RGD Peptide Motifs in Poly(methacryllic) Brush Layers; The Effect of Brush Structure on Cell Adhesion, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 10996-11002 Song, J., Vancso, G.J., Effects of Flame Treatment in the Interfacial Energy of Polyethylene Assessed by Contact Mechanics, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 4845-4852 Trionfetti, C., Babich, I.V., Seshan, K., Lefferts, L., Presence of lithium ions in MgO lattice: Surface characterization by infrared spectroscopy and reactivity towards oxidative conversion of propane, LANGMUIR 24 (2008) 8220-8228 Gaikwad, A.V., Verschuren, P., Kinge, S., Rothenberg, G., Eiser, E., Matter of age: growing anisotropic gold nanocrystals in organic media, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS 10 (2008) 951-956

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Bernhardi, E.H., Forbes, A., Bollig, C., Esser, M.J.D., Estimation of thermal fracture limits in quasi-

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continuous-wave end-pumped lasers through a time-dependent analytical model, OPTICS EXPRESS 16 (2008) 11115-11123 Jose, J., Segerink, F.B., Korterik, J.P., Offerhaus, H.L., Near-field observation of spatial phase shifts associated with Goos-Hänschen and surface plasmon resonance effects, OPTICS EXPRESS 16 (2008) 1958-1964 Jurna, M., Korterik, J.P., Otto, C., Herek, J.L., Offerhaus, H.L., Background free CARS imaging by phase sensitive heterodyne CARS, OPTICS EXPRESS 16 (2008) 15863-15869 Postma, S., Rhijn, A.C.W. van, Korterik, J.P., Gross, P., Herek, J.L., Offerhaus, H.L., Application of spectral phase shaping to high resolution CARS spectroscopy, OPTICS EXPRESS 16 (2008) 79857996 Prosyentsov, V., Lagendijk, A., Periodicity enclosed in boundaries: local density of states in photonic clusters, OPTICS EXPRESS 16 (2008) 6974-6984 Vellekoop, I.M., Putten, E.G. van, Lagendijk, A., Mosk, A.P., Demixing light paths inside disordered metamaterials, OPTICS EXPRESS 16 (2008) 67-80 Dongre, C., Dekker, R., Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Pollnau, M., Martinez-Vazquez, R., Osellame, R., Cerullo, G., Ramponi, R., Weeghel, R. van, Besselink, G.A.J., Vlekkert, H.H. van den, Fluorescence monitoring of microchip capillary electrophoresis separation with monolithically integrated waveguides, OPTICS LETTERS 33 (2008) 2503-2505 Nieuwenhuis, A.F., Lee, C.J., Slot, P.J.M. van der, Lindsay, I.D., Gross, P., Boller, K.J., Highefficiency mid-infrared ZnGeP2 optical parametric oscillator directly pumped by a lamp-pumped, Q-switched CrTmHo:YAG laser, OPTICS LETTERS 33 (2008) 52-54 Revermann, T., Gotz, S., Kunnemeyer, J., Karst, U., Quantitative analysis by microchip capillary electrophoresis - current limitations and problem-solving strategies , ANALYST 133 (2008) 167174 Fekete, V., Clicq, D., Malsche, D.M.W. de, Gardeniers, J.G.E., Desmet, G., The use of 120-nm deep channels for liquid chromatographic separations, JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A 1189 (2008) 2-9 Balakrishnan, M., Faccini, M., Diemeer, M.B.J., Klein, E.J., Sengo, G., Driessen, A., Verboom, W., Reinhoudt, D.N., Microring resonator based modulator made by direct photodefinition of an electro-optic polymer, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92 (2008) 153310 Beer, S.J.A. de , Ende, H.T.M. van den, Mugele, F., Atomic force microscopy cantilever dynamics in liquid in the presence of tip sample interaction, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008) 253106 Broekmaat, J.J., Brinkman, A., Blank, D.H.A., Rijnders, G., High temperature surface imaging using atomic force microscopy, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92 (2008) 43102 Gu, H., Malloggi, F.G.J., Vanapalli Veera, V.S.A.R., Mugele, F., Electrowetting-enhanced microfluidic device for drop generation, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008) 183507 Li, F., Mugele, F., How to make sticky surfaces slippery: Contact angle hysteresis in electrowetting with alternating voltage, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92 (2008) 244108 Lindell, L., Unge, M., Osikowicz, W., Stafstrom, S, Salaneck, W.R., Crispin, X., Jong, M.P. de, Integer charge transfer at the tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene/Au interface, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 92 (2008) 163302 Riele, P.M. te , Rijnders, G., Blank, D.H.A., Ferroelectric devices created by pressure modulated stencil deposition, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008) 233109 Shui, L., Mugele, F., Berg, A. van den, Eijkel, J.C.T., Geometry-controlled droplet generation in head-on microfluidic devices, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008) 153113 Vailionis, A., Siemons, W., Koster, G., Room temperature epitaxial stabilization of a tetragonal phase in ARuO3 (A=Ca and Sr) thin films, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 93 (2008) 51909

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Kahn,

A., Kuhn, H., Heinrich, S., Petermann, K., Bradley, J., Worhoff, K., Pollnau, M., Kuzminykh, Y., Huber, G., Amplification in epitaxially grown Er:(Gd, Lu)2O3 waveguides for active integrated optical devices, JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B (OPTICAL PHYSICS) 25 (2008) 1850-1853 Hopman, W.C.L., Werf, K.O. van der, Hollink, A.J.F., Bogaerts, W., Subramaniam, V., Ridder, R.M. de, Modeling and experimental verification of the dynamic interaction of an AFM-tip with a photonic crystal microcavity, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 20 (2008) 57-59 Lawson, J.W., Bauschlicher, C.W., Toulouse, J., Filippi, C., Umrigar, C.J., Quantum Monte Carlo study of the cooperative binding of NO2 to carbon nanotubes, CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS 466 (2008) 170-175 Azarov, A.V., Peters, P.J.M., Boller, K.J., Laser gain measurements at 193 nm in a small discharge cell containing ArF excimer laser gas mixtures, APPLIED PHYSICS B (LASERS AND OPTICS) B 90 (2008) 455-460 Jansen, G.H., Franke, H.R., Wolbers, F., Brinkhuis, M., Vermes, I., Effects of fulvestrant alone or combined with different steroids in human breast cancer cells, CLIMACTERIC 11 (2008) 315-321 Korczagin, I., Xu, H., Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J., Pattern transfer fidelity in capillary force lithography with poly(ferrocenylsilane) plasma etch resists, EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL 44 (2008) 2523-2528 Harutyunyan, D., Izsak, F., Vegt, J.J.W. van der, Bochev, M.A., Adaptive finite element techniques for the Maxwell equations using implicit a posteriori error estimates, COMPUTER METHODS IN APPLIED MECHANICS AND ENGINEERING 197 (2008) 1620-1638 Agiral, A., Groenland, A.W., Chinthaginjala, J.K., Seshan, K., Lefferts, L., Gardeniers, J.G.E., On-chip microplasma reactors using carbon nanofibres and tungsten oxide nanowires as electrodes, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 41 (2008) 194009 Onoue, T., Siekman, M.H., Abelmann, L., Lodder, J.C., Heat assisted magnetic probe recording onto a thin film with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 41 (2008) 155008 Prodan, L.G., Hagen, R.A.J., Gross, P., Arts, R., Beigang, R., Fallnich, C., Schirmacher, A., Kuipers, L., Boller, K.J., Mid-IR transmission of a large-area 2D silicon crystal, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS D: APPLIED PHYSICS 41 (2008) 135105 Tocha, E., Pasaribu, H.R., Schipper, D.J., Schonherr, H., Vancso, G.J., Low Friction in CuO-Doped Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Ceramics: A Complementary Macro- and Nanotribology Study, JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 91 (2008) 1646-1652 Pirat, C., Sbragaglia, M., Peters, A.M., Borkent, B.M., Lammertink, R.G.H., Wessling, M., Lohse, D., Multiple time scale dynamics in the breakdown of superhydrophobicity, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 81 (2008) 66002 Yang, S., Kooij, E.S., Poelsema, B., Lohse, D., Zandvliet, H.J.W., Correlation between geometry and nanobubble distribution on HOPG surface, EUROPHYSICS LETTERS 81 (2008) 64006 Zhong, Z., Kelly, P.J., Electronic-structure-induced reconstruction and magnetic ordering at the LaAIO3|SrTiO3 interface, EPL: A LETTERS JOURNAL EXPLORING THE FRONTIERS OF PHYSICS 84 (2008) 27001 Mannini, M., Rovai, D., Sorace, L., Perl, A., Ravoo, B.J., Reinhoudt, D.N., Caneschi, A., Patterned monolayers of nitronyl nitroxide radicals, INORGANICA CHIMICA ACTA 361 (2008) 3525-3528 Volk, R., Calzavarini, E., Verhille, G., Lohse, D., Mordant, N., Pinton, J.-F., Toschi, F., Acceleration of heavy and light particles in turbulence: Comparison between experiments and direct numerical simulations, PHYSICA D 237 (2008) 2084-2089 Dolgov, O.V., Golubov, A., Mazin, I.I., Maksimov, E.G., Critical temperature and the giant isotope effect in the presence of paramagnons, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONDENSED MATTER 20 (2008) 434226

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G., Brinkman, A., Hilgenkamp, H., Rijnders, G., Blank, D.H.A., High-Tc superconducting thin films with composition control on a sub-unit cell level; the effect of the polar nature of the cuprates, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS CONDENSED MATTER 20 (2008) 264007 Li, X., Steen, G. van der, Dedem, G.W.K. van, Wielen, L.A.M. van der, Leeuwen, M. van, Gulik, W.M. van, Heijnen, J.J., Krommenhoek, E.E., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Berg, A. van den, Ottens, M., Improving mixing in microbioreactors, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 63 (2008) 3036-3046 Roche, Y., Zhang, D., Segers-Nolten, G.M.J., Vermeulen, W., Wyman, C., Sugasawa, K., Hoeijmakers, J., Otto, C., Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of the binding of nucleotide excision repair protein XPC-hHr23B with DNA substrates, JOURNAL OF FLUORESCENCE 18 (2008) 987-995 Chen, K., Veldhorst, M., Lee, Che-Hui, Lamborn, D.R., Properties of MgB2 films grown at various temperatures by hybrid physical -chemical vapour deposition, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 21 (2008) 95015 Hilgenkamp, H., Pi-phase shift Josephson structures, SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 21 (2008) 34011 Kinge, S.S., Peter, M., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Silver containing nanostructures from hydrogen-bonded supramolecular scaffolds, SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY 20 (2008) 593-600 Putten, E.G. van, Vellekoop, I.M., Mosk, A.P., Spatial amplitude and phase modulation using commercial twisted nematic LCDs, APPLIED OPTICS 47 (2008) 2076-2081 Carlen, E.T., Weinberg, M.S., Zapata, A.M., Borenstein, J.T., A micromachined surface stress sensor with electronic readout, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 79 (2008) 015106 Sandtke, M., Engelen, R.J.P., Schoenmaker, H., Attema, I., Dekker, H., Cerjak, I., Korterik, J.P., Segerink, F.B., Kuipers, L., Novel instruments for surface plasmon polariton tracking in space and time, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 79 (2008) 1-10 Vanapalli, S., Brake, H.J.M. ter, Jansen, H.V., Zhao, Y., Holland, H.J., Burger, J.F., Elwenspoek, M.C., High frequency pressure oscillator for microcryocoolers, REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 79 (2008) 045103 Houselt, A. van , Gnielka, T., Fischer, M., Brugh, J.M.J. aan de, Oncel, N., Kockmann, D., Heid, R., Bohnen, K.-P., Poelsema, B., Zandvliet, H.J.W., Peierls instability of Pt nanowires on Ge(001), SURFACE SCIENCE 602 (2008) 1731-1735 Jeurissen, R.J.M., Jong, J. de, Reinten, H., Berg, M. van den, Wijshoff, H., Versluis, A.M., Lohse, D., Effect of an entrained air bubble on the acoustics of an ink channel, JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 123 (2008) 2496-2505 Zijlstra, A.G., Ohl, C.D., On fiber optic probe hydrophone measurements in a cavitating liquid, JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 123 (2008) 29-32 Uranus, H.P., Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Groesen, E. van, Tuning the dispersion and single/multimodeness of a hole-assisted fiber by the hole’s geometrical parameters, JOURNAL OF OPTICS A : PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS 10 (2008) 115002-115002 Broek, D.M. van den, Elwenspoek, M.C., Explosive micro-bubble actuator, SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A (PHYSICAL) 145-146 (2008) 387-393 Dijkstra, M., Boer, M.J. de, Berenschot, E., Lammerink, T.S.J., Wiegerink, R.J., Elwenspoek, M.C., Miniaturized thermal flow sensor with planar-integrated sensor structures on semicircular surface channels, SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A (PHYSICAL) 143 (2008) 1-6 Garcia-Revilla, S., Valiente, R., Romanyuk, Y.E., Pollnau, M., Temporal dynamics of upconversion luminescence in Er3+, Yb3+ co-doped crystalline KY(WO4)2 thin films, JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 128 (2008) 934-936 Hernando, J., Hoogenboom, J.P., Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Garcia Parajo, M.F., Hulst, N.F. van, Ultrafast single-molecule photonics: excited state dynamics in coherently coupled complexes, JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE 128 (2008) 1050-1052

P U B L I C AT I O N S

Plachetka,

U., Kristensen, A., Scheerlinck, S., Huskens, J., Koo, N., Kurz, H., Fabrication of Photonic Components by nanoimprint technology within ePIXnet, MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 85 (2008) 886-889 Zhao, Chunhua, Wang, Biyun, Winnubst, Louis, Chen, Chusheng, Effects of Cu and Zn codoping on the electrical properties of Ni0.5Mn2.5O4 NTC ceramics, JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY 28 (2008) 35-40 Lisowski, W.F., Keim, E.G., Kaszkur, Z., Smithers, M.A., Decomposition of thin titanium deuteride films: thermal desorption kinetics studies combined with microstructure analysis, APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE 254 (2008) 2629-2637 Maksimovic, M., Hammer, M., Groesen, E. van, Field representation for optical defect resonances in multilayer microcavities using quasi-normal modes, OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 281 (2008) 1401-1411 Vellekoop, I.M., Mosk, A.P., Phase control algorithms for focusing light through turbid media, OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS 281 (2008) 3071-3080 Fang, D.-L., Chen, Chusheng, Winnubst, A.J.A., Preparation and electrical properties of FexCu0.10Ni0.66Mn2.24-xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.90) NTC ceramics, JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS 454 (2008) 286-291 Moktadir, Z., Kraft, M., Wensink, H., Multifractal properties of Pyrex and silicon surfaces blasted with sharp particles, PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 387 (2008) 2083-2090 Castricum, H.L., Ashima sah, A.S., Geenevasen, J., Kreiter, R., Blank, D.H.A., Vente, J.F., Elshof, J.E. ten, Structure of hybrid organic-inorganic sols for the preparation of hydrothermally stable membranes, JOURNAL OF SOL-GEL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 48 (2008) 11-17 Karminskaya, T., Yu, M., Kupriyanov, M..Y., Golubov, A., Critical Current in S-FNF-S Josephson Structures with the Noncollinear Magnetization Vectors of Ferromagnetic Films, JETP LETTERS 87 (2008) 570-576 Ross, C.A., Jung, Y.S., Chuang, V.P., Ilievsky, F., Yang, J.K.W., Bita, I., Thomas, E.L., Smith, H.I., Berggren, K.K., Vancso, G.J., Cheng, J.Y., Si-containing block coploymers for self-assembled nanolithography, JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY B: MICROELECTRONICS, PROCESSING AND PHENOMENA 26 (2008) 2489-2494 Tjerkstra, R.W., Segerink, F.B., Kelly, J.J., Vos, W.L., Fabrication of three-dimensional nanostructures by focused ion beam milling, JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY B: MICROELECTRONICS, PROCESSING AND PHENOMENA 26 (2008) 973-977 Yang, C.K., Febre, A.J. le, Pandraud, G., Drift, E. van der, French, P.J., Field emission for cantilever sensors, JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY B: MICROELECTRONICS, PROCESSING AND PHENOMENA 26 (2008) 927-933 Izsak, F., Harutyunyan, D., Vegt, J.J.W. van der, Implicit a posteriori error estimates for the Maxwell equations, MATHEMATICS OF COMPUTATION 77 (2008) 1355-1386 Kuper, F.G., Automotive IC reliability: Elements of the battle towards zero defects, MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY 48 (2008) 1459-1463 Salm, C., Blanco Carballo, V.M., Melai, J., Schmitz, J., Reliability aspects of a radiation detector fabricated by post-processing a standard CMOS chip, MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY 48 (2008) 1139-1143 Sasse, G.T., Acar, M., Kuper, F.G., Schmitz, J., RF CMOS reliability simulations, MICROELECTRONICS RELIABILITY 48 (2008) 1581-1585 Okamoto, S., Kikuchi, N., Kato, T., Kitakami, O., Mitsuzuka, K., Shimatsu, T., Muraoka, H., Aoi, H., Lodder, J.C., Magnetization behavior of nanomagnets for patterned media application, JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS 320 (2008) 2874-2879 Huijben, M., Koster, G., Blank, D.H.A., Rijnders, G., Interface engineering and strain in YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films, PHASE TRANSITIONS 81 (2008) 703-716

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Wormeester, H., Kooij, E.S., Poelsema, B., Effective dielectric response of nanostructured layers,

PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI A 205 (2008) 756-763 B.P.C., Nederkoorn, P.H.J., Timmerman, H., Timms, D., Broadley, K.J., Davies, R.H., Monocation-driven proton transfer relays within G protein-coupled receptors of the rhodopsin class and the GTP synthase mechanism, JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 859 (2008) 5168 Zwierzycki, M., Khomyakov, P.A., Starikov, A.A., Xia, K., Talanana, M., Xu, P., Karpan, V.M., Marushchenko, I., Turek, I., Bauer, G.E.W., Brocks, G., Kelly, P.J., Calculating scattering matrices by wave function matching, PHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI B 245 (2008) 623-640 Hoede, C., Zandvliet, H.J.W., A Novel Approach to Ising Problems, ANNALEN DER PHYSIK 17 (2008) 260-266 Tanaka, Y., Golubov, A., Tanuma, Y., Odd-frequency pairing state in superconducting junctions, JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS 69 (2008) 3244 Janczewski, D.J., Rawdanowicz, M., Hill, C., Martinez, I., Reinhoudt, D.N., Verboom, W., Novel types of tripodal CMPO ligands: synthesis and extraction, RADIOCHIMICA ACTA 96 (2008) 199202 Chefdeville, M.A., Graaf, H. van der, Hartjes, F., Timmermans, J., Visschers, J., Blanco Carballo, V.M., Salm, C., Schmitz, J., Smits, S.M., Colas, P., Giomataris, I., Pulse height fluctuations of integrated micromegas detectors, NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS AND METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. SECTION A, ACCELERATORS, SPECTROMETERS, DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT 591 (2008) 147-150 Nunez Calzado, M.E., Vancso, G.J., Gedde, U.W., Morphology, Crystallization, and Melting of Single Crystals and Thin Films of Star-branched Polyesters with Poly(ε-caprolactone) Arms as Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy, JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE. PHYSICS 47 (2008) 589-607 Nechaev, O.V., Shurina, E.P., Bochev, M.A., Multilevel iterative solvers for the edge finite element solution of the 3D Maxwell equation, COMPUTERS AND MATHEMATICS WITH APPLICATIONS 55 (2008) 2346-2362 Ling, X.Y., Phang, I.Y., Reinhoudt, D.N., Vancso, G.J., Huskens, J., Supramolecular Layer-byLayer Assembly of 3D Multicomponent Nanostructures via Multivalent Molecular Recognition, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES 9 (2008) 486-497 Herfst, R.W., Steeneken, P.G., Huizing, H.G.A., Schmitz, J., Center-Shift Method for the Characterization of Dielectric Charging in RF MEMS Capacitive Switches, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING 21 (2008) 148-153 Sugiyama, K., Sbragaglia, M., Linear shear flow past a hemispherical droplet adhering to a solid surface, JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 62 (2008) 35-50 Giovannetti, G., Kumar, S., Brink, J. van den, Mott state and quantum critical points in rare-earth oxypnictides RO1-xFxFeAS (R= La, Sm, Nd, Pr, Ce), PHYSICA B 403 (2008) 3653-3657 Alvarez-Chavez, J.A., Martinez-Rios, A., Torres-Gomez, I., Gonzalez-Garcia, A., Offerhaus, H.L., 73-nm Tuning of a Double-Clad Yb3+-Doped Fiber Laser Based on a Hybrid Array, LASER PHYSICS 18 (2008) 353-356 Ivanova, O., Hammer, M., Stoffer, R., Groesen, E. van, A variational mode expansion mode solver, OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 39 (2008) 849-864 Kawabata, S., Asano, Y., Tanaka, Y., Kashiwaya, S., Golubov, A., Cooper pair transport and miacroscopic quantum dynamics in Josephson junctions through ferromagnetic insulators, PHYSICA C 468 (2008) 701-704 Maksimovic, M., Hammer, M., Groesen, E. van, Coupled optical defect microcavities in onedimensional photonic crystals and quasi-normal modes, OPTICAL ENGINEERING 47 (2008) 114601 Allen,

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Bernhardi,

E.H., Cilliers, P.J., Gaunt, C.T., Improvement in the modelling of geomagnetically induced currents in southern Africa, SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 104 (2008) 265-272 Bernhardi, E.H., Bollig, C., Esser, M.J.D., Forbes, A., Botha, L.R., Jacobs, C., A single element plane-wave solid-state laser rate equation model, SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 104 (2008) 389-393 Kashid, M.N., Fernandez Rivas, D., Agar, D.W., Turek, S., On the hydrodynamics of liquid-liquid slug flow capillary microreactors, ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 3 (2008) 151-160 Boffa, V., Elshof, J.E. ten, Petukhov, A.V., Blank, D.H.A., Microporous niobia-silica membrane with very low CO2 permeability, CHEMSUSCHEM - CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY, ENERGY & MATERIALS 1 (2008) 437-443 Fanciulli, R., Willmes, L., Savolainen, J., Walle, P. van der, Baeck, T., Herek, J.L., Evolution Strategies for Laser Pulse Compression, LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 4926 (2008) Febre,

A.J. le , Abelmann, L., Lodder, J.C., Field emisssion at nanometer distances for high-resolution positioning, JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY B: MICROELECTRONICS, PROCESSING AND PHENOMENA 26 (2008) 724-729 Houselt, A. van, Zandvliet, H.J.W., Atomic manipulation on semiconductor surfaces at room temperature by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, MICROSCOPY AND ANALYSIS 22 (2008) 5-8 Jansen, R., Silicon Spintronics, AAPPS BULLETIN 18 (2008) 21-24 Lohse, D., Wenn Teilchen in Turbulenz geraten, PHYSIK JOURNAL 7 (2008) 20-21 Mchedlidze, T., Arguirov, T., Kittler, M., Hoang, T., Holleman, J., Le Minh, P., Schmitz, J., Engineering

of dislocation-loops for light emission from silicon diodes, SOLID STATE PHENOMENA (ELECTRONIC) 131-133 (2008) 303-308 Agiral, A., Trionfetti, C., Seshan, K., Lefferts, L., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Propane conversion at ambient temperatures C-C and C-H bond activation using cold plasma in a microreactor, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY 31 (2008) 1116-1123 Benetti, E.M. , Zapotoczny, S.J., Vancso, G.J., Macromolecular “Hedge” Brushes Grafted from Au Nanowires, POLYMERIC MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 98 (2008). 203-204 Thang, P.D., Pham, M.T.N., Rijnders, G., Blank, D.H.A., Nguyen, H.D., Klaasse, J.C.P., Brück, E., Multiferroic CoFe2O4-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Nanostructures, JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 52 (2008) 1406-1409 Gardeniers, J.G.E., Microfluidic systems for Process Analytical Technology, CHIMICA OGGI : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 26 (2008) 18-19

PATENTS Bomer,

J.G., Sprenkels, A.J., Ingham, C.J., Hylckama Vlieg, J.E.T. van, Vos, W.M. de & Berg, A. van den (18-01-2008), Biochip and process for the production of a Biochip, no. EP1877533.

Ingham, C.J., Vos, W.M. de, Hylckama Vlieg, J.E.T. van, Bomer, J.G., Sprenkels, A.J. & Berg, A. van den (25-01-2008), High throughput screening method for asessing heterogeneity of microorganisms, no EP1871893.

Janczewski, D., Tomczak, N., Khin, Y.W., Han, M.J. & Vancso, G.J. (19-09-2008), Amphiphilic Polymer and Process of Forming the Same, no IMR/P/04711/01/PCT. Mai, S., Garini, Y., Sarkar, R. & Vermolen, B.J. (10-04-2008), Methods of detecting and monitoring cancer using 3D analysis of centromeres, no WO2008040116.

Rathgen, H. (13-03-2008), Ultrasound detection using a gas-liquid interface, (application).

Schönherr, H., Tocha, E., Bijl, D.B. & Vancso, G.J. (03-03-2008), A method of preserving a sensor in a container and a container containing a sensor and a storage solution, no PCT/NL2008/000047.

Schutte, H., Hempenius, M.A. & Vancso, G.J. (27-08-2008), Novel Monomeric and Polymeric Materials, no PCT/EP2007050512.

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ABOUT MESA+

M E S A + G overnance S tr u ct u re MESA+ Governing Board Prof. dr. G. van der Steenhoven Dr. G.J. Jongerden Ir. J.J.M. Mulderink Dr. A.J. Nijman

R. Penning de Vries

Prof. dr. J.A. Put Prof. dr. ir. A.J. Mouthaan

Dean Faculty Science & Technology Managing Director Helianthos BV Consultant Sustainable Technology Director Research Strategy & Business Development Philips NatLab Senior Vice president & Chief technology officer NXP Semiconductors Director Performance Materials DSM Research Dean Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

MESA+ Scientific Advisory Board Dr. J.G. Bednorz Prof. H. Fujita Prof. M. Möller

Prof. C.N.R. Rao

Dr. H. Rohrer Prof. F. Stoddart Prof. E. Thomas Prof. E. Vittoz

Prof. G. Whitesides

IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of Tokyo, Japan Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), Germany Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, India IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of California, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Switzerland Harvard University, USA

MESA+ Management Prof. dr. ing. D.H.A. Blank Ir. M. Luizink

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COLOPHON Editing: MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology Miriam Luizink, Annerie van Steijn-Heesink Design: Zone2design Marcel Aarsen Communication Department, Olaf Stokkers Photography: Martin Bosker Eric Brinkhorst Jan Hesselink Jeroen Huijben Gijs van Ouwerkerk Arjan Reef Traffic: Communication Department, Karin Middelkamp Printed by: Te Sligte

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