MESA+ Annual report 2003 by MESA+

Annual Report

2003

GENERAL

Preface

Dear readers, I am pleased to present the 5th annual report of MESA+. It covers the most notable events in 2003, along with a number of scientific highlights and an overview of the output in international scientific literature. 2003 has been a very fruitful year, not in the least because of the success of NanoNed and NanoImpuls, the national nanotechnology programs of which MESA+ is coordinator. We are also proud of our European Network of Excellence Frontiers, focused at nano-instrumentation for life sciences. MESA+ has continued its strong growth in externally financed research projects. Since 1999, we managed to produce a constant growth of 20 extra Ph.D. students per year, now reaching a number of over 200, excluding vacancies. I am extremely proud of the continued and tireless effort of all MESAns, and the quality each of our colleagues delivers in pursuing our mission: excellence in science and education, and providing a bridge to industry. The set-up of this report has changed slightly. Every MESA+ group has provided an overview of its activities and/or a scientific highlight. With that, the report 2003 gives you a complete overview over all groups involved, together with the 5 large multidisciplinary research orientations within MESA+. I hope you enjoy reading this report. David Reinhoudt

3 Left page: Next to scientific publications, MESA+ makes an effort of promoting its work to the general public.

GENERAL

Contents

General Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sketch of the institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MESA+ Annual Report 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 7

Scientific Highlights in 2003 SRO - Advanced Photonic Structures, Nanoscale Light Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 SRO - TeraHertz Signal Processing, Components for Software defined Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SRO - NanoLink, Tying Top-Down and Bottom-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 SRO - Micro Chemical Systems, Chemistry on Chips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 SRO - Materials Science of Interfaces (MASIF), Control on Atomic Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Semiconductor Components, The Product Lifetime of Power ICâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Low Temperature Division, Half Flux-Quanta in Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics, Semifluxon from the Mathematical Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Inorganic Materials Science, Si-Compatible Ion Selective Oxide Interconnects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Biophysical Techniques, Using Nanotechnology to Study Biomolecular Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Biosensors, Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Chemical Analysis, New Detection Strategies for Mass Spectrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Computational Materials Science, Channel Decomposition and Spin Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Complex Photonic Systems, Catching Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 BioChip Group, Biochip for Protein Fingerprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Integrated Circuit Design, Fast Optical Reciever in CMOS Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Integrated Optical MicroSystems, Towards VLSI-Photonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, Molecule Interactions and Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Optical Techniques, Optics on a Nanometer Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 SupraMolecular Chemistry and Technology, Molecular Printboards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Systems and Materials for Information Storage, Tools for Nano-Spintronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Testable Design and Test of Microsystems, Testing of High-Speed Superconductor Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Transducers Science and Technology, Electrostatic Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Solid State Physics, Self-assembly of Pt-atoms in Perfect Nanowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Publications MESA+ Scientific Publications 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 About MESA+ MESA+ Governing Board, Scientific Advisory Board and Management in 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 How to reach MESA+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

GENERAL

Sketch of the institute

Field and mission MESA+ focuses on Nanotechnology based on its

A Program Director is responsible for the scientific

underlying strengths in materials science, microsystem

responsible to the Scientific Director of the institute.

coordination of each SRO. The Program Director is directly

technology, bottom-up chemistry, optics and systems. + To excel in its field of science and technology;

The SROs will be evaluated every two years, based on the criteria mentioned above. MESA+ will use its

+ To educate researchers and designers in the field;

external reviewers (e.g. Scientific Advisory Board,

+ To build up fruitful national and international

the technology foundation STW, or others) for this

cooperation with industry and fellow institutes. MESA+ is an ‘onderzoekschool’, designated by the

evaluation, which can result in (dis)continuation of the program. In case of discontinuation, MESA+ will

Royal Dutch Academy of Science.

only fund salaries of existing Ph.D.’s and post docs

Its mission is

for the remainder of their appointment. MESA+ has defined the following indicators for achieving its mission:

The SROs and their Program Directors should achieve

+ Scientific papers at the level of Science, Nature,

a strong presence and exposure in the (inter)national

or journals of comparable stature; + 1:1 balance between university funding and

scientific world. The Program Directors are appointed (at least) at the level of associate professor.

externally acquired funds; + Sizable spin-off activities.

The current MESA+ SROs are: + Micro Chemical Systems (MiCS),

Organisational structure and programs MESA+ has a matrix structure in which scientific disciplines, led by a responsible professor, are combined with strong and ambitious multidisciplinary programs, the Strategic Research Orientations (SROs),

prof.dr.ir. Albert van den Berg (Lab-on-a-chip); + NanoLink, dr.ir. Martin L. Bennink (Tying top-down to bottom-up micro-, nano- and molecular engineering); + TeraHertz Signal Processing (TeraHertz),

which aim at the various aspects of Nanotechnology.

dr. J. Flokstra (Acquisition, transportation and

This structure is depicted below.

manipulation of information at very high speed).

The creation of SROs ensures a strong multidisciplinary activity within the institute and is a basis for realization of its goals. An SRO is a large scientific program (in the order of 30-35 full-time researchers), which satisfies the following criteria: + Combining high-quality research of at least five groups within the institute into a genuine multidisciplinary program; + Providing excellent opportunities for international top-level research; + Attractive for external funding (which is a quality indicator in its own right).

GENERAL

+ Advanced Photonic Structures (APS), prof. dr. Laurens (Kobus) Kuipers (Novel optical devices based on

Participating research groups

low-dimensional photonic crystals and microcavities); + Materials Sciences of Interfaces (MASIF),

Within MESA+, two faculties combine their strengths

prof.dr.ing. Dave H.A. Blank (Material growth on an

within the following fields of expertise: Electrical

atomic scale for the realization of junctions for

Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

advanced nanometer-scale devices).

(EEMCS) and Science and Technology (S&T). From these faculties, the following research groups

The SROs cover approximately 70% of MESA+ research.

participate:

This activity is completed by disciplinary research, which has an important role in the further development of each research groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s disciplinary activities and strength (founding research), in the exploration of new fields (potentials), etc.. This research is referred to as Complementary Research.

+ S&T-MTP: Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, prof.dr. G.J. Vancso + S&T-SMCT: SupraMolecular Chemistry and Technology, prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt

MESA+ is the largest research institute of the University of Twente. It employs approximately 450 people, 330 of whom are scientists including over 200 Ph.D.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, post docs, etc.. MESA+ has a turnover of approximately Me 33, of which more than 50% is acquired in competition from external sources (National Science Foundations, European Union, industry etc.).

+ S&T-CA: Chemical Analysis, prof. U. Karst + S&T-IMS: Inorganic Materials Science, prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank + EEMCS-BIOS: Biosensor Technology, prof.dr.ir. P. Bergveld, prof.dr.ir. A. van den Berg + EEMCS-ICD:

MESA+ has extensive laboratory facilities at its disposal: + A 1000 m2 fully equipped clean room, with a focus on Micro Systems Technology (MST), Nanotechnology, CMOS and Materials and Process Engineering; + A fully equipped Central Materials Analysis Laboratory; + A number of specialized laboratories for chemical synthesis and analysis, materials research and analysis, and device characterization.

Integrated Circuit Design, prof.dr.ir. B. Nauta + EEMCS-SC: Semiconductor Components, prof.dr. J. Schmitz + EEMCS-SMI: Systems and Materials for Information storage, prof.dr. J.C. Lodder + EEMCS-IOMS: Integrated Optical MicroSystems, prof.dr. A. Driessen, prof.dr. P.V. Lambeck + EEMCS-TDT: Testable Design and Testing of Microsystems,

MESA+ has a strong relationship with industry, both through joint research projects with the larger multinational companies, and through a cooperation policy focused on small and medium-sized enterprises.

dr.ir. H.G. Kerkhoff + EEMCS-TST: Transducers Science and Technology prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek + S&T-BFT: Biophysical Techniques, prof.dr. V. Subramaniam + S&T-CMS: Computational Materials Science, prof.dr. P.J. Kelly + S&T-COPS: Complex Photonic Systems, prof.dr. A. Lagendijk, prof.dr. W. Vos + S&T-LT: Low Temperature Division, prof.dr. H. Rogalla

+ S&T-OT: Optical Techniques, prof.dr. N.F. van Hulst + S&T-VSF: Solid State Physics, prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema + EEMCS-AAMP: Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics, prof.dr. E.W.C. van Groesen

GENERAL

MESA+ Annual Report 2003

Looking back at 2003, two things become apparent: MESA+ has shown sustainable strength as an

Max Planck, MESA+, Münster and Toulouse) to focus

organization for multidisciplinary research and has

important application field of nanotechnology will be

been able to capitalize on that strength through

addressed through research cooperation, education,

various grants and achievements.

commercialization and facility sharing.

Sustainable strength

Within our own university, MESA+ was fortunate to

MESA+ was formed in 1999 as the merger of two institutes: MESA and CMO. Its goal remains to do

have been awarded several new proposals for Strategic Research Orientations. MESA+ will add its own

excellent research and train researchers in

resources to complete a portfolio of activities that will

nanotechnology and realted areas and to create economic spin-off activity. MESA+ uses a selected

strengthen its research and (inter)national position for

number of Strategic Research Orientations and active

around the areas of BioNano, Nano-Electronics, Nano-

business development to achieve those goals.

Optics (molecular photonics), NanoFabrication and

on the area of Nanotechnology for Life Sciences. This

the coming period (2004-2008). The programs revolve

NanoFluidics. These choices have proven their value. MESA+ has shown a stepwise increase in output (Ph.D. students,

The commercialization activities of MESA+ were

papers, externally funded projects) and continues these

increased succesfully, even in economically adverse

levels. It has achieved considerable national and

times. Spin-offs around the institute showed continued

international visibility and impact. Its concept is used

growth. New ventures were formed: SmartTip,

as a best practice example for research organizations

providing advanced scanning probes, PhoeniX,

in other places.

providing design and simulation software for microand nanotechnology, and TSSE, providing electronics

MESA+ started in 1999 with a start-up grant from the

and software solutions for advanced processes. An IP

University. This, in combination with the quality and

trading firm was prepared for launch (Idefix). This

continuous dedication of the MESAns, formed the basis

brings the total number of spin-offs to 26. To further

for the current success.

support the growth of economic activities around MESA+, an on-campus incubator was built next to

Capitalized strength

the MESA+ central labs. It allows (parts of) young

In 2003, the institute grew from 225 to 258 temporary

companies to develop, close to the research institute in

scientists (Ph.D. students, post docs, etc.) around a

an entrepreneurial setting, leading to intensive

steady group of permanent scientists of 68 (34 full

informal contacts. Such a bottom-up approach (our

time equivalents). In total, the institute holds 452

so-called coffee-table and lab-floor approach) leads

co-workers.

to a healthy and challenging atmosphere and a growth of the number of entrepreneurial initiatives. The

MESA+ is co-initiator and coordinator of the Dutch

incubator building was created with the support of the

national nanotechnology initiative NanoNed. NanoNed

European Fund for Regional Development. Within the

is built on the joint strengths of 8 Dutch universities and industry, much in the same way MESA+ was set

area of commercialization, further progress was made through MESA+’s involvement in the organization of

up. At the end of 2002 we were informed that the first

the international Commercialization of

phase, NanoImpuls, was granted with a subsidy of

Micro/nanoSystems conference COMS2003.

M€ 23,4. At the end of 2003, the Dutch government decided to grant NanoNed as a BSIK program with

Our annual reports provide highlights of our research

a subsidy of M€ 95. In total, NanoNed now coordinates

in the past year. The 2003 report was put together

a nationwide program of € 235 M.

to show highlights of the activities of every research group within MESA+ and as such, provides a

In the European arena, a Network of Excellence was

comprehensive overview of the activities within

proposed, called Frontiers. Frontiers will combine the

the institute.

strengths of key players in NanoTechnology (Aarhus, Basel, Cambridge, Chalmers, Delft, IMEC, Karlsruhe,

GENERAL

MESA+ accommodates hightech companies

Entrepreneurship in microsystems or nanotechnology requires highly advanced facilities, like a clean room

On May 1st 2003 MESA+ opened her new building.

to fabricate and test minute structures. The new MESA-

This new accommodation, directly adjoining the Mesa

building mainly houses companies developing sensors,

laboratories and the clean room, houses three types

chips and advanced technology in particular. This is

of companies:

a development the institute wants to stimulate to even

•

starters and more mature companies with a strong tie with MESA+ and/or her facilities

a larger extent.

•

companies that have their management and sales

‘It is the best way for the mutual exchange of knowledge

operations elsewhere, but keeping a space at the

and the development of new ideas in business and

university for technologists

science’, technical commercial director Kees Eijkel says.

about 1/3 of the new building is for the central

"We look at it in the way of making successful

management of Mesa+, enhancing the thinking

commercialization of knowledge accessible. Besides

process about commercialization and new

aiming to be the scientific top in this field, we also want

opportunities.

to translate our knowledge to economic development."

•

Towards the end of 2003 MESA+ has 26 spin-offs of which 10 have offices in the new building .

Royal honour for Piet Bergveld

Scientific contributions about the ISFET of fellow

Professor Piet Bergveld, up till February 2003 professor

scientists in conferences and publications worldwide.

of Bio Sensors at Twente University, received on 1st April

This led to a professorship on a personal title", as

the royal honour of Ridder in de Orde van de Nederlandse

states the recommendation for the royal honour.

Leeuw. He received the royal decoration from the hands of the Enschede mayor J. Mans.

Professor Bergveld, together with his colleague

Professor Dr. Ir. Piet Bergveld (Oosterwolde, 1940) has

Professor Jan Fluitman, also stood at the cradle of the present MESA+ Research Institute. In the eighties of

been the initiator of medical biological research from

the last century they started a Sensors and Actuators

the very start of Twente University.

Group and equipped the first modest cleanroom

He is renowned for his invention of the ISFET-sensor, a sensor for chemical and biomedical applications.

laboratory for the fabrication of sensors. The present day MESA+ Institute evolved from this. Bergveld

Thirty years after his invention the sensor is still

recognised at an early stage the importance of what

published about and new measuring devices are put

could be called ‘laboratories on a chip’: integrated

on the market using Bergveld’s underlying principle.

measuring devices the size of a credit card executing

"The growing recognition of the impact of this

chemical analyses and synthesis on minimal samples

invention could be judged from the number of

that in the present day have expanded enormously.

Helene Andersson: top of the bill in MIT’s Young Innovators

to set up a 'life sciences' department as a business

Helene Andersson (29), research associate at MESA+,

microsystems for telecommunication: optical

is ranking in the Young Innovators Top 100 in MIT's

components. With essentially the same manufacturing

Technology Review of September, which is the magazine

technology, the company now makes microchips for

of the mecca of American technology.

biomedical applications already finding their way

One hundred talents under 35, who according to the jury,

to the clinic.

manager. Before, Silex had been specialised in

will make 'profound impact' with their work. At MESA+ Helene leads a project in 'Cellomics'.

Helene Andersson lives in her native country Sweden

'Until now we are using these micro laboratories for

and works every month in Twente for a few days.

analysing DNA and proteins: complete chains of

Professor Albert van den Bergh tried hard to get her

molecules. Now we would like to extract information

to come to his group (BIOS, the lab-on-a-chip group) at MESA+ full time, but that was not what she wanted:

with a chip from a single living cell for the

'I have worked in Canada and Switzerland for a few

common with tissue engineering, and cell information

years but now want to stay in Stockholm, where I have

is essential for building artificial organs.'

development of new drugs. It has also much in

a job at Silex Microsystems and also a similar research position at the Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, the

Van den Berg's 'lab-on-a-chip group' see a strong

technology institute of Sweden. This combination of

growth for these pocket-sized laboraries in medical

a commercial and a research job is ideal to me.’

and environmental applications.

On completion of her PhD-research Silex asked her

GENERAL

Kobus Kuipers receives NWO-subsidy for excellent researchers

Kobus Kuipers is program director of the strategic

Prof. Dr. Laurens (Kobus) Kuipers has received a subsidy

research orientation Advanced Photonic Structures of the MESA+ institute. He investigates the non-linear

of 1.25 million euros from the Dutch Organisation for

properties of light in photonic crystals, increasing and

Scientific Research NWO for his research into new

adding special characteristics to the light in such a way

materials for nanotechnology. This so-called VICI-subsidy

that it starts to behave as ‘bullets of light’.

is awarded to excellent researchers who have successfully

At this moment Kuipers works for the larger part of his

developed an innovative research line. The money should

time at the FOM-institute for Atomic and Molecular

be used to establish a research group in the coming five

Physics (AMOLF) in Amsterdam.

years.

Niek van Hulst receives the Körber Award for a molecular motor

physicist Van Hulst says. "The challenge now is to

Professor Niek van Hulst (Optical Technology of the Faculty

relevant to applications."

actively direct the molecule under conditions that are

of Technical Physical Science / MESA+) is a member of the international team of four nanotechnology researchers that

Over the past years the members of the team have

have been granted the Körber Award 2003 for the

gained nanotechnology experience in various areas.

development of a nanomachine: a molecular motor.

Van Hulst specializes in manipulating molecules with

The Körber award ceremony took place on 8 September

light and in 1999 Feringa published the discovery of

2003 in Hamburg. The award includes 750.000 euros

a molecule that behaves as a kind of propeller when

prize-money.

exposed to light in scientific magazine Nature. This makes him the inventor of the first light driven

In the research proposal there is no mention of

nanomotor.

a machine but of a ‘walker’. The nanowalker the team is to develop will be driven

The team includes professor dr. Niek F. van Hulst

by light. It must be possible to switch the walker on

(Twente University), professor dr. Ben L. Feringa

and off, it must be able to change direction and propel

(University of Groningen), professor dr. Martin Möller

itself on a surface in an appointed direction. "In the

(Rheinisch-Westfälischen University of Technology,

present day nanotechnology has matured to the stage

Aachen) and professor dr. Justin E. Molloy (National

that enables us to make the individual molecule visible

Institute for Medical Research, London).

and follow its behaviour over a time span," the Twente

Innovation subsidy for advanced biochip for protein interactions

The underlying principle is Surface Plasmon Resonance

Dr.Ir. Richard Schasfoort’s MESA+ Biochip Group have

imaging. In order to find the ‘targets’ belonging to the

received an innovation subsidy of 1.8 million Euros for

proteins causing autoimmune disease, it is necessary

the ‘Proteomics on a chip for monitoring autoimmune

to investigate a large number of interactions

Imaging (SPRi), technology for protein interaction

diseases’ project. A total of seven researchers will be

simultaneously to get what is called a ‘fingerprint’.

appointed for 27 man-years of work within the IOP

Because all reactions occur ‘ordered’ a quick insight

Genomics investigation framework financed by the

can be gained in the most important patterns (imaging

Technology Foundation STW.

technology).

To specifically find the proteins that play the main

The chip will be equipped with microchannels besides,

part in autoimmune disease, Richard Schasfoort will

for the distribution and analysis of proteins in blood

develop an advanced biochip. This is a chip enabling

plasma for instance. This enables the automatic

the simultaneous investigation of many interactions

execution of a number of operations, such as the

between proteins.

physical separation of proteins.

The protein blue print of a human gives even more information about cell properties and the cause of

The Biochip Group collaborates with the University

diseases than DNA. This technology has been deployed

of Utrecht (Biomedical Analysis and Proteomics/

earlier for the monitoring of prostrate cancer,

Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry) and the University

determining a protein with the precision of a tenth

of Nijmegen (Biochemistry).

nanogram per milliliter.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

SRO - Advanced Photonic Structures Nanoscale Light Manipulation

The strategic research orientation ‘Advanced Photonic

on color (more correctly: optical frequency) as well.

Structures’, aims to control light on length scales

For various frequencies the coupling pattern changes

approaching that of the wavelength of light itself.

completely [2]. When the surface of the photonic

To this end, microresonators and photonic crystals are

crystal contains a small defect, like one or more

used. The SRO combines research efforts in modelling,

missing spheres, such a defect is found to influence

farbrication, characterisation and investigation. Both

the coupling to the photonic crystal. Figure 2 shows

top-down and bottom-up fabrication strategies are

how more light is coupled to the crystal when the

developed and used to create advanced photonic

probe is directly above a defect. Again a dependence

structures.

on color is found. For the first time it has been shown that light enters

Where does light enter 3D photonic crystals?

a photonic crystal better at some places than at others.

Photonic crystals are a powerful new class of artificial

The fact that defects influence the process may in the

materials that are rarely thought of as the complex

future be exploited for controlled coupling to 3D

optical structure that they are. Their full description

photonic crystals.

should take into account their far-field properties, i.e., the properties that are measured at large (many wavelengths) distances from the crystal. However, for a full picture, their near-field properties, i.e. properties of the optical fields at distances of the order of the wavelength of light, need to be considered as well. This is rarely done. Two main approaches have so far been used to investigate photonic crystal properties: on the one hand transmission and reflection measurement in which both the source and the detector are in the farfield, and on the other hand emission measurements of embedded sources which probe the local density of states (LDOS). The LDOS contains both near-field and far-field contributions. Spatially averaged information is obtained in both methods. Near-field optical microscopy offers a new method to investigate the near-field properties of threedimensional photonic crystals [1]. In the so-called

Figure 1. Position-dependent transfer of light to a 3D

illumination mode, light is coupled from a sub-

photonic crystal (image size 2.28 x 2.53 µm2)

wavelength probe to the photonic crystal in its near-

a. Measured topography of the <111>-facet of a polystyrene

field. The power of the technique lies in the fact that near-field information is obtained without spatial

3D photonic crystal. b-d. Near-field optical patterns at three different colors

averaging: the spatial resolution is roughly 50 nm.

(w = 1.05, 1.20 and 1.33, respectively).

Thus, questions like ‘where does light enter a 3D photonic

It is clear that the pattern changes as a function of color.

crystal?’ can be addressed for the first time.

As the probe is scanned across the surface of the photonic crystal, consisting of polystyrene colloids, it becomes clear that light does not couple into the crystal equally at every position: the coupling to threedimensional photonic crystals is position dependent (see figure 1). Moreover, the spatial distribution of the coupling is not only non-uniform but it depends

Publications [1] E. Flück, N.F. van Hulst, W.L. Vos and L. Kuipers, Phys. Rev. E Rapid Comm. 68, 015601 (2003). [2] E. Flück, PhD thesis, University of Twente, 2003.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

SRO - TeraHertz Signal Processing Components for Software defined Radio

The research in the TeraHertz Signal Processing group

A block schematic of the proposed optical receiver

concentrates on the development of the key components

front-end is shown in figure 1. Output signal of the pre-

for a superconducting AD-convertor system suitable for

amplifier without and with the equalizer are shown

software defined radio. The aim is to have an ADC with

in figure 2a and 2b. For BER=10^{-11}, data-rate of the

16 bits resolution, a clock frequency of 15 GHz and an

circuit without equalizer should be 15 Mb/s, but it is

input bandwidth of 60 MHz. The ADC will be built in

three times lower the minimum speed of the

high Tc technology based on superconducting YBaCuO

measurement equipment.

related materials consisting of RSFQ circuits containing around 50 Josephson elements. This part is strongly supported by the EC-program "Super ADC". A parallel study based on low Tc materials is the fault modelling in complicated processes and circuits. The readout of the superconducting chip is performed by an optical modulator that is connected to an optical CMOS device. The whole circuit should operate at about 30 K, and cooling is therefore another topic in this project. Actually, the THz-program is a cooperation between five groups in the physics and electrical engineering

Figure 1. Proposed block-schematic of the pre-amplifier:

departments.

As a part of the TeraHertz project, the Integrated Circuit Design (ICD) group is investigating the interfacing between the optical domain and standard CMOS technology. The task was to design a single-chip low-cost optical data receiver for Gigabit/second communication, in inexpensive CMOS technology. In September 2003, we developed monolithically integrated optical detector and pre-amplifier in standard CMOS for 3 Gb/s data-rate and λ=850 nm.

Figure 2

This speed is five times higher than the speed of the

a) Measured eye-diagram at 50 Mb/s for the circuit without

(up to now) fastest detector of this type in the world, and 350 times higher than the conventional CMOS photodetectors.

analog equalizer b) Measured eye-diagram at 3 Gb/s for the circuit with analog equalizer

For photodiodes in modern CMOS at the wavelength of λ=850 nm, the majority of the generated carriers slowly diffuse towards junctions, resulting in a physical (intrinsic) bandwidth of the photodiodes in the low MHz range. This effect typically forms the speed bottleneck in integrated CMOS optical receivers. Almost three orders of magnitude bandwidth improvement was achieved by equalizing the overall photocurrent response, which is about 5 dB/decade for frequencies between roughly 10 MHz and the lower GHz range.

Publications – Sasa Radovanovic, Anne-Johan Annema and Bram Nauta: “Physical and electrical bandwiths of integrated photodiodes

We therefore introduced an analog equalizer that

in standard CMOS technology”, The First IEEE Conference on

compensates (in gain and phase) for the diode

Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits EDSSC2003, Hongkong,

photocurrent roll-off in the range from 1 MHz to 1 GHz. As a result, 3Gb/s data-rate with a low bit-error rate (BER<10-11) is achieved.

December 16-18, 2003. – M. Podt, J. Flokstra and H. Rogalla; Low Tc ramp-type superconductor-insulator-superconductor Josephson junctions Supercond. Scie. Techn. 16 (2003) 1394-98.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

SRO - NanoLink Tying Top-Down and Bottom-Up

The multi-disciplinary MESA+ SRO-program Nanolink

the sandwich structure. Patterning of the gold on top

explores new avenues to combine top-down

of the sandwich is realized using pulsed laser

approaches with new bottom-up (directed) self-

deposition of the material through a nanosieve, which

assembly strategies. Application areas that are aimed

serves as a shadow mask (Fig. 1). The nanosieve

for are advanced information technologies, such as

consists of a thin silicon nitride membrane containing

molecular electronics, data storage and computers.

pores in a hexagonal pattern with diameters down to

Here, nanotechnologies are needed that are beyond

about 300 nm.

the reach of classical top-down lithography and related engineering techniques. For this reason new bottom-up strategies using organic (including biological) molecules have to be explored and subsequently implemented. Traditionally these techniques come from different 'worlds' with completely different backgrounds and approaches (electrical engineering, applied physics and chemical technology and biology). Figure 1: (a) Using pulsed laser deposition through a nanosieve, gold nano-islands are created on top of a selfBesides performing advanced studies in materials

assembled monolayer and (b) imaged by atomic force

nanopatterning and nanostructuring methods, one

microscopy (AFM).

additional objective of this program is to form a communication platform and collaboration link

For proper functioning the gold islands have to be

between members of the seven participating research

electrically insulated from the underlying

groups originating from various disciplines.

polycrystalline gold surface. Electrochemistry was used to test whether the islands are actually insulated

Participating groups:

(Fig. 2). If an island has an electrical connection

Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology (S&T),

through the self-assembled monolayer, copper will

Biophysical Techniques (S&T), Solid State Physics (S&T),

start to deposit on top of the island, as a result of the

Optical Techniques (S&T), Transducers Science and

reduction of the copper. In the experimental

Technology (EECSM), Material Science and Technology

conditions used around 15% of the gold islands did not

of Polymers (S&T).

grow any copper indicating that they are electrically isolated.

Under the proper conditions small molecules such as alkane thiols are known to self-assemble onto a gold surface forming a thin monolayer (2 nm thickness). When properly packed these self-assembled monolayers (SAM) are electrically insulating, making them extremely suitable for applications in nanoscale electronics devices. A perfect SAM would be one of the thinnest possible insulating layers between two electrodes for the preparation of for example nanoscale transistors and can be prepared in a low-cost process.

Figure 2: Electrochemical deposition of copper from solution is used to determine whether the islands are isolated.

Combining the expertise of the Supramolecular

(a) Schematic representation of the process. (b) Phase image

Chemistry and Technology group on self-assembled

recorded with tapping mode atomic force microscopy, clearly

monolayers and the technique of pulsed laser deposition which is developed in the MESA+ program

revealing the copper clusters on top the gold island structures.

Materials Sciences of Interfaces (MASIF, Dave Blank) we have successfully demonstrated that we are able to prepare a self-assembled monolayer sandwiched in

Publications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; E.A. Speets, B.J. Ravoo, F.J.G. Roesthuis, F. Vroegindeweij, D.H.A.

between two bodies of gold. For this purpose self-

Blank, D.N. Reinhoudt, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Fabrication of arrays of gold islands on

assembled monolayers of alkylthiolates were grown on

self-assembled monolayers using pulsed laser deposition

top of a polycrystalline gold surface. In a second step

through nanosievesâ&#x20AC;?, Nanoletters 4, 841-844 (2004)

gold is deposited on top of this monolayer, completing

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

SRO - Micro Chemical Systems Chemistry on Chips

Performing a chemical reaction in a microchip offers a variety of advantages over conventional reactors. Apart from the minute amounts (microliters to nanoliters) of chemicals needed, and the possibility of direct coupling to standard analytical equipment such as NMR and mass spectrometry, there are intrinsic advantages like extremely fast heat and mass transport (mixing), and

Figure 1: Picture of (a) the glass micro reactor and (b) the

large surface to volume ratio. In addition, the chip

self-developed chip holder.

format enables an interesting alternative to the classical “scaling-up”, the so-called “numbering-up”: massively parallel approaches. Such systems have a great potential for e.g. drugs discovery (high throughput screening (HTS)). Research carried out within the SRO Micro Chemical Systems (MiCS) has demonstrated a very strong surface catalytic effect resulting in up to 7 times higher yields on chip compared to lab-scale experiments.

We performed the acid-catalysed esterification of 9pyrenebutyric acid 1 with ethanol (Scheme 1) in a 197 mm long, 200 mm wide and 100 mm deep glass microchannel (Figure 1) under pressure-driven flow conditions. Due to the high surface to volume ratio typical of microchannels, the acidic character of the

Figure 2: MALDI-TOF mass spectra of samples collected

glass’ surface silanol groups is amplified increasing the

from on-chip reactions carried out at 50 ºC at residence

efficiency of the chip-scale reaction as compared to the

times of 4 (a), 10 (b), and 20 (c) min, respectively.

lab-scale (Figure 3). As control experiment, we coated the microchannel with a hydrophobic self-assembled monolayer, formed by flowing a solution of octadecanetrichlorosilane in toluene through the microchannels to remove the surface silanol groups. No product was detected when carrying out the reaction in the coated channel. On the other hand, higher yields where obtained when pretreating the glass microchannel with piranha solution, which increases the amount of surface silanol groups. Figure 3: Yields of ester 2 obtained in the on-chip (green diamonds) and lab scale (red triangles) (in the presence of silica gel) experiments carried out at 50 ºC.

Publications -

Brivio M, Fokkens R.H., Verboom W., Reinhoudt D.N., Tas N.R., Goedbloed M., van den Berg A., "Integrated microfluidic system enabling (bio)chemical reactions with on-line MALDI-TOF mass

Scheme 1

spectrometry", Analytical Chemistry, 74(16), (2002), 3972-3976 -

Brivio M., Oosterbroek R.E., Verboom W., Goedbloed M.H., van den Berg A., Reinhoudt D.N., "Surface effects in the esterification of 9-pyrenebutyric acid within a glass micro reactor", Chemical Communications, 15, (2003), 1924-1925

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

SRO - Materials Science of Interfaces (MASIF) Control on Atomic Scale

The need for smaller and faster devices pushed the

proved to be the most suitable one to satisfy the

material science up to the limit. This requires a

requirements.

detailed understanding of the growth characteristics

The work consists of synthesis and characterization

and mutual chemical and structural compatibility.

of bulk material and thin films. The bulk material

For the development of novel nanometer scale devices

was prepared by the sol-precipitation route. The

based on interface properties, like spin-valve

enhancement in dielectric constant, with the addition

transistors, Mott transistors, Josephson junctions,

of a Pt phase, was in agreement with the percolation

3-terminal devices, gate electronics, the control on

theory. At 25 vol.% Pt, the dielectric constant increases

atomic level becomes of the utmost importance.

by a factor of 4.

The motivation of the orientation program MATERIALS SCIENCE of INTERFACES (MASIF) is to match the

Figure 1: TEM image of a

research activities on interfaces and apply the existing

cross section of a PZT film

knowledge to control the growth of materials on an

with 9 vol.% Pt.

atomic scale. The thin films, prepared by PLD, show an even more One of the workhorses within MASIF is the, in

enhanced effect. With increasing Pt content, even far

Twente developed, high-pressure Reflective High

below the percolation limit, the dielectric constant

Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) Ultra High Vacuum

increases by more then a factor of 4. However, the

(UHV) Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) system. This

leakage current also increases, not only as a function

system enables real-time growth studies of complex

of Pt content but also strong dependent on the

materials on an atomic level. The main advantages of

microstructural properties. These microstructural

PLD are the relatively easy stoichiometric transfer of

properties are influenced by the deposition conditions.

material from target to substrate and the almost free

A detailed study is underway. Enhanced dielectric

choice of (relatively high) background pressures. With

properties in piezo-materials will have a large impact

this technique, in-situ monitoring at higher pressures

in the applicability of these materials in micro-

became feasible, opening up a range of new potentials.

machined devices.

Not only can we observe, e.g., RHEED intensity oscillations due to layer by layer growth in real time, and utilize this to control the growth rate very accurately, it also became clear that the intensity

Figure 2:

relaxation observed due to the typical pulsed mode of

Dependence of

deposition led to a wealth of information about growth

dielectric constants

parameters, which forms the basis of our strategy to

on Pt contents of

fabricate artificial layers, superstructures, and

the thin films.

conducting and ferromagnetic multilayer structures. In the MASIF programme this system is used for the following research subjects (PhD): MgB2 thin films and Publications

Josephson devices (Dragana Mijatovic), High-K Dielectric Metal Oxides for MOS Gate Dielectrics (Koray

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; M.T.N. Pham, B.A. Boukamp, H.J.M. Bouwmeester and D.H.A. Blank, MRS Vol 755, 109-114 (2003).

Karakaya, Andrei Zinine), Epitaxial Magnetic Tunnel Transistor (Ferry Postma), and Metal/ceramic composite

M.T.N. Pham, B.A. Boukamp, G. Rijnders, H.J.M. Bouwmeester

B.A. Boukamp, M.T.N. Pham, D.H.A. Blank and H.J.M.

and D.H.A. Blank, Applied Physics A. (2004)

with enhancement in dielectric constant (Mai Pham).

Bouwmeester, Solid State Ionics 170, 239-254 (2004).

In the latter a metal/insulator composite is used to change the electrical properties considerably. This effect can occur when a conducting (metal) phase an almost continuous network forms throughout the insulating matrix. In our case we used the ferroelectric (insulating) matrix, PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 (PZT), because of its excellent ferroelectric properties. Several conductive materials have been investigated, and so far Pt was

L.M. Doeswijk, G. Rijnders and D.H.A. Blank, Appl. Phys. A. (invited letter) 78 (2004) 263â&#x20AC;&#x201C;268.

Mesa Annual Report 2003 15.pdf

12-04-2005

14:54:41

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Semiconductor Components The Product Lifetime of Power ICâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

The research program of the Semiconductor

Within the FOM-project Electro-thermo-mechanical effects

Components (SC)Group deals with silicon technology

in metallisation films, Hieu Nguyen Van has discovered

and devices. The silicon technology research focuses on

anomalous degradation in metal lines on integrated

IC process steps, in particular thin film deposition. New

circuits, when they are locally heated. There are two

device concepts are studied, such as sensors, hot spots

competing mechanisms causing the degradation of

and light emission from silicon. A large program exists

metal lines. Firstly, electromigration, which is the

on the reliability of integrated circuits and their

movement of atoms under the influence of the flow

components. Through measurements and modeling, a

of electrons. Secondly, thermomigration, the movement

contribution is made to the better understanding and

of atoms due to temperature gradients. The first

predictability of failure mechanisms inside integrated

mechanism has a much larger driving force and is

circuits. The group has strong ties with Philips, ASM International, and the MESA+ group IC-design.

of the metal lines due to electromigration assume that

Some integrated circuits drive large electric systems

factor determining the rate of degradation. However,

and therefore have to deliver high power. This type of

as it turns out, lines with a thermal gradient can

dominant. The existing models describing degradation the maximum temperature of the line is the prime

component is used in automatic sliding doors, battery

degrade unexpectedly fast even when the maximum

chargers, etc. By nature, such integrated circuits can

temperature is lower. This so-called electro-thermal

become very hot inside and this can affect the

effect was quantified and its impact on the projected

operation and the lifetime of the chip.

lifetime of power electronics was estimated. As a result of the study, integrated circuit designs can be modified

that take account of this effect and improve chip

lifetime.

CMY

Figure 1: Relative Resistance Change at J=10mA/ m2 for different temperature gradients,

T=0.09/0.19/0.28 Ë&#x161;C/Âľm

for conditions Tgrad1,2,3 respectively

15 Figure 2: Schematic of the model predicting failures at the point of maximum temperature gradient (close to the heater elements), confirmed by SEM micrographs. The squares indicate the position of the local heaters.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Low Temperature Division Half Flux-Quanta in Superconductors

The research activities of the Low Temperature division are oriented towards ‘Applied Superconductivity’ in a broad sense. On the one hand they deal with application-oriented research, such as development of superconducting devices, systems and high current applications, including the development of necessary supporting technologies. On the other hand they cover more fundamental research areas like materials research on superconductors and related materials, device physics and mathematical modeling. This all takes place in close feedback between fundamental and applied research and technology development.

An important difference between classical metallic superconductors like Niobium, and ceramic high temperature superconductors, such as YBa2Cu3O7, is

Figure 1: (a) Spontaneously appearing antiferromagnetically

the quantum-symmetry of the superconducting state.

ordered array of magnetic half-flux quanta in a zigzag-

Denoted in terms analogous to those used for atomic

structure composed of the high-temperature superconductor

orbitals, Nb is described by an s-wave symmetry,

YBa2Cu3O7 and the classical superconductor Nb.

whereas YBa2Cu3O7 is characterized by a d-wave symmetry.

It was observed that at corners in those YBa2Cu3O7 -Nb structures, magnetic fields appear spontaneously, with

This symmetry difference gives rise to intriguing

a fixed magnitude of the magnetic flux per corner,

effects when such superconductors are brought into

a so-called half flux quantum 1/2 φ0 = 1x10-15 Tm2.

contact with each other. We have been able to realize

Ordered flux patterns were found to appear, such as

high-quality thin film superconducting connections

the antiferromagnetic string of half flux quanta in the

between those materials, in various configurations.

zigzag structure shown on this page (a).

In collaboration with Dr. J.R. Kirtley and Prof. C.C. Tsuei (b) at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center we have

It is possible to controllably flip the polarity of the half

studied those structures using a scanning SQUID

flux quanta, and in this way shown in Figure b store

microscope, which is able to image magnetic fields

information. The distance between the individual bits

with a high sensitivity (b).

in this image is about 12 µm. The difference between the ‘0’ and the ‘1’ states in this memory exactly equals 1 complete flux-quantum, which connects excellently to the concepts of Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) superconducting logic.

Publications – H. Hilgenkamp, Ariando, H.J.H. Smilde, D.H.A. Blank, G. Rijnders, H. Rogalla, J.R. Kirtley and C.C. Tsuei, Nature, 422, 50-53 (2003).

Figure 2: (b) ‘IBM + UT’ written by scanning SQUID microscopy in a 2-dimensional array of magnetic half-flux quanta.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics Semifluxon from the Mathematical Point of View

Since their first prediction in the late 70’s, semifluxons received little attention from the theoretical side, at least compared to the numerous studies of fluxons in ordinary Josephson junctions. Semifluxons occur naturally in Josephson junctions with a discontinuity point, characterized by a phase-jump of π in the Josephson junction phase. They are used to probe the symmetry of superconductors forming a Josephson junction. In future, semifluxons may be used for digital information and quantum computing, as it is possible to generate large-scale arrays of the half magnetic flux

Figure 1. Numerical simulation of a semifluxon

quanta. In the Applied Analysis and Mathematical

in a tricrystal junction containing a π-junction.

Physics group, we study properties of the semifluxons from a mathematical point of view.

A semifluxon has different properties compared to an ordinary fluxon, especially because it is not a wave traveling in space, but is attached to the discontinuity point. We have calculated the spectrum of a semifluxon for given Josephson lengths of a Josephson system. A stable semifluxon can be destabilized by applying an external bias current or a magnetic field to the system. These are ways to manipulate semifluxons. An example is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 shows a numerical simulation of a semifluxon in a tricrystal junction containing a π-junction. This tricrystal junction is the effect of crystalline misorientation in, e.g., YBCO crystals. The presence

Figure 2. The dominant eigenvalue of a semifluxon in

of a semifluxon in experiments confirms the

a tricrystal junction as a function of the Josephson lengths.

unconventional symmetry of the superconductors.

We have rescaled the sum of the Josephson lengths to 1.

Figure 2 shows the dominant eigenvalue of the semifluxon as a function of the Josephson lengths. Knowing the eigenvalues of a state can also be of interest to experimentalists. Furthermore we study properties of fractional fluxons. Ongoing projects are executed in collaboration with Dr. H. Hilgenkamp from the Low Temperature Division and Dr. E. Goldobin from the Universität Tübingen.

Publications – H. Susanto, S. A. van Gils, T. P. P. Visser, Ariando, H. J. H. Smilde, and H. Hilgenkamp, Static semifluxons in a long Josephson junction with π-discontinuity points, Phys. Rev. B 68, 104501 (2003). – H. Susanto, S. A. van Gils, A. Doelman, and G. Derks, Analysis on the stability of Josephson vortices at tricrystal boundaries: a 3ø0/2-flux case, accepted in Phys. Rev. B. – G. Derks, A. Doelman, S. A. van Gils and T. P. P. Visser, Travelling waves in a singularly perturbed sine-Gordon equation, Physica D 180, 40 (2003).

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Inorganic Materials Science Si-Compatible Ion Selective Oxide Interconnects

The research activities of the Inorganic Materials

potential difference across these interconnect,

Science group are focused on advanced inorganic

which allows either cationic, anionic or no transport

materials, solid state electro-chemistry, ceramic

depending on the magnitude and sign of the applied

technology, thin film technology, artificial materials,

potential difference. In contrast to previous concepts

and novel devices. The group covers the broad area

for micro- and nanofluidic gates, the interconnects

of inorganic materials science with in depth studies

proposed by Schmuhl et al. are compatible with

on subjects such as, composites, nano-particles, porous

Si-technology that is commonly used for the

as well as dense membranes, batteries and fuel cells,

construction of microfluidic devices.

dielectrics, molecular & ionic solid state transport phenomena, novel synthesis routes, bio-ceramics, functional materials for nano-electronic devices, interface properties, thin film technology, artificial materials, relation bulk-thin films and electrical & physical properties.

Micro-chip based analyses are quickly becoming popular in analytical chemistry, biotechnology and synthetic chemistry because of their high accuracy and low production costs. A major issue in microfluidic device technology concerns the development of controllable gates for selective transport of molecular

Figure 1: MCM-48 silica layer supported by silicon nitride

species, nanoparticles and biomolecules.

microsieve

The development of switchable gates for controlled transport of molecular species, nanoparticles and biomolecules may lead to enabling microchip-based technologies for molecular separation, detection and dosing, which can be applied in a very wide field ranging from analytical and synthetic chemistry, to biotechnology and devices for home diagnostics. To date, such interconnects are based entirely on tracketched polymeric membranes or anodic aluminum

Figure 2: Transport phenomena of fluorescein (Fl2-) and

oxide thin films, which are difficult to integrate with

viologen (MV2+) through a MCM-48 interconnect.

the existing silicon-based microchip technology.

(a) Concentration increase of Fl2- at the receive side versus

In a collaboration between the strategic research

time at ∆V= –2, 0 and +2 V.

orientation on Micro Chemical Systems and

(b) Fluxes of fluorescein (Fl2-) and viologen (MV2+) versus

Aquamarijn, a new class of Si-compatible interconnects

electrode potential difference ∆V. Feed side probe

for application as electrophoretic gates in microfluidic

concentration is 0.8 mM.

applications has been realized. The interconnects consist of mesoporous or microporous

oxide thin films with pore sizes of 0.8 – 8 nm, that are supported by a 1 micron thin, regularly perforated silicon nitride microsieve with perforations of 0.5 – 1.2

Publications – R. Schmuhl, J. Sekuli´c, S. Roy Chowdhury, C.J.M. van Rijn,

micron. The construction of g-alumina, MCM-48 silica,

K. Keizer, A. van den Berg, J.E. ten Elshof, and D.H.A. Blank,

and amorphous titania interconnects have been

“Si-compatible ion selective mesoporous and microporous

realized and studied. Selective ionic transport through

oxide interconnects with high tunability,”

these gates can be established by an externally variable

Adv. Mater. 16 900-904 (2004).

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Biophysical Techniques Using Nanotechnology to Study Biomolecular Systems

Within the Biophysical Techniques group a variety of techniques based on optical and micromechanical technology are being developed, optimized and applied for the fundamental study of biophysical systems, ranging from single molecules such as DNA and proteins up to the level of the entire living cell. Examples of techniques developed and used in our group are atomic force microscopy, optical tweezers for

Figure 2

force spectroscopy of single molecules and confocal

nucleosomes in chromatin fibers that are not completely

(a) Histogram of distances between consecutive

fluorescence microscopy with the ability to resolve

saturated. The distribution is clearly multi-peaked, indicating

individual biomolecules. Combinations of techniques

specific binding modes. (b) Different suggested binding modes,

and the use of micro- and nanostructures are studied.

which explain the specific center-to-center distances revealed in the histogram. Black part of the DNA is bound to the core histone particle in the fully wrapped particle (mode 1). Modes

Biology textbooks, usually represent DNA as a double-

2, 3 and 4 suggest that the DNA is wrapped only once around

helical staircase, in which two backbones are held

the core, leaving the remainder of the DNA free. These last

together by bases. This is not the structure of DNA

three modes suggest that the structure is rather dynamic.

molecule within the living cell. The double-helical molecules are densely packaged into a nucleoprotein

For a long time, chromatin was thought to be a rigid

complex, called chromatin. Eight histone proteins

structure, whose function is the dense packing of the

form a nanometer-scaled cylinder, around which about

DNA template. Only recently researchers start to find

146 basepairs (~50 nm) DNA is wrapped, effectively

evidence that its structure is rather dynamic, and that

shortening the DNA length. This complex, the

besides packaging of the DNA, the chromatin also plays

nucleosome, is present on the DNA every 200 bps

a major role in regulating processes that use DNA as

(~ 70 nm), forming a beads-on-a-string structure.

a template, such as transcription. This study indicates that there are many different ways that the DNA can

Tapping mode AFM imaging in both air and liquid has

complex with the histone core particle. For example,

been performed on chromatin fibers reconstituted at

it has been shown that besides the structure in which

different relative DNA-protein concentrations. The DNA

about 50 nm is attached (as shown in the crystal

molecules used in these experiments are able to

structure), there are various modes in which only

accommodate 12 nucleosomes at preferred positions.

25 nm is bound, leaving the remainder of the DNA

The recorded AFM images clearly reveal the beaded

accessible for protein interaction. We believe that

structure as has been shown before using this

these novel binding modes are relevant intermediate

technique and electron microscopy. Detailed analysis

structures needed to accommodate translocating

of the distances between the nucleosomes within the

proteins that need the DNA molecule as a template,

images reveal interesting details of its structure, which

such as RNA polymerase, which is responsible for

is far from completely understood.

transcription of the DNA, as the first step in protein synthesis. Furthermore, the existence of smaller core particles, consisting of only six, four or two histone proteins have been contemplated.

Publications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Nikova DN, Pope LH, Bennink ML, Leijenhorst-Groener KA van, Werf KO van der, Greve J, 2004, Unexpected binding motifs for subnucleosomal particles revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy, Biophys. J., accepted

Figure 1

(a) DNA molecules within eukaryotic cells are

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Bennink ML, Nikova DN, Werf KO van der, Greve J, 2003,

wrapped every 70 nm around a histone core particle (green

Dynamic imaging of single DNA-protein interactions using

cylinder) which effectively leads to packaging. Each histone

atomic force microscopy, Anal. Chim. Acta 479, 3-15.

core particle consists of 8 histone proteins (H2a, H2b, H3 and H4). (b) Typical AFM image revealing the beads-on-a-string structure.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Biosensors Lab-on-a-Chip (LOC) Applications

Considerable effort has been paid over the past decade

suffering from a disturbed urea balance, resulting

to the area of microfluidics. Recently, it was

in a lowered exhaled breath ammonia level. The

demonstrated that nanofluidics is an even more

measurement principle is based upon an existing

scientifically interesting field of research.

apparatus developed for environmental air quality

A nanochannel technology has been developed enabling

monitoring. The gas consumption is reduced by a

fundamental studies of liquid in nano-confinement,

factor of 200 by miniaturization and integration of the

as well as more engineering oriented studies aiming

main components into a lab-on-a-chip, shown below:

at ultra-low volume liquid manipulation. Evidence was found that the strong tensile capillary forces acting on water plugs in hydrophilic nanochannels cause significant negative pressure of the liquid (see figure). The negative pressure in the liquid induces a downward bending of the channel capping layer, which is visible in the curvature of the liquid meniscus. Detailed analysis of the meniscus curvature revealed that pressure in the water plug is as low as –17 ± 10 bar. It could be explained that despite this large tensile stress in the liquid, boiling does not occur as the (theoretical) critical size of seeding bubbles is larger than the channel height. Therefore, bubbles of critical size or larger are not encountered in nanochannels

The realized ammonia sensing chip makes use of pH

having a uniform height.

transitions to selectively transport gaseous ammonia, into a purified water stream, where the resulting ammonium ions are quantified with an electrolyte conductivity sensor. The system has an estimated lower detection limit of 1.3 ppb where 40 ppb is required in medical diagnostic applications. The response time of the system is less than two minutes and uses only 100 ml of air, while the sensitivity to interfering acid gasses (mainly CO2) is neglegible.

Top view of a water plug in a nanochannel (approximately 100 nm high). The negative pressure in the liquid causes a downward bending of the channel capping layer, which is visible as a curvature of the liquid meniscus. Low volume liquid manipulation was achieved in silicon nitride nanochannels by electro-osmotic pumping. Flow rates as low as 0.1 pL/s could be generated and measured. An important issue in this

study was the detection of such low flow rates which was achieved by a "current-monitoring" method.

Publications – N.R. Tas, P. Mela, T. Kramer, J.W. Berenschot, and A. van den Berg,

In a more applied approach, a microfluidic analysis system has been developed that is suitable for measuring gaseous ammonia in the small analyte

"Capillarity induced negative pressure of water plugs in nanochannels," Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1537 – 1540. – B.H. Timmer. K.M. van Delft, R.P. Otjes, W.Olthuis and

gas volumes available in breath analysis applications.

A. van den Berg, "A Miniaturized measurement system for

This chip is in particular useful for monitoring patients

ammonia in air", Analytica Chimaca Acta, 507(1), 139-145, (2004).

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Chemical Analysis New Detection Strategies for Mass Spectrometry

Activities of the Chemical Analysis group

interface in the negative mode as source for lowenergy electrons, being captured by nitroaromatic

The miniaturisation of analytical methods using micro-

or polyhalogenated compounds under formation

chip devices ("lab-on-chip" technology) has turned out

of the radical anions, which are detected in the

to be an attractive feature in the field of bioanalysis,

mass spectrometer with very good sensitivity [2].

e.g., enzyme assays and immunoassays. Therefore, the

The research with respect to mass spectrometric

Chemical Analysis (CA) group is currently developing

ionisation principles is further strengthened by

detection systems for on-chip separations, which

developing applications for coordination-ionspray

allow both a lateral as well as a spectral resolution of

mass spectrometry (CIS-MS)

separated (bio)analytes. Apart from optical detection techniques, CA also develops the field of new detection strategies related to mass spectrometry (MS). This comprises on the one hand the determination of non-polar analytes that have not been amenable to atmospheric pressure ionisation MS before, and on the other hand the investigation and elucidation of (bio)chemical redox processes. A further important topic is the screening of enzymatic activities by means of mass spectrometry as well as the development of bioassays allowing the simultaneous analysis of several analytes. Figure 1: The instrumental set-up of HPLC/electrochemistry/Mass spectrometry. The electrochemical conversion of non-polar compounds to more polar or even charged products has been demonstrated to be a very efficient tool to achieve strongly improved limits of detection for selected organometallic compounds (ferrocenes), pharmaceuticals (phenothiazines) [1] and environmental pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs. For the coupling of electrochemistry and mass spectrometry, a coulometric flow cell is placed between the liquid chromatographic column and the mass spectrometer (Figure 1). Applying an appropriate voltage in this cell causes an electrochemical conversion of the separated analytes. This enhances

Figure 2: Reaction scheme for the oxidation of

the sensitivity of mass spectrometric detection, but it

benzo[a]pyrene in the coulometric flow cell.

furthermore allows to simulate and elucidate redox processes occurring in biological systems. One example is the complex conversion of PAHs, some of which are suspected to be carcinogenic (Figure 2). As a future perspective, the application of this principle towards

Publications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; [1] H. Hayen and U. Karst: Analysis of phenothiazine and its

miniaturised systems may allow the versatile analysis

derivatives using LC/electrochemistry/MS and

of rather small biosamples (e.g., cell lysate etc.).

LC/electrochemistry/fluorescence; Anal. Chem. 75, p. 4833-4840 (2003)

In a related approach, further mass spectrometric

â&#x20AC;&#x201C; [2] H. Hayen; N. Jachmann; M. Vogel and U. Karst: LC-electron

strategies are carried out as well, e.g., the use of the

capture-APCI(-)-MS determination of nitrobenzoxadiazole

atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI)

derivatives; Analyst 35, p. 1365-1372 (2003)

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Computational Materials Science Channel Decomposition and Spin Injection

Understanding the magnetic, optical, electrical and structural properties of solids in terms of their chemical composition and atomic structure by numerically solving the quantum mechanical equations describing the motion of the electrons is the central research activity of the Computational Materials Science group. When the equations contain no input from experiment other than the fundamental physical constants (charge and mass of the electron, Planck's constant and the speed of light), then it is possible to make statements about the properties of systems which are difficult to characterize experimentally or which have not yet been made. This is especially important as experimentalists begin to make hybrid structures approaching the nanoscale.

In our tight-binding muffin-tin-orbital (TB-MTO) transport formalism, scattering states are calculated explicitly making it possible to perform "channel decomposition" of the scattering induced by specular interfaces, interface disorder, etc. The calculation of the

Figure 1:

scattering matrices scales linearly with the number of

Interface resistances for a) In- and b) As-terminated

layers L in the scattering region and as the cube of the

interfaces as a function of the fraction of interfacal In or As

number of atoms N in the lateral supercell. In practice,

) and minority (â&#x2C6;&#x2020;) atoms substituted by Fe for majority (

the efficient TB-MTO basis set allows scattering regions containing ~ 104 atoms to be handled. Calculations

spins. For both terminations the symmetry-induced spinasymmetry is strongly reduced by disorder.

have been carried out for lateral supercells containing 20x20 atoms in order to analyse the interface scattering at disordered Co/Cu and Fe/Cr interfaces in an ongoing collaboration with the theory group of Prof. Bauer in Delft. This method was recently applied to the problem of spin injection from an itinerant metal ferromagnet such as Fe into a semiconductor. We chose to study the semiconductor InAs because it forms an ohmic contact with Fe and because of the interest in using it to study spin transport in the intrinsic two dimensional electron gas formed on its surface. For a clean ordered (001) interface, transmission through the interface

from Fe into InAs depends strongly on the spin. The calculated values of the spin-dependent interface resistances suggest that spin-injection should be

Publications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Spin injection through an Fe/InAs interface

possible. However, Figure 1 shows that this result is

M. Zwierzycki, K. Xia, P.J. Kelly, G.E.W. Bauer, and I. Turek

very sensitive to the quality of the interface and a

Phys. Rev. B 67, 092401 (2003)

small amount of disorder can quench this spin injection.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Complex Photonic Systems Catching Light

The Complex Photonic Systems (COPS) group performs

Despite advances in fabricating periodic structures

world-leading research on hard and soft condensed

with high refractive index contrast, all state of the art

matter, in particular photonic materials, wherein the

structures are tainted by unintentional disorder. Two-

propagation of light is controlled by novel means.

and three-dimensional photonic crystals alike suffer

Optical experiments are an essential aspect of the

from fluctuations in position and size of the building

research to probe the behavior of light, but COPS also

blocks. Disorder adversely affects the interference-

combines the experimental findings with a theoretical

induced photonic crystal properties, and causes

understanding of the properties of light. Research

reduced Bragg reflectivity, extinction of transmitted

includes the study of Anderson localization, intricate

light, and unexpected losses of incorporated

miniature lasers ("scattering laser" and "random

waveguides. All light injected in 2D and 3D photonic

laser"), quantum optics of photonic materials, and

crystals becomes diffuse after a mean free path, of

photonic band gap materials. We have recently

about 15 microns. Little effort has been devoted to

pioneered novel 3D photonic materials, so-called

understand the cause or effect of random multiple

"inverse opals". While our research is done in

scattering.

collaboration with industry, it remains curiosity driven.

We have measured angle-resolved transmission of photons that are multiply scattered by this disorder in strongly photonic crystals. Peculiar non-Lambertian

Photonic crystals are periodic dielectric structures

distributions occur as a function of frequency: due to

with lattice parameters on the order of the wavelength

internal diffraction, wide angular ranges of strongly

of light (Fig. 1). The propagation of light in photonic

reduced diffuse transmission coincide with photonic

crystals bears a strong similarity to the wave

stop bands, while enhancements occur for directions

propagation of a conduction electron in a crystalline

outside stop gaps. We quantitatively explain the

solid. Thus, the dispersion relations of light can be

experiment with a model incorporating diffusion

described with band structures in a Brillouin zone.

and band structure on equal footing.We predict that

Photonic crystals are pursued to obtain an optical

in the event of a photonic band gap, diffuse light at

range of frequencies - a photonic band gap - for

frequencies near band gap edges can exit only along

which propagation is forbidden in all directions

isolated directions. Angle-resolved diffuse transmission

simultaneously, much like the energy gap in a semi-

appears to be the photonic equivalent of angle-

conductor. This photonic band gap has important

resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.

quantum optical consequences, such as the inhibition or enhancement of radiative processes like

Figure 2:

spontaneous emission. Furthermore, point-defects

(a) Angular

can act as small cavities that may form the basis for

distribution of

efficient miniature light sources, and for novel solid-

transmitted

state quantum-electrodynamical experiments in the

photons versus

strong coupling regime.

frequency, measured on an inverse opal with lattice spacing a= 930 nm. White curves show the lowest six dispersion bands. (b) Calculated angular distribution, using diffusion theory with internal reflections determined by the band structure.

Publications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A.F. Koenderink and W.L. Vos Light exiting from real photonic band gap crystals is diffuse and strongly directional Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 213902: 1-4 (2003) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; M. Wubs, L.G. Suttorp, and A. Lagendijk Multipole Interaction between atoms and their photonic

Figure 1:

environment

(a) Inverse opal structure

Phys. Rev. A 68, 013822:1-16 (2003)

(b) Schematic lay out of the experiment.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

BioChip Group Biochip for Protein Fingerprints

The Biochip Group (BCG) is a young research group

The Biochip group applies a basic platform technology

(founded in 2002). New diagnostic technologies based

(Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Imaging) to develop

on microfluidics in combination with biosensor

the applications and microfluidics. SPR imaging

detection methodologies are developed to detect the

technology is applied for analysis of biospecific

composition of in general protein mixtures. In essence

interactions in real-time on a sensing surface. A major

a prototype biochip will suit separation and detection

advantage of SPR detection is that it does not require

of proteins enabling low reagent consumption, easy

any labeling of the analytes. The imaging feature of

operation and very fast analysis.

the iSPR instrument makes it very suitable for studying interactions on microarrays and patterned surfaces.

The objective is to obtain the full composition of a blood sample. Therefore the development is aimed towards a miniaturised device that is able to generate a huge amount of data points. Novel high throughput analysis technologies need to be developed that are suitable for the determination of thousands of compounds within a relatively short time frame. If a fast, cost-effective technology is available, the conscious design of pharmaceutically or nutritionally active compounds can be exploited. Research topics • Detection of disease biomarkers (autoimmune disease, cardiac disease)

Figure 2 shows bead flow in an electroosmotically driven

• Proteomics and protein arrays on a chip

address flow biochip. When the flows of the guiding streams

• Electro osmotic flow pumping and electrophoresis

(green) are changed a positioned flow of the sample stream

on a chip • Multiparameter Analyte Detection with microfluidic

(red in the middle) is the result. The bioarray on the bottom of the chip can be addressed in interaction lanes.

biochips (BioMAD) A new patented strategy of the Biochip group is the application of so-called address flow microfluidics to guide a sample over a bioarray.

Figure 1. The illustration demonstrates the microfluidic biochip - iSPR combination.

Publications – S. Schlautmann, G.A.J. Besselink, Radhakrishna Prabhu G., R.B.M. Schasfoort, "Fabrication of a microfluidic chip by UV bonding at room temperature for integration of temperature sensitive layers", Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 13(July 2003) S81-S84 – R.G.H. Lammertink, S. Schlautmann, G.A.J. Besselink, R.B.M. Schasfoort, "Recirculation of Nanoliter Volumes within Microfluidic Channels", Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 76, No 11, (2004)

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Integrated Circuit Design Fast Optical Reciever in CMOS Technology

Research in the Integrated Circuit Design group focuses on design methodology for analog and mixed analogdigital electronics. We concentrate on integrated transceivers in nanometer scale CMOS technology. This includes transmitters and receivers for wireless (GSM, UMTS, Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.) and wire-line (ADSL, cable modems) and optical fiber communication systems. We want to develop clever IC design techniques to realize more portable and faster communication systems at a low cost. Challenges in high-frequency analog and mixed-signal circuit design are addressed in close co-operation with

Figure 1, chip photodetector and equalizer, designed in

the industry, in order to find fundamental solutions for

180nm CMOS technology (0.4x0.7mm chipsize)

practical problems. The bandwidth is in the low-MHz range; however the roll-off in the gain is only 5 dB / decade in frequency, Today’s optical communication systems are

up to several GHz. Since the harmonic content at the

characterized by high speed (40 Gigabit/second/channel)

Gigahertz range is still reasonably strong, it can be

and long distances (kilometers). The cost can be shared

compensated for by an analog equalizer amplifier,

by many users, yielding a cheap system per user.

without a too strong noise penalty.

However, for the future optical links are also foreseen for the short range, like local area networks, but also

Normally if a physical phenomenon is compensated

backplanes and even "printed circuit boards" like the

for in electronics, it requires some adaptive tuning

motherboard of a PC. If these links do indeed become

of electrical components. This is because the electrical

optical, the cost per link must drastically be reduced,

components exhibit a large spread during mass

while the speed must be kept high. The cheapest

production. However, if the filter zeros in the equalizer

solution is to integrate the receiver into the digital

spread for example 20% , the gain variation of the

CMOS processor chip.

compensated photodiode is still very small thanks to the low 5 dB/decale roll-off.

In the IC Design group, PhD student Sasa Radovanovic has carried out research on how to integrate fast photo

An integrated photodiode was designed by Sasa in

detectors in standard CMOS technology. The aim was

180nm CMOS technology, which is the mainstream

not to change the CMOS technology, but by design.

CMOS technology in mass production today. Together

Optically (850nm) sensitive structures in CMOS

with that diode, an electronic amplifier including the

technology are poly-silicon layers and pn-junctions.

equalizer was also integrated. The chip photograph is

Poly-silicon layers can operate at high speed, but are

shown in figure 1.

rather insensitive; most of the light travels through the thin poly-silicon layer while only a fraction is absorbed.

The chip achieves 3Gb/s at a low bit error rate (10-11),

Pn-junctions on the other hand are light-sensitive; the

and only 25µW optical power.

speed is, however, very low because of slowly diffusing electron-hole pairs in the absence of electric field under the junction. The bandwidth of a pn-junction in standard CMOS technology for 850nm light is 1 MHz, orders of magnitude too low for fast data communication.

Publications – Radovanovic, S., Annema, A.J., Nauta, B. 3 Gb/s monolithically integrated photodiode and pre-amplifier in standard 0.18 µW CMOS slides.

The solution was found by carefully analyzing the photo-and electrical behavior of pn-junctions.

ISSCC 2004 paper number: 26.2

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Integrated Optical MicroSystems Towards VLSI-Photonics

group concentrates on advanced waveguiding

Meanwhile MRs have been or are currently studied in more than 10 Ph.D. projects in IOMS or other MESA+

structures that can be employed in the field of optical

groups, resulting in a demonstration of the feasibility

communication and optical sensing. Regarding optical

of all-optical switching, optical sensing, stimulated

communication, the increasing transport capacity of

emission, ballistic transport of fs pulses, polarization

optical fibers creates an equally increasing need of

independent wavelength filtering and spectral slicing.

optical circuits for high-speed data procession and data

Also a spin-off company, LioniX, successfully realized

generation. The systems applications also demand

MR-based filter devices for customers.

Work in the Integrated Optical MicroSystems (IOMS)

increasing functionality (read complexity) from these optical circuits. Hence the dimensions of the individual functional elements are continuously decreasing, entering eventually the realm of nanophotonics. For this end, novel waveguiding materials - often with a specific active functionality - are investigated, innovative designs are conceived and complete photonic circuitries are realized and evaluated.

The aforementioned increase of complexity is quite similar to the well-known trend in micro-electronics characterized by Moore’s law. In contrast to electronic circuits, however, a basic building block like an electronic transistor is still missing. Nevertheless, some promising structures, like the optical microresonator

Figure 2

(MR), are intensively studied (see figure 1). The IOMS group was one of the first to realize the potential of MRs and consequently carried out pioneering theoretical and experimental research, often in collaboration with MESA+ groups and others. In the European NAIS project (coordinated by IOMS), a 4channel wavelength tunable switch array has been realized and demonstrated at the European Conference on Optical Communication ECOC 03 in Rimini (see figure 2).

Publications – Microresonators as Building Blocks for VLSI Photonics, International school of Quantum Electronics 2003 Microresonetors as building blocks for VLSI Photonics, edited by M. Michelotti, A. Driessen an dF. Bertollotti AIP Conference Procedings 709, 1-18, Melville, New York.

Figure 1

– Patent regarding microresonator based device D.J.W. Klunder, C.G.H. Roeloffzen, A. Driessen, "Werkwijze en inrichting voor het bewerken van licht", Granted 12-05-2003, Patent number NL 1019309.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Materials Science and Technology of Polymers Molecule Interactions and Recognition

Research in the Materials Science and Technology of

In a collaborative project carried out together with the

Polymers group is focused on the molecular level

group of Prof. Wolfgang Knoll at the MPI-P Mainz,

understanding, manipulation and control of polymeric

Germany, we have shown that surfaces modified with

materials. Work is carried out in three clusters:

novel asymmetric 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone-

engineering and analysis of polymer surfaces and

hydroxyalkane disulfide adsorbates exhibit efficient

interfaces, nanotechnology, nanofabrication, and self-

and controllable self-complementary molecular

assembly; morphology development and molecular

recognition of the pyrimidinone moieties. Depending

order of polymers on the nanoscale; and materials

on the choice of solvent and temperature, reversible

chemistry of polymers with defined molecular and

supramolecular recognition between surface-

mesoscopic structures, with special attention to

immobilized adsorbates and external guests occurred,

inorganic and organometallic polymers.

as shown by several methods including atomic force microscopy (AFM). The convenient control of the complex stability renders these systems highly suitable

Single Molecule Force Spectroscopy and Tunable

for the construction of more complex, directionally

Complex Stability in Surface Molecular Recognition

defined surface-immobilized supramolecular

Mediated by Self-Complementary Quadruple Hydrogen

architectures, as well as for the study of pyrimidinone-

Bonds

based supramolecular polymers at surfaces using AFM

In bottom-up nanotechnology, molecules must be

approaches. This system also allows us to investigate

"seen", "felt", and manipulated. These issues have been

single-molecule rupture forces in thermodynamic

central in the research of MTP using Atomic Force

equilibrium, as well as in non-equilibrium states.

Microscopy platforms. In related projects, a significant

An example for single-molecule polymer stretching

effort is underway to study single molecule interaction

(the polymeric PEG spacer that decouples specific and

forces in supramolecular systems, including H-bonded

non-specific interactions) and rupture of the quadruple

complexes. A central issue regards tuning the lifetime

H-bond is shown in figure 2.

of complexes. For this purpose, 2-ureido-4[1H]pyrimidinone moieties at gold (Au) surfaces were studied (figure 1).

Figure 2. Force-extension curves measured between pyrimidinone derivatives in hexadecane (dimer interaction). The data was fitted successfully with the modified freely jointed chain model to quantitatively describe the stretching of the polymer spacer PEG.

Figure 1. The complex formation of 2-ureido-4[1H]pyrimidinone moieties at Au surfaces through quadruple

Publications – Tunable Complex Stability in Surface Molecular Recognition

hydrogen bonds can be conveniently controlled via solvent or

Mediated by Self-Complementary Quadruple Hydrogen Bonds

temperature [reference].

Zou, S.; Zhang, Z.; Förch, R.; Knoll, W.; Schönherr, H.; Vancso, G. J.; Langmuir; 2003; 19(21); 8618-8621).

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Optical Techniques Optics on a Nanometer Scale

Our research is focused on Nano-Optics:

Single molecules as local spies

The physics of light in and around nanostructures,

Recording the signal of individual molecules in a

single molecules, molecular complexes, etc.

polymer matrix, we discovered peculiar fluctuations in

By proper control on the nanometer scale, sub-

the fluorescence lifetime, a direct signal of the local

wavelength light fields are created where large

chain-void dynamics in the glassy polymer: panta rei.

(imaginary) wave vectors dominate, resulting in strong field confinement, "forbidden" light, photon tunneling and possibly breaking of selection rules. In the nanoworld single molecules are the ideal detectors of both local optical fields and environmental dynamics, as reflected in the blinking, quantum jumps and fluctuations of the emitted stream of photons. Sub-wavelength fields and single molecules are the basic ingredients of our specific research directions and applications: Figure 2: RAL.Vallée, N.Tomczak, L.Kuipers, GJ.Vancso, Near field optics and field shaping

NF.vanHulst, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 038301 (2003)

• Single emitters in sub-wavelength fields • Local field enhancement & plasmonic field shaping

Diving bell concept for force imaging in liquid

• Negative index materials

Piezo-electric tuning forks are perfect for high resolution force microscopy, yet not under water.

Single molecular photonics

An effective solution is presented to allow force

• Collectivity & energy transfer in molecular wires

imaging in liquid, while keeping the sensor dry,

• Ultrafast single molecule detection

intact and sensitive: a diving bell.

• Manipulation of spontaneous emission Nano-optics in molecular biology and chemistry • Organisation & dynamics of proteins on membranes • Nanoscale dynamics of polymer networks • Molecular nanostructures at surfaces NanoPhotonic structures • Local fields, fs pulses in photonic structures • Single emitters in photonic (bandgap) structures Near-field view on 3D photonic crystals

Figure 3: M.Koopman, BI.deBakker, MF.Garcia-Parajo,

How does light enter into a photonic crystal? By

NF.vanHulst, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 5083 (2003)

coupling a near field light source into a polystyrene opal color dependent patterns and shifts are revealed.

Publications [1] E.Flück, NF.vanHulst, WL.Vos, L.Kuipers, Phys. Rev. E. 68, 015601 (2003) [2] RAL.Vallée, N.Tomczak, L.Kuipers, GJ.Vancso, NF.vanHulst, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 038301 (2003) [3] M.Koopman, BI.deBakker, MF.Garcia-Parajo, NF.vanHulst, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 5083 (2003)

Figure 1: E.Flück, NF.vanHulst, WL.Vos, L.Kuipers, Phys. Rev. E. 68, 015601 (2003)

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

SupraMolecular Chemistry and Technology Molecular Printboards

The Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology group (SMCT) targets the preparation and characterization of well-defined assemblies of molecules. Fields of applications of such assemblies include nanotechnology, single molecule science, sensor technology, and nuclear waste treatment. Current projects include supramolecular chemistry at interfaces, nanolithography, multivalency in host-guest chemistry, single molecule chemistry, self-assembled artificial receptors for drug-like molecules, fluorescent sensor

Figure 1: Schematic representation of a molecular printboard.

arrays, reactions in microfluidic chips, and ligand

A multivalent guest molecule binds via inclusion of

synthesis for radionuclei. Most of these are related to

hydrophobic anchors into the molecular cavities on the

nanotechnology as they strive for the control over the

printboard.

preparation, strength and positioning of molecular assemblies at the single molecule level. Recent

(host surface). Submicron scale patterns can

achievements have been the development of molecular

thereforebe faithfully replicated using PDMS stamps,

printboards (shown here), inkless nanolithography

and nanoscale patterns can be written using an AFM

using catalytically active stamps and tips, an array of

tip. Such patterns can be erased from the printboard by

fluorescent sensors built of small components, and

washing with a solution of competing host molecules.

complete chiral induction in rosette assemblies.

Hence, it is possible to write and erase patterns of molecules on the molecular printboard.

for bottom-up nanotechnology. We are developing

This work was carried out in collaboration with the MTP group at MESA+ and a team at the Università

molecular printboards. A molecular printboard is an

degli Studi di Parma.

The precise positioning of molecules is a prerequisite

ordered monolayer of molecules that have specific recognition sites (for example, molecular cavities) on a solid substrate (gold, silicon wafer, glass) to which other molecules can be anchored with control over position, binding strength and dynamics. To this end, cyclodextrin host molecules were immobilized on gold, silicon wafers and glass. Guest molecules (for example, adamantane derivatives) bind to these surfaces via supramolecular, hydrophobic interactions. This type of interaction is highly specific. Multivalent interactions

Figure 2: (A) Lines of 60 ± 20 nm width written by

can be exploited to tune the binding strength and

dip-pen nanolithography using a guest molecule as the ink

dynamics of guest molecules to the printboard, and

and a molecular printboard on gold as the substrate.

competition with host molecules

(B) Fluorescence pattern obtained by microcontact printing

in solution can be used to remove guest molecules

of a fluorescent guest molecule onto a molecular printboard

from the printboard. Additionally, electroactive guest

on glass.

molecules can also be removed from the printboard using electrochemical methods. Publications Molecules can be positioned on the printboard using

– T. Auletta, B. Dordi, A. Mulder, A. Sartori, S. Onclin, C. M.

supramolecular microcontact printing and dip-pen

Bruinink, M. Péter, C. A. Nijhuis, H. Beijleveld, H. Schönherr,

nanolithography due to the specific interaction

G. J. Vancso, A. Casnati, R. Ungaro, B. J. Ravoo, J. Huskens, and

between the ‘ink’ (guest molecules) and the printboard

D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 369-373; Angew. Chem. 2004, 116, 373-377.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Systems and Materials for Information Storage Tools for Nano-Spintronics

Technologies for storage and processing of information

Figure 2 displays a series of magnetic images of a

have experienced a rapid development to even smaller

structure on silicon consisting of Co and Ni80Fe20

dimensions, moving both fields into the realm of

magnetic films of a few nanometer thick separated by

nanotechnology. As electronic components are

a thin Au layer. In small magnetic fields H one observes

shrinking and data density in magnetic storage is

a mixed magnetic state, with regions of high

growing, the scientific challenges are mounting. At the

transmission (light, parallel local magnetization)

same time a revolutionary merging of the two fields

coexisting with low transmission regions (dark, anti-

has begun, where for example electronic devices are

parallel local magnetization). As the external applied

now used as magnetic field sensors, while magnetic

magnetic field is increased, the magnetic domain

components are being developed for use in data

structure evolves to a state of primarily parallel

processing components (RAM and logic). This is a

magnetization, although some narrow line-shaped

research area in which the Systems and Materials for

regions still remain. Since the electrons injected by the

Information storage group (SMI) is active, for instance

STM tip probe a lateral area of only a few nanometer,

by developing technologies to probe local spin-

images with high resolution can be obtained. This

dependent electronic transport in magnetic

feature makes the technique a powerful tool for the

nanostructures. Here we describe such a technique

study of magnetic and spintronic nanostructures.

called Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy (BEMM).

The BEMM technique (figure 1) uses the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to locally inject electrons into a ferromagnetic metal structure fabricated on a semiconductor substrate. The subsequent transmission through the ultrathin ferromagnetic layers depends on the spin of the producing highly spin-polarized electrons, while the

Figure 2: BEMM images of a Co/Au/Ni80Fe20/Au structure on silicon for various applied magnetic fields, showing the

second ferromagnet acts as spin-analyzer. In analogy

evolution of the magnetic domain structure. Larger (smaller)

with optics, the total transmitted electron current is

local transmission is obtained in the lighter (darker) regions

dependent on the relative orientation of the

in which the magnetization of Co and Ni80Fe20 is oriented parallel (anti-parallel).

electrons. The first ferromagnet acts as spin-filter

magnetization vectors of the first and second ferromagnetic thin film. The transmitted electrons are collected with help of an extra electrical contact to the back of the semiconductor. Images of the local magnetic configuration can then be constructed by scanning the STM tip while monitoring the collected current.

Publications – E. Haq, H. Gokcan, T. Banerjee, F.M. Postma, M.H. Siekman, R. Jansen, J.C. Lodder “Nanoscale magnetic hysteresis of Ni80Fe20 ‘Au’Co trilayers using ballistic electron magnetic microscopy” J Appl Phys, 95 (2004), no 11, Page 6930-6932

Figure 1: Schematic illustration of Ballistic Electron Magnetic Microscopy, in which the spin-dependent local transmission of electrons through a ferromagnetic thin film structure is used to probe the magnetization direction in a nanoscale region.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Testable Design and Test of Microsystems Testing of High-Speed Superconductor Logic

The research group Testable Design and Testing of Nanosystems (TDT) is the only academic group in the Benelux completely dedicated to researching fault modelling, fault simulation and test-vector generation of advanced (hybrid) electronic micro & nanosystems. Micro-Electronic Fluidic (MEF) arrays are an example of such systems. Our research also includes the invention of new test and debugging strategies, the implementation of Design-for-Test circuits like Built-In Self-Test, and the development of computer-aided test (CAT) tools, such as automatic test-pattern generators. Given the situation that testing the quality of nanodevices will cost more than manufacturing these

Figure 1: Detail of a JeSeF test chip

devices, within a few years, this research area is of vital economic importance. TDT is part of the European

The measurements on these implemented dedicated

Network of Excellence "PATENT", active in the area

chips, sometimes carried out at a temperature of 4K,

of testing and manufacturing nanosystems.

have provided much information on potential defects in these processes. In addition, logic test chips have been designed, incorporating layout modifications to

In highly advanced and demanding applications, such

emulate defects with a high probability resulting from

as Software-Defined Radio, extremely fast devices are

our previous work. This helps to formulate new fault

required to immediately convert the antenna signal

models for superconductor devices and systems,

into (high-speed) digital signals. This greatly improves

making automatic test-pattern generation feasible for

the programming flexibility of these systems. Silicon

this category of devices, thereby solving the functional

technology is not yet able to accomplish this

testing problems.

conversion. However, superconductor logic using Niobium technology, is able to satisfy these speed

This work has been carried out in cooperation with the Low-Temperature group of MESA+, in the framework

requirements (proven up to 770 GHz) and still require

of the "TeraHerz" strategic research orientation.

Josephson junctions, implemented in, for example,

very little power dissipation. Unfortunately, Niobium-based processing technology is not so well matured as silicon-based technology. As a result, logic systems are currently only tested in a functional way, discarding the origin of real faults in the process and lack therefore a quality measure. Functional testing requires very expensive test equipment, and it is also clear that this is not favourable for yield improvement, which is a real issue in these processes. For more complex devices, like

Figure 2: Fault simulation of a superconductor logic device

microprocessors, this functional approach is not viable. In close cooperation with JeSef, the CEC-sponsored superconductor foundry in Germany, and Hypres, an American commercial foundry for superconductor

Publications â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A.A. Joseph and H.G. Kerkhoff, "Towards Structural Testing of

chips, we have designed several test chips for both

Superconductor Electronics", IEEE International Test Conference

foundries by us using Cadence design tools and

(ITC), Baltimore, USA, October 2003, ISBN: 0-7803-8107-6,

dedicated simulators.

pp. 1182-1191. â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A.A. Joseph, S. Heuvelmans, G. J. Gerritsma and H.G. Kerkhoff, "The Detection of Defects in a Niobium Tri-layer Process", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, ISSN 1051-8223, vol. 13/2, June 2003, pp 95-98.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Transducers Science and Technology Electrostatic Actuators

At MESA+ Research institute work is in progress

We demonstrated the capabilities of the trench

on magnetic memory based on scanning probe

isolation technology by simplification of fabrication

technology, named Micro Scanning Probe Array

and improvement of the performance of existing

Memory (µSPAM), which will combine a very high

electrostatic actuators. Furthermore, a novel

storage capacity with low power consumption and

electrostatic inchworm microactuator, which add small

small size. To successfully implement the probe

steps in sequence to obtain large displacement, has

memory concept and to achieve significant

been successfully fabricated and tested.

performance improvements compared to conventional data storage devices, a high-performance medium

This work is part of the "Micro Scanning Probe Array

positioner is required. Electrostatic actuators fabricated

Memory (mSPAM)" research program which is

by microfabrication technology have the potential to

financially supported by the Dutch Technology

satisfy this demanding positioning task due to their

Foundation (STW).

small size, fast response, relative large displacement range, low power consumption and high reliability.

Thin film actuators are deposited in homogeneous layers. TST developed a technology to electrically isolate nparts ot the layer. We employed trenches refilled with dielectric material to create, in a single layer, electrical isolation between mechanically joined components. We employed trenches refilled with dielectric material to create, in a single layer, electrical isolation between mechanically joined components. In addition to the Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) compatible trench isolation technology, a new technology for the

Figure 2. A small volume electrostatic inchworm

fabrication of high-aspect-ratio single-crystal silicon

microactuator with high-resolution and large force fabricated

MEMS on standard silicon wafers has been developed.

using trench isolation technology.

A fabrication process combines vertical trench isolation with plasma release to allow formation of distinct electrical domains on movable structures in addition to an electrical isolation from the bulk of the wafer. The delicate isolation between dry released, mono crystalline, high-aspect-ratio components, accompanied with the low-cost of the starting material and a large freedom of design, makes the technology an attractive platform for advanced MEMS fabrication and prototyping. Figure 1. SEM

micrograph shows a portion of a XY-stage fabricated in a standard silicon wafer. Trench isolation was employed to insulate structure from the bulk and to define different electrical domains on a movable shuttle.

Publications – E. Sarajlic, E.Berenschot, G. Krijnen, M. Elwenspoek, A versatile trench isolation technology for the fabrication of microactuators Microelectronic Engineering, Vol. 67-68, June 2003, pp. 430-437. – E. Sarajlic, M.J. de Boer, H.V. Jansen, N. Arnal, M. Puech, G. Krijnen, M. Elwenspoek, Integration of trench isolation technology and plasma release for advanced MEMS design on standard silicon wafers, 14th Micromechanics Europe Workshop (MME 2003), November 2003, Delft, the Netherlands. – E. Sarajlic, E. Berenschot, G. Krijnen, M. Elwenspoek, ‘A low volume electrostatic inchworm microactuator with highresolution and large force’, 17th European Conference on SolidState Transducers (EUROSENSORS), September 2003, Portugal.

SCIENTIFIC HIGHLIGHTS

Solid State Physics Self-assembly of Pt-atoms in Perfect Nanowires

The research of the SSP Group Our research focuses on the preparation and physical properties of materials in reduced dimensions. It incorporates surface science based methods to exercise control over materials on a nanometer scale, a search for new properties resulting from that size and the development of adequate research tools. The research aims at providing fundamental principles for future application in nanotechnology. A broad spectrum of surface – and interface features and properties is studied using ultra-sensitive laterally averaging probes and techniques with high spatial resolution. While our studies have a quite fundamental nature; processes and/or materials of potential interest for future applications inspire the choice of subjects. Potential applications include nano-(opto)electronic and nano-magnetic devices and truly new materials,

Figure 1: STM image (200x200 nm2) of partially Pt-covered

all based on improved understanding of the underlying

Ge(001). The insets show details of the clean Ge(001) (a) and

physics and chemistry on the atomic and molecular

of the Pt nano-wires (b). The insert (c) shows the differential

scale.

conductivity of clean Ge(001) and that of the nano-wires.

Our studies range from state-of-the-art ultra-highvacuum based, curiosity driven experiments to fundamental strategic ones under ambient conditions.

The initial growth of platinum on Ge(001) gives rise to substantial disorder, when performed at room temperature. Site exchanges take place, in which the Pt-atoms strive for a high Ge-coordination. Upon heating of sub-monolayer Pt-films on Ge(001) to temperatures of 1000K and above, the Pt-atoms order spontaneously and spectacularly into one-dimensional chains. These wires have a diameter of only one atom and their length typically exceeds one micrometer. The wires are almost defect-free; i.e., they show no kinks and no contamination. Their mutual separation is 1.6 nm, i.e. four times the interatomic spacing on Ge(001). The nanowires are highly interesting objects, since they exhibit attractive physical properties, determined exclusively by quantum mechanics. Their presence on Ge(001) also suggests the possibility of performing electrical measurements. First spatially resolved spectroscopic experiments, carried out at room temperature, reveal that the wires are metallic. Transport measurements on these wires are in preparation.

Publications – Self Organized One-Dimensional Pt Nanowires on Ge(001) Oguzhan Gürlü, Omer A.O. Adam, Harold J.W. Zandvliet and Bene Poelsema, Applied Physics Letters 83(22), 4610-4612 (2003) – The energetics and dynamics of self-assembled domain structures: Pb on Cu(111) R. van Gastel, R. Plass, N.C. Bartelt and G.L. Kellogg, Physical Review Letters 91, 055503 (2003)

PUBLICATIONS PUBLICATIONS

MESA+ Scientific Publications 2003

PHD THESES

Category 1 Auletta, T. New Tools for Nanotechnology: from single molecule chemistry to surface patterning. (2003, augustus 29). 157 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr.ir. J. Huskens. ISBN: 9036518962 Bechger, L. Synthesis and Fluorescence of Opal & Air-Sphere Photonic Crystals. (2003, december 18). 193 pp. Enschede Printpartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. W.L. Vos. ISBN: 90-365-1991-8 Beest, F.J. te Full scan testing of handshake circuits. (2003, mei 21). 150 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. Th. Krol, Prof.dr.ir. C.H. van Berkel, Dr.ir. H.G. Kerkhoff. ISBN: 9036519098 Bos, A.G. van den CantiClever - Planar fabrication of probes for magnetic imaging. (2003, november 14). 166 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. J.C. Lodder, Dr.ir. L. Abelmann. ISBN: 90-365-1988-8 Brinkman, A. Charge transport in doublebarrier and magnesiumdiboride Josephson junctions. (2003, maart 14). 127 pp. Enschede Print Partners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof. H. Rogalla, Dr. A. Golubov, Dr.ir. J.W.M. Hilgenkamp. ISBN: 90-365-1873-3 Bruccoleri, F. Wide-Band Low Noise Amplifier Techniques in CMOS. (2003, november 7). Thesis advisor(s): prof.dr.ir. B. Nauta, Dr.ing. E.A.M. Klumperink. ISBN: 90-365-1964-0 Dam, T.V.A. New hydrogen peroxide sensor based on the EMOSFET concept. (2003, oktober 17). 195 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. P. Bergveld, Dr.ir. W. Olthuis. ISBN: 90-365-1955-1 Diemeer, M.B.J. Polymeric components for optical communications. (2003, februari 14). 191 pp. Enschede University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. T.J.A. Popma, prof.dr. A. Driessen. ISBN: 90-365-1869-5 Dijkstra, E.A. Ultrasonic distance detection in spinal cord stimulation. (2003, februari 27). 148 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. P. Bergveld, Dr.ir. W. Olthuis. ISBN: 90036518636

Dordi, B. Covalent and Supramolecular Functionalization of Self-Assembled Monolayers: Reactivity in Confinement and Molecular Nanofabrication. (2003, december 12). 175 pp. Enschede Print Partners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. G.J. Vancso, Dr. H. SchĂśnherr. ISBN: 9036519985 Fang, L. System-level Testing of Embedded Analogue Cores in SoC. (2003, juni 12). 124 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. Th. Krol, Dr.ir. H.G. Kerkhoff. ISBN: 9036519195 FlĂźck, E. Local interaction of light with periodic photonic structures. (2003, juni 20). 132 pp. Nederland Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. N.F. van Hulst, Prof dr. L. Kuipers. ISBN: 90-365-1929-2 Hayen, H. Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Non-Polar Compounds. (2003, oktober 3). 220 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. U. Karst. ISBN: 90-365-1965-9 Isai, I.G. ECR plasma deposited SiO2 and Si3N4 layers. (2003, juni 27). 164 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. H. Wallinga, Prof.dr. P.H. Woerlee, Dr. J. Holleman. ISBN: 90-365-1934-9 Kerckhoffs, J.M.C.A. Synthetic receptors based on hydrogen-bonded assemblies. (2003, april 11). 213 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt. ISBN: 90-3651894-6 Krioukov, E. Integrated optical microcavity: a photonic structure for biosensing. (2003, maart 21). 175 pp. Enschede Universiteit Twente Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. J. Greve, Dr. C. Otto. ISBN: 90-365-1885-7 Le Minh, P. Silicon Light Emitting Devices for Integrated Applications. (2003, januari 30). 111 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. H. Wallinga, Prof.dr.ir. A. van den Berg, Dr. J. Holleman. ISBN: 90 365 1858 X Leca, V. Heteroepitaxial growth of copper oxide superconductors by Pulsed Laser Deposition. (2003, juni 5). 144 pp. Enschede Printpartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof. H. Rogalla, Prof.Dr.Ing. D.H.A. Blank, Dr ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders. ISBN: 90-365-1928-4

Li, X.M. Catalytic approaches to nanolithography. (2003, september 26). 130 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr.ir. J. Huskens. ISBN: 9036519527 Linden, H.J. van der Investigation of the potentials of stimulus-sensitive hydrogels for microactuator applications. (2003, november 19). 133 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. P. Bergveld, Dr.ir. W. Olthuis. ISBN: 90-365-1971-3 Lint, W.B.S. de Transport of electrolytes through ceramic nanofiltration membranes. (2003, februari 7). 255 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. M. Wessling, Dr.ir. N.E. Benes. ISBN: 90-365-1868-7 Meer, D.W. van der Structure-Property Relationships in Isotactic Polypropylene. (2003, juni 13). 203 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. G.J. Vancso. ISBN: 9036519144 Musa, A.M.S. Polymeric optical multimode planar waveguide devices for short-distance communication. (2003, februari 21). 123 pp. Enschede University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. T.J.A. Popma, prof.dr. A. Driessen. ISBN: 90365188949 Podt, M. Wideband Low-Noise integrated SQUID systems. (2003, januari 17). 160 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof. H. Rogalla, Dr.ir. J. Flokstra. ISBN: 9036518369 Suryanto, A. Optical waves in inhomogeneous Kerr media beyond paraxial approximation. (2003, september 19). 111 pp. Enschede University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. E. van Groesen, Dr. H.J.W.M. Hoekstra. ISBN: 90-365-1953-5 Category 2 Koenderink, A.F. Emission and Transport of Light in Photonic Crystals. (2003, juni 27). 174 pp. Enschede Printpartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. W.L. Vos, Prof.dr. A. Lagendijk. ISBN: 90-9016903-2 Wubs, C.M. Quantum optics and multiple scattering in dielectrics. (2003, juni 11). 173 pp. Enschede Printpartners Ipskamp B.V. Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. A. Lagendijk, L.G. Suttorp. ISBN: 90-9016950-4

PUBLICATIONS

Category 3 Fominov, I.V. Proximity and Josephson Effects in Superconducting Hybrid Structures. (2003, november 12). 142 pp. Enschede PrintPartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof. H. Rogalla, Dr. A. Golubov. ISBN: 90-365Haverkamp, M. Decay and snapback in superconducting accelerator magnets. (2003, oktober 16). 175 pp. Enschede Twente University Press Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. H.H.J. ten Kate, Dr.ir. B. ten Haken. ISBN: 9036519500 Scholte, R.C. Data Read-out and Bc Production in ATLAS. (2003, november 19). 174 pp. Enschede Oce Facility Service Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ing. B. van Eijk, Dr.ir. J.C. Vermeulen. ISBN: 90-363-1977-2 Vos, M.A. The Atlas Inner Tracker and the Detection of Light Supersymmetric Higgs Bosons. (2003, oktober 1). 170 pp. Enschede Universiteit Twente Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ing. B. van Eijk, Dr. J.A. Fuster. ISBN: 90-365-1947-0 Category 4 Brammertz, G. Development of low critical temperature superconducting tunnel junctions for application as photon detectors in astronomy. (2003, december 10). 136 pp. Enschede PrintPartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof. H. Rogalla, Dr. A. Golubov. ISBN: 90-365-1970-5 (Editor(s))

ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL ARTICLES (REFEREED) International Abelmann, L. , Bolhuis, T., Hoexum, A.M., Krijnen, G.J.M., Lodder, J.C. Large capacity probe recording using storage robots. Proceedings of the IEEE nr: 5, 150, (2003). (pp. 218-221) ISSN: 0018-9219 Afanasieva, T.V. , Bulavenko, S.Y., Koval, I., Zandvliet, H.J.W. Diffusion of Si and Ge dimers on Ge (001) surfaces. Journal of applied physics nr: 3, 93, (2003). (pp. 1452-1456) ISSN: 0021-8979 Alatas, H. , Tjia, M.O., Valkering, T.P. Analytic study of stationary solitons in deep nonlinear Bragg grating. International journal of nonlinear optical physics 12, (2003). (pp. 157173) ISSN: 0218-1991 Amemiya, N. , Jin, F., Jiang, Z., Shirai, S., Haken, B. ten, Rabbers, J.J., Ayai, N., Hayashi, K. Total AC loss in twisted and

untwisted multifilamentary Bi-2223 superconducting tapes carrying AC transport current in AC longitudinal magnetic field. Superconductor science and technology 16, (2003). (pp. 314-321) ISSN: 0953-2048 Andersson, S.M.H. , Berg, A. van den Microfluidic devices for cellomics: a review. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) 92, (2003). (pp. 315-325) ISSN: 0925-4005 Andonowati, A. , Groesen, E. van Optical pulse deformation in second order nonlinear media. International journal of nonlinear optical physics 12, (2003). (pp. 221-234) ISSN: 0218-1991 Arduini, M. , Crego Calama, M., Timmerman, P., Reinhoudt, D.N. A novel type of hydrogenbonded assemblies based on the melaminecyanuric acid motif. Journal of organic chemistry nr: 3, 68, (2003). (pp. 1097-1106) ISSN: 0022-3263 Axel castelli, V. van , Dalla cort, A., Mandolini, L., Reinhoudt, D.N., Schiaffino, L. New insight into the mechanism of the conjugate addition of benzenethiol to cyclic and acyclic enones and of the corresponding uranyl-salophen-catalysed version. European journal of organic chemistry nr: 4, 2003, (2003). (pp. 627-633) ISSN: 1434-193X Bals, S. , Tendeloo, G. van, Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Huijben, M., Leca, V., Blank, D.H.A. Transmission Electron Microscopy on Interface Engineered Superconducting Thin Films. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 2834-2837) ISSN: 1051-8223 Beest, F.J. te , Peeters, A., Berkel, K. van, Kerkhoff, H.G. Synchronous Full-Scan for Asynchronous Handshake Circuits. Journal of electronic testing nr: 4, 19, (2003). (pp. 397-406) ISSN: 0923-8174 Bellina, F. , Bonicelli, T., Breschi, M., Ciotti, M., Della Corte, A., Formisano, A., Ilyin, Y.U., Marchese, V., Martone, R., Nijhuis, A., Polak, M., Ribani, P.L., Salpietro, E., Savoldi, L., Zanino, R. Superconductive Cables Current Distribution Analysis. Fusion engineering and design 66-68, (2003). (pp. 1159-1163) ISSN: 0920-3796 Benes, N.E. , Jobic, H., RĂŠat, V., Bouwmeester, H.J.M., Verweij, H. Mobility of hydrogen in microporous silica studied with quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Separation and purification technology 32, (2003). (pp. 9-15) ISSN: 1383-5866 Bennink, M.L. , Nikova, D.N., Van der Werf, K.O., Greve, J. Dynamic imaging of single DNA-protein interactions using atomic force microscopy. Analytica chimica acta 479,

(2003). (pp. 3-15) ISSN: 0003-2670 Berg, J.B. , Gils, S.A. van, Visser, T.P.P. Parameter dependence of homoclinic solutions in a single long Josephson junction. Nonlinearity 16, (2003). (pp. 707-717) ISSN: 0951-7715 Bergveld, P. Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY What happened in the past 30 years and what may happen in the next 30 years. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) 88, (2003). (pp. 1-20) ISSN: 0925-4005 Berkel, K. van , Peeters, A., Beest, F.J. te Adding synchronous and LSSD modes to asynchronous circuits. Microprocessors and microsystems 27, (2003). (pp. 461-471) ISSN: 0141-9331 Besselink, G.A.J. , Schasfoort, R.B.M., Bergveld, P. Modification of ISFETs with a monolayer of latex beads for specific detection of proteins. Biosensors and bioelectronics 18, (2003). (pp. 1109-1114) ISSN: 0956-5663 Besselink, G.A.J. , Ebbing, I., Hilarius, P.M., Korte, D. de, Verhoeven, A.J., Lagerberg, J.W.M. Composition of the additive solution affects red blood cell integrity after photodynamic treatment. Vox sanguinis 85, (2003). (pp. 183-189) ISSN: 0042-9007 Besselink, G.A.J. , Engelenburg, F.A.C. van, Ebbing, I., Hilarius, P.M., Korte, D. de, Verhoeven, A.J. Additive effects of dipyridamole and Trolox in protecting human red cells during photodynamic treatment. Vox sanguinis 85, (2003). (pp. 25-30) ISSN: 00429007 Blom, M.T. , Chmela, E., Oosterbroek, R.E., Tijssen, R.P, Berg, A. van den On-Chip Hydrodynamic Chromatography Separation and Detection of Nanoparticles and Biomolecules. Analytical chemistry nr: 24, 75, (2003). (pp. 6761-6768) ISSN: 0003-2700 Born, F. , Cassel, D., Ilin, K., Klushin, A.M., Siegel, M., Brinkman, A., Golubov, A., Kupriyanov, M.Y., Rogalla, H. Transport properties of SINIS junctions with highcurrent density. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity 13, (2003). (pp. 1079) ISSN: 1051-8223 Boukamp, B.A. , Bouwmeester, H.J.M. Interpretation of the Gerischer impedance in solid state ionics. Solid state ionics 157, (2003). (pp. 29-33) ISSN: 0167-2738 Boukamp, B.A. , Raming, T.P., Winnubst, A.J.A., Verweij, H. Electrochemical characterisation of 3Y-TPZ-Fe2O3 composites. Solid state ionics 158, (2003). (pp. 381-394) ISSN: 0167-2738

PUBLICATIONS

Boukamp, B.A. The Amazing Perovskite Anode. Nature materials 2, (2003). (pp. 294-296) ISSN: 1476-1122 Bouwmeester, H.J.M. Dense ceramic membranes for methane conversion. Catalysis today 82, (2003). (pp. 141-150) ISSN: 0920-5861 Bret, B.P.J. , Sonnemans, T.L., Hijmans, T.W. Capturing a lightpulse in a short high-finesse cavity. Physical review A (Atomic, molecular, and optical physics) 68, (2003). (pp. 023807-1023807-9) ISSN: 1050-2947 Brinkman, A. , Mijatovic, D., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M., Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Oomen, I., Veldhuis, D., Roesthuis, F.J.G., Rogalla, H., Blank, D.H.A. The road to magnesium-diboride thin films, Josephson junctions and SQUIDs. Superconductor science and technology 16, (2003). (pp. 246-253) ISSN: 0953-2048 Brinkman, A. , Golubov, A., Rogalla, H., Wilhelm, F., Kupriyanov, M..Y. Microscopic nonenquilibrium theory of double-barrier Josephson junctions. Physical review B Condensed matter 68, (2003). (pp. 224513) ISSN: 0163-1829 Brivio, M. , Oosterbroek, R.E., Verboom, W., Goedbloed, M.H., Berg, A. van den, Reinhoudt, D.N. Surface effects in the esterification of 9-pyrenebutyric acid within a glass micro reactor. Chemical communications nr: 15, 2003, (2003). (pp. 1924-1925) ISSN: 1359-7345 Brouwer, E.A.M. , Kooij, E.S., Wormeester, H., Poelsema, B. Ionic Strength Dependent Kinetics of Nanocolloidal Gold Deposition. Langmuir nr: 19, 19, (2003). (pp. 8102-8108) ISSN: 0743-7463 Chen, C.S. , Feng, S., Ran, S., Zhu, D., Liu, W., Bouwmeester, H.J.M. Conversion of Methane to Syngas by a Membrane-Based OxidationReforming Process. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English nr: 3, 42, (2003). (pp. 5196-5198) ISSN: 0570-0833 Cheng, J.Y. , Ross, C.A., Thomas, E.L., Smith, H.I., Vancso, G.J. Templated Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers: Effect on Substrate Topography. Advanced materials 15, (2003). (pp. 1599-1602) ISSN: 0935-9648 Corbellini, F. , Costanzo, L.D., Crego Calama, M., Geremia, S., Reinhoudt, D.N. Guest encapsulation in a water-soluble molecular capsule based on ionic interactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 33, 125, (2003). (pp. 9946-9947) ISSN: 0002-7863 Dal Negro, L. , Oton, C.J., Gaburro, Z., Pavesi, L., Johnson, P.M., Lagendijk, A., Righini, R., Colocci, M., Wiersma, D. Light transport through the bandedge states of Fibonacci quasicrystals. Physical review letters 90,

(2003). (pp. 055501:1-055501:4) ISSN: 0031-9007 Dam, T.V.A. , Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P. Hydrogen peroxide detection with improved selectivity and sensitivity using constantcurrent potentiometry. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) nr: 1-3, 91, (2003). (pp. 1-4) ISSN: 0925-4005 Dam, T.V.A. , Pijanowska, D., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P. Highly sensitive glucose sensor based on work function changes using EMOSFET. Analyst nr: 8, 128, (2003). (pp. 10621068) ISSN: 0003-2654 Davydova, N.V , Diekmann, O., Gils, S.A. van Year class coexistence or competitive exclusion for strict biennials?. Journal of mathematical biology nr: 2, 46, (2003). (pp. 95131) ISSN: 0303-6812 Dekkers, J.M. , Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Harkema, S., Smilde, H.J.H., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M., Rogalla, H., Blank, D.H.A. Monocrystalline YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films on vicinal SrTiO3 (001) substrates. Applied physics letters nr: 25, 83, (2003). (pp. 5199-5201) ISSN: 0003-6951 Deladi, S. , Boer, M.J. de, Krijnen, G.J.M., Rosen, D., Elwenspoek, M.C. Innovative process development for a new microtribosensor using surface micromachining. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering nr: 13, (2003). (pp. S17-S22) ISSN: 0960-1317 Derks, G.L.A. , Doelman, A., Gils, S.A. van, Visser, T.P.P. Travelling waves in a singularly perturbed sine-Gordon equations. Physica D 180, (2003). (pp. 40-70) ISSN: 0167-2789 Dhallé, M.M.J. , Laan, D.C. van der, Eck, H.J.N. van, Vargas llona, L.D., Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten, Trociewitz, U.P., Schwartz, J. Comparing powder magnetization and transport critical current of Bi,Pb(2223) tapes. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 37023705) ISSN: 1051-8223 Doku, G.N. , Verboom, W., Reinhoudt, D.N., Berg, A. van den Microbubble Beam (MBB), A potential Dispersion Mechanism for Multiphase Gas-Liquid Microreactor Systems. Industrial and engineering chemistry research nr: 16, 42, (2003). (pp. 3721-3730) ISSN: 08885885 Dolgov, O.V. , Gonnelli, R.S., Ummarino, G.A., Golubov, A., Shulga, S.V., Kortus, J. Extraction of the electron-phonon interaction from tunneling data in the multigap superconductor MgB2. Physical review B Condensed matter 68, (2003). (pp. 132503) ISSN: 0163-1829 Dordi, B. , Schönherr, H., Vancso, G.J. Reactivity in the Confinement of SelfAssembled Monolayers: Chain Length Effects

on the Hydrolysis of Self-Assembled Monolayers of N-Hydroxy-Succinimide Ester Disulfides on Gold. Langmuir 19, (2003). (pp. 5780-5786) ISSN: 0743-7463 Dormann, J. , Ruoff, A., Schatz, J., Middel, O., Verboom, W., Reinhoudt, D.N. Cyclic hydrogen bond arrays: vibrational spectroscopic study of aminomethylsubstituted resorcinarene-based cavitands and their clathrates with THF. Journal of physical organic chemistry nr: 1, 16, (2003). (pp. 21-26) ISSN: 0894-3230 Dornheim, M. , Pundt, A., Kirchheim, R., Molen, S.J. van der, Kooij, E.S., Kerssemakers, J.W.J., Griessen, R., Harms, H., Geyer, U. Stress development in thin yttrium films on hard substrates during hydrogen loading. Journal of applied physics nr: 11, 93, (2003). (pp. 8958-8965) ISSN: 0021-8979 Driel, A.F. van , Bret, B.P.J., Vanmaekelbergh, D., Kelly, J.J. Hot carrier luminescence during etching of porous GaP under high electric field conditions. Surface science 529, (2003). (pp. 197-203) ISSN: 0039-6028 Eck, H.J.N. van , Laan, D.C. van der, Dhallé, M.M.J., Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten Critical current versus strain research at the University of Twente. Superconductor science and technology nr: 9, 16, (2002). (pp. 1026-1030) ISSN: 0953-2048 Ekkels, P. , Tjerkstra, R.W., Krijnen, G.J.M., Berenschot, J.W., Brugger, J. Fabrication of functional structures on thin silicon nitride membranes. Microelectronic engineering nr: 67-68, (2003). (pp. 422-429) ISSN: 0167-9317 Elshof, J.E. ten , Rubio Abadal, C., Sekulic, J., Roy Chowdhury, S., Blank, D.H.A. Transport mechanisms of water and organic solvents through microporous silica in the pervaporation of binary liquids. Microporous and mesoporous materials 65, (2003). (pp. 197208) ISSN: 1387-1811 Emiliani, V. , Intonti, F., Cazayous, M., Wiersma, D.S., Colocci, M., Aliev, F., Lagendijk, A. Near-field short correlation in optical waves transmitted through random media. Physical review letters 90, (2003). (pp. 250801-1-250801-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 Felix, O. , Crego Calama, M., Luyten, I., Timmerman, P., Reinhoudt, D.N. Covalent linkage of melamine and cyanurate improves the thermodynamic stability of hydrogenbonded double rosettes in polar solvents. European journal of organic chemistry nr: 8, 2003, (2003). (pp. 1463-1474) ISSN: 1434-193X Fiammengo, R. , Wojciechowski, K., Crego Calama, M., Figoli, A., Wessling, M.,

PUBLICATIONS

Reinhoudt, D.N., Timmerman, P. Heme-Protein Active Site Models via Self-Assembly in Water. Organic letters nr: 19, 5, (2003). (pp. 3367-3370) ISSN: 1523-7060 Fiammengo, R. , Crego Calama, M., Timmerman, P., Reinhoudt, D.N. Recognition of caffeine in aqueous solutions. Chemistry: a European journal nr: 3, 9, (2003). (pp. 784-792) ISSN: 0947-6539 Flück, E. , Hammer, M., Otter, A.M., Korterik, J.P., Kuipers, L., Hulst, N.F. van Amplitude and phase evolution of optical fields inside periodic photonic structures. Journal of lightwave technology nr: 5, 21, (2003). (pp. 1384-1393) ISSN: 0733-8724 Flück, E. , Hulst, N.F. van, Vos, W.L., Kuipers, L. Near-field optical investigation of threedimensional photonic crystals. Physical review E (Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics) nr: 1, 68, (2003). (pp. 015601-1-015601-4) ISSN: 1063-651X Fominov, I.V. , Golubov, A., Kupriyanov, M..Y. Triplet proximity effect in FSF structures. JETP letters 77, (2003). (pp. 510) ISSN: 0021-3640 Fominov, I.V. , Golubov, A., Kupriyanov, M..Y. Decoherence due to nodal quasiparticles in dwave qubits. JETP letters 77, (2003). (pp. 691) ISSN: 0021-3640 Gaal, S.B. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Lambeck, P.V. Determining PML modes in 2-D stratified media. Journal of lightwave technology 21, (2003). (pp. 293-298) ISSN: 0733-8724 Galca, A.C. , Kooij, E.S., Wormeester, H., Salm, C., Leca, V., Rector, J., Poelsema, B. Structural and optical characterization of porous anodic aluminium oxide. Journal of applied physics nr: 7, 94, (2003). (pp. 4296-4305) ISSN: 0021-8979 Garcia lopez, J.J. , Zapotoczny, S.J., Timmerman, P., Veggel, F.C.J.M. van, Vancso, G.J., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N. Growth of individual hydrogen-bonded nanostructures on gold monolayers. Chemical communications nr: 3, (2003). (pp. 352-353) ISSN: 1359-7345 Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz , Zyl, W.E. van, Cate, M.G.J. ten, Stouwdam, J.W., Verweij, H. Novel method of preparing polypropylenesilica (nano)-composites. Industrial and engineering chemistry research nr: 16, 42, (2003). (pp. 3750-3757) ISSN: 0888-5885 Gardeniers, J.G.E. , Berg, A. van den Lab-ona-Chip Systems for Biomedical and Environmental Monitoring. International journal of computational engineering science nr: 2, 4, (2003). (pp. 157-161) ISSN: 1465-8763 Gardeniers, J.G.E. , Luttge, R., Berenschot, J.W., Boer, M.J. de, Yeshurun, Y., Hefetz, M.,

Oever, R. van 't, Berg, A. van den Silicon micromachined hollow microneedles for transdermal liquid transport. Journal of microelectromechanical systems nr: 6, 12, (2003). (pp. 855-862) ISSN: 1057-7157 Gastel, R. van , Plass, R., Bartelt, N.C., Kellogg, G.L. Thermal Motion and Energetics of Self-Assembled Domain Structures: Pb on Cu(111). Physical review letters nr: 5, 91, (2003). (pp. 055503-1-055503-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 Gelderen, P. van , Kelly, P.J., Brocks, G.H.L.A. Structural and dynamical properties of YH3. Physical review B Condensed matter nr: 094302, 68, (2003). (pp. 094302/1-094392/13) ISSN: 0163-1829 Gersen, H. , Korterik, J.P., Hulst, N.F. van, Kuipers, L. Tracking ultrashort pulses through dispersive media: Experiment and theory. Physical review E (Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics) nr: 2, 68, (2003). (pp. 026604-1-02660410) ISSN: 1063-651X Golubov, A. , Koshelev, A.E. Upper critical field in dirty two-band superconductors: breakdown of the anisotropic GinzburgLandau theory. Physical review B Condensed matter 68, (2003). (pp. 104503) ISSN: 0163-1829 Gomez Rivas, J. , Dau, D.H., Imhof, A., Sprik, R., Bret, B.P.J., Johnson, P.M., Hijmans, T.W., Lagendijk, A. Experimental determination of the effective refractive index in strongly scattering media. Optics communications 220, (2003). (pp. 17-21) ISSN: 0030-4018 Gottardo, S. , Wiersma, D.S., Vos, W.L. Liquid crystal infiltration of complex dielectrics. Physica B 338, (2003). (pp. 143-148) ISSN: 0921-4526 Groesen, E. van , Sopaheluwakan, A. Extemal Characterization of Band Gaps in Nonlinear Gratings. International journal of nonlinear optical physics nr: 2, 12, (2003). (pp. 135-148) ISSN: 0218-1991 Gurlu, O. , Zandvliet, H.J.W., Poelsema, B. Self-organized, one demensional Pt nanowires on Ge(001). Applied physics letters nr: 22, 83, (2003). (pp. 4610-4612) ISSN: 0003-6951 Haneveld, J. , Jansen, H.V., Berenschot, J.W., Tas, N.R., Elwenspoek, M.C. Wet anisotropic etching for fluidic 1D nanochannels. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering (2003). (pp. S62-S66) ISSN: 0960-1317 Hardeman, M.R. , Besselink, G.A.J., Ebbing, I., Korte, D. de, Ince, C., Verhoeven, A.J. Laser-assisted optical rotational cell analyzer measurements reveal early changes in human RBC deformability induced by photodynamic treatment. Transfusion 43, (2003). (pp. 15331537) ISSN: 0041-1132

Hayen, H. , Karst, U. Strategies for the liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of non-polar compounds. Journal of chromatography A 1000, (2003). (pp. 549-565) ISSN: 0021-9673 Hayen, H. , Jachmann, N., Vogel, M., Karst, U. LC-Electron Capture-APCI(-)-MS Determination of Nitrobenzoxadiazole Derivatives. Analyst 128, (2003). (pp. 1365-1372) ISSN: 0003-2654 Hayen, H. , Karst, U. Analysis of phenothiazine and its derivatives using LC/electrochemistry/MS and LC/electrochemistry/fluorescence. Analytical chemistry 75, (2003). (pp. 4833-4840) ISSN: 0003-2700 Hayen, H. , Vogel, M., Karst, U. Recent Developments in the Determination of Formaldehyde in Air Samples using Derivatizing Agents. Gefahrstoffe, Reinhaltung der Luft 63, (2003). (pp. 295-298) ISSN: 0039-0771 Hebbink, G.A. , Grave, L., Woldering, L.A., Reinhoudt, D.N., Veggel, F.C.J.M. van Unexpected sensitization effeciency of the near-infrared Nd3+, Er3+ and Yb3+ emission by fluorescein compared to eosin and erythrosin. Journal of physical chemistry A nr: 14, 107, (2003). (pp. 2483-2491) ISSN: 1089-5639 Hempenius, M.A. , Brito, F.F., Vancso, G.J. Synthesis and Characterization of Anionic and Cationic Poly(ferrocenylsilane) Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 36, (2003). (pp. 6683-6688) ISSN: 0024-9297 Henneken, H. , Lindahl, R., Östin, A., Vogel, M., Levin, J., Karst, U. Diffusive sampling of methyl isocyanate using 4-nitro-7-piperazinobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBDPZ) as derivatizing agent. Journal of environmental monitoring 5, (2003). (pp. 100-105) ISSN: 1464-0325 Herber, S. , Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P. A swelling hydrogel-based Pco2 sensor. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) 91, (2003). (pp. 378-382) ISSN: 0925-4005 Hernando Campos, J. , Schaaf, M. van der, Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Sauer, M., Garcia parajo, M.F., Hulst, N.F. van Excitonic Behavior of Rhodamine Dimers: A Single-Molecule Study. Journal of physical chemistry A nr: 1, 107, (2003). (pp. 43-52) ISSN: 1089-5639 Heyden, F.H.J. van der , Blom, M.T., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Chmela, E., Elwenspoek, M.C., Tijssen, R.P, Berg, A. van den A low hydraulic capacitance pressure sensor for integration with a micro viscosity detector. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) 92, (2003). (pp. 102-109) ISSN: 0925-4005

PUBLICATIONS

Hien, T.D. , Berenschot, J.W., Boer, M.J. de, Gardeniers, J.G.E., Wensink, H., Jansen, H.V., Nijdam, W., Elwenspoek, M.C., Gielens, F.C., Rijn, C.J.M. van Microfabrication of palladium-silver alloy membranes for hydrogen separation. Journal of microelectromechanical systems nr: 5, 12, (2003). (pp. 622-629) ISSN: 1057-7157 Hilgenkamp, J.W.M. , Ariando, A., Smilde, H.J.H., Blank, D.H.A., Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Rogalla, H., Kirtley, J.R., Tseui, C.C. Ordering and manipulation of the magnetic moments in large-scale superconducting pi-loop arrays. Nature 422, (2003). (pp. 50-53) ISSN: 0028-0836 Hilgenkamp, J.W.M. , Moshchalkov, V.V., Kes, P. Flux Quanta on the Move. Science nr: 5648, 302, (2003). (pp. 1159-1160) ISSN: 0036-8075 Hoekstra, H.J.W.M. , Ctyroky, J., Kotacka, L. Evaluation of Cerenkov second harmonic generation in planar waveguides in the Fourier domain. Journal of lightwave technology 21, (2003). (pp. 299-304) ISSN: 0733-8724 Hozoi, A. , Groenland, J.P.J., Albertini, J.B., Lodder, J.C. Analysis of side writing asymmetry. IEEE transactions on magnetics nr: 5, 39, (2003). (pp. 2353-2355) ISSN: 0018-9464 Ilyin, Y.U. , Nijhuis, A. Case studies in reconstruction efficiency of current distribution in CICC's by self field measurements. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 17481751) ISSN: 1051-8223 Ilyin, Y.U. , Nijhuis, A., Kate, H.H.J. ten, Stepanov, B., Bruzzone, P. Self field measurements by Hall sensors on the SeCRETS short sample CICC's subjected to cyclic load. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 17521755) ISSN: 1051-8223 Ish-i Tsutomu, T.I. , Mateos timoneda, M.A., Timmerman, P., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Shinkai, S. Self-assembled receptors that stereoselectively recognize a saccharide. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English nr: 20, 42, (2003). (pp. 2300-2305) ISSN: 0570-0833 Jager, W. de, Buitendijk, P., Tuijl, A.J.M. van Class-AB balanced audio line driver. Electronics world nr: May 2003, (2003). (pp. 49-51) ISSN: 0959-8332 Jansen, R. The Spin-valve Transistor: A Review and Outlook. Journal of physics D: applied physics 36, (2003). (pp. R289-R308) ISSN: 0022-3727 Johnson, P.M. , Imhof, A., Bret, B.P.J., Gomez Rivas, J., Lagendijk, A. Time-resolved pulse propagation in a strongly scattering material. Physical review E (Statistical physics,

plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics) 68, (2003). (pp. 016604-1-016604-9) ISSN: 1063-651X Joseph, A.A. , Heuvelmans, S., Gerritsma, G.J., Kerkhoff, H.G. The Detection of Defects in a Niobium Tri-layer Process. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 95-98) ISSN: 1051-8223 Joseph, A.A. , Kerkhoff, H.G. Design for the Testability of Superconductor Electronics. Superconductor science and technology nr: 12, 16, (2003). (pp. 1559-1565) ISSN: 0953-2048 Keim, E.G. , Lisowski, W.F., Smithers, M.A. High-temperature interaction of nitrogen with thin iron films: thermal desorption kinetics studies combined with microstructure analysis of Fe-N films. Journal of vacuum science and technology A: vacuum, surfaces, and films nr: 3, 21, (2003). (pp. 545-552) ISSN: 0734-2101 Kerckhoffs, J.M.C.A. , Ish-i Tsutomu, T.I., Paraschiv, V., Timmerman, P., Crego Calama, M., Shinkai, S., Reinhoudt, D.N. Complexation of phenolic guests by endo- and exohydrogen-bonded receptors. Organic and biomolecular chemistry nr: 14, 1, (2003). (pp. 2596-2603) ISSN: 1477-0520 Kerckhoffs, J.M.C.A. , Leeuwen, F.W.B. van, Spek, A.L., Kooijman, H., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N. Regulatory strategies in the comlexation and release of a noncovalent guest trimer by a self-assembled molecular cage. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English nr: 46, 42, (2003). (pp. 57175722) ISSN: 0570-0833 Kerkhoff, H.G. , Kaminkska, B. Analogue and Mixed-Signal Test Techniques for SoCs. Microelectronics journal nr: 10, 34, (2003). (pp. 887-888) ISSN: 0026-2692 Kerkwijk, B. , Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz, Zyl, W.E. van, Mulder, E.J., Schipper, D.J., Verweij, H. Friction and wear behaviour of solid oxide lubricants as second phase in alpha-Al2O3 and stabilized ZrO2 composites. Wear 256, (2003). (pp. 182-189) ISSN: 0043-1648 Kim, G.M. , Kim, B.J., Have, E.S. ten, Segerink, F.B., Hulst, N.F. van, Brugger, J. Photoplastic near-field optical probe with sub100 nm aperture made by replication from a nanomould. Journal of microscopy nr: 3, 209, (2003). (pp. 267-271) ISSN: 0022-2720 Klumperink, E.A.M. , Nauta, B. Systematic Comparison of HF CMOS Transconductors. IEEE transactions on circuits and systems II: analog and digital signal processing nr: 10, 50, (2003). (pp. 728-741) ISSN: 1057-7130

Klunder, D.J.W. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Driessen, A. A normalized approach for designing cylindrical micro resonators. Journal of lightwave technology 21, (2003). (pp. 1405-1410) ISSN: 0733-8724 Klunder, D.J.W. , Tan, F.S., Veen, T. van der, Bulthuis, H.F., Sengo, G., Docter, B., Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Driessen, A. Experimental and numerical study of SiON micro resonators with air and polymer cladding. Journal of lightwave technology 21, (2003). (pp. 1099-1110) ISSN: 0733-8724 Koenderink, A.F. , Bechger, L., Lagendijk, A., Vos, W.L. An experimental study of strongly modified emission in inverse opal photonic crystals. Physica status solidi A 197, (2003). (pp. 648-661) ISSN: 0031-8965 Koenderink, A.F. , Vos, W.L. Light exiting from real photonic band gap crystals is diffuse and strongly directional. Physical review letters 91, (2003). (pp. 213902-1-213902-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 Kolbel, M. , Tjerkstra, R.W., Kim, G., Brugger, J., Rijn, C.J.M. van, Nijdam, W., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. SAM coatings on nanostencils for reduction of materials adhesion. AIAA journal (2003). ISSN: 0001-1452 Kolbel, M. , Tjerkstra, R.W., Kim, G., Brugger, J., Rijn, C.J.M. van, Nijdam, W., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Self-assembled monolayers coatings on nanostencils for the reduction of materials adhesion. Advanced functional materials nr: 3, 13, (2003). (pp. 219-224) ISSN: 1616-301X Kooij, E.S. , Brouwer, E.A.M., Wormeester, H., Poelsema, B. Formation and optical characterisation of colloidal gold monolayers. Colloids and surfaces A Physicochemical and engineering aspects nr: 1-3, 222, (2003). (pp. 103-111) ISSN: 0927-7757 Kooij, E.S. , Wormeester, H., Galca, A.C., Poelsema, B. Optical Anisotropy and Porosity of Anodic Aluminum Oxide Characterized by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. Electrochemical and solid-state letters nr: 11, 6, (2003). (pp. B52-B54) ISSN: 1099-0062 Koopman, M. , Bakker, B.I. de, Garcia parajo, M.F., Hulst, N.F. van Shear force imaging of soft samples in liquid using a diving bell concept. Applied physics letters nr: 24, 83, (2003). (pp. 5083-5085) ISSN: 0003-6951 Korczagin, I. , Golze, S., Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J. Surface Micropatterning and Lithography with Poly(ferrocenylmethylphenylsilane). Chemistry of materials 15, (2003). (pp. 3663-3668) ISSN: 0897-4756

PUBLICATIONS

Koshelev, A.E. , Golubov, A. Mixed State of a Dirty Two-Band Superconductor: Application to MgB2. Physical review B Condensed matter 90, (2003). (pp. 177002) ISSN: 0163-1829 Koster, H. , Mertins, F.H.B. Powder diffraction of the cubic perovskite Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-d. Powder diffraction nr: 1, 18, (2003). (pp. 56-59) ISSN: 0885-7156 Koster, H. X-ray powder diffraction data for In3.85Zr2.80Sn0.35O12. Powder diffraction nr: 1, 18, (2003). (pp. 38-41) ISSN: 0885-7156 Kovac, P. , Dhallé, M.M.J., Melisek, T., Eck, H.J.N. van, Wessel, W.A.J., Haken, B. ten, Husek, I. Dependence of the critical current in ex situ multi- and mono-filamentary MgB2/Fe wires on axial tension and compression. Superconductor science and technology nr: 5, 16, (2003). (pp. 600-607) ISSN: 0953-2048 Krioukov, E. , Greve, J., Otto, C. Performance of integrated optical microcavities for refractive index and fluorescence sensing. Sensors and actuators B90, (2003). (pp. 58-67) ISSN: 0250-6874 Kuijper, A. , Verweij, A.P., Kate, H.H.J. ten Correlation between voltage-current relation and current distribution in superconducting cables. Physica C nr: 1-4, 401, (2003). (pp. 129134) ISSN: 0921-4534 Kuijpers, A.A. , Krijnen, G.J.M., Wiegerink, R.J., Lammerink, T.S.J., Elwenspoek, M.C. 2D-finite-element simulations for long-range capacitive position sensor. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering nr: 13, (2003). (pp. S183-S189) ISSN: 0960-1317 Laan, D.C. van der , Eck, H.J.N. van, Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten, Schwartz, J. Strain effects in high temperature superconductors investigated with magneto-optical imaging. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 3534-3539) ISSN: 1051-8223 Lazarenko, S.V. , Kirilyuk, A., Rasing, T., Lodder, J.C. Linear and nonlinear magnetooptical diffraction from one-dimensional periodic structures. Journal of applied physics nr: 10, 93, (2003). (pp. 7903-7905) ISSN: 00218979 Le Minh, P. , Van, N.D., Thuy, N.P, Nguyen, L.T., Lodder, J.C., Thang, P.D., Chan, N.T.N The effect of Ag-additive on structural and magnetic properties of Fe-Pt alloy thin films. Physica B 327, (2003). (pp. 360-365) ISSN: 0921-4526 Le Minh, P. , Holleman, J., Wallinga, H., Berenschot, J.W., Tas, N.R., Berg, A. van den Novel integration of a microchannel with a silicon light emitting diode antifuse. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering 13,

(2003). (pp. 425-429) ISSN: 0960-1317 Lee, J.-O , Lientschnig, G., Wiertz, F.G.M., Struijk, M., Janssen, R.A.J., Egberink, R.J.M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Hadley, P., Dekker, C. Absence of strong gate effects in electrical measurements on phenylene-based conjugated molecules. Nano letters nr: 2, 3, (2003). (pp. 113-117) ISSN: 1530-6984 Lee, J.-O , Lientschnig, G., Wiertz, F.G.M., Struijk, M., Janssen, R.A.J., Egberink, R.J.M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Grimsdale, A., Müllen, K., Hadley, P., Dekker, C. Electrical transport study of phenylene-based pi-conjugated molecules in a three-terminal geometry. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 993, (2003). (pp. 1-11) ISSN: 0077-8923 Li, X.M. , Paraschiv, V., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Sulfonic acid-functionalized golf nanoparticles: A colloid-bound catalyst for soft lithographic application on selfassembled monolayers. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 14, 125, (2003). (pp. 4279-4284) ISSN: 0002-7863 Li, X.M. , Peter, M., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Catalytic microcontact printing without ink. Nano letters nr: 10, 3, (2003). (pp. 1449-1453) ISSN: 1530-6984 Li, X.M. , Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Towards in-plane metathesis polymerization at self-assembled monolayers of norbornene adsorbates on gold surfaces. Nanotechnology nr: 10, 14, (2003). (pp. 1064-1070) ISSN: 0957-4484 Li, Y. , Veenstra, K.J., Dubois, J., Peters-Wu, L., Zomeren, A.A. van, Kuper, F.G. Reservoir effect and maximum allowed VIA misalignment for AICu interconnect with tungsten VIA plug. Microelectronics reliability nr: 9-11, 43, (2003). (pp. 1449-1454) ISSN: 0026-2714 Linden, H.J. van der , Herber, S., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P. Stimulus-sensitive hydrogels and their applications in chemical (micro)analysis. Analyst 128, (2003). (pp. 325-331) ISSN: 00032654 Lint, W.B.S. de , Benes, N.E., Lyklema, J., Bouwmeester, H.J.M., Linde, A.J. van der, Wessling, M. Ion Adsorption Parameters Determined from Zeta Potential and Titration Data for a y-Alumina Nanofiltration Membrane. Langmuir nr: 14, 19, (2003). (pp. 5861-5868) ISSN: 0743-7463 Lisfi, A. , Lodder, J.C., Keim, E.G., Williams, C.M. Evidence of stress anisotropy and role of oxygen pressure in growth of pulsed laser deposited hexaferrite films. Applied physics letters nr: 1, 82, (2003). (pp. 76-78) ISSN: 0003-6951

Lisfi, A. , Lodder, J.C., Williams, C.M. Systematic analyses of anomalous torque curves in granular BaFe12O19/SiO2/Si thin films. Applied physics letters 83, (2003). (pp. 719) ISSN: 0003-6951 Lodahl, P. Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen correlations in second-harmonic generation. Physical review A (Atomic, molecular, and optical physics) 68, (2003). (pp. 023806-1-023806-8) ISSN: 1050-2947 Malinowska, E. , Górski, L, Wojciecowska, D., Reinoso garcia, M.M., Verboom, W., Reinhoudt, D.N. Potentiometric studies of complexation properties of tetrafunctionalized resorcinarene-based cavitands. New journal of chemistry nr: 10, 27, (2003). (pp. 1440-1445) ISSN: 1144-0546 Meer, O. van der , Cai, X., Jiang, J.C., Parella, R.D., Huang, Y.B., Larbalestier, D.C., Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten Characterization of individual filaments extracted from a Bi2223/Ag tape. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 2926-2929) ISSN: 1051-8223 Merticaru, A.R. , Mouthaan, A.J., Kuper, F.G. Progressive degradation in a-Si: H/SiN thin film transistors. Thin solid films nr: 1-2, 427, (2003). (pp. 60-66) ISSN: 0040-6090 Meyer, J. , Liesener, A., Götz, S., Hayen, H., Karst, U. Liquid chromatography with on-line electrochemical derivatization and fluorescence detection for the determination of phenols. Analytical chemistry 75, (2003). (pp. 922-926) ISSN: 0003-2700 Mijatovic, D. , Brinkman, A., Oomen, I., Veldhuis, D., Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M., Rogalla, H., Blank, D.H.A. MgB2 thin films and Josephson devices. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity 13, (2003). (pp. 3245-3248) ISSN: 1051-8223 Minelli, C. , Blondiaux, N., Losson, M., Liley, M., Jeney, S., Hinderling, C., Pugin, R., Joester, D., Diederich, F., Vancso, G.J., Hempenius, M.A., Heinzelman, H. NanoStructuring by Molecular Self-Assembly. Chimia 57, (2003). (pp. 646-650) ISSN: 0009-4293 Moere, R. van , Zandvliet, H.J.W., Poelsema, B. Two-dimensional equilibrium island shape and step free energies of Cu(001). Physical review B Condensed matter nr: 19, 67, (2003). (pp. 193407-1-193407-4) ISSN: 0163-1829 Nguyen Hoang, V. , Daamen, R., Kranenburg, H. van, Velden, P. van der, Woerlee, P.H. A physical model for dishing during metal CMP. Journal of the Electrochemical Society nr: 11, 150, (2003). (pp. G689-G693) ISSN: 0013-4651

PUBLICATIONS

Nguyen, L.T. , Lisfi, A., Lodder, J.C. Obliquely sputtered Co/Cr thin film tape for bidirectional recording. Journal of applied physics nr: 10, 93, (2003). (pp. 7786-7788) ISSN: 0021-8979 Nijhuis, A. , Ilyin, Y.U., Abbas, W., Kate, H.H.J. ten Evolution of contact resistance and coupling loss in prototype ITER PF NbTi conductors under transverse cyclic load. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 2388-2391) ISSN: 1051-8223 Olthuis, W. , Stijns, G., Langereis, G.R., Bergveld, P. Differential measuring using an ion exchanger applied to Ca2+ ion concentration determination. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) 89, (2003). (pp. 53-57) ISSN: 0925-4005 Ouden, A. den , Wessel, W.A.J., Krooshoop, H.J.G., Weeren, H. van, Kate, H.H.J. ten, Kirby, H., Ostojic, R., Taylor, T., Siegel, N. Conductor related design considerations for a 1 meter 10 T NB/sub 3/Sn dipole magnet. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 1288-1291) ISSN: 1051-8223 Pijanowska, D. , Sprenkels, A.J., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P. A flow-through amperometric sensor micro-analytical systems. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) 91, (2003). (pp. 98-102) ISSN: 0925-4005 Podt, M. , Flokstra, J., Rogalla, H. Low-Tc ramp-type superconductor-insulatorsuperconductor Josephson junctions. Superconductor science and technology 16, (2003). (pp. 1394-1398) ISSN: 0953-2048 Podt, M. , Gottardi, L., Waard, A. de, Frossati, G., Flokstra, J. A spherical gravitational wave detector readout by nearly quantum limited SQUIDs. Superconductor science and technology 16, (2003). (pp. 1531-1535) ISSN: 0953-2048 Poelsema, B. , Vroonhoven, E. van, Zandvliet, H.J.W. Comment on "Electronic structure of the high-temperature Ge(001) surface studied by valence ban photo-emission" [Surface Science 537 (2003) L423-L428]. Surface science 547, (2003). (pp. 452-456) ISSN: 0039-6028 Pu, Q. , Luttge, R., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Berg, A. van den Comparison of capillary zone electrophoresis performance of powderblasted and hydrogen fluoride-etched microchannels in glass. Electrophoresis 24, (2003). (pp. 162-171) ISSN: 0173-0835 Rabbers, J.J. , Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten Analysis of AC loss in superconducting power devices calculated from short sample data. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 17311734) ISSN: 1051-8223

Rabbers, J.J. , Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten Hysteresis loss and the voltage-current relation in BSCCO tape superconductors. Physica C nr: 1-4, 401, (2003). (pp. 165-170) ISSN: 0921-4534 Raming, T.P. , Winnubst, A.J.A., Zyl, W.E. van, Verweij, H. Densification of zirconia-hematite nanopowders. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 23, (2003). (pp. 1053-1060) ISSN: 0955-2219 Reeuwijk, S.J. van , Puig Molina, A., Mathon, O., Tucoulou, R., Graafsma, H. Time-resolved x-ray diffraction study of the relaxation process of electric-field-induced strain in Kd2PO4. Journal of applied physics nr: 10, 94, (2003). (pp. 6708-6716) ISSN: 0021-8979 Richard, V. , Favre, E., Tondeur, D., Nijmeijer, A. Experimental study of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen permeation through a microporous silica membrane. Chemical engineering journal 84, (2003). (pp. 593-598) ISSN: 1385-8947 Rietveld, G. , Bartolomé, M.E., Sesé, J., Court, P. de la, Flokstra, J., Rillo, C., Camon, A. 1:30.000 Cryogenic Current Comparator With Optimum SQUID Readout. IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement nr: 2, 52, (2003). (pp. 621-626) ISSN: 0018-9456 Rillo, C. , Sesé, J., Bartolomé, M.E., Flokstra, J., Camon, A., Rietveld, G. On the sensitivity of Cryogenic Current Comparators: theory and experiments. Metrologia 40, (2003). (pp. 51-56) ISSN: 0026-1394 Roy Chowdhury, S. , Schmuhl, R., Keizer, K., Elshof, J.E. ten, Blank, D.H.A. Pore size and surface chemistry effects on the transport of hydrophobic and hydrophilic solvents through mesoporous y-alumina and silica MCM-48. Journal of membrane science 225, (2003). (pp. 177-186) ISSN: 0376-7388 Rusu, C. , Sedky, S., Parmentier, B., Verbist, A., Richard, O., Brijs, B., Geenen, L., Witvrouw, A., Lärmer, F., Fischer, F., Kronmüller, S., Leca, V., Otter, A.M. New LowStress PECVD Poly-SiGe Layers for MEMS. Journal of microelectromechanical systems nr: 6, 12, (2003). (pp. 816-825) ISSN: 1057-7157 Saito, H. , Bos, A.G. van den, Abelmann, L., Lodder, J.C. High resolution MFM: Simulation of tip sharpening. IEEE transactions on magnetics nr: 5, 39, (2003). (pp. 3447-3449) ISSN: 0018-9464 San Segundo Bello, D. , Beuzekom, M. van, Jansweijer, P., Verkooijen, H., Visschers, J. An interface board for the control and data acquisition of the Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 509. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research.

Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment (2003). (pp. 164-170) ISSN: 0168-9002 Sarajlic, E. , Berenschot, J.W., Krijnen, G.J.M., Elwenspoek, M.C. Versatile trench isolation technology for the fabrication of microactuators. Microelectronic engineering nr: 67-68, (2003). (pp. 430-437) ISSN: 0167-9317 Sartori, A. , Casnati, A., Mandolini, L., Sansone, F., Reinhoudt, D.N. The first synthesis and characterisation of elusive cone 1,2-diformyl tetralkoxycalix[4]arenes and their derivatives. Tetrahedron nr: 29, 59, (2003). (pp. 5539-5544) ISSN: 0040-4020 Schäpers, Th. , Guzenko, V.A., Müller, R.P., Golubov, A., Brinkman, A., Crecelius, G., Kaluza, A., Lüth, H. Current-injection in a ballastic multiterminal superconductor/twodimensional electron gas Josephson junction. Physical review B Condensed matter 67, (2003). (pp. 014522) ISSN: 0163-1829 Schlautmann, S. , Besselink, G.A.J., Prabhu, R., Schasfoort, R.B.M. Fabrication of a microfluidic chip by UV bonding at room temperature for integration of temperaturesensitive layers. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering 13, (2003). (pp. S81-S84) ISSN: 0960-1317 Schmitz, J. , Cubaynes, F.N., Havens, R.J., Kort, R. de, Scholten, A.J., Tiemeijer, L.F. RF capacitance-voltage characterization of MOSFETs with high-leakage dielectrics. IEEE electron device letters nr: 1, 24, (2003). (pp. 3739) ISSN: 0741-3106 Schönherr, H. , Feng, C., Shovsky, A. Interfacial Reactions in Confinement: Kinetics and Temperature Dependence of Reactions in Self-Assembled Monolayers Compared to Ultrathin Polymer Films. Langmuir nr: 26, 19, (2003). (pp. 10843-10851) ISSN: 0743-7463 Schulte-Ladbeck, R.J. , Kolla, P., Karst, U. Trace analysis of peroxide-based-explosives. Analytical chemistry 75, (2003). (pp. 731-735) ISSN: 0003-2700 Schulte-Ladbeck, R.J. , Karst, U. Liquid chromatography - post-column photochemical conversion and electrochemical detection for determination of peroxide-based explosives. Chromatographia 57, (2003). (pp. S-61-S-65) ISSN: 0009-5893 Schulte-Ladbeck, R.J. , Karst, U. Determination of triacetonetriperoxide in ambient air. Analytica chimica acta 482, (2003). (pp. 183-188) ISSN: 0003-2670

PUBLICATIONS

Sesé, J. , Bartolomé, M.E., Camon, A., Flokstra, J., Rietveld, G., Rillo, C. Simplified calculus for the Design of a Cryogenic Current Comparator. IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement nr: 2, 52, (2003). (pp. 612-616) ISSN: 0018-9456 Sowariraj, M.S.B. , Smedes, T, Salm, C., Mouthaan, A.J., Kuper, F.G. Role of package parasitics and substrate resistance on the Charged Device Model (SDM) failure levels An explanation and die protection strategy. Microelectronics reliability 43, (2003). (pp. 1569-1575) ISSN: 0026-2714 Stancic, M. , Kerkhoff, H.G. TestabilityAnalysis Drivens Test-Generation of Analogue Cores. Microelectronics journal nr: 10, 34, (2003). (pp. 913-917) ISSN: 0026-2692 Steinkamp, T. , Schweppe, F., Krebs, B., Karst, U. A tripod ligand as new sensitiser for the enzyme amplified lanthanide luminescence determination of esterase. Analyst 128, (2003). (pp. 29-31) ISSN: 0003-2654 Stouwdam, J.W. , Hebbink, G.A., Huskens, J., Veggel, F.C.J.M. van Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles with excellent luminescent properties in organic media. Chemistry of materials nr: 24, 15, (2003). (pp. 4604-4616) ISSN: 0897-4756 Sumption, M.D. , Collings, E.W., Scanlan, R.M., Nijhuis, A. AC loss of Nb/sub 3/Snbased Rutherford cables with internally and externally added Cu. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 2376-2379) ISSN: 1051-8223 Suryanto, A. , Groesen, E. van, Hammer, M., Hoekstra, H.J.W.M. A finite element scheme to study the nonlinear optical response of a finite grating without and with defect. Optical and quantum electronics nr: 4, 35, (2003). (pp. 313-332) ISSN: 0306-8919 Suryanto, A. , Groesen, E. van, Hammer, M. Finite-element analysis of optical bistability in one-dimensional nonlinear photonic band gap structures with a defect. International journal of nonlinear optical physics nr: 2, 12, (2003). (pp. 187-204) ISSN: 0218-1991 Susanto, H. , Gils, S.A. van, Visser, T.P.P., Ariando, A., Smilde, H.J.H., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M. Static semifluxons in a long Josephson junction with pi-discontinuity points. Physical review B Condensed matter 68, (2003). (pp. 104501) ISSN: 0163-1829 Tan, F.S. , Klunder, D.J.W., Sengo, G., Kelderman, H., Hollink, A.J.F., Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Driessen, A. Characterization of vertically waveguide coupled micro ring resonators by means of quantitative imaage analysis. Journal of nonlinear optical physics

and materials 2, (2003). (pp. 205-212) ISSN: 0218-8635 Tanaka, Y. , Golubov, A., Kashiwaya, S. Theory of charge transport in diffusive normal metal conventional superconductor point contacts. Physical review C (Nuclear physics) 68, (2003). (pp. 054513) ISSN: 0556-2813 Tanaka, Y. , Kitaura, N., Itoh, H., Inoue, J., Golubov, A., Yoshida, N., Kashiwaya, S. Effect of the randomness on the electron transport in normal metal/insulator/conventional superconductor junctions. Physica C 392-396, (2003). (pp. 2493-253) ISSN: 0921-4534 Tas, N.R. , Gui, C., Elwenspoek, M.C. Static friction in elastic adhesion contacts in MEMS. Journal of adhesion science and technology nr: 4, 17, (2003). (pp. 547-561) ISSN: 0169-4243 Tas, N.R. , Berenschot, J.W., Mela, P., Elwenspoek, M.C., Berg, A. van den 2Dconfined nanochannels fabricated by conventional micromachining. Nano letters nr: 9, 2, (2003). (pp. 1031-1032) ISSN: 1530-6984 Tas, N.R. , Sonnenberg, T., Molenaar, R., Elwenspoek, M.C. Design, fabrication and testing of laterally driven electrostatic motors employing walking motion and mechanical leverage. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering nr: 13, (2003). (pp. N6-N15) ISSN: 0960-1317 Tas, N.R. , Mela, P., Kramer, T., Berenschot, J.W., Berg, A. van den Capillarity induced negative pressure of water plugs in nanochannels. Nano letters nr: 11, 3, (2003). (pp. 1537-1540) ISSN: 1530-6984 Tiggelaar, R.M. , Veenstra, T.T., Sanders, R.G.P., Berenschot, J.W., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Elwenspoek, M.C., Prak, A., Mateman, R., Wissink, J., Berg, A. van den Analysis systems for the detection of ammonia based on micromachined components modular hybrid versus monolithic integrated approach. Sensors and actuators nr: 92, (2003). (pp. 25-36) ISSN: 0250-6874 Timmer, B.H. , Delft, K.M., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P., Berg, A. van den Microevaporation electrolyte concentrator. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) nr: 3, 91, (2003). (pp. 342-347) ISSN: 0925-4005 Tolpygo, S.K. , Brinkman, A., Golubov, A., Kupriyanov, M..Y. Nb/AlOx/Al/AlOx/Nb doublebarrier junctions with high critical current densities: the influence of barriers asymmetry. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity 13, (2003). (pp. 138) ISSN: 1051-8223 Tzoris, A. , Hall, E.A.H., Besselink, G.A.J., Bergveld, P. Testing the Durability of Polymyin B Immobilization on a Polymer Showing

Antimicrobial Activity: A Novel Approach with the Ion-Step Method. Analytical letters nr: 9, 36, (2003). (pp. 1781-1803) ISSN: 0003-2719 Ulbricht, A. , Nijhuis, A. Test results of the ITER toroidal field model coil experiment in the TOSKA facility of the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Fusion engineering and design 66-68, (2003). (pp. 103-118) ISSN: 0920-3796 Uranus, H.P. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Groesen, E. van Finite difference scheme for planar waveguides with arbitrary index profiles and its implementation for anisotropic waveguides with diagonal permitivity tensor. Optical and quantum electronics 35, (2003). (pp. 407-427) ISSN: 0306-8919 Uranus, H.P. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Groesen, E. van Fourth-order Variational Mode Solving for Anisotropic Planar Structures. International journal of nonlinear optical physics nr: 2, 12, (2003). (pp. 247-261) ISSN: 0218-1991 Vallée, R.A.L. , Tomczak, N., Kuipers, L., Vancso, G.J., Hulst, N.F. van Single Molecule Lifetime Fluctuations Reveal Segmental Dynamics in Polymers. Physical review letters nr: 3, 91, (2003). (pp. 038301-1-038301-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 Vallée, R.A.L. , Vancso, G.J., Hulst, N.F. van, Calbert, J.-P., Cornil, J., Brédas, J.L. Molecular Fluorescence Lifetime Fluctuations: On the Possible Role of Conformational Effects. Chemical physics letters 372, (2003). (pp. 282-287) ISSN: 0009-2614 Vallée, R.A.L. , Tomczak, N., Kuipers, L., Vancso, G.J., Hulst, N.F. van Effect of solvent on nanoscale polymer heterogeneity and mobility probed by single molecule lifetime fluctuations. Chemical physics letters 384, (2003). (pp. 5-8) ISSN: 0009-2614 Vroonhoven, E. van , Zandvliet, H.J.W., Poelsema, B. (2x1)-(1x1) Phase Transition on Ge(001): Dimer Breakup and Surface Roughening. Physical review letters nr: 11, 91, (2003). (pp. 116102-1-116102-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 Vysotsky, V.S. , Rakhmanov, A.L., Ilyin, Y.U. Influences of voltage-current characteristic difference on quench development in low-Tc and high-Tc superconducting devices (Review). Physica C nr: 1-4, 401, (2003). (pp. 57-65) ISSN: 0921-4534 Weijers, H.W. , Schwartz, J., Haken, B. ten, Dhallé, M.M.J., Kate, H.H.J. ten Effects of conductor anisotropy on the design of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O sections of 25 T solenoids. Superconductor science and technology 6, (2003). (pp. 672-681) ISSN: 0953-2048

PUBLICATIONS

Weijers, H.W. , Hascicek, Y.S., Marken, K., Mbaruku, A., Meinesz, M., Miao, H., Thompson, S.H., Trillaud, F., Trociewitz, U.P., Schwartz, J. Development of a 5 T HTS insert magnet as part of 25 T class magnets. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 1396-1399) ISSN: 1051-8223 Wel, A.P. van der , Klumperink, E.A.M., Vandamme, L.K.J., Nauta, B. Modeling Random Telegraph Noise Under Switched Bias Conditions Using Cyclostationary RTS Noise. IEEE transactions on electron devices nr: 5, 50, (2003). (pp. 1378-1384) ISSN: 0018-9383 Wilson, M.N. , Ghosh, A.K., Haken, B. ten, Hassenzahl, W.V., Kaugerts, J., Moritz, G., Muehle, C., Ouden, A. den, Soika, R., Wanderer, P., Wessel, W.A.J. Cored Rutherford cables for the GSI fast ramping synchrotron. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 13, (2003). (pp. 1704-1709) ISSN: 1051-8223 Wormeester, H. , Kooij, E.S., Poelsema, B. Unambiguous optical characterization of nanocolloidal gold films. Physical review B Condensed matter nr: 8, 68, (2003). (pp. 085406-1-085406-6) ISSN: 0163-1829 Wubs, C.M. , Suttorp, L.G., Lagendijk, A. Multipole interaction between atoms and their photonic environment. Physical review A (Atomic, molecular, and optical physics) 68, (2003). (pp. 013822:1-013822:16) ISSN: 1050-2947 Ymeti, A. , Kanger, J.S., Greve, J., Lambeck, P.V., Wijn, R.R., Heideman, R.G. Realization of a multichannel integrated Young interferometer chemical sensor. Applied optics nr: 28, 42, (2003). (pp. 5649-5660) ISSN: 0003-6935 Zandvliet, H.J.W. , Moere, R. van, Poelsema, B. Free energy and stiffness of <110> and <010> steps on a (001) surface of a cubic lattrice: Revival of the solid-on-solid model. Physical review B Condensed matter nr: 7, 68, (2003). (pp. 073404-1-073404-3) ISSN: 0163-1829 Zandvliet, H.J.W. The Ge(0 0 1) surface. Physics reports 388, (2003). (pp. 1-40) ISSN: 0370-1573 Zou, S(han) , Zhang, Z., Fรถrch, R., Knoll, W., Schรถnherr, H., Vancso, G.J. Tunable Complex Stability in Surface Molecular Recognition Mediated by Self-Complementary Quadruple Hydrogen-Bonds. Langmuir 19, (2003). (pp. 8618-1621) ISSN: 0743-7463 Zwierzycki, M.P. , Xia, K., Kelly, P.J., Bauer, G.E.W., Turek, I. Spin injection through an Fe/InAs interface. Physical review B Condensed matter 67, (2003). (pp. 092401-1-092401-4) ISSN: 0163-1829

Zwierzycki, M.P. , Xia, K., Kelly, P.J., Bauer, G.E.W., Turek, I. Spin-injection through an Fe/InAs interface. Physica status solidi A nr: 1, 196, (2003). (pp. 25-28) ISSN: 0031-8965 National Zandvliet, H.J.W. , Poelsema, B., Swartzentruber, B.S. Diffusie van dimeren op halfgeleideroppervlakken. Nederlands tijdschrift voor natuurkunde 69, (2003). (pp. 158-162) ISSN: 0926-4264

BOOKS - AUTHOR International Oosterbroek, R.E. , Berg, A. van den Lab-on-a-Chip; Miniaturized Systems for (BIO)Chemical Analysis and Synthesis. (2003). 394 pp. Amsterdam Elsevier B.V. ISBN: 0-444-51100-8

BOOKS - CHAPTER Gastel, R. van , Frenken, J.W.M., Swartzentruber, B.S., Somfai, E., Saarloos, W. van Diffusion of vacancies in metal surfaces: theory and experiment. The chemical physics of solid surfaces Surface Dynamics nr: 11, (2003). 500 pp. Amsterdam Elsevier ISBN: 0444514376 International Bergveld, P. , Olthuis, W., Sprenkels, A.J., Pijanowska, D., Linden, H.J. van der, Bohm, S. Microdialysis based lab-on-chip, applying a generic MEMS technology. Integrated Analytical Systems, Wilson and Wilson's Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series nr: 39, (2003). (pp. 625-663) Elsevier Press ISBN: 0-444-51037-0 Driessen, A. , Baets, R., McInerney, J.G., Suhir, E Laser Diodes, Optoeelectronic Devices and Heterogeneous Integration. Laser Diodes, Optoeelectronic Devices and Heterogeneous Integration Conference SPIE 29-31 October 2002, Brugge Belgium (2003). 288 pp. Washington USA SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering ISBN: 0-8194-4742-0 Gardeniers, J.G.E. , Oosterbroek, R.E., Berg, A. van den Silicon and glass micromaching for microTAS. Lab-on-a-Chip; Miniaturized Systems for (BIO)Chemical Analysis and Synthesis (2003). (pp. 37-64) Amsterdam Elsevier B.V. ISBN: 0-444-51100-8 Hempenius, M.A. , Lammertink, R.G.H., Peter, M., Vancso, G.J. Poly(ferrocenylsilanes) as Etch Barriers in Nano and Microlithographic Applications. Metal- and Metalloid-Containing

Macromolecules 39th IUPAC Congress, Ottawa, Canada Macromol. Symp. nr: 196, (2003). (pp. 45-56) Wiley-VCH ISBN: 3527307001 Leuba, S.H. , Bennink, M.L., Zlatanova, J. Single Molecule Analysis of Chromatin. In Chromatin and Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes, Parts A and B. Methods Enzymol. nr: 376, (2003). 32 pp. Elsevier ISBN: 0121827801 Lodder, J.C. Metal evaporated tape. Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology (2002). (pp. 5350-5358) Elsevier Science Ltd. ISBN: 0-08-0431526 Misra, D. , Worhoff, K., Mascher, P. Dielectrics in Emerging Fields. Dielectrics in Emerging Fields Proceedings of the International Symposium Dielectrics in Emerging Technologies (2003). 436 pp. Pennington, New Jersey The Electrochemical Society, Inc. ISBN: 1-56677-346-6 Nauta, B. , Hoogzaad, G. How to deal with substrate bounce in analog circuits in epi-type CMOS technology. Substrate Noise Coupling in Mixed Signal ASICs (2003). (pp. 257-270) Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN: 1-40207381-X Ridder, R.M. de , Altena, G., Geuzebroek, D.H., Dekker, R. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium 2003 IEEE/LEOS Benelux Chapter. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium 3003 IEEE/LEOS Benelux Chapter Annual Symposium IEEE LEOS Benelux Chapter, 20-21 November 2003, University of Twente, Integrated Optical MicroSystems Group (IOMS), Enschede. (2003). 307 pp. Enschede IEEE LEOS Benelux Chapter ISBN: 90-3651990-X Veenstra, T.T. , Berg, A. van den Design methodology for a lab-on-a-chip for chemical analysis: the MAFIAS Chip. Integrated Analytical Systems, Wilson and Wilson's Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry Series nr: 39, (2003). (pp. 665-684) Elsevier Press ISBN: 0444-51037-0 Zandvliet, H.J.W. , Gurlu, O., Afanasieva, A.V., Bulavenko, S.Y., Koval, I. Diffusion on dimers on Si(001) and Ge(001) surfaces (invited). Recent Developments in Vacuum Science and Technology (2003). 10 pp. Singapore Research Signpost ISBN: 81 7736 118 X Zandvliet, H.J.W. , Brocks, G.H.L.A., Poelsema, B. Diffusion on semiconductor Surfaces (invited). The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces Surface Dynamics nr: 11, (2003). 20 pp. Amsterdam Elsevier ISBN: 0 444 51437 6

PUBLICATIONS

PATENTS Annema, A.J. , Leenaerts, D.W., Vreede, P.W.H de A low noise electronic circuit. (2003, juni 12). approved: WO03/049280 Berenschot, J.W. , Sarajlic, E. Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een nanostructuur. (2003, december 23). applied: nog niet bekend Bergveld, P. , Olthuis, W., Dam, T.V.A. Hydrogen peroxide sensor. (2003, december 24). approved: PCT/NL03/00940 Bos, A.G. van den , Abelmann, L., Lodder, J.C. Probe en werkwijze voor de vervaardiging van een dergelijke probe. (2003, juni 24). approved: 1019638 Brugger, J.P. , Hulst, N.F. van Verfahren zur Herstellung einer lichttransparenten Sondenspitze. (2003, januari 2). approved: 199 23 444 Deladi, S. , Berenschot, J.W., Boer, M.J. de, Krijnen, G.J.M., Tas, N.R., Elwenspoek, M.C. Multiple cantilever tool for use in scanning probe microscopy. (2003, november 11). applied: nog niet bekend Diehl, J.G.R. , Hayen, H., Karst, U. Coupling electrochemistry to mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. approved: 20030062475 Groothedde, W. ir. , Klumperink, E.A.M., Nauta, B. Two-wire Data-Communication Interface with One Active Wire for Digital Microphones. (2003, juni 19). applied: 50019.245US01/P05691 Hoekstra, H.J.W.M. , Hoekman, M., Heideman, R.G. Dunne laag en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een dunne laag. (2003, mei 9). applied: NL 102 3376 Klaasse, G. , Stoffer, R., Lith, J. van, Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Lambeck, P.V. Optische golflengte multiplexer-demultiplexer. (2003, mei 22). applied: NL 102 3499 Klumperink, E.A.M. , Louwsma, S.M., Stikvoort, E. Switched Transconductor Mixer. (2003, juni 10). applied: PHNL030707 Klunder, D.J.W. , Roeloffzen, C.G.H., Driessen, A. Werkwijze en inrichting voor het bewerken van licht. (2003, mei 12). approved: 1019309 Musa, A.M.S. , Driessen, A. Inrichting en werkwijze voor het bewerken van optische signalen. (2003, november 18). approved: NL 102 0609 Nauta, B. , Beek, R.C.H. van de, Vaucher, C.S. Phase-locked-loop with reduced clock jitter. (2003, augustus 7). approved: WO03/065586 Nauta, B. Line Driver With Adaptive Output Impedance. (2003, juli 27). approved: DE69431905T

Nijmeijer, A. , Kruidhof, H., Verweij, H. Separating device comprising a ceramic membrane. (2003, oktober 14). approved: US 6,632,360 B1 Philips, G.N. , Abelmann, L., Lodder, J.C. Probe voor magnetische kracht microscopie, en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een dergelijke probe. (2003, oktober 13). approved: 1020327 Schinkel, D. , Tuijl, A.J.M. van Efficient digital volume control. (2003, maart 27). applied: PHNL030340EPP Schlautmann, S. , Berg, A. van den, Gardeniers, J.G.E. Method of fabrication of a microfluidic device. (2003, november 19). approved: EP 1362827 Tuijl, A.J.M. van Digital to analogue converter description. (2003, juni 26). approved: WO03/052940 Tuijl, A.J.M. van Operational amplifier integrator. (2003, november 6). approved: WO03/091933 A1 Widdershoven, F.P. , Annema, A.J. Circuit for providing a constant current. (2003, mei 6). approved: US 6559711 Widdershoven, F.P. , Annema, A.J. Circuit for providing a constant current. (2003, april 24). approved: EP 1303801 Worhoff, K. Polarisatieonafhankelijke lichtgeleidende kanaalstructuur. (2003, augustus 13). approved: NL 101 9948 Yeshurun, Y. , Hefetz, M., Boer, M.J. de, Berenschot, J.W., Gardeniers, J.G.E. Microneedle structure and production method therefor. (2003, maart 18). applied: US 6, 533, 949 B1

PROJECTS ABOUT MESA+

MESA+ Governing Board, Scientific Advisory Board and Management in 2003

MESA+ Governing Board Prof. dr. ir. A. Bliek Dr. G.J. Jongerden Ir. J.J.M. Mulderink Dr. A.J. Nijman Prof. dr. J.A. Put Ir. M. Westermann Prof.dr. W.H.M Zijm

Dean Faculty Science and Technology Project Manager/Group head Solar Cells R&D (CSO) Akzo Nobel Chemicals Research, Arnhem Chairman of the Foundation for Development of Sustainable Chemistry Director Research Strategy & Business Development Philips NatLab, Eindhoven Director Performance Materials DSM Research, Geleen President of GigaPort Next Generation Network Dean Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

MESA+ Scientific Advisory Board Dr. J.G. Bednorz Prof. H. Fujita Prof. M. Möller Dr. H. Rohrer Prof. F. Stoddart Prof. E. Thomas Prof. E. Vittoz Prof. G. Whitesides

IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of Tokyo, Japan Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), Germany IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of California, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Switzerland Harvard University, USA

MESA+ Management Prof. dr. ir. D.N. Reinhoudt Dr. C.J.M. Eijkel

44 42

Scientific Director Technical-Commercial Director

ABOUT MESA+

How to reach MESA+

The MESA+ Institute is located on the campus of the University of Twente in Enschede, in the eastern region of the Netherlands, right on the border with Germany. Directions to MESA+ By car: Take the A35 direction Enschede exit Enschede-West and follow signposts to UNIVERSITEIT. By train / by bus: You can reach the university from the railway stations at Hengelo, Enschede and Drienerlo. There is a bus in the direction of the university about every half an hour. For more information on public transport, please call the campus: 00 31 (0) 53 489 9111. By Internet: www.mesaplus.utwente.nl E-mail: info@mesaplus.utwente.nl

46 44

MESA+ P.O.Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands Tel. + 31 53 4892715 Fax + 31 53 4892575 E-mail: info@mesaplus.utwente.nl Internet: www.mesaplus.utwente.nl