MESA+ Annual report 2004 by MESA+

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H I G H L I G H T S

ANNUAL

REPORT

2004

M E S A

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ANNUAL

REPORT

2004

C O N T E N T

CONTENT

General Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Sketch of the institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 MESA+ SROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Awards and honours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Highlights Applied Analysis & Mathematical Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Biochip Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Biophysical Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Chemical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 CADTES - Testable Design and Testing of Nanosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Computational Materials Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Complex Photonic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Integrated Circuit Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Inorganic Materials Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Integrated Optical MicroSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Low Temperature Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Materials Science and Technology of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Optical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Semiconductor Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Systems and Materials for Information Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Solid State Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Transducers Science and Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Publications MESA+ Scientific Publications 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 About MESA+ MESA+ Governing Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 How to reach MESA+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

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PREFACE

Dear readers, “Again 2004 has been a notable year for MESA+. This annual report covers the activity highlights of every research group within MESA+ and provides an overview of the science and the international scientific literature output befitting our reputation of a globally renowned research institute. Scientifically 2004 has been successful indeed: two of our researchers were granted NWO VICI awards and a third a comparable STW Technology grant. All three will receive € 1,250,000.- to set up their own line of research. Two of our MESAns have been appointed junior members of the KNAW (Royal Dutch Society of Science), and another was elected Fellow of the Institute of Physics (UK). There have been various other awards and cum laude promotions, as well as publications in prestigious journals - as you will see in this annual report. The year 2004 also saw the kick-off of four new interdisciplinary research programs in the challenging fields of BioNanotechnology, NanoFabrication, NanoElectronics and BioMAD NanoFluidics. On a national basis the NanoNed initiative, a collaboration between eight scientific institutes and industry is well on the way, and internationally the MESA+ participation in the European Frontiers Network of Excellence and the collaboration with the Australian CRC for Microtechnology is in perfect accordance with our mission: ‘Excellence in Science and Education, and providing a bridge to Industry’.

I hope you enjoy reading this report.” Professor David Reinhoudt, Scientific Director of MESA+

INTRODUCTION

Collaboration is the key word “The active multidisciplinary approach of the Universitity of Twente of which MESA+ has been a good example ever since the 1980’s is now showing in the two newest branches on the University’s educational program tree: the multidisciplinary Advanced Technology Bachelor program and a Nanotechnology Master’s. The MESA Strategic Research Orientations that have been intrinsically multidisciplinary ever since the start, decidedly contributed to our position of largest Nano/Micro Institute in Europe. But not only within the University of Twente itself does MESA+ value interdisciplinary collaboration: hence our active participation and coordination in the NanoNed initiative that joins the forces of seven universities in the Netherlands, TNO and Industry in the Nanotechnology field . Eleven flagships and the national infrastructure of Nanolab have in 2004 received a joint 250 M€ to set up their research. On an international level MESA+ launched an active collaboration with Frontiers, a European Network of Excellence supported by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Program. Here the focus is on life sciences, and specifically the instrumentation for analysis and manipulation of (bio-)matter on a nanoscale. MESA+’s aims for commercialization has more than reached its target of at least one new spin off business per year over the past years. In 2004 there were two: SmartTip (www.smarttip.nl) and Nanomi Emulsification Systems (www.nanomi.com). In spite of this success MESA+, as a research institute, is not equipped for structural commercialization: so patent strategy, feasibility studies, preparing business start ups, fund raising and similar activities will be the core business of a planned MESA+ incorporated ‘Technology Accelerator’, an enterprise hopefully to be in operation in 2005. My term of chairmanship in the global organization of MANCEF (Micro and Nanotechnology Commercialization Education Foundation) adds focus to both commercial and educational aspects. Consequently we are working on the establishment of a top institute, a technological centre of excellence, which will be the hub of a scientific and industrial exchange leading to an accelerated introduction of new technologies, not only in education and industry, but in society itself.” Dr. Kees Eijkel, Technical Commercial Director of MESA+

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SKETCH OF THE INSTITUTE

Field and mission MESA+ focuses on Nanotechnology based on its underlying strengths in materials science, microsystem technology, bottom-up chemistry, optics and systems. Its mission is • To excel in its field of science and technology; • To educate researchers and designers in the field; • To build up fruitful national and international cooperation with industry and fellow institutes. MESA+ is a Research School, designated by the Royal Dutch Academy of Science. MESA+ has defined the following indicators for achieving its mission: • Scientific papers at the level of Science, Nature, or journals of comparable stature; • 1:1 balance between university funding and externally acquired funds; • Sizable spin-off activities.

Organizational structure and programs MESA+ has a matrix structure in which scientific disciplines, led by a responsible professor, are combined with strong and ambitious multidisciplinary programs, the Strategic Research Orientations (SROs), which aim at the various aspects of Nanotechnology. This structure is depicted below. The creation of SRO’s ensures a strong multidisciplinary activity within the institute and is a basis for realization of its goals. An SRO is a large scientific program (in the order of 30-35 full-time researchers), which satisfies the following criteria: • Combining high-quality research of at least five groups within the institute into a genuine multidisciplinary program; • Providing excellent opportunities for international top-level research; • Attractive for external funding (which is a quality indicator in its own right). A Program Director is responsible for the scientific coordination of each SRO. The Program Director is directly responsible to the Scientific Director of the institute. The SRO’s will be evaluated every two years, based on the criteria mentioned above. MESA+ will use its external reviewers (e.g. Scientific Advisory Board, the technology foundation STW, or others) for this evaluation, which can result in (dis)continuation of the program.

The SRO’s and their Program Directors should achieve a strong presence and exposure in the (inter)national scientific world. The Program Directors are appointed (at least) at the level of associate professor.

UNIVERSITY BOARD

BOARD

DIRECTOR

TECH-COMM. DIRECTOR

C O O R D I N AT O R S A N D G R O U P L E A D E R S (ADVISORY BOARD) NANOELECTRONICS BIONANOTECHNOLOGY N A N O F A B R I C AT I O N BIOMAD NANOFLUIDICS MOLECULAR PHOTONICS

C E N T R A L L A B O R AT O R Y F A C I L I T I E S RESEARCH GROUPS EEMCS/S&T

MANAGEMENT SUPPORT

R E S E A R C H

Participating research groups Within MESA+, two faculties combine their strengths within the following disciplines: Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS) and Science and Technology (S&T). From these faculties, the following research groups participate:

About the Strategic Research Orientations (SRO’s) At the end of 2004 the following SRO’s were finalized: • Micro Chemical Systems (MiCS), prof.dr.ir. Albert van den Berg (Lab-on-a-chip); • NanoLink, dr.ir. Martin L. Bennink (Tying top-down to bottom-up micro-, nano and molecular engineering); • TeraHertz Signal Processing (TeraHertz), dr. J. Flokstra (Acquisition, transport and manipulation of information at very high speed). • Advanced Photonic Structures (APS), prof. dr. Laurens (Kobus) Kuipers (Novel optical devices based on low- dimensional photonic crystals and microcavities); • Materials Science of Interfaces (MASIF), prof.dr.ing. Dave H.A. Blank (Material growth on an atomic scale for the realization of junctions for advanced nanoscale devices). New SRO’s were started, an overview of them is given on the next pages.

• EEMCS-AAMP: Applied Analysis and Mathematical Physics, prof.dr. E.W.C. van Groesen • S&T-BCG Biochip Group, dr.ir. R.B.M. Schasfoort • EEMCS-BIOS: BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip, prof.dr.ir. A. van den Berg • S&T-BPE: Biophysical Engineering, prof.dr. V. Subramaniam • S&T-CA: Chemical Analysis, prof. U. Karst • EEMCS-CADTES-TDT: Testable Design and Testing of Microsystems, dr.ir. H.G. Kerkhoff • S&T-CMS: Computational Materials Science, prof.dr. P.J. Kelly • S&T-COPS: Complex Photonic Systems, prof.dr. A. Lagendijk, prof.dr. W. Vos • EEMCS-ICD: Integrated Circuit Design, prof.dr.ir. B. Nauta • S&T-IMS:

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The SRO’s cover approximately 70% of MESA+ research. This activity is completed by disciplinary research, which has an important role in the further development of each research group’s disciplinary activities and strength (founding research), in the exploration of new fields (potentials), etc.. MESA+ is the largest research institute of the University of Twente. It employs approximately 450 people, 330 of whom are scientists including over 250 Ph.D.’s, post docs, etc.. MESA+ has an integral turnover of approximately M€ 50, of which about 60% is acquired in competition from external sources (National Science Foundations, European Union, industry etc.).

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MESA+ has extensive laboratory facilities at its disposal: • A 1000 m2 fully equipped clean room, with a focus on Micro Systems Technology (MST), Nanotechnology, CMOS and Materials and Process Engineering; • A fully equipped Central Materials Analysis Laboratory; • A number of specialized laboratories for chemical synthesis and analysis, materials research and analysis, and device characterization. MESA+ has a strong relationship with industry, both through joint research projects with the larger multinational companies, and through a cooperation policy focused on small and medium-sized enterprises.

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Inorganic Materials Science, prof.dr.ing. D.H.A. Blank EEMCS-IOMS: Integrated Optical MicroSystems, prof.dr. M. Pollnau S&T-LT: Low Temperature Division, prof.dr. H. Rogalla S&T-MTP: Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, prof.dr. G.J. Vancso S&T-OT: Optical Techniques, prof.dr. N.F. van Hulst EEMCS-SC: Semiconductor Components, prof.dr. J. Schmitz S&T-SMCT: SupraMolecular Chemistry and Technology, prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt EEMCS-SMI: Systems and Materials for Information storage, prof.dr. J.C. Lodder S&T-SSP: Solid State Physics, prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema EEMCS-TST: Transducers Science and Technology, prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek

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MESA+ SRO’S

THE CURRENT MESA+ SRO’s ARE: 1. NanoFabrication 2. NanoElectronics 3. BioNano 4. BioMAD NanoFluidics 5. Molecular Photonics (under construction)

NanoElectronics Over the last few decades a tremendous miniaturization has taken place in electronic devices, leading not only to increased capacity and performance, but also to the discovery of new phenomena and applications. The program aims at the study of electron transport in nanoscale devices, and at exploring the young fields of spin electronics (employing the electron’s spin in addition to its charge) and molecular electronics (applying organic materials and/or single molecules). Exploiting the expertise within MESA+, we will follow a multidisciplinary approach to realize devices composed of different types of materials such as ferromagnets, complex oxides, semiconductors, organic films and molecules. The technological relevance of such novel hybrid devices is accompanied by the fascinating science at nanoscale dimensions. Dr.ir. Martin Bennink

The projects include: • nanoscale spintronic devices based on ferromagnetic oxides; • organic materials for nanoscale spintronic devices; • smart self-assembled monolayers for nanoelectronics; • physical properties of single organic molecules; • smart substrates for nanoelectronic devices; • first-principles quantum transport theory; • nanostructured interfaces in complex oxides. Program coordinator: Dr.ir. Wilfred van der Wiel, phone +31 (0)53 489 2873, w.g.vanderwiel@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/nanoelectronics

BioNanotechnology

The ultimate goal of this program is the design and construction of nanometer-scaled technological deviced, with functionalities that are derived from single molecules and/or larger biomolecular aggregates (i.e. complexes of molecules, proteins, cell organelles and complete cells). This approach allows exploitation of the enormous potential of bio-organic and organic systems with functional devices. Essential is the characterization of these individual biomolecules or nanoscale aggregates and their successful integration within a non-biological environment, such that their functionality can be coupled to existing sensor and actuator micro- and nanotechnology and thereby exploited to the fullest within these bionanodevices. The projects include: • creating bionanosensors; • developing of functional polymersomes (towards the artificial cell); • coupling of individual biomolecules to nanopatterned surfaces. Program coordinator: Dr.ir. Martin Bennink, phone +31 (0)53 489 56 52, m.l.bennink@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/bionano

Dr.ir. Wilfred van der Wiel

R E S E A R C H

Prof.dr.ir. Jurriaan Huskens

NanoFabrication The goal of the nanofabrication program is the development of general nanofabrication methods that will be applicable to a variety of substrates using a variety of materials. It focuses on key issues, such as: surface patterning on multiple length scales, complex structures and materials, and 3D nanofabrication, with an emphasis on the integration of top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication methods. The projects include: • the integration of nanoimprint lithography and blockcopolymer assembly; • integration of edge lithography and self-assembly; • monolayer fabrication and patterning on complex oxides; • polymeric nanostructures of fluorescent nanoparticles. Program coordinator: Prof.dr.ir. Jurriaan Huskens, phone +31 (0)53 489 2537, j.huskens@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/nanofabrication

BioMAD NanoFluidics The BioMAD NanoFluidics project aims at the development of technological and engineering tools for a better control of the quality of life through personalized medicine. For monitoring complex diseases it is desired to ultimately detect the complete set of biomolecules of the human body where hundred thousands of proteins interact with each other. The concentrations and quality of all these proteins contribute to the health status of the body. Personal health status, including the influence of drugs and therapeutics, is reflected in the “holistic fingerprint” of an individual. Using so called bio-multi-analyte diagnostics technology (BioMAD) either the progress of diseases is followed-up, or an individual could be screened on a smaller scale for disease prevention. The project involves developing multi analyte diagnostic devices for monitoring complex sets of biomolecules, and intends to bridge the gap between life sciences and microengineering/microfabrication sciences. Bio/nanotechnological tools will be designed and fabricated, of relevance for the development of new BioMAD arrays and microfluidic biochip devices. The projects include: • microfluidics; • surface modification technology; • protein interaction; • detection strategies. Program coordinator: Dr.ir. Richard B.M. Schasfoort, phone +31 (0)53 489 5621 r.b.m.schasfoort@utwente.nl, www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/biomad

Dr.ir. Richard Schasfoort

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AWARDS AND HONOURS

Prof.dr. Willem Vos

The NWO Innovational Research Incentives Scheme include the VENI, VIDI, or VICI awards for researchers in various phases of their career: VENI for starting postdocs, VIDI for experienced postdocs and VICI for top researchers.

VICI Awards Researchers Dr. Han Gardeniers and Prof.dr. Willem Vos have been granted the maximum NWO VICI award involving € 1,250,000 for a period of five years to set up their own line of research. VICI grants are directed at senior researchers who have shown that they have the ability to successfully develop their own innovative lines of research. Prof. Vos won the award with his new research entitled "Controlling photons in a nano-box". Prof.dr. Jurriaan Schmitz received a similar award from the Technology Foundation STW. Dr. Han Gardeniers (1960) is member of the MESA+ BIOS Lab-on-a-chip group. He submitted a proposal in the field of microreactors with the starting point that chemistry should be more environmental-friendly. Miniaturization helps: reactions in microreactors lead to less waste, lower energy consumption and more effective and more selective processes. With microreactors new catalyst principles may be developed.

Prof.dr. Willem Vos (1964) is member of the MESA+ Complex Photonic Systems Group. His team has succeeded in controlling the pace of light emission, varying from a light drizzle to a rainstorm. It has been theoretically predicted in 1987 that the emission of light can be completely controlled by means of a photonic crystal. To manipulate the emission of light, the researchers have made photonic crystals consisting of ordered arrays of spherical air voids. In the course of 2005 Professor Vos will leave to the AMOLF institute in Amsterdam, remaining at MESA+ as a part time professor. Prof.dr. Jurriaan Schmitz (1967) is the Semiconductor Components Group leader. His project involves the development of ‘sensitive chips’ registering and processing radiation or sound waves at high speed and precision. The research will be conducted in a collaboration with NIKHEF (National Institute for Nuclear Physics and High Energy Physics, Amsterdam) and various academic and industrial partners. Applications of the highly sensitive chips may be in scientific research and analytical equipment.

Dr. Han Gardeniers

Prof.dr. Jurriaan Schmitz

R E S E A R C H

Dr. Raoul van Gastel

Prof.dr.ir. Hans Hilgenkamp

VENI Awards Dr. Raoul van Gastel was awarded a VENI subsidy to investigate, using Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM), the formation and equilibrium (thermo)dynamics of ordered molecular networks that will ultimately be shaped and sized in such a way to make them applicable as nanotemplates. Dr.ir. Alexander Brinkman received a VENI award to investigate one of the great mysteries of nature: why some ceramic materials can loose their electrical resistance and can become superconducting. The cause of superconductivity will be investigated in the class of ceramic oxide materials by developing novel charge spectroscopic devices. These devices will consist of atomically precised stacked multilayers of superconductors, metals and insulators. Prof.dr. Kobus Kuipers and Prof.dr.ir. Hans Hilgenkamp were appointed young KNAW (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) members. ‘The Young Academy’ is comprised of young researchers who did their PhD’s less than ten years ago having distinguished themselves scientifically and showing wide scientific interest. After a public selection procedure the KNAW appointed 40 young scientists (17 women and 23 men from the various fields in Dutch universities and research institutes) member of the ‘Young Academy’ for a five year’s term.

Dr.ir. Alexander Brinkman

Prof.dr.ir. Bene Poelsema was selected Fellow of the Institute of Physics (London, UK). PHD student Oguzhan Gürlü obtained his PhD degree cum laude in the Solid State Physics group. Oguzhan Gürlü and master student Omer Adam showed that platinum atoms deposited onto a germanium surface self-organize into amazingly well ordered nanowires. These platinum nanowires have a cross section of only one atom, are virtually kink and defect free and have a length of 1000 atoms or more. MESA+ PHD Xuemi Li won the prestigious Backer prize 2004 for her thesis Catalytic Approaches to Nanolithography; the best thesis in the field of organic chemistry. Nanolithography is a lithographic technique to create lines or features with nanometer dimensions, using an atomic force microscope as the lithographic tool. The tip of the AFM is chemically modified with a catalyst, catalyzing the surface reaction and creating patterned surfaces. Xuemei Li will put the € 2.500,--prize money in a savings account for the education of her small son.

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AWARDS AND HONOURS

Multidisciplinary Master of Science program In 2004 a Master of Science Program was set up at the University of Twente’s Faculty of Science and Technology. Researchers and professors active in the fields of the departments of Applied Physics, Chemical Engineering and Electrical Engineering joined in to close the gap between scientific and technological progress and conventional disciplinary educational programs by setting up a interdisciplinary Research Master Program in Nanotechnology.

Research residency The French nanotechnologist Professor Marie-Paule Pileni is the winner of the 2004 Descartes-Huygens Prize, awarded by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences for her pioneering research on nanomaterials. The prize, a grant of € 23,000, is intended to cover the costs of a period of research residency in the Netherlands. Prof. Pileni will be working at MESA+ and the Faculty of Technical Sciences at the University of Twente.

Commercialization The number of MESA+ spin offs increased with two making a total of 27 companies in 2004: Nanomi, for the construction of equipment for generating monodisperse microemulsions. SmartTip, specializing in the design and production of special purpose SPM probes. Also see the Internet for the comprehensive list of MESA+ industrial partners (www.mesaplus.utwente.nl/partners/list_of_partners.doc). Dr. Hans van den Vlekkert of Lionix, a MESA+ spin off, received the Van den Kroonenberg award for best young entrepreneurship in 2004. Hans van den Vlekkert managed to establish a healthy business in the field of microsystems for integrated optics and micro fluidics within just a couple of years.

Dr. Hans van den Vlekkert

R E S E A R C H

Networks MESA+’s efforts on behalf of commercialization of science is also illustrated by a ‘Memorandum of Understanding’ with the Australian Institute ‘CRC for MicroTechnology’ in Melbourne, signed in 2004. The agreement aims at developing new products and from the laboratories introduce them onto the market. CRC has a lot of experience in establishing collaborations between leading research institutes, industry and government bodies. Both parties will be visiting each other and collaborating closely in the near future to better understand their respective strengths and capabilities. This is expected to result in joint business opportunities, a student exchange program between the two parties and the establishment of a collaborative research project.

Other Networks The ‘Sixth Framework Program’ of the European Community underlies the *Frontiers program, of which the successful kick-off meeting was in August 2004. Frontiers is a European ‘Network of Excellence’ aiming at European leadership in the field of research and innovation of nanaotechnology for life science applications. Frontiers is a partnership between 12 top research institutes in North West Europe, comprising a total of 200 scientists in various fields doing groundbreaking research at the interface between non-biological and biological entities.

*Frontiers partners MESA+ Institute for Micro-and Nanotechnology University Twente (NL) iNANO, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center University of Aarhus (DK) IRC in Nanotechnology University of Cambridge (UK) Department of Nanoscience Technical University Delft (NL) Interuniversitair Micro-Elektronica Centrum IMEC (BE) Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (DE) CeNTech GmbH (DE) Chalmers University of Technology (SE) Chemical Physics Department National Centre of Competence for Nano Science, NCCR (CH) Nanoscience Department Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (DE) Nano Science Group CEMES/CNRS (FR) University Münster (DE)

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ANNUAL

REPORT

2004

H I G H L I G H T S

A A M P

A P P L I E D A N A LY S I S & MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS Coupled-mode models of circular integrated optical microresonators The group Applied Analysis & Mathematical Physics conducts research and teaching activities in ordinary and partial differential equations, and in mathematical modeling of problems from the physical and technical sciences. Methods from nonlinear analysis (variational methods, bifurcation theory, dynamical system theory), small scale numerical calculations and computer-algebra are the main mathematical tools used to study partial differential equations from a series of different fields of applications. Present research projects are related to problems in fluid dynamics (mathematical support for hydrodynamic laboratories, coastal engineering, polymer flows), mathematical biology (population dynamics), and to inverse problems in seismology. The group contributes to MESA+ in two areas: Fluxons in coupled long Josephson junctions are investigated by the analysis of systems of coupled perturbed sine-Gordon equations. Research in optics considers the light propagation in nonhomogeneous linear and nonlinear dielectric media. The Maxwell equations of classical electrodynamics are to be solved for

Figure 1: Coupled mode theory simulation of a 2-D multimode microdisk resonator, transmission spectrum (a), and intensity profiles off-resonance (b), and at resonances corresponding to the fundamental (c) and first order cavity modes (d).

structures and devices from guided wave (integrated) optics or, more general, photonics.

Compact cylindrical microresonators are at present discussed as building-blocks for large-scale integrated optical components, typically for applications in optical telecommunications or optical sensing. Composite structures consisting of cascaded cavity elements or entire resonator arrays have been investigated. If made tunable by thermo- or electro-optical means, the microresonator filters can perform functions of modulators, routers, or switches in photonic chips related optical wavelength division multiplexing. A typical resonator element consists of a circular, ring- or disk-shaped dielectric cavity that is evanescently coupled to two parallel straight bus waveguides. The functioning is usually discussed on the basis of a frequency domain model, where the device is divided into two coupler regions around the points where the cavity and the straight waveguides are in closest proximity, connected by segments of the cavity core. The practical design of these resonators relies crucially on quantitatively accurate computer simulations. Here it turns out that the computational effort required for rigorous numerical discretizations of the Maxwell equations e.g. in terms of finite elements is prohibitively large. As an alternative, we investigated models of a partly analytical nature for the interaction between the optical waves in the cavity and in the bus waveguides. Based on a coupled mode ansatz and variational principles, these simulations implement directly the physical notions found in the standard treatment of microring-resonators. The work has been carried out in the framework of the EC-IST project NAIS (09/200109/2004), in cooperation with the Department of Guided-wave Photonics at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics, Academy of Sciences ofthe Czech Republic, Prague, and with the Integrated Optical MicroSystems group at MESA+. Simulation tools in two and three spatial dimensions have been realized; the code for the 3-D version has been licensed by the company C2V and will be commercialized under the (tentative) name Minos. 3

Figure 2: 3-D coupled mode theory results for a vertically coupled multimode microdisk device, transmission spectrum (a), and field plots for one of the coupler regions (b, c). The intensity profile at the lower level of the bus waveguides (b) shows the depleting of the wave in the straight core. At the higher level of the disk (c) one observes the beginning of the beating process of the cavity modes.

PUBLICATIONS: K.R. Hiremath, M. Hammer, R. Stoffer, L. Prkna, J. Ctyroky, "Analytic approach to dielectric optical bent slab waveguides", Optical and Quantum Electronics 37 (1-3), 37-61 (2005). K.R. Hiremath, M. Hammer, R. Stoffer, "Modeling of circular integrated optical microresonators by 2-D frequency domain coupled mode theory", Optics Communications (accepted for publication, 2005). R. Stoffer, K.R. Hiremath, M. Hammer, L. Prkna, J. Ctyroky, "Cylindrical integrated optical microresonators: Modeling by 3-D vectorial coupled mode theory", Optics Communications (accepted for publication, 2005).

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BCG

BIOCHIP GROUP “Proteomics on a chip” devices

The Biochip Group develops advanced instrumentation and microfluidic chips for unraveling the proteome. New advanced microfluidic approaches in combination with biosensor technologies will provide a solution to meet the stringent conditions required to separate protein mixtures and to detect a large number of protein interactions simultaneously and in real-time. Figure 1: Scheme of a “proteomics of a chip” approach

The challenge in proteomics is the fast analysis of the complete protein fingerprint expressed by the genes, in order to correlate the protein fingerprint to the timely status of the cells, organs and the whole body. Novel, high throughput analysis technologies need to be developed suited for the determination of thousands of compounds within a relatively short time frame. The Biochip Group aims to develop a novel “proteomics on a chip” device using advanced micro-fabrication technologies. The scheme of our approach is shown in figure 1. In this scheme sample preparation is carried out using miniaturized separation techniques, e.g. isoelectric focusing, followed by a gel electrophoresis separation step with imaging surface plasmon resonance (i-SPR) detection and (if required) additional confirmation with mass spectroscopy.

Future applications of this device include the discovery of disease biomarkers (autoimmune diseases, cardiac markers, Alzheimer disease, Multiple Sclerosis) and patient blood screening for these diseases. For these applications blood samples are first pretreated by separating the blood cells and/or cell debris and the remaining protein solutions are separated in a pH gradient according to the isoelectric focusing (IEF) principle (stage 1). In stage 2 an additional separation step can take place using electrophoresis. Detection with a microarray for identification is based on i-SPR (stage 3). Figure 2 and 3 show the scheme and first results of a new perpendicular address flow spotting device developed in our group. This semi-automatic spotting device is fully electro-osmotically controlled and is suited for spotting various, different ligands on the array surface. The device is a closed, completely liquid-filled system, which guarantees that the array spots are never exposed to air and never dry out, a common problem with current spotting devices. The arrays prepared with the spotting device can be used in the detector array (stage 3) of the “proteomics on a chip” device. The different microfluidic processes need to be fine tuned in the “proteomics on a chip” device and engineered in such a way that all steps can run smoothly. Zeta potential, wettability, surface charges and composition of (hydrogel) coatings and surface coverage of covalently coupled proteins are vital parameters to keep under control. Next to controlling surface parameters, microfluidic devices fabricated in silicon, glass and polymeric materials (PDMS) are in the focus of our research. Microarray fabrication, protein separation techniques and surface plasmon resonance imaging form the core of our activities, because we believe that the combination of imaging SPR and microfluidic devices will have an enormous impact in multi analyte diagnostics in the life sciences and will provide the key tools in unraveling biomolecular interactions on a large scale. Compared with conventional techniques, microfluidics has opened up breathtakenly interesting possibilities for relatively unstable protein complexes. The new iSPR microfluidic chips are of great value for future proteomics research. 3

Figure 2: Schematic representation of protein patterning on a microarray using DNA-coding [4]

Figure 3: Experimental results: overlay plot of the perpendicular address flow system [5].

PUBLICATIONS: 1. Besselink G.A.J., Vulto P., Lammertink R.G.H., Schlautmann S., Berg A. van den, Olthuis W., Engbers G.H.M. and Schasfoort, R.B.M. Electroosmotic guiding of sample flows in a laminar flow chamber, Electrophoresis, Vol. nr. 25, pp 3705-3711 (2004). 2. Besselink G.A.J., Kooyman R.P.H., van Os P.J.H.J., Engbers G.H.M. and Schasfoort R.B.M. Signal amplification on planar and gel-type sensor surfaces in surface plasmon resonance-based detection of prostate-specific antigen. Analytical Biochemistry Vol 333/1 pp 165-173 (2004). 3. Schasfoort R.B.M. Proteomics-on-a-chip: the challenge to couple lab-on-a-chip unit operations. Expert Rev. Proteomics 1(1), 123–132 (2004). 4. Schasfoort R.B.M. “Werkwijze en mengsel voor (bio)chemische analyse en synthese” University of Twente, Stichting voor Technische Wetenschappen, Patent Application Nr. NL 102 7633 Priority date: 1 December 2004. 5. Unnikrishnan S. Masters Thesis “Development of a perpendicular address flow microfluidic system for biosensor array patterning in proteomics-on-a-chip applications”, Enschede, 2005.

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B I O S

BIOS LAB-ON-A-CHIP Versatile micro NMR

The research in the BIOS Lab-on-a-chip group focuses on 4 main themes, viz. nanofluidics, analytical systems and sensor technology, microreactors and bioMEMS and cells on chip. The themes have clear links with the life sciences and chemistry, and the group's collaboration partners can therefore be found in these fields. A typical example of the work of the group is NMR with a microcoil integrated on a fluidic chip. NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, is a very popular analytical technique, used routinely by analytical and synthetic chemists, and in the imaging mode (MRI) also by biologists and medical specialists. Recent developments in this field focus on smaller and smaller sample volumes (down to the contents of a single cell) and on-line analysis of reagents and products of (parallel) chemical reactions, e.g. in drug screening in pharmaceutical research. The BIOS lab-on-a-chip group has developed a microfluidic chip that allows on-line analysis of sample volumes of less than 60 nl.

Recent years have seen an increased interest in the use of miniaturized systems for the study of chemical reactions. Advantages that these microreactors offer are improvements in heat exchange and mixing, or extremely high surface-to-volume ratios in microchannel reactors for heterogeneous catalysis. Another advantage is that integration of functional elements like active mixers and heaters or components for the real-time in-situ analysis of reaction intermediates and products has become possible due to the developments in the field of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). BIOS has developed a microreactor glass chip with optimised integrated planar metalfilm microcoils for the excitation and detection of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signals. Coupling NMR microcoils directly to a microreactor provides spectroscopic information that will allow both the identification and quantification of chemical species in the microreactor. The chip shown in figure 1 includes a simple micromixer structure. The spectral resolution achieved with the chip was of the order of 0.02 ppm, measured in a 60 MHz NMR machine with in-house developed pulsed-NMR electronics. In cooperation with the SMCT group at MESA+, the chip was used to study the kinetics of a simple reaction, i.e. imine formation from benzaldehyde and aniline. Figure 2 shows a number of spectra at different reaction times, each spectrum collected from 32 NMR scans. From these spectra, reactant and product concentrations could be derived, and the reaction kinetic constant be calculated. Current research on the topic is carried out in cooperation with the Department of Physical Chemistry and Solid-state NMR at Radboud University Nijmegen and the SMCT group at MESA+, the main future goals being improvement of signal-to-noise ratio of the NMR detection on microfluidic chips, and enhanced funtionality of the chips by integration of microfluidic and microelectronic components on the chip. 3

Figure 1: The glass NMR chip with planar micro coil. Chip size is 1 cm by 1.5 cm; channel width underneath coil is 500 Âľm.

Figure 2: Proton NMR spectra taken at different reaction times.

PUBLICATIONÂĄ: H. Wensink, F. Benito-Lopez, Dorothee C. Hermes, W. Verboom, J.G.E. Gardeniers, D.N. Reinhoudt, A. van den Berg, Measuring reaction kinetics in a lab-on-a-Chip by microcoil NMR, Lab on a Chip 5 (2005) pp. 280-284.

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BIOPHYSICAL ENGINEERING Visualization and biophysics of biomolecular assemblies

The Biophysical Engineering Group is a multidisciplinary research group operating at the interfaces of physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Our research activities draw upon our expertise in the interaction of light with biological matter to probe the complexities of functional biological systems. The range of our investigations spans the elucidation of structure-function relationships at the single molecule level, advanced imaging of complex molecular organization, quantitative biology at the cellular level, and analytical and diagnostic imaging of functional tissue. Our research program addresses both fundamental and applied questions in nano- and micro-scale biomolecular science and technology.

A major interest of the group is in the misfolding and aggregation of proteins, and in particular the Parkinson’s disease related protein α-synuclein. We use advanced imaging and spectroscopy methods to investigate the kinetics, morphology, interactions, and mechanical properties of the protein and of the aggregate species characteristic of the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. We have developed and used hybrid methods combining ultra-high resolution scanning probe microscopy and optical microscopy to visualize and interrogate the organization of biomolecules. Thus we have been able to visualize (Fig 1), with unprecedented resolution, the organization of photosynthetic complexes in a native membrane, revealing the relative positions and distributions of the photosynthetic complexes. The study illuminates details of the complex organization of the network, showing that the membrane is composed of specialized domains with individual organizations.

Scale bar 10 nm Figure 1: Native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane. The figure is a three-dimensional representation of an atomic force image of a multicomponent photosynthetic membrane. LH2 rings are marked by asterisks; the green circle surrounds an LH2 complex sandwiched between 2 RC-LH1-PufX complexes. The green arrows indicate contact points for energy transfer between LH2 and RC-LH1-PufX complexes.

Further applications are to the visualization of amyloid fibrils from the protein α-synuclein (Fig 2). 3

Figure 2: Amyloid fibrils from α-synuclein Scanning probe microscopy enables visualization of the morphology of amyloid fibrils formed from the Parkinson’s disease related protein α-synuclein. The helical nature of the fibrils is clearly visible in the images.

18 PUBLICATIONS: Svetlana Bahatyrova et al, The native architecture of a photosynthetic membrane, Nature 430, 1058-1062 (2004). Roel Kassies et al, Combined AFM and confocal microscope for applications in bio-nanotechnology, Journal of Microscopy, 217, 109-116 (2005).

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C A

C H E M I C A L A N A LY S I S Multi-Dimensional Fluorescence Detection for On-Chip Separations Currently, the miniaturisation of analytical methods and systems is a steadily increasing field of interest. Especially for bio-analytical applications where often only small sample amounts are available, 'lab-on-chip' technology has turned out to be a promising tool, e.g., for small-scale separations or immunoassays. Therefore, the Chemical Analysis (CA) group is developing detection systems for on-chip separations, which allow both a lateral as well as a spectral resolution of separated (bio)analytes. Apart from optical detection techniques, CA also investigates the field of new ionisation techniques related to mass spectrometry (MS). This comprises on the one hand the determination of non-polar analytes that have not been amenable to atmospheric pressure ionisation MS before, and on the other hand the investigation and elucidation of (bio)chemical redox processes. A further important topic is the screening of enzymatic activities by means of

Figure 1: Spectrally resolved detection of a rapid on-chip separation of three rhodamine dyes

mass spectrometry as well as the development of bioassays allowing the simultaneous analysis of several analytes.

Along with the total size of analytical systems, light paths and detection volumes are becoming smaller and smaller as well. Many detection principles have been applied to micro-fluidic systems, but due to its very high sensitivity and selectivity fluorescence spectroscopy has turned out to be the predominant detection method in these fields. However, regarding complex samples, standard laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) systems often show to be insufficiently flexible, and they do not always provide as much information about the analytes as would be needed. We are developing a new powerful and flexible detector set-up consisting of a fluorescence microscope, a spectrograph and a light-intensified CCD camera. The microscope is used both to focus the excitation light generated by a xenon-burner onto the microchip or onto the capillary and for collecting the emission light, respectively. Within the spectrograph, the light is dispersed and the generated spectrum is projected onto the CCD. This set-up enables the recording of online fluorescence emission spectra for various liquid separation techniques (on-chip CE, CE, HPLC). Detection frequencies of up to 60 Hz ideally cope with fast separations that are carried out in micro-fluidic devices. Three rhodamine dyes on a CE microchip could be separated in less than seven seconds (Fig. 1), and baseline separation occurred within a distance of 3 mm after the injection crossing on the microchip. A complete online emission spectrum was recorded every 0.02 seconds (Fig. 1). With this set-up, an information-rich detector, comparable to diode-array detection in UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, suitable for rapid micro-separations has been introduced. Further research activities will be directed to the simultaneous detection of multi-channel separations. 3

PUBLICATIONS: Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) - A new tool to study drug metabolism and reaction mechanisms, U. Karst, Angewandte Chemie-International Edition 43, 2476-2478 (2004). Reaction monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed ester cleavage by time-resolved fluorescence and electrospray mass spectrometry: method development and comparison, T. Steinkamp, A. Liesener and U. Karst, Analytical and Bionanalytical Chemistry 378, 1124-1128 (2004). Ferrocenoyl piperazide as derivatizing agent for the analysis of isocyanates and related compounds using liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (LC/EC/MS), B. Seiwert, H. Henneken and U. Karst, Journal of the American Chemical Society for Mass Spectrometry 15, 1727-1736 (2004).

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T E S TA B L E D E S I G N A N D T E S T I N G O F NANOSYSTEMS Built-In Self-Test for Small Delay-Faults in High-Speed Systems-on-Chip The research of the CADTES TDT group deals with the conception of new methods, supported by the design of dedicated hardware and associated software tools, to ensure the quality of high-performance multi-domain nanosystems at low costs. Multi-domain systems incorporate nanoelectronics (voltage/current domain) for control and vast signal processing, in possible combination with other domains (e.g. fluidic or magnetic) for e.g. chemical reactions and fast flux logic. The implementation of these systems can be in the form of a single chip or in a System-in-Package. To obtain cost-effective quality assurance of hybrid nanosystems is considered to be the major bottle neck in the future for their massive commercialization (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor 2003).

An example of our research is for instance dealing with 4K Josephson logic (magnetic flux as logic carrier) devices in the MESA+ SRO TeraHertz, where test chips were designed and evaluated to establish fault models and detection hardware to facilitate systematic efficient testing of e.g. ADCs for software radio and yield enhancement in this technology. As another example, in the framework of NoE PATENT dealing with nano manufacture, fault simulations of FlowFETS at device as well as system level (DNA Biosensing Array, including fluidics and nanoelectronics) have been carried out by us in cooperation with the MESA+ Biosensing group and other international partners. This research enables nanosystem designers to take measures during design for guaranteeing their overall quality. The approach can be used in many multi-domain applications. In the framework of the SRO TeraHertz, and in cooperation with Alcatel Antwerp via STW, an innovative design was made for on-chip testing of extremely small delays (10 ps) in digital high-speed Systems-on-Chip (SoC) communication interfaces. To synchronize different SoCs on a printed-circuit board with each other, their different clocks have to be synchronized. For this synchronization, a programmable delay line is being used at the receiving inputs of SoCs. The problem is that these delay-lines provide extremely small (analogue!) delays which have to be within tight limits to operate properly. Previously, it was not possible to guarantee these delays, and hence in industry only after indirect functional tests (e.g. no synchronisation) this could be deduced. The approach uses an oscillation-based technique, thereby avoiding complex test-signal generation and response evaluation. For determining the subsequent delays, several signals are simultaneously used and processed, to circumvent measurement errors and external influences. It is controllable via the IEEE 1149.1 Boundary-Scan protocol. Measurements by the IMS IntegraTest verification system at the MESA Test Centre showed the correct operation of the designed delay selftest hardware. 3

20 PUBLICATIONS: O. Petre. Test Strategies for High-Speed Synchronization Interfaces, Ph.D. thesis, University of Twente, ISBN: 90-365-2022-3, 2004, 158 pages. O. Petre and H.G. Kerkhoff, Scan Test Strategy for AsynchronousSynchronous Interfaces, in Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications (JETTA), ISSN 0923-8174, Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 639-645.

Figure 1: CADENCE Virtuoso layout view of the complete BIST part design for 10ps delay resolution

Figure 2: Actual implementation of the digital selftesting chip in UMC 180nm CMOS technology

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C M S

C O M P U TA T I O N A L M A T E R I A L S S C I E N C E Quantum transport through nanowires

Understanding the magnetic, optical, electrical and structural properties of solids in terms of their chemical composition and atomic structure by numerically solving the quantum mechanical equations describing the motion of the electrons is the central research activity of the group Computational Materials Science. When the equations contain no input from experiment other than the fundamental physical constants (charge and mass of the electron, Planck's constant and the speed of light), then it is possible to make statements about the properties of systems which are difficult to characterize experimentally or which have not yet been made. This is especially important as

Figure 1: Sodium nanowire consisting of four atoms between two sodium bulk electrodes.

experimentalists begin to make hybrid structures approaching the nanoscale. The starting point for theoretical investigations in the CMS group is a ground state calculation carried out in the framework of Density Functional Theory. This results in a (meta-)stable atomic structure together with an electronic charge density, single-particle eigenvalue spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunctions. These serve as input for studies of single-particle excitations based on the so-called "GW" approximation of many-body theory or for quantum transport studies based on calculations of the scattering matrix within the Landauer-B端ttiker formalism.

The ultimate miniaturization in electronics is realized when single molecules and nanowires are used as rectifiers, transistors and interconnects. The CMS group has developed a scheme in which the conductance of a nanowire bonded between two metal electrodes is calculated from first principles, taking into account the atomic structure of electrodes and wire. Electron transport is treated as a quantum mechanical scattering problem, where electron waves coming from one electrode are (partially) transmitted through the wire into the second electrode. The smallest possible nanowire has a cross section of one atom and experiments indicate that the conductance oscillates as a function of the length of the wire. Calculations show that sodium atomic wires consisting of an odd number of atoms have a conductance close to the maximum of one conductance quantum, whereas even numbered wires have a 15% lower conductance. This behavior is explained in terms of the bonding/anti-bonding resonances of the wires. 3

Figure 2: The calculated conductance G = dl/dV (in units of the conductance quantum 2e2/h ) at low bias voltage V as function of the number of atoms in the wire. In the lower curve the direct tunneling between the electrodes through the vacuum is subtracted.

PUBLICATIONS: P. A. Khomyakov and G. Brocks, Phys. Rev. B 70 (2004) 146405. P. A. Khomyakov, G. Brocks, V. Karpan, M. Zwierzycki and P. J. Kelly, Phys. Rev. B 72 (2005) 035450.

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COMPLEX PHOTONIC SYSTEMS Control over the emission of light

The Complex Photonic Systems (COPS) group studies light propagation in ordered and disordered photonic materials. We investigate photonic bandgap materials, random lasers, diffusion and Anderson localization of light. We have recently pioneered novel 3D photonic materials, so-called “inverse opals”. Novel photonic nanostructures are fabricated mostly in the MESA+ cleanroom. Optical experiments are an essential aspect of our research, which COPS combines with a theoretical understanding of the properties of light. Our curiosity driven research is of interest to various industrial partners, and to applications in medical and biophysical imaging.

In 1987, the American researcher Eli Yablonovitch proposed theoretically that emission of light can be completely controlled in certain nanostructures known as photonic crystals. This prediction was the beginning of extensive worldwide research on photonic crystals that are believed to be the basis for future 'optical integrated circuits' where information is encoded in light instead of electrons. We have shown for the first time that both the direction and time of light emission can be controlled. The results will have important applications for efficient miniature lasers and LEDs, solar cells and on a longer term for quantum computers. Photonic crystals are nanostructures that consist of two periodically ordered materials with different refractive indices. The refractive index in a photonic crystal varies periodically on a length scale of the order of the wavelength of light. Light with specific wavelengths is prohibited from propagating along certain directions. This effect is analogous to Bragg diffraction of x-rays in (atomic) crystals. The larger the refractive index difference between the two materials of the photonic crystal, the more extremely light is influenced. In the extreme situation when light cannot propagate along any direction, we have a photonic bandgap. Emission of light is completely suppressed in such a bandgap. In contrast, emission can be enhanced for wavelengths outside the bandgap. Photonic crystals therefore provide the ultimate tool for manipulation of light. We have manufactured photonic crystals consisting of a 3D periodic structure of air holes (Figure 1). The typical size of a crystal is 1 mm3, so that it contains millions of unit cells. To study emission, we infiltrated the crystals with nanoparticles made from the semiconductor material CdSe, in collaboration with the group of Vanmaekelbergh in Utrecht. The CdSe nanoparticles emit light in the same way as atoms and are therefore referred to as 'artificial atoms', or quantum dots. In contrast to real atoms, the properties of quantum dots, such as their emission wavelength, are controlled in the fabrication process. In optical experiments we excited the quantum dots with a picosecond light pulse. Subsequently we measured the time of emission of the photons and the direction of propagation. Figure 2 displays measurements of the decay in time of the intensity emitted from quantum dots in photonic crystals. Our results clearly demonstrate that the spontaneous emission lifetime can be both extended and shortened with a photonic crystal, in agreement with theoretical predictions. Variations in the lifetime of more than a factor 3 are observed. These measurements are the first experimental verification of the prediction by Yablonovitch that started the field of photonic crystals. 3

PUBLICATIONS: P. Lodahl, A.F. van Driel, I.S. Nikolaev, A. Irman, K. Overgaag, D. Vanmaekelbergh, and W.L. Vos, Controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emission from quantum dots by photonic crystals, Nature 430, 654-657 (2004). B.P.J. Bret and A. Lagendijk, Anisotropic enhanced backscattering induced by anisotropic diffusion, Phys. Rev. E 70, 036601:1-5 (2004).

Figure 1: Scanning electron microscope image of an inverse opal photonic crystal consisting of airspheres (black holes) in a titania structure (white material).

Figure 2: Time-resolved emission from quantum dots in photonic crystals with varying lattice parameters. The first part of the decay curves is influenced by emission from titania. After 5 ns the emission is dominated by the quantum dots. The lifetime is determined from the slope of the decay curves.

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I C D

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DESIGN Communication Transceivers in CMOS Technology

The research of the Integrated Circuit Design group focus is on integrated transceivers for wireless, wire-line and optical communication in CMOS technology. We have a close co-operation with industry, where CMOS technology is the most important technology today. Driven by Moore's law, minimum transistor sizes of less than 100 nanometer and oxide thicknesses of only a few nanometer are now reality in mass production. This brings cheap multi-Gigahertz transistors, but also low supply voltages and many other problems, making traditional circuit solutions impossible or less effective. Where other MESA+ research groups focus on technological solutions via material and device innovations, we look for innovative integrated circuit architectures compatible with mainstream CMOS technology, trying to solve present and upcoming problems.

During the previous years we built up expertise on communication transceivers and worked on the key required building blocks, accumulating in 4 major papers in 2004 on, respectively, low noise amplifiers [1], oscillators [2], mixers [3], and frequency synthesizers [4].

Figure 1: Chip Photograps of a 43GHz oscillator, designed in 130 nm CMOS technology. The U shaped structures are inductors.

In [1], a noise canceling technique, introduced by us in 2002, is analyzed in detail to explore the limits of the achievable noise figure and bandwidth. This technique is currently incorporated in industrial satellite reception circuit designs. In [2], we explored the possibilities to exploit the high frequency potential of CMOS. We demonstrated that robust oscillator operation at a frequency of 43GHz is possible in 130nm CMOS technology [3]. Interestingly, it is no longer the quality of the integrated inductors that limits the performance, but of the variable capacitors used to tune the frequency. This allows for realizing very compact and hence cheap inductors, not much bigger than the size of the bonding pad (see figure 1). In [3] we address the problem of low supply voltages, which seriously degrades the performance of traditional mixer circuits. A new "switched transconductor" concept exploit plain digital switches to realize a mixer, which can work at much lower supply voltages, directly compatible with the digital CMOS circuits. Finally we proposed a frequency synthesizer with an innovative phase detector in [4]. Used in a clock multiplier unit, very low timing uncertainty is demonstrated, making it suitable for optical communication applications. 3

PUBLICATIONS: [1] Bruccoleri, F., Klumperink, E.A.M., Nauta, B., "Wide-Band CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier Exploiting Thermal-Noise Canceling" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 39(2), 275 -282 (2004). [2] Wel, A.P. van der, Gierkink, S.L.J., Frye, R, Boccuzzi, V, Nauta, B., "A Robust 43 GHz VCO in CMOS for OC-768 SONET Applications" IEEE Journal of SolidState Circuits, Vol 39(7), 1159-1163 (2004). [3] Klumperink, E.A.M., Louwsma, S.M., Wienk, G.J.M., Nauta, B., "A CMOS Switched Transconductor Mixer" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 39(8), 1231-1240 (2004). [4] Beek, R.C.H. van de , Vaucher, C.S., Leenaerts, D.W., Klumperink, E.A.M., Nauta, B., "A 2.5-to-10 GHz Clock Multiplier Unit with 0.22 ps RMS jitter" IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 39(11), 1862-1872 (2004).

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INORGANIC MATERIALS SCIENCE Enhanced surface diffusion through termination conversion The research group Inorganic Materials Science of the Faculty Science and Technology is involved in different aspects of the science and technology of advanced inorganic materials on the nano-scale. Our primary goal is to elucidate the effects of size, structure, and interface of atomically controlled nanostructures made from (sometimes artificially constructed) complex materials, with special attention to properties such as electronic and ionic conductivity, spin polarization, and ferroelectricity. At first sight, the exhibited phenomena look very diverse but, and this is the uniqueness of the materials that are under investigation. The elements that control these phenomena, such as carrier doping and strong correlation of the carriers, are universal in these materials. It is expected that these effects become extremely large if one can realize them in systems of which the dimensions approach the characteristic length scales of the long-range order, which is often in the 1-100 nanometer range. Research in this area therefore requires utilization of nano-engineering techniques. ‘Nano’ in this case refers to the dimensions of the structures, film-thicknesses, nanoparticles, or the precision aimed at certain operations. To our opinion, it has unique potentials in this field of nano-technology. By scaling down the device dimensions and increasing their speed, interesting challenges and new opportunities come across.

During the last decade a tremendous progress has been made in the fabrication of (complex) oxide thin films. To name a few, these are the epitaxial growth technique, understanding of the properties of their defect structure, atomic-level control of their layering, the manipulation of the oxygen contents and dopant densities, etc.. With our development of pulsed laser deposition with control at an atomic level using highpressure reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) we are able to control and manipulate the growth of these complex materials. This enables the design and construction of artificial materials on demand and new opportunities become available for novel device concepts.

The possibility to use building blocks of complex materials (complex means materials build of more than 2 elements) enables the design of artificial superstructures with atomically sharp interfaces with enhanced functionalities. At present, extremely sharp and homogeneous interfaces can be realized and this is, for example, yet utilized in magnetic tunnel junctions using strontium ruthenate (SrRuO3). During the initial growth of the ferromagnetic oxide SrRuO3 on TiO2-terminated SrTiO3, we observe a self-organized conversion of the terminating atomic layer from RuO2 to SrO, i.e., B-site to A-site. This conversion induces an abrupt change in growth mode from layer-by-layer to growth by step advancement. This enables the growth of single crystalline and single domain thin films. This study shows that manipulation of the terminating atomic layer and, consequently, the interfaces in heteroepitaxial structures is feasible. 3

PUBLICATION: G. Rijnders, D.H.A. Blank, J. Choi, C.B. Eom, “Enhanced surface diffusion through termination conversion during epitaxial SrRuO3 growth,” Appl. Phys. Lett., 84 [4] 505-07 (2004).

Figure caption: RHEED intensity (a) recorded during growth of SrRuO3 at 600 °C on a TiO2-terminated SrTiO3 substrate. At the initial stage, the intensity oscillations indicate layer-by-layer growth, whereas after the termination conversion (B-site to A-site) a step-flow growth is observed, indicated by the steady RHEED intensity. The RHEED patterns recorded before and after growth are depicted in (b) and (c), respectively. The surface morphology of a 50 nm thick Sr-terminated SrRuO3 is shown in the AFM micrograph (d). The step-terraced surface results from the step-flow growth on a vicinal substrate. The perovskite stacking sequence of a magnetic tunnel junction with 6 unit-cell layers of SrTiO3 as the barrier between SrRuO3 electrodes is shown in (e).

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I O M S

INTEGRATED OPTICAL MICROSYSTEMS Polymeric Waveguides with Rare-Earth-Doped Nanoparticles for Optical Amplification The Integrated Optical Microsystems group performs research on planar optical waveguide devices for optical communication and optical sensing applications. These “optical chips” are realized in the MESA+ clean room facilities. Siliconoxynitrides and photonic polymers are applied as waveguide materials in combination with silicon wafers as substrates. For nanophotonic structures like photonic crystals, silicon on insulator is used. Optical microringresonators are frequently selected as compact building blocks for the realization of complex integrated optical circuits. Apart from passive devices like wavelength filters, active devices like tunable filters, optical switches and modulators are realized. To this end, thermo-optic, electro-optic and optical amplification effects are utilized. A new research line in our group is the fabrication, micro- and nano-structuring, optical and spectroscopic investigation of actively doped dielectric materials for gain, lasing, light amplification and modulation in integrated optics.

The Erbium Doped Optical Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) has been one of the key factors in the success of optical fiber communications. This has stimulated the research of Erbium and other rare earth doped materials for planar optical waveguide amplifiers. Although our siliconoxynitrides and photonic polymers have attractive passive and thermo-optic waveguide properties, they are poor hosts for the rare earths. LaF3, on the other hand, is a very good host. However, due to its crystalline nature, it cannot easily be shaped to optical waveguides. By incorporating rare-earth-doped LaF3 crystals into photonic polymers, we combine the advantages of the two material systems. We used nano-sized crystals to avoid light scattering. These were equipped with organic ligands to allow dissolution in the polymers (fig. 1). The nanoparticles were prepared by the SMCT group of MESA+. Stimulated emission at the data communication wavelength of 863 nm could be demonstrated in a hybrid siliconnitride waveguide core covered with a LaF3: Nd nanoparticle doped polymethylmethacrylate cladding. After shaping this material by reactive ion etching to waveguide cores, we could measure optical gain at the telecom wavelength of 1319 nm (fig. 3). Taking advantage of the photocrosslinking properties of some polymer systems, we realized waveguide channels by direct photodefinition in epoxy polymers (fig. 2). These channels also showed gain at 1319 nm. 3

Figure 1: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the LaF 3 :Nd nanoparticles used in our experiments. The crystalline nature of the particles is shown in the top left of the image. A schematic of a nanoparticle with ligands is shown in the bottom left of the image.

Figure 2: Scanning electron microscope ( SEM) image of a 2-µm wide, nanoparticle-doped, photodefined epoxy waveguide, in the insert clearly the nanoparticles can be seen.

25 Figure 3: Experimental gain curve obtained at 1319 nm. PUBLICATION: R. Dekker, D.J. W. Klunder, A. Borreman, M.B.J. Diemeer, K. Wörhoff, A. Driessen, J.W. Stouwdam and F.C.M. van Veggel, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 85, nr. 25, pp. 6104-6106, (2004).

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LOW TEMPERATURE DIVISION New Superconducting Quantum-Electronic Device

The research activities of the Low Temperature division are oriented towards ‘Applied Superconductivity’ in a broad sense. On the one hand they deal with application-oriented research, such as development of superconducting devices, systems and high current applications, including the development of necessary supporting technologies. On the other hand they cover more fundamental research areas like materials research on superconductors and related materials, device physics and mathematical modeling. This all takes place in close feedback between fundamental and applied research and technology development.

Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs) are known as the worlds most sensitive detectors for a large variety of physical quantities, such as magnetic field, electrical currents and voltages, or displacements. They also form the basic elements in ultrafast superconducting (quantum)-logic circuitry. An outstanding feature of the SQUID is the fact that its operation is based on a quantization phenomenon. As the wave function describing the superconducting state is phase-coherent over the entire superconductor, its phase can only change by integer multiples of 2π when going around a closed ring. The phase change is directly related to the magnetic flux enclosed by the ring, whereby a 2π phase change corresponds to one flux-quantum φo=2x10-15 Tm2. Further phase-changes ∆φ are related to the supercurrent I flowing through Josephson junctions incorporated in the SQUID ring, through the Josephson equation I = Icsin ∆φ, with Ic the junctions' critical current. As a result the maximal supercurrent that can flow through the SQUID is a periodic function of the applied magnetic flux, with a maximum value at zero applied field and a periodicity of 1φ0. Remarkable changes in the SQUID characteristics can be invoked by including phase shifting elements in the ring. This can be achieved by exploiting the unconventional 'd-wave' symmetry properties of the high-Tc cuprate superconductors. We have done this in such a way that a π/2 phase shift is incorporated in the SQUID, of which the sign can be controllably toggled. A schematic of this device is presented in Figure 1. As a result, the SQUID characteristics can be switched between two complementary states, as seen in Figure 2. This bistability can be used as a basis for superconducting memory elements, like flip-flops or programmable logic. Furthermore it presents a practical realization of a qubit-proposal made on theoretical grounds by a group at the ETH Zurich (Ioffe et al., Nature 1999). The research will continue on both the classical as well as the quantum-electronic operation of such devices. 3

26 PUBLICATION: H.J.H. Smilde, Ariando, H. Rogalla and H. Hilgenkamp, 'Bistable superconducting quantum interference device with built-in switchable pi/2 phase shift', Applied Physics Letters 85, 4091 (2004).

Figure 1: Schematic of the switchable 1/2π-SQUID. From substrate to top layer the structure consist of a tetra-layer of YBa2Cu3O7 (red)-SrTiO3 (green)YBa2Cu3O7-SrTiO3 , a Au barrier (not visible) and Nb counter-electrode (blue).

Figure 2: Critical current versus magnetic field for a standard SQUID ('0') and the two complementary states 'π/2' and '–π/2' of the switchable 1/2 π-SQUID

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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY O F P O LY M E R S Single Molecule Fluoresence Studies of Polymer Segment Dynamics in Thin Films Research in the group Materials Science and Technology of Polymers is focused on the molecular level understanding, manipulation and control of polymeric materials. Work is carried out in three clusters including (1) engineering and analysis of polymer surfaces and interfaces, nanotechnology, nanofabrication, and self-assembly; (2) morphology development and molecular order of polymers on the nanoscale; and (3) materials chemistry of polymers with defined molecular and mesoscopic structures with special attention to inorganic and organometallic polymers.

Swift technological progress and instrument development allows one for more than a decade to isolate light waves emitted by single molecules and study their photophysical characteristics. Such single emitters also serve as “nanoreporters” when embedded in materials and can provide information on the structure and dynamics of their surroundings on the molecular scale, for example in polymers. Recently, increasing attention is paid to segmental dynamics in polymer films motivated by the applications of such films in microelectronics, lithography, and nanotechnology. Polymers have been demonstrated to exhibit different chain dynamics behavior when confined into the geometry of ultrathin films, as compared to the bulk. In a collaborative project carried out together with the group of Prof. Niek van Hulst (Optical Techniques, MESA+) we are employing single molecule fluorescence methods to study local, segmental scale dynamics in thin polymer films. By monitoring single molecule fluorescence lifetime fluctuations (Figure 1) we were able to determine the number of polymer segments taking part in a rearrangement volume (Ns) during dynamic relaxation. Corresponding results provided us information on local polymer segment mobility, and its variation with temperature and with changes in confinement conditions. For example, for thin films of polystyrene, below a critical film thickness (~60 nm) a decrease of the value of Ns was observed with decreasing film thickness (Figure 2). The decrease of Ns is caused by enhanced segment dynamics at the free surface of the polymer film. It was found that the effects the surface region has on the segment dynamics propagate deep into the polymer sample over distances larger than the radius of gyration of the polymer used (Rg=10 nm) even at temperatures far below the glass transition temperature. 3

Figure 1: a) Scheme of a single fluorescent molecule embedded in a polymer matrix. b) The fluorescence lifetime is recorded in time. c) A 5 x 5 µm2 fluorescence intensity scan of single emitters embedded in a 200 nm thick polystyrene film. The color scale is related to the molecular orientation of the single chromophores.

Figure 2: The value of the number of polymer segments in the rearrangement volume around the single molecule emitters as a function of polystyrene film thickness.

PUBLICATION: Tomczak, N.; Vallée, R. A. L.; van Dijk, E. M. H. P.; Kuipers, L.; van Hulst, N. F.; Vancso, G. J. Segment dynamics in thin polystyrene films probed by single molecule optics, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 4748.

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OPTICAL TECHNIQUES Molecular Photonic Wires

The research of the Optical Techniques group is focused on NanoPhotonics: The physics of light in and around nanostructures, single molecules, molecular complexes, etc. By proper control on the nanometer scale sub-wavelength light fields are created where large (imaginary) wave vectors dominate, resulting in strong field confinement, “forbidden” light, photon tunneling and possibly breaking of selection rules.

In the nanoworld single molecules are the ideal detectors of both local optical fields and environmental dynamics, as reflected in the blinking, quantum jumps and fluctuations of the emitted stream of photons. Sub-wavelength fields and single molecules are the basic ingredients of our specific research directions and applications: Near field optics and field shaping n Single emitters in sub-wavelength fields n Local field enhancement & plasmonic field shaping n Negative index materials Single molecular photonics Collectivity & energy transfer in molecular wires n Ultrafast single molecule detection n Manipulation of spontaneous emission n

Figure 1: A perylene polyisocyanide SupraMolecular photonic wire. Short wires show green emission and the characteristic dynamics of weakly coupled perylene molecules. In longer wires (up to 500 nm) excimers are formed acting as sinks for excitons and being responsible for the strongly red shifted emission.

NanoPhotonics in molecular biology and chemistry Organisation & dynamics of proteins on membranes n Nanoscale dynamics of polymer networks n Molecular nanostructures at surfaces n

NanoPhotonic structures Local fields, fs pulses in photonic structures n Single emitters in photonic (bandgap) structures n

Multichromophoric systems are promising as molecular scale photonic and/or electronic wires. In fact the natural light harvesting complex is a splendid and inspiring example of efficient photonic energy transfer. Can we do better? In collaboration with the Nolte group (RUNijmegen) we investigate long perylene polyisocyanide photonic wires, where strong excitonic coupling between the highly organised perylene side chains of the polymer competes with excimer formation [1]. In collaboration with the Reinhoudt group (MESA+) we systematically examine 1, 2, 3-mers with strong coherent coupling that show substantial superradiance even at room temperature [2]. Finally expanding on biological structures [3] we collaborate with the Sauer group (Bielefeld) to exploit DNA as a scaffold to build a cascade of chromophores that shows unidirectional energy transfer over 13 nm [4]. In all these approaches, to resolve the wide range of static disorder, the detection of individual wires has proven essential. 3

Figure 2: Molecular photonic wire (13.4 nm) based on DNA as rigid scaffold with 5 fluorophores that form an energy transfer cascade. The excitation spectrum shows transfer through the wire, generating red emission of the last dye.

28 PUBLICATIONS (ON PHOTONIC WIRES): [1] J.Hernando, P.deWitte, E.vanDijk, R.Nolte, A.Rowan, M. GarcíaParajó, N.vanHulst, Angew.Chem.Int.Ed., 53, 4045 (2004). [2] J. Hernando, J.Hoogenboom, E.vanDijk, J. GarcíaLopez, M.CregoCalama, D.Reinhoudt, N.vanHulst, M.GarcíaParajó Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 236404 (2004). [3] G.SánchezMosteiro, M.Koopman, E.vanDijk, J.Hernando, N.vanHulst, M.GarcíaParajó ChemPhysChem 5, 1782 (2004). [4] M.Heilemann, P.Tinnefeld, G. Sanchez Mosteiro, M.García Parajó, N.vanHulst, M.Sauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 6514 (2004).

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SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS Single-electron effects in MOS transistors

The research program of Semiconductor Components (SC) deals with silicon technology and devices. The silicon technology research focuses on IC process steps, in particular thin film deposition. New device concepts are studied, such as sensors, hot spots and light emission from silicon. A large program exists on device physics and the reliability of integrated circuits and their components. Through measurements and modeling, a contribution is made to the better understanding and predictability of failure mechanisms inside integrated circuits. The group has strong ties with Philips, ASM International, and the MESA+ groups IC-design and Solid State Physics.

The performance of integrated circuits is affected by low frequency noise. In advanced MOS transistors, single electrons captured and released from traps in the gate oxide or at the Si-SiO2 interface are responsible for a random fluctuation in the drain-current. In our work we have focused on the time-domain properties of these Random Telegraph Signals or RTS-noise. The well known spectral properties of LF noise can be calculated from the time domain results. Within the STW-project Reduction of 1/f-noise by swiched biassing, Jay Kolhatkar has been able to accurately predict the reduction in LF noise that can be obtained by periodically switching a transistor between the ON-state and the OFF state. His model is based on the Shockley - Read - Hall theory.

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The RTS signal can be characterized by the average low-time, the average high-time and the amplitude of the signal. These three parameters uniquely determine the LF noise in the transistor. Periodically switching the transistor OFF changes the average low and high times, thus changing the LF-noise behavior. We have devised a new method to experimentally determine the exponential change in the trap occupancy after switching the transistor in both the ON and the OFF transient. The latter is a novel indirect measurement because it is not possible to measure noise in the OFF state since no drain current is flowing. Using these experimental data as input for our model we have shown that the LF noise can be physically described by three extracted trap parameters; the trap-energy, its distance from the Si-SiO2 interface and the capture cross-section. Our model accurately predicts the dependence of the LF noise under large signal excitation (periodic OFF â&#x20AC;&#x201C;switching) on the gate voltage, the switching frequency and the duty cycle. 3

PUBLICATION: J. S. Kolhatkar, E. Hoekstra, C. Salm, A. P. van der Wel, E. A. M. Klumperink, J. Schmitz, H. Wallinga, Modeling of RTS noise in MOSFETs under steady-state and large-signal excitation, IEDM Tech. Dig., pp. 759 - 762, December 2004.

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SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Molecular Capsules on a Molecular Printboard

The Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology group (SMCT) targets the preparation and characterization of well-defined assemblies of molecules. Fields of applications of such assemblies are nanotechnology, single molecule science, sensor technology, and nuclear waste treatment. Current projects include: supramolecular chemistry at interfaces, nanolithography, multivalency in host-guest chemistry, single molecule chemistry, fluorescent sensor arrays, microfluidics, and ligand synthesis for radionuclei. Most of these are related to nanotechnology as they strive for the control over the preparation, strength, and positioning of molecular assemblies at the single molecule level. Recent achievements have been: the development of molecular printboards (shown here), the inkless nanolithography using catalytically active stamps and tips, an array of fluorescent sensors built of small components, bilayer vesicles that bind guest molecules, and a highly selective self-assembled extractant for radioactive radium ions.

Currently there is considerable interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology focused on the development of functional supramolecular materials for applications as (bio)sensors, electronical or optical devices. Considerable efforts have been devoted to the noncovalent synthesis of molecular containers possessing a confined space for the stabilization of reactive intermediates for drug delivery, sensing and catalysis. To direct the assembly of molecules into nanometer-sized supramolecular structures noncovalent interactions have been exploited in solution. Because the accurate arrangement of molecules is a requirement for the bottom-up fabrication in nanotechnology, the principles that govern supramolecular organization of molecules in solution are being transferred to surfaces. Towards this end, we have developed a strategy for the selfassembly of molecular containers based on ionic interactions at surfaces which involves the use of a molecular printboard as a template to control the orientation and positioning of the molecules. A molecular printboard is a self-assembled monolayer of receptors on a surface that has recognition sites to which molecules can be anchored through specific interactions. Our molecular printboard is a highly ordered monolayer of β-cyclodextrins (β-CD SAM, Figure 1) on gold. In order to build the supramolecular capsule on the surface we used the noncovalent attachment of the negatively charged component of the molecular capsule on the β-CD SAM through hydrophobic interactions, followed by the selfassembly of the positively charged component at the interface. We demonstrated that the orthogonal noncovalent interactions involved in the anchoring and assembly of the molecular capsule allows the stepwise association and dissociation of the two components from the surface. The adsorption process of the first building block onto the molecular printboard and stable formation of the molecular capsule at the interface were investigated by surface plasmon resonance.

This work was carried out in collaboration with a team at the Università degli Studi di Parma. 3

PUBLICATION: F. Corbellini, A. Mulder, A. Sartori, M. J. W. Ludden, A. Casnati, R. Ungaro, J. Huskens, M. CregoCalama, D. N. Reinhoudt, “Solution and surface studies on the self-assembly of a noncovalent molecular capsule based on ionic interactions”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 17050-17058.

Figure 1: A molecular capsule self-assembled on a molecular printboard

Figure 2: Schematic representation of the adsorption of the positively charged component onto a ß-CD SAM (molecular printboard) through hydrophobic interactions of the adamantyl units (yellow circles) with the surface-confined ß-CD cavities (blue containers), and of the subsequent self-assembly of the molecular capsule at a surface, through ionic interactions.

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SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS FOR INFORMATION STORAGE Laser Interference Lithography

The goal of the SMI group is to advance the state-of-the-art in data storage technology and to develop new concepts for information storage and nanoelectronics. The research is concentrated on existing and novel systems in which data can be stored in nanometerscale (magnetic) bits. The research includes the physical concepts, the materials and (nano-)fabrication technology used in these systems and their components, as well as system performance and the transfer of data to and from the storage media. The research thus spans the entire path from physics, materials and technology to components and systems. Important aspect is the continuous development of experimental (magnetic) characterization techniques on different length scales, down to the atomic level.

To produce nanometer sized structures we use Laser Interference Lithography, in which the interference pattern of two intersecting coherent laser beams is used to expose a very thin resist (Figure 1). With this method one can create gratings (and arrays by multiple exposure), with a grating period as small as half the laser-wavelength, over a complete wafer surface in a matter of minutes. This technique has a big advantage over for instance e-beam lithography, if gratings or arrays are the only patterns needed. Applications of this technique at MESA+ can be found in the area of patterned media for magnetic recording, spintronic nanostructures, photonic structures and microfluidics. Within the MESA+ Cleanroom facilities, a state of the art Laser Interference Lithography exposure tool has been developed with a wavelength of 266 nm, which allows for grating periodicities down to 150 nm. The instrument will become part of the standard lithography infrastructure, allowing access to internal and external users of the cleanroom facilities. Using this technique, magnetic patterned media â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in which one bit is stored per magnetic element- have been realised. Figure 2 shows a Magnetic Force Microscopy image of such a medium. 3

Figure 1: Laser Interference Lithography technique, in which two intersecting laser beams are used to create a standing wave interference pattern which can be used to realise gratings, arrays of holes or dots into photoresist.

Figure 2: Patterned magnetic recording medium in which one bit is stored into one magnetic element. This medium has its easy axis of magnetisation perpendicular to the substrate. The white elements have their magnetisation up, the black ones down. The medium periodicity is 300 nm.

PUBLICATIONS: R. Murillo, H. A. van Wolferen, L. Abelmann, J. C. Lodder, "Fabrication of patterned magnetic nanodots by laser interference lithography", Microelectronic Engineering, 78-79 (2005), Page 260-265. T. Onoue , M.H. Siekman, L. Abelmann, J.C. Lodder, "Heat-assisted magnetic probe recording on a CoNi/Pt multilayered film", Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 287 (2005), Page 501-506.

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S O L I D S TA T E P H Y S I C S Lateral resolved characterisation of gate dielectrics

The research of the Solid State Physics group focuses on the preparation and physical properties of materials in reduced dimensions. It incorporates surface science based methods to exercise control over materials on a nanometer scale, a search for new properties resulting from that size and the development of adequate research tools. The research aims at providing fundamental principles for future application in nanotechnology. A broad spectrum of surface – and interface features and properties is studied using ultra-sensitive laterally averaging probes and techniques with high spatial resolution. Our studies have a quite fundamental nature; however, processes and/or materials of potential interest for future applications inspire the choice of subjects. Potential applications include nano-(opto)electronic and nano-magnetic devices and truly new materials, all based on improved understanding of the underlying physics and chemistry on the atomic and molecular scale. Our studies range from state-of-the-art ultra-high-vacuum based, curiosity driven experiments to fundamental strategic ones under ambient conditions.

Shrinking device dimensions in silicon technology have resulted in a dramatic increase of the leakage current in field-effect transistors. The reduction of the gate leakage current (and thus of power consumption) has been identified as one of the prime issues for further down¬scaling. Replacement of the conventional SiO2 gate dielectric with a high dielectric permittivity (high-K) oxide is the focal point. The electrical properties of the gate oxide and its interface with the underlying silicon channel are crucial for device performance. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) offers the possibility to perform both electrical and morphological characterisation with high lateral resolution. This allows electrical characterisation at a relevant length scale. Figure 1 shows a non-contact AFM image obtained in ultra-high vacuum. A charge in the oxide is visible as a large apparent protrusion, caused by the attractive electric force between the charge and its image in the conducting tip. During acquisition of the topography image, the electrostatic tip-sample interaction is measured by means of bias modulation and lock-in detection. A feedback loop adjusts the sample bias such that the electric interaction is minimised. A map of this bias corresponds to the work function difference or Contact Potential Difference (CPD) between tip and sample. Besides the presence of the oxide charge, lateral CPD variations of typically 50 mV are observed.

On a lateral scale of 50–100 nm the CPD fluctuations are found to correlate with the surface topography. A variant of the above-described Kelvin Probe technique enables measurements of lateral capacitance variations, which exhibit a similar correlation. The degree of correlation depends on the initial growth conditions. 3

PUBLICATION: Imaging of oxide charges and contact potential difference fluctuations in atomic layer deposited Al2O3 on Si, J.M. Sturm, A.I. Zinine, H. Wormeester, B. Poelsema, R. G. Bankras, J. Holleman and J. Schmitz, J. Appl. Phys. 97, 063709 (2005).

Figure 1: Non-contact AFM topography (a) and CPD (b) image of 2.5 nm Al2O3 film on silicon, scan size 2x2 µm2. The large protrusion results from the interaction between an oxide charge and its image in the conducting tip. Application of a tip-sample potential (c) enhances or inverts the contrast (sample bias indicated in corresponding images of 1x1 µm2).

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TRANSDUCERS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Micromachined Fountain Pen

The Transducers Science and Technology group develops special probes for use in atomic force microscopes. Surface modification can be in situ monitored due to a specific configuration with two cantilevers. Another interesting feature of the probes is that they allow local surface modification by various fluids. The fluid flows from a reservoir to a sharp tip via fluidic channels, embedded in the cantilevers. The technique extends and/or improves atomic force microscope-based applications such as: lithography, localized etching, electrochemical metal deposition.

The evolution of atomic force microscopy enables novel applications. We developed a multifunctional tool which - used in an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) - allows a wide range of applications with the same instrument. The tool consists of two cantilevers (Figure 1), one for surface modification, and the other for in situ detection of the generated change [1]. The laser beam can be focused alternatively on either of the cantilevers, depending on the application. The two cantilevers are mechanically connected to a support in which a fluidic reservoir is machined. The reservoir is connected to fluidic channels embedded in the multifunctional cantilever used for surface modification (Figure 2), and provides continuous fluid flow for specific applications. An outlet hole at the tip or at the base of the pyramidal tip enables fluid dispensing locally during scanning. Figure 3 shows an example in which features were generated with Chromium etchant Selectipur® in a chromium substrate. The detection of the patterns was done by frame scanning with the same tip (laser beam focused on the top of the multifunctional cantilever) after it dried. The potential of the developed probes was demonstrated in other AFM-based applications such as fountain pen lithography [2], tribological investigations with local liquid dispensing, and electrochemical metal deposition [3]. The developed probes may also have impact in other application fields in the future, such as bio-physics and nanoelectronics.

Figure 1: Working principle of the device used for in situ characterization of surface modification: top and bottom views respectively.

Figure 2: Cross-section of the multifunctional cantilever.

This work is part of the research program “Contactless detection and monitoring of micro- and macro-wear using imaging methods”, financially supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation (STW). 3

Figure 3: Patterns generated by dispensing Chromium etchant Selectipur® (chemical-mechanical surface modification).

PUBLICATIONS: [1] S. Deladi, J.W. Berenschot, M.J. de Boer, G.J.M. Krijnen, N.R. Tas, M.C. Elwenspoek, “In situ characterization technique for nanotribological investigations”, Review of Scientific Instruments 76, pp. 016102 (2005). [2] S. Deladi, N.R. Tas, J.W. Berenschot, G.J.M. Krijnen, M.J. de Boer, J.H. de Boer, M. Peter, M.C. Elwenspoek, “Micromachined Fountain Pen for Atomic Force Microscope-based nanopatterning”, Applied Physics Letters 85, pp. 5361-5363 (2004). [3] S. Deladi, N.R. Tas, J.W. Berenschot, M.J. de Boer, G.J.M. Krijnen and M.C. Elwenspoek, “Micromachined Fountain Pen as a tool for Atomic Force Microscope-based nanoelectrochemical metal deposition”, Proceedings IEEE MEMS’05, pp. 564-567 (2005).

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MESA+ SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 2004 PhD-thesis

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Bakker, B.I. de Single molecule detection on the cell membrane with Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy. (2004, maart 19). 135 pp. Enschede, Netherlands Febodruk BV Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. N.F. van Hulst, Dr. M.F. Garcia Parajo. ISBN: 90-365-2019-3 n Beek, R.C.H. van de High-Speed Low-Jitter Frequency Multiplication in CMOS. (2004, januari 8). 167 pp. Eindhoven Thesis advisor(s): prof.dr.ir. B. Nauta, Dr.ing. E.A.M. Klumperink. ISBN: 90-365-1989-6 n Bystrova, S. Diffusion Barriers for Cu Metallisation in Si Integrated Circuits. (2004, december 1). 165 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands PrintPartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): prof.dr.ir. R.A.M. Wolters, prof.dr. J. Schmitz. ISBN: 90-365-2114-9 n Cate, M.G.J. ten Self-assembled receptors based on hydrogen bonds. (2004, mei 27). 169 pp. Enschede Print Partners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr. M. Crego Calama. ISBN: 90-3652053-3 n Corbellini, F. Molecular capsules based on ionic interactions in polar solvents. (2004, mei 7). 175 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr. M. Crego Calama. ISBN: 90-365-2040-1 n Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz Polymer-inorganic nanocomposites. (2004, januari 23). 160 pp. Enschede PrintPartners Ipskamp B.V. Thesis advisor(s): Prof.Dr.Ing. D.H.A. Blank. ISBN: 90-365-2013-4 n Gersen, H. Time resolved motion of pulses in photonic crystal waveguides - a real space investigation. (2004, juni 25). 98 pp. Enschede, Netherlands Febodruk BV Thesis advisor(s): Prof dr. L. Kuipers, Prof.dr. N.F. van Hulst. ISBN: 90-365-2047-9 n Gurlu, O. On the Atomic and Electronic Structure of Clean and Pt Covered Si(001) and Ge(001) surfaces. (2004, juni 25). 148 pp. Enschede, the Netherlands Universiteit Twente Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema, Dr.ir. H.J.W. Zandvliet. ISBN: 90-365-2064-9 n Hien, T.D. Microfabricated palladium based membranes for hydrogen separation. (2004, juni 4). 130 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek, J.T.F. Keurentjes. ISBN: 90-365-2058-4 n Hof, A.J. Deuterium in the Gate Dielectric of CMOS Devices. (2004, oktober 29). 97 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): prof.dr. J. Schmitz. ISBN: 90-365-2093-2 n Honschoten, J.W. van Modelling and optimisation of the microflown. (2004, april 16). 209 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek, prof.dr.ir. W.F. Druyvesteyn. ISBN: 90-365-2030-4 n Kuijpers, A.A. Micromachined capacitive long range displacement sensor for nano-positioning of microactuator systems. (2004, december 8). 196 pp. Universiteit Twente Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek, Dr.ir. G.J.M. Krijnen. ISBN: 90-365-2119-x n Laan, D.C. van der Flux Pinning and Connectivity in Polycrystalline High-Temperature Superconductors. (2004, januari 30). 162 pp. Enschede Printpartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. H.H.J. ten Kate, Dr.ir. B. ten Haken. ISBN: 90-9017820-1 n Marton, B. A Depth -Resolved Look at the Film Formation and Properties of Alkyd-Based Coatings. (2004, oktober 13). Enschede PrintPartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. G.J. Vancso, Dr. M.A. Hempenius. ISBN: 90-365-2086-X n Merticaru, A.R. Electrical instability of a-Si:H/SiN thin film transistors. (2004, juni 11). 168 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. F.G. Kuper, prof.dr.ir. A.J. Mouthaan. ISBN: 90-365-2056-8 n Mijatovic, D. MgB2 THIN FILM AND JOSEPHSON DEVICES. (2004, juni 3). 119 pp. Enschede Ipskamp Printpartners Thesis advisor(s): Prof. H. Rogalla, Prof.Dr.Ing. D.H.A. Blank, Dr ing. A.J.H.M. Rijnders, Dr.ir. J.W.M. Hilgenkamp. ISBN: 90-365-2038-x n Moere, R. van On the Energetics and Dynamics of Cu(001) and Co/Cu(001). (2004, april 16). 97 pp. Enschede, the Netherlands Febodruk B.V. Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. B. Poelsema, Dr.ir. H.J.W. Zandvliet. ISBN: 90-365-2026-6 n Mulder, A. Multivalent cyclodextrin receptors in solution and at surfaces. (2004, mei 6). 191 pp. Enschede Print Partners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr.ir. J. Huskens. ISBN: 90365-2042-8

PUBLICATIONS

n Nguyen, H. van Multilevel interconnect reliability on the effects of electro-thermomechanical stresses.

(2004, maart 19). 135 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. F.G. Kuper, prof.dr.ir. A.J. Mouthaan. ISBN: 90-365-2029-0 n Nguyen, L.T. Sputtered thin films for high density tape recording. (2004, augustus 27). 162 pp. Enschede PrintPartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. J.C. Lodder. ISBN: 90-365-2084-3 n Olah, A. Contact Mechanics of Polymer Interfaces: New Approaches in Testing and Control of Adhesion. (2004, november 3). Enschede PrintPartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. G.J. Vancso. ISBN: 90-365-2105-X n Onclin, S. A molecular printboard on glass. (2004, oktober 8). 157 pp. Enschede Printpartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr. B.J. Ravoo. ISBN: 90-365-2097-5 n Petre, O. Test Strategies for High-Speed Synchronization Interfaces. (2004, februari 27). 158 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Febodruk B.V. Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. Th. Krol, Dr.ir. H.G. Kerkhoff. ISBN: 90-365-2022-3 n Radovanovic, S. Integrated photodiodes for Gb/s data-rates in standard CMOS technology. (2004, december 1). 185 pp. Enschede Print Partners IPSkamp BV Thesis advisor(s): prof.dr.ir. B. Nauta, Dr.ir. A.J. Annema. ISBN: 90-365-2115-7 n Reinoso garcia, M.M. Chelating agents for actinide/lanthanide separation. (2004, december 10). 143 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr. W. Verboom. ISBN: 90-365-2106-8 n Sartori, A. Calix[4]arene metal complexes as nuclease and transacylase mimics. (2004, november 25). 183 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, A. Casnati. ISBN: 90-365-2095-9 n Sekulic, J. Mesoporous and microporous titania membranes. (2004, oktober 29). 135 pp. Enschede Febodruk B.V. Thesis advisor(s): Prof.Dr.Ing. D.H.A. Blank. ISBN: 90-365-2107-6 n Steinkamp, T. Detection Strategies for Bioassays Based on Enzyme-Amplified Lanthanide Luminescence. (2004, juni 24). 111 pp. Enschede PrintPartners Ipskamp Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. U. Karst. ISBN: 90-365-2063-0 n Stouwdam, J.W. Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles as the active optical medium in polymer-based devices. (2004, februari 6). 159 pp. Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. D.N. Reinhoudt, Dr.ir. F.C.J.M. van Veggel. ISBN: 90-365-2011-8 n Tan, F.S. Integrated Optical Filters based on Microring Resonators. (2004, februari 20). 117 pp. Enschede University of Twente Thesis advisor(s): prof.dr. A. Driessen. ISBN: 90-365-2023-1 n Tiggelaar, R.M. Silicon technology based microreactors for high temperature heterogeneous partial oxidation reactions. (2004, december 2). 262 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. M.C. Elwenspoek, J.C. Schouten, Dr. J.G.E. Gardeniers. ISBN: 90-365-2098-3 n Timmer, B.H. AMINA-chip. (2004, mei 28). 154 pp. Enschede Febodruk B.V. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. A. van den Berg, Dr.ir. W. Olthuis. ISBN: 90-365-2048-7 n Wang, Z. Detection of and Protection against Plasma Charging Damage in Modern IC Technology. (2004, september 17). 131 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. F.G. Kuper. ISBN: 90-36502097-7 n Ymeti, A. Development of a Multichannel Integrated Young Interferometer Immunosensor. (2004, april 22). 148 pp. Enschede Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr. J. Greve, prof.dr. P.V. Lambeck, Dr.ir. J.S. Kanger. ISBN: 90-365-2028-2 n Ackaert, J.G.G. Characterization, development and process damage minimization of various silicon oxides. (2004, september 8). 144 pp. Enschede, The Netherlands Thesis advisor(s): Prof.dr.ir. F.G. Kuper. ISBN: 90-365-2069-x n Cubaynes, F.N. Ultra-thin plasma nitrided ozide gate dielectrics for advanced MOS transistors. (2004, juni 24). 166 pp. Eindhoven, The Netherlands Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Thesis advisor(s): prof.dr. J. Schmitz, prof.dr.ir. C. de Meyer. ISBN: 90-365-2059-2

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ACADEMIC JOURNAL REFEREED

Journal articles n Abbas, W. , Nijhuis, A., Ilyin, Y.U., Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten A Fully Automatic Press for Mechanical and Electrical Testing of Full Size ITER Conductors under Transverse Cyclic Load. Advances in cryogenic engineering 50, (2004). (pp. 51-58) ISSN: 0065-2482 n Alatas, H. , Iskandar, A., Tjia, M.O., Valkering, T.P. Dark, antidark soliton-like solutions and their connection in a finite deep nonlinear Bragg grating with a mirror. Journal of nonlinear optical physics & materials nr: 2, 13, (2004). (pp. 259-274) ISSN: 0218-8635 n Andersson, S.M.H. , Berg, A. van den Microfabrication and microfluidics for tissue engineering: state of the art and future opportunities. Lab on a chip nr: 2, 4, (2004). (pp. 98-103) ISSN: 1473-0197 n Andersson, S.M.H. , Berg, A. van den Microtechnologies and nanotechnologies for single-cell analysis. Current opinion in biotechnology nr: 1, 15, (2004). (pp. 1-6) ISSN: 0958-1669 n Arun, A.J. , Heuvelmans, S., Gerritsma, G.J., Kerkhoff, H.G. Test Structures and their Application in Structural Testing of Digital RSFQ Circuits. Physica C Mar 2004, (2004). (pp. 103-111) ISSN: 0921-4534 n Ashima sah, A.S. , Castricum, H.L. Hydrophobic modification of y-alumina membranes with organochlorosilanes. Journal of membrane science 243, (2004). (pp. 125-132) ISSN: 0376-7388 n Auletta, T. , Dordi, B., Mulder, A., Sartori, A., Onclin, S., Bruinink, C.M., Nijhuis, C.A., Beijleveld, H., Peter, M., Schönherr, H., Vancso, G.J., Casnati, A., Ungaro, R., Ravoo, B.J., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Writing Patterns of Molecules on Molecular Printboards. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English 43, (2004). (pp. 369-373) ISSN: 0570-0833 n Auletta, T. , Jong, M.R. de, Mulder, A., Veggel, F.C.J.M. van, Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N., Zou, S(han), Zapotoczny, S.J., Schönherr, H., Vancso, G.J., Kuipers, L. ß-Cyclodextrin Host-Guest Complexes Probed

under Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Thermodynamics and AFM Force Spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, (2004). (pp. 1577-1584) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Bahatyrova, S. , Frese, R.N., Werf, K.O. van der, Otto, C., Hunter, C.N., Olsen, J.D. Flexibility and Size Heterogeneity of the LH1 Light Harvesting Complex Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy. Journal of biological chemistry nr: 20, 279, (2004). (pp. 21327-21333) ISSN: 1083-351X n Basabe desmonts, M.L. , Beld, J., Zimmerman, R.S., Hernando, J., Mela, P., Garcia Parajo, M.F., Hulst, N.F. van, Berg, A. van den, Reinhoudt, D.N., Crego Calama, M. A simple approach to sensor discovery and fabrication on self-assembled monolayers on glass. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 23, 126, (2004). (pp. 7293-7299) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Batov, I.E. , Schapers, T.H., Golubov, A., Ustinov, A.V. Andreev reflection and enhanced subgap conductance in NbN/Au/InGaAs-InP junctions. Journal of applied physics (2004). (pp. 3366-3370) ISSN: 0021-8979 n Bauer, G.E.W. , Brataas, A., Tserkovnyak, Y., Halperin, B., Zwierzycki, M.P., Kelly, P.J. Dynamic ferromagnetic proximity effect in photoexcited semiconductors. Physical review letters nr: 12, 92, (2004). (pp. 126601-1-126601-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Bechger, L. , Vos, W.L. Homogeneity of Oxide Air-Sphere Crystals from Millimeter to 100-nm Length Scales: A Probe for Macroporous Photonic Crystal Formation. Chemistry of materials 16, (2004). (pp. 24252432) ISSN: 0897-4756 n Beek, R.C.H. van de , Vaucher, C.S., Leenaerts, D.M.W., Klumperink, E.A.M., Nauta, B. A 2.5-to-10 GHz Clock Multiplier Unit with 0.22 ps RMS jitter. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits nr: 11, 39, (2004). (pp. 18621872) ISSN: 0018-9200 n Beekmans, L.G.M. , Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J. Morphological Development of Melt Crystallized Poly(propylene oxide) by In Situ AFM: Formation of Banded Spherulites. European polymer journal 40, (2004). (pp. 893-903) ISSN: 0014-3057 n Berg, A. van den Lab-on-a-chip detects ammonia. TrAC. Trends in analytical chemistry (Regular ed.) nr: 6, 23, (2004). (pp. VII-VIII) ISSN: 0165-9936 n Besselink, G.A.J. , Kooyman, R.P.H., Os, P.J.H.J. van, Engbers, G.H.M., Schasfoort, R.B.M. Signal amplification on planar and gel-type sensor surfaces in surface plasmon resonance-based detection of prostate-specific antigen. Analytical biochemistry nr: 1, 333, (2004). (pp. 165-173) ISSN: 0003-2697

PUBLICATIONS

n Besselink, G.A.J. , Vulto, P, Lammertink, R.G.H., Schlautmann, S., Berg, A. van den, Olthuis, W., Engbers, G.H.M., Schasfoort, R.B.M. Electroosmotic guiding of sample flows in a laminar flow chamber. Electrophoresis 25, (2004). (pp. 3705-3711) ISSN: 0173-0835 n Blum, C. , Meixner, A.J., Subramaniam, V. Room temperature spectrally resolved single molecule spectroscopy reveals new spectral forms and photophysical versatility of Aequorea Green Fluorescent Protein variants. Biophysical journal 87, (2004). (pp. 4172-4179) ISSN: 0006-3495 n Boukamp, B.A. , Otter, M.W. den, Bouwmeester, H.J.M. Transport processes in mixed conducting oxides: combining time domain experiments and frequency domain analysis. Journal of solid state electrochemistry nr: 9, 8, (2004). (pp. 592-598) ISSN: 1432-8488 n Boukamp, B.A. , Pham thi ngoc mai, P.T.N.M., Blank, D.H.A., Bouwmeester, H.J.M. Ionic and electronic conductivity in lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT). Solid state ionics nr: 3-4, 170, (2004). (pp. 239-254) ISSN: 0167-2738 n Boukamp, B.A. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Solid State Ionics: Recent Advances. Solid state ionics nr: 1-4, 169, (2004). (pp. 65-73) ISSN: 0167-2738 n Boukamp, B.A. Impedance Spectrosocpy, Strenght and Limitations. Technisches Messen 71, (2004). (pp. 454-459) ISSN: 0171-8096 n Bouwmeester, H.J.M. , Otter, M.W. den, Boukamp, B.A. Oxygen transport in La0.6Sr0.4Co1-yFeyO3-d. Journal of solid state electrochemistry nr: 9, 8, (2004). (pp. 599-605) ISSN: 1432-8488 n Bret, B.P.J. , Lagendijk, A. Anisotropic enhanced backscattering induced by anisotropic diffusion. Physical review E Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics nr: 036601, 70, (2004). (pp. 036601-1-036601-5) ISSN: 1063-651X n Brinkman, A. , Golubov, A., Kupriyanov, M..Y. Proximity effect in normal metal-multiband super-

conductor hybrid structures. Physical review B Condensed matter 69, (2004). (pp. 214407) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Brocks, G. , Brink, J.G.J. van den, Morpurgo, A.F. Electronic correlations in oligo-acence and -thiopene organic molecular crystals. Physical review letters nr: 14, 93, (2004). (pp. 146405-1-146405-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Brouwer, E.A.M. , Kooij, E.S., Wormeester, H., Hempenius, M.A., Poelsema, B. Application of Principal Component Analysis to Ellipsometric Spectra. Journal of physical chemistry B nr: 23, 108, (2004). (pp. 7748-7753) ISSN: 1089-5647 n Bruccoleri, F. , Klumperink, E.A.M., Nauta, B. Wide-Band CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier Exploiting ThermalNoise Canceling. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits nr: 2, 39, (2004). (pp. 275-282) ISSN: 0018-9200 n Bruinink, C.M. , Peter, M., Boer, M.J. de, Kuipers, L., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Stamps for submicrometer soft lithography fabricated by capillary force lithography. Advanced materials nr: 13, 16, (2004). ISSN: 0935-9648 n Cacciapaglia, R. , Casnati, A., Stefano, S. di, Mandolini, L., Paolemili, D., Reinhoudt, D.N., Sartori, A., Ungaro, R. Dinuclear barium(II) complexes based on a calix[4]arene scaffold as catalysts of acyl transfer. Chemistry: a European journal nr: 18, 10, (2004). (pp. 4436-4442) ISSN: 0947-6539 n Cambi, A. , Lange, F. de, Maarseveen, N.M. van, Nijhuis, M., Joosten, B., Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Bakker, B.I. de, Fransen, J.A.M., Bovee-Geurts, P.H.M., Leeuwen, F.N. van, Hulst, N.F. van, Figdor, C.G. Microdomains of the C-type lectin DC-SIGN are protals for virus entry into dendritic cells. Journal of cell biology nr: 1, 164, (2004). (pp. 145-155) ISSN: 0021-9525 n Cate, M.G.J. ten , Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N. Formation of a hydrogen-bonded receptor assembly in niosomal membranes. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 35, 126, (2004). (pp. 10840-10841) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Cate, M.G.J. ten , Huskens, J., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N. thermodynamic stability of hydrogenbonded nanostructures: a calorimetric study. Chemistry: a European journal nr: 15, 10, (2004). (pp. 36323639) ISSN: 0947-6539 n Cherny, D. , Hoyer, W., Subramaniam, V., Jovin, T.M. Double-stranded DNA Stimulates the Fibrillation of alpha-Synuclein in vitro and is Associated with the Mature Fibrils: An Electron Microscopy Study. Journal of molecular biology 344, (2004). (pp. 929-938) ISSN: 0022-2836 n Clicq, D. , Tjerkstra, R.W., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Berg, A. van den, Baron, G.V., Desmet, G. Porous silicon as a stationary phase for shear-driven chromatography. Journal of chromatography A nr: 1-2, 1032, (2004). (pp. 185-191) ISSN: 0021-9673

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n Colas, P. , Colijn, A.P., Fornaini, A., Giomataris, Y., Graaf, H. van der, Heijne, E.H.M., Llopart, X., Schmitz,

J., Timmermans, J., Visschers, J.L. The readout of a GEM or Micromegas-equipped TPC by means of the Medipix2 CMOS sensor as direct anode. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment nr: 2, 1, (2004). (pp. 506-510) ISSN: 0168-9002 n Corbellini, F. , Mulder, A., Sartori, A., Ludden, M.J.W., Casnati, A., Ungaro, R., Huskens, J., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N. Assembly of a supramolecular capsule on a molecular printboard. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 51, 126, (2004). (pp. 17050-17058) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Daghero, D. , Gonnelli, R.S., Ummarino, G.A., Dolgov, O.V., Kortus, J., Golubov, A., Shulga, S.V. The determination of the electron-phonon interaction from tunneling data in the two-band. Physica C 408-410, (2004). (pp. 353) ISSN: 0921-4534 n Dam, T.V.A. , Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P. Sensing properties of perovskite oxide La0.5SR0.5Co0-3-d obtained by using pulsed laser deposition. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) nr: 1-2, 103, (2004). (pp. 165-168) ISSN: 0925-4005 n Dam, T.V.A. , Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P. Work function characterization of electroactive materials using an E MOSFET. IEEE sensors journal nr: 3, 4, (2004). (pp. 284-287) ISSN: 1530-437X n Dao, T.N.N. , Donahue, M.J., Dumitru, I., Spinu, L., Whittenburg, S.L., Lodder, J.C. Dynamic Susceptibility of Nanopillars. Nanotechnology nr: 77523-6, 15, (2004). (pp. S634-S638) ISSN: 0957-4484 n Debesset, S , Hayden, C.J., Dalton, C., Eijkel, J.C.T., Manz, A.M. An AC Electroosmotic Micropump for Circular Chromatographic Applications. Lab on a chip 4, (2004). (pp. 396-400) ISSN: 1473-0197 n Degenhart, G.H. , Dordi, B., Schönherr, H., Vancso, G.J. Micro and Nanofabrication of Robust Reactive Arrays Based on Covalent Coupling Dendrimer to Activated Monolayers.. Langmuir 20, (2004). (pp. 62166224) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Dekker, R. , Klunder, D.J.W., Borreman, A., Diemeer, M.B.J., Worhoff, K., Driessen, A., Stouwdam, J.W., Veggel, F.C.J.M. van Stimulated emission and optical gain in LaF3:Nd nanoparticle-doped polymer-based

waveguides. Applied physics letters nr: 25, 85, (2004). (pp. 6104-6106) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Deladi, S. , Krijnen, G.J.M., Elwenspoek, M.C. Distinction of the irreversible and reversible actuation regions of B-doped poly-Si based electrothermal actuators. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering nr: 14, (2004). (pp. S31-S36) ISSN: 0960-1317 n Deladi, S. , Krijnen, G.J.M., Elwenspoek, M.C. Parallel beams/lever electrothermal our-of-plane actuator. Microsystem technologies nr: 10, (2004). (pp. 393-399) ISSN: 0946-7076 n Deladi, S. , Svetovoy, V.B., Krijnen, G.J.M., Elwenspoek, M.C. Flash-release - an alternative for releasing complex MEMS devices. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering nr: 14, (2004). (pp. 1659-1664) ISSN: 0960-1317 n Deladi, S. , Tas, N.R., Berenschot, J.W., Krijnen, G.J.M., Boer, M.J. de, Boer, J.H. de, Peter, M., Elwenspoek, M.C. Micromachined fountain pen for atomic force microscope based nanopatterning. Applied physics letters nr: 22, 85, (2004). (pp. 5361-5363) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Devred, A. , Baynham, D., Bottura, L., Chorowski, M., Fabbricatore, P., Leroy, D., Ouden, A. den, Rifflet, J.M., Rossi, L., Vincent-Viry, O., Volpini, G. High field accelerator magnet R&D in Europe. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 14, (2004). (pp. 339-344) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Diehl, J.G.R. , Wasinski, F.A.H., Roberz, B., Luftmann, H., Schmidt, T.C., Andersson, J.T., Karst, U. Liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry as screening technique for alcohols and phenols in fuels. Microchimica acta 146, (2004). (pp. 137-147) ISSN: 0026-3672 n Doeswijk, L.M. , Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Blank, D.H.A. Pulsed laser deposition: metal versus oxide ablation. Applied physics A (Materials science and processing) 78, (2004). (pp. 263-268) ISSN: 0947-8396 (Invited) n Dordi, B. , Pickering, J.P., Schönherr, H., Vancso, G.J. Inverted Chemical Force Microscopy: Following Interfacial Reactions on the Nanometer Scale.. European polymer journal 40, (2004). (pp. 939-947) ISSN: 0014-3057 n Dordi, B. , Pickering, J.P., Schönherr, H., Vancso, G.J. Probing Chemical Reactions at the Nanometer Scale: Inverted Chemical Force Microscopy of Reactive Self-Assembled Monolayers.. Surface science 570, (2004). (pp. 57-66) ISSN: 0039-6028

PUBLICATIONS

n Dudarev, A.V. , Berriaud, C., Boxman, E.W., Broggi, F., Dolgetta, N., Juster, F.P., Tetteroo, M., Kate, H.H.J.

ten Quench Evolution and Hot Spot Temperature in the ATLAS BO Model Coil. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 14, (2004). (pp. 518-521) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Eijkel, J.C.T. , Berg, A. van den, Manz, A.M. Cyclid electrophoretic and chromatographic separation methods. Electrophoresis nr: 2, 25, (2004). (pp. 243-252) ISSN: 0173-0835 n Eijkel, J.C.T. , Bomer, J.G., Tas, N.R., Berg, A. van den 1-D nanochannels fabricated in polyimide. Lab on a chip nr: 3, 4, (2004). (pp. 161-163) ISSN: 1473-0197 n Emmelkamp, J. , Wolbers, F., Andersson, S.M.H., DaCosta, R., Wilson, B.C., Vermes, I., Berg, A. van den The potential of autofluorescence for the detection of single living cells for label-free cell sorting in microfluidic systems. Electrophoresis nr: 21-22, 25, (2004). (pp. 3740-3745) ISSN: 0173-0835 n Esser, M , Zoethout, E., Zandvliet, H.J.W., Wormeester, H., Poelsema, B. Kinetic growth manipulation of Si(001) homoepitaxy. Surface science nr: 1-3, 552, (2004). (pp. 35-45) ISSN: 0039-6028 n Fernandez, C.O. , Hoyer, W., Zweckstetter, M., Jares-Erijman, E.A., Subramaniam, V., Griesinger, C., Jovin, T.M. NMR of alpha-synuclein-polyamine complexes elucidates the mechanism and kinetics of induced aggregation. EMBO journal (2004). (pp. 1-8) ISSN: 0261-4189 n Fl端ck, E. , Hammer, M., Vos, W.L., Hulst, N.F. van, Kuipers, L. Near-field probing of photonic crystals. Photonics and nanostructures 2, (2004). (pp. 127-135) ISSN: 1569-4410 n Fominov, I.V. , Golubov, A. Density of states in d-wave superconductors of finite size. Physical review B Condensed matter 70, (2004). (pp. 212513) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz , Barsema, J.N., Galindo, R.E., Cangialosi, D., Garcia-Turiel, J., Zyl, W.E. van, Verweij, H., Blank, D.H.A. Hybrid organic inorganic nylon-6/SiO2 nanocomposites: transport properties. Polymer engineering and science nr: 7, 44, (2004). (pp. 1240-1246) ISSN: 0032-3888 n Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz , Garcia-Turiel, J., Norder, B., Chavez, F., Kooi, B.J., Zyl, W.E. van, Verweij, H., Blank, D.H.A. Polyamide-6/Silica nanocomposites. Advanced engineering materials nr: 9, 6, (2004). (pp. 724-729) ISSN: 1438-1656 n Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz , Rooij, M.B. de, Winnubst, A.J.A., Zyl, W.E. van, Verweij, H. Friction and wear studies on nylon-6/SiO2 nanocomposites. Journal of applied polymer science nr: 3, 92, (2004). (pp. 1855-1862) ISSN: 0021-8995 n Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz , Vliet, G. van, Cate, M.G.J. ten, Chavez, F., Norder, B. Large-scale extrusion processing and characterization of hybrid nylon-6/SiO2 nanocomposites. Polymers for advanced technologies nr: 4, 15, (2004). (pp. 164-172) ISSN: 1042-7147 n Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz , Vliet, G. van, Jahin, S., Schrauwen, B.A.G., Sarkissov, A., Zyl, W.E. van, Boukamp, B.A. Polypropylene/SiO2 nanocomposites with improved mechanical properties. Review advanced materials science nr: 2, 6, (2004). (pp. 169-175) ISSN: geen n Gardeniers, J.G.E. , Berg, A. van den Lab-on-a-Chip systems for biomedical and environmental monitoring. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry nr: 7, 378, (2004). (pp. 1700-1703) ISSN: 1618-2642 n Gardeniers, J.G.E. , Berg, A. van den Micro and nanofluidic devices for environmental and biomedical applications. International journal of environmental analytical chemistry 84, (2004). (pp. 809-819) ISSN: 0306-7319 n Gastel, R. van , Bartelt, N.C., Feibelman, P.J., Leonard, F., Kellogg, G.L. Relationship between domainboundary free energy and the temperature dependence of stress-domain patterns. Physical review B Condensed matter and materials physics nr: 24, 70, (2004). (pp. 245413) ISSN: 1098-0121 n Gersen, H. , Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Korterik, J.P., Hulst, N.F. van, Kuipers, L. Phase mapping of ultrashort pulses in bimodal photonic structures: A window on local group velocity dispersion. Physical review E Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics nr: 6, 70, (2004). (pp. 066609-1066609-12) ISSN: 1063-651X n Gersen, H. , Klunder, D.J.W., Korterik, J.P., Driessen, A., Hulst, N.F. van, Kuipers, L. Propagation of a femtosecond pulse in a microresonator visualized in time. Optics letters nr: 11, 29, (2004). (pp. 1291-1293) ISSN: 0146-9592 n Gielens, F.C. , Hien, T.D., Rijn, C.J.M. van, Vorstman, M.A.G., Keurentjes, J.T.F. microsystem technology for hig-flux hydrogen separation membranes. Journal of membrane science nr: 243, (2004). (pp. 203-213) ISSN: 0376-7388

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Godeke, A. , Dhallé, M.M.J., Morelli, A., Stobbelaar, L., Weeren, H. van, Eck, H.J.N. van, Abbas, W., Nijhuis, A., Ouden, A. den, Haken, B. ten A Device to Investigate the Axial Strain Dependence of the Critical Current Density in Superconductors. Review of scientific instruments 75, (2004). (pp. 5112-5118) ISSN: 0034-6748 n Golubov, A. , Koshelev, A.E. Mixed state in dirty two-band superconductors: appliation to MgB2. Physica C 408-410, (2004). (pp. 338) ISSN: 0921-4534 n Golubov, A. , Kupriyanov, M..Y., Il'ichev, E. The current-phase relation in Josephson junctions. Reviews of modern physics nr: 2, 76, (2004). (pp. 411-469) ISSN: 0034-6861 n Gottardi, L. , Bassan, M., Flokstra, J., Karbalai-Sadegh, A., Minenkov, Y., Podt, M., Reincke, W, Shumack, A., Waard, A. de, Frossati, G. Two-stage SQUID system and transducers development for MiniGrail. Classical and quantum gravity 21, (2004). (pp. 1191-1196) ISSN: 0264-9381 n Groesen, E. van , Sopaheluwakan, A., Andonowati, Direct characterization of states and modes in defect grating structure. Journal of nonlinear optical physics and materials nr: 2, 13, (2004). (pp. 155-173) ISSN: 0218-8635 n Gurlu, O. , Zandvliet, H.J.W., Poelsema, B. Electronic properties of (2x1) and c(4x2) domains on Ge(001) studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Physical review letters nr: 6, 93, (2004). (pp. 066101) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Gurlu, O. , Zandvliet, H.J.W., Poelsema, B., Dag, S., Ciraci, S. Initial stages of Pt growth on Ge(001) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional theory. Physical review B Condensed matter and materials physics nr: 8, 70, (2004). (pp. 085312) ISSN: 1098-0121 n Hadjersi, T. , Gabouze, N., Kooij, E.S., Zinine, A., Ababou, A., Chergui, W., Cheraga, H., Belhousse, S., Djeghri, A. Metal-assisted chemical etching in HF/Na2S2O8 OR HF/KMnO4 produces porous silicon. Thin solid films nr: 1-2, 459, (2004). (pp. 271-275) ISSN: 0040-6090 n Hallbäck, A.S.V.M. , Oncel, N., Huskens, J., Zandvliet, H.J.W., Poelsema, B. Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy on decanethiol at elevated temperatures. Nano letters nr: 12, 4, (2004). (pp. 2393-2395) ISSN: 1530-6984 n Hammer, M. , Yudistira, D., Stoffer, R. Modeling of grating assisted standing wave microresonators for filter applications in integrated optics. Optical and quantum electronics nr: 1-3, 36, (2004). (pp. 25-42) ISSN: 0306-8919 n Hammer, M. Quadridirectional eigenmode expansion scheme for 2-D modeling of wave propagation in integrated optics. Optics communications nr: 4-6, 235, (2004). (pp. 285-303) ISSN: 0030-4018 n Hayden, C.J. , Eijkel, J.C.T., Dalton, C. An Alternative Method of Fabricating Sub-Micron Resolution Masks Using Excimer Laser Ablation. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering 14, (2004). (pp. 826-831) ISSN: 0960-1317 n Hayen, H. , Alvarez-Grima, M.M., Debnath, S.C., Noordermeer, J.W.M., Karst, U. Liquid chromatography/coordination ionspray-mass spectrometry (LC/CIS-MS) for the analysis of rubber vulcanization products. Analytical chemistry 76, (2004). (pp. 1063-1068) ISSN: 0003-2700 n Hayen, H. , Deschamps, A.A., Grijpma, D.W., Feijen, J., Karst, U. LC/MS studies on the in vitro degradation of a poly(ether ester) block copolymer. Journal of chromatography A 1029, (2004). (pp. 29-36) ISSN: 0021-9673 n Heilemann, M. , Tinnefeld, P., Sanchez Mosteiro, G. ir., Garcia Parajo, M.F., Hulst, N.F. van, Sauer, M. Multistep Energy Transfer in Single Molecular Photonic Wires. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 21, 126, (2004). (pp. 6514-6515) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Hempen, C. , Karst, U. A dual fluorophore system for simultaneous bioassays. Analytica chimica acta 521, (2004). (pp. 117-122) ISSN: 0003-2670 n Hens, Z. , Vanmaekelbergh, D., Kooij, E.S., Wormeester, H., Allan, G., Delerue, C. Effect of quantum confinement on the dielectric function of PbSe. Physical review letters nr: 2, 92, (2004). (pp. 026808) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Herber, S. , Eijkel, J.C.T., Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P., Berg, A. van den Study of chemically induced pressure generation of hydrogels under isochoric conditions using a microfabricated device. Journal of chemical physics nr: 6, 121, (2004). (pp. 2746-2751) ISSN: 0021-9606 n Herber, S. , Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P., Berg, A. van den Exploitation of a pH-sensitive hydrogel disk for CO2 detection. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) nr: 1-2, 103, (2004). (pp. 284-289) ISSN: 0925-4005

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Hernando Campos, J. , Hoogenboom, J.P., Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Garcia lopez, J.J., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N., Hulst, N.F. van, Garcia Parajo, M.F. Single Molecule Photobleaching Probes the Exciton Wavefunction in a Multichromophoric System. Physical review letters nr: 23, 93, (2004). (pp. 236404-1236404-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Hernando Campos, J. , Witte, P.A.J. de, Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Korterik, J.P., Nolte, R.J.M., Rowan, A.E., Garcia Parajo, M.F., Hulst, N.F. van Investigation of Perylene Photonic Wires by Combined SingleMolecule Fluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English nr: 31, 43, (2004). (pp. 4045-4049) ISSN: 0570-0833 n Hien, T.D. , Jansen, H.V., Gadgil, V.J., Bostan, C.G., Berenschot, J.W., Rijn, C.J.M. van, Elwenspoek, M.C. Silicon nitride nanosieve membrane. Nano letters nr: 2, 4, (2004). (pp. 283-287) ISSN: 1530-6984 n Hillborg, H. , Tomczak, N., Olah, A., Schรถnherr, H., Vancso, G.J. Nanoscale Hydrophobic Recovery: A Chemical Force Microscopy Study of UV/Ozone - Treated Crosslinked Poly(dimethylsiloxane).. Langmuir 20, (2004). (pp. 785-794) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Hinderling, C. , Keles, Y., Stรถckli, T., Knapp, H.F., De los Arcos, T., Oelhaven, P., Korczagin, I., Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J., Pugin, R., Heinzelmann, H. Organometallic Block Copolymers As Catalyst Precursors For Templated Carbon Nanotube Growth. Advanced materials 16, (2004). (pp. 876-879) ISSN: 0935-9648 n Hoekstra, H.J.W.M. , Klunder, D.J.W., Driessen, A. Theory for the measurements of dispersion characteristics in wave guiding structures with a scanning near-field optical microscope. Journal of the Optical Society of America A (Optics and image science) nr: 2, 21, (2004). (pp. 280-287) ISSN: 0740-3232 n Honschoten, J.W. van , Druyvesteyn, W.F., Raangs, R., Krijnen, G.J.M., Elwenspoek, M.C. Self noise reduction in acoustic measurements with a particle velocity sensor by means of a cross correlation technique. Acta acustica sinica 14, (2004). (pp. S31-S36) ISSN: 0371-0025 n Honschoten, J.W. van , Krijnen, G.J.M., Svetovoy, V.B., Bree, H.E. de, Elwenspoek, M.C. Analytic model of a two wire thermal sensor for flow and sound measurements. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering nr: 11, 14, (2004). (pp. 1468-1477) ISSN: 0960-1317 n Honschoten, J.W. van , Svetovoy, V.B., Lammerink, T.S.J., Krijnen, G.J.M., Elwenspoek, M.C. Determination of the sensitivity behavior of an acoustic thermal flow sensor by electronic characterization. Sensors and actuators nr: 112, 1, (2004). (pp. 1-9) ISSN: 0250-6874 n Hoyer, W. , Cherny, D., Subramaniam, V., Jovin, T.M. Rapid Self-assembly of alpha-Synuclein Observed by In Situ Atomic Force Microscopy. Journal of molecular biology 340, (2004). (pp. 127-139) ISSN: 0022-2836 n Hozoi, A. , Lodder, J.C. Recording performances of perfectly aligned HSS heads. IEEE Transations on Magnetics IEEE transactions on magnetics MMM-Intermag nr: 4, 40 (nr: 4), (2004, januari 5 / 2004, januari 9). (pp. 2422-2424) ISBN: 0018-9464 / ISSN: 0018-9464 n Huskens, J. , Mulder, A., Auletta, T., Nijhuis, C.A., Ludden, M.J.W., Reinhoudt, D.N. A model for describing the thermodynamics of multivalent host-guest interactions at interfaces. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 21, 126, (2004). (pp. 6784-6797) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Ilyin, Y.U. , Nijhuis, A., Abbas, W., Kate, H.H.J. ten Electromagnetic Performance of Sub-Size NbTi CICC's Subjected to Transverse Cyclic Loading. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 41, (2004). (pp. 1503-1506) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Isai, I.G. , Holleman, J., Wallinga, H., Woerlee, P.H. Conduction and trapping mechanisms in SiO2 films grown near room temperature by multipolar electron cyclotron resonance plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Journal of vacuum science and technology nr: 3, B22, (2004). (pp. 10221029) ISSN: 1071-1023 n Isai, I.G. , Holleman, J., Woerlee, P.H., Wallinga, H. Low hydrogen content silicon nitride films deposited at room temperature with a multipolar ECR plasma source. Journal of the Electrochemical Society nr: 10, 151, (2004). (pp. C649-C654) ISSN: 0013-4651 n Jansen, R. , Erve, O.M.J. van 't, Postma, F.M., Lodder, J.C. Comment on "giant magnetocurrent exceeding 3400% in magnetic tunnel transistors with spin-valve base layers" [Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 951 (2003)]. Applied physics letters nr: 21, 84, (2004). (pp. 4337-4338) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Jansen, R. , Gokcan, H., Erve, O.M.J. van 't, Postma, F.M., Lodder, J.C. Spin-valve transistors with high magnetocurrent and 40mA output current. Journal of applied physics nr: 11, 95, (2004). (pp. 6927-6929) ISSN: 0021-8979

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n Jewell, M.C. , Godeke, A., Lee, P.J., Larbalestier, D.C. The Upper Critical Field of Stochiometric and Off-

Stochiometric Bulk, Binary Nb3Sn. Advances in cryogenic engineering 50B, (2004). (pp. 474) ISSN: 00652482 n Karst, U. Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (EC/MS) - a new tool to study drug metabolism and reactio mechanisms. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English 43, (2004). (pp. 2476-2478) ISSN: 0570-0833 n Karst, U. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: reaching maturity rapidly. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry nr: 4, 378, (2004). (pp. 841-841) ISSN: 1618-2642 n Kerkwijk, B. , Garcia-Curiel, M.M. de la Luz, Zyl, W.E. van, Winnubst, A.J.A., Mulder, E.J., Schipper, D.J., Verweij, H. Friction behaviour of solid oxide lubricants as second phase in alpha-Al2O3 and stabilised ZrO2 composites. Wear 256, (2004). (pp. 182-189) ISSN: 0043-1648 n Keurentjes, J.T.F. , Gielens, F.C., Hien, T.D., Rijn, C.J.M. van, Vorstman, M.A.G. High flux palladium membranes based on microsystem technology. Industrial and engineering chemistry research nr: 43, (2004). (pp. 4768-4772) ISSN: 0888-5885 n Khomyakov, P. , Brocks, G. Real-space finite-difference method for conductance calculations. Physical review B Condensed matter and materials physics 70, (2004). (pp. 195402-1-195402-13) ISSN: 1098-0121 n Klein Koerkamp, K.J. , Enoch, S., Segerink, F.B., Hulst, N.F. van, Kuipers, L. Strong influence of hole shape on extraordinary transmission through periodic arrays. Physical review letters nr: 18, 92, (2004). (pp. 183901-1-183901-4) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Klumperink, E.A.M. , Louwsma, S.M., Wienk, G.J.M., Nauta, B. A CMOS Switched Transconductor Mixer. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits nr: 8, 39, (2004). (pp. 1231-1240) ISSN: 0018-9200 n Koopman, M. , Cambi, A., Bakker, B.I. de, Joosten, B., Figdor, C.G., Hulst, N.F. van, Garcia Parajo, M.F.

Near-field scanning optical microscopy in liquid for high resolution single molecule detection on dendritic cells. FEBS letters 573, (2004). (pp. 6-10) ISSN: 0014-5793 n Korczagin, I. , Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J. Poly(ferrocenylsilane-block-methacrylates) via Sequential Anionic and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Macromolecules nr: 37, 37, (2004). (pp. 1686-1690) ISSN: 0024-9297 n Koshelev, A.E. , Golubov, A. Why magnesium diboride is not described by anisotropic Ginzburg-Landau theory. Physical review letters 92, (2004). (pp. 107008) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Krieg, H.M. , Modise, S.J., Keizer, K., Neomagus, H.W.J.P. Salt rejection in nanofiltration for single and binary salt mixtures in view of sulphate removal. Desalination nr: 2, 171, (2004). (pp. 205-215) ISSN: 0011-9164 n Krioukov, E. , Klunder, D.J.W., Driessen, A., Greve, J., Otto, C. Two-photon fluorescence excitation using an integrated optical microcavity: a promising tool for biosensing of natural chromophores. Talanta (2004). ISSN: 0039-9140 n Lambeck, P.V. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Lith, J. van, Elzakker, G. van Two novel integrated optical sensor types for measuring chemical concentrations, based on chemically induced changes of modal field profiles. Journal of nonlinear optical physics and materials nr: 2, 13, (2004). (pp. 209-228) ISSN: 0218-8635 n Lammertink, R.G.H. , Schlautmann, S., Besselink, G.A.J., Schasfoort, R.B.M. Recirculation of Nanoliter Volumes within Microfluidic Channels. Analytical chemistry nr: 11, 76, (2004). (pp. 3018-3022) ISSN: 0003-2700 n Leeuwen, F.W.B. van , Beijleveld, H., Kooijman, H., Spek, A.L., Verboom, W., Reinhoudt, D.N. Synthesis and conformational evaluation of p-tert-butylthiacalixarene-crowns. Journal of organic chemistry nr: 11, 69, (2004). (pp. 3928-3936) ISSN: 0022-3263 n Leeuwen, F.W.B. van , Verboom, W., Shi, X, Davis, J.T., Reinhoudt, D.N. Selective 226RA2+ionophores provided by self-assembly of guanosine and isoguanosine deratives. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 50, 126, (2004). (pp. 16575-16581) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Leeuwen, S.M. van , Hayen, H., Karst, U. Liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 378, (2004). (pp. 917-925) ISSN: 1618-2642 n Leeuwen, S.M. van , Hendriksen, L, Karst, U. Determination of aldehydes and ketones using derivatization with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (LC/APPI-MS). Journal of chromatography A 1058, (2004). (pp. 107112) ISSN: 0021-9673

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n Leinse, A. , Diemeer, M.B.J., Driessen, A. Scattering loss reduction in polymer waveguides by reflowing. Electronics letters nr: 16, 40, (2004). (pp. 992-993) ISSN: 0013-5194 n Li, X.M. , Auletta, T., Veggel, F.C.J.M. van, Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Directed, selective insertion of single molecules into patterned self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols with different chain lengths. Organic and biomolecular chemistry nr: 3, 2, (2004). (pp. 296-300) ISSN: 1477-0520 n Li, X.M. , Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Reactive self-assembled monolayers on flat and nanoparticle surfaces, and their application in soft and scanning probe lithographic nanofabrication technologies. Journal of materials chemistry nr: 20, 14, (2004). (pp. 2954-2971) ISSN: 0959-9428 n Lint, W.B.S. de , Benes, N.E. Predictive charge-regulation transport model for nanofiltration from the theory of irreversible processes. Journal of membrane science 243, (2004). (pp. 365-377) ISSN: 0376-7388 n Lisfi, A. , Nguyen, L.T., Lodder, J.C., Williams, C.M. Investigation of magnetic anisotropy and role of underlayer in obliquely sputtered metallic thin films. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 272276, (2003). (pp. e797-e799) ISSN: 0304-8853 n Lodahl, P. , Driel, A.F. van, Nikolaev, I., Irman, A., Overgaag, K., Vanmaekelbergh, D., Vos, W.L. Controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emission from quantum dots by photonic crystals. Nature 430, (2004). (pp. 654-657) ISSN: 0028-0836 n Lodder, J.C. Methods for preparing patterned media for high-density recording. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 272-276, (2004). (pp. 1692-1697) ISSN: 0304-8853 (Invited) n Mahalingam, V. , Onclin, S., Peter, M., Ravoo, B.J., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Directed self-assembly

of functionalized silica nanoparticles on molecular printboards through multivalent supramolecular interactions. Langmuir nr: 26, 20, (2004). (pp. 11756-11762) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Male, P. van , Croon, M.H.J.M. de, Tiggelaar, R.M., Berg, A. van den, Schouten, J.C. Heat and mass transfer in a square microchannel with asymmetric heating. International journal of heat and mass transfer nr: 1, 47, (2004). (pp. 87-99) ISSN: 0017-9310 n Masarik, M. , Stobiecka, A., Kizek, R., Jelen, F., Pechan, Z., Hoyer, W., Jovin, T.M., Subramaniam, V., Palecek, E. Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Native and Aggregated x-Synuclein Protein Involved in Parkinson's Disease. Electroanalysis nr: 13-14, 16, (2004). (pp. 1172-1181) ISSN: 1040-0397 n Manen, H.W.J. van , Paraschiv, V., Garcia lopez, J.J., Schรถnherr, H., Zapotoczny, S.J., Vancso, G.J., Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N. Functionalized Hydrogen-Bonded Assemblies as Templates for Metal-Containing Arrays of Nanorods. Nano letters 4, (2004). (pp. 441-446) ISSN: 1530-6984 n Mateos timoneda, M.A. , Crego Calama, M., Reinhoudt, D.N. Suprmolecular chirality of self-assembled systems in solution. Chemical Society reviews nr: 6, 33, (2004). (pp. 363-372) ISSN: 0306-0012 n Mazin, I.I. , Andersen, O.K., Jepsen, O., Golubov, A., Dolgov, O.V., Kortus, J. First-principles calculation of the superconducting transition in MgB2 within the anisotropic Eliashberg formalism. Physical review B Condensed matter 69, (2004). (pp. 056501) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Mela, P. , Tas, N.R., Berenschot, J.W., Nieuwkasteele, J.W. van, Berg, A. van den Electrokinetic pumping and detection of low-volume flows in nanochannels. Electrophoresis nr: 21-22, 25, (2004). (pp. 3687-3693) ISSN: 0173-0835 n Menozzi, E. , Pinalli, R., Speets, E.A., Ravoo, B.J., Dalcanale, E., Reinhoudt, D.N. Surface-confined single molecules: assembly and disassembly of nanosize coordination cages on gold (111). Chemistry: a European journal nr: 9, 10, (2004). (pp. 2199-2206) ISSN: 0947-6539 n Merkle, R. , Maier, J., Bouwmeester, H.J.M. A linear free energy relation for gas-solid interactions: the correlation between surface rate constant and diffusion coefficient of oxygen tracer exchange for electron-rich perovskites. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in English 43, (2004). (pp. 5069-5073) ISSN: 0570-0833 n Mijatovic, D. , Brinkman, A., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M., Rogalla, H., Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Blank, D.H.A. Pulsedlaser deposition of MgB2 and B thin films. Applied physics A (Materials science and processing) 79, (2004). (pp. 1243-1246) ISSN: 0947-8396 n Mirkhani, V. , Harkema, S., Kia, R. Bis[N,N'-bis(diphenylmethylene)ethylenediamine-kappa N2,N']copper(l) dichlorocuprate(l). Acta crystallographica Section C Crystal structure communications 60, (2004). (pp. 343-344) ISSN: 0108-2701 n Mirone, G. , Marton, B., Vancso, G.J. Elastic Modulus Profiles in the Cross Sections of Drying Alkyd Coating Films: Modelling and Experiments. European polymer journal 40, (2004). (pp. 549-560) ISSN: 0014-3057

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n Molen, K.L. van der , Segerink, F.B., Hulst, N.F. van, Kuipers, L. Influence of hole size on the extraordinary transmission through subwavelength hole arrays. Applied physics letters nr: 19, 85, (2004). (pp. 4316-4318) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Mulder, A. , Auletta, T., Sartori, A., Ciotto, S. del, Casnati, A., Ungaro, R., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Divalent binding of a bis(adamantyl)-functionalized calix[4]arene to beta-cyclodextrin-based hosts: an experimental and theoretical study on multivalent binding in solution and at self-assembled monolayers. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 21, 126, (2004). (pp. 6627-6636) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Mulder, A. , Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Multivalency in supramolecular chemistry and nanofabrication. Organic and biomolecular chemistry nr: 23, 2, (2004). (pp. 3409-3424) ISSN: 1477-0520 n Mulder, A. , Jukovic, A., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Bis(phenylthienyl)ethene-thethered betacyclodextrin dimers as photoswitchable hosts. Organic and biomolecular chemistry nr: 12, 2, (2004). (pp. 1748-1755) ISSN: 1477-0520 n Mulder, A. , Jukovic, A., Leeuwen, F.W.B. van, Kooijman, H., Spek, A.L., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Photocontrolled release and uptake of a porphyrin guest by dithienylethene-tethered beta-cyclodextrin host dimers. Chemistry: a European journal nr: 5, 10, (2004). (pp. 1114-1123) ISSN: 0947-6539 n Musa, A.M.S. , Borreman, A., Kok, A.A.M., Diemeer, M.B.J., Driessen, A. Experimental study of bent multimode optical waveguides. Applied optics nr: 30, 43, (2004). (pp. 5705-5707) ISSN: 0003-6935 n Nguyen, H. van , Salm, C., Krabbenborg, B.H., Bisschop, J., Mouthaan, A.J., Kuper, F.G. Fast Thermal Cycling-Enhanced Electromigration in Power Metallization. IEEE transactions on device and materials reliability nr: 2, 4, (2004). (pp. 246-255) ISSN: 1530-4388 n Nguyen, L.T. , Hozoi, A., Lodder, J.C. NiAl seed layer for obliquely sputtered thin film tape. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 2004 IEEE transactions on magnetics MMM-Intermag 2004 nr: 4, 40 (nr: 4), (2004, januari 5 / 2004, januari 9). (pp. 2401-2403) ISBN: 0018-9464 / ISSN: 0018-9464 n Nguyen, L.T. , Lisfi, A., Lodder, J.C. Effect of gas pressure on properties of FePt film sputtered on polymer substrate. Journal of applied physics Journal of applied physics MMM-Intermag nr: 11, 95, (2004). (pp. 7492-7494) ISSN: 0021-8979 n Nguyen, L.T. , Lodder, J.C. Properties of obliquely sputtered Co on different underlayers on polymer substrate. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials nr: 272-276, (2004). (pp. 2171-2172) ISSN: 0304-8853 n Nijhuis, A. , Ilyin, Y.U., Abbas, W., Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten Performance of an ITER CS1 Model Coil Conductor under T ransverse Cyclic Loading up to 40,000 cycles. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 14, (2004). (pp. 1489-1494) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Nijhuis, A. , Ilyin, Y.U., Abbas, W., Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten Change of Interstrand Contact Resistance and Coupling Loss in Various Prototype ITER NbTi Conductors with Transverse Loading in the T wente Cryogenic Cable Press up to 40,000 Cycles. Cryogenics nr: 5, 44, (2004). (pp. 319-339) ISSN: 0011-2275 n Nijhuis, A. , Ilyin, Y.U., Wessel, W.A.J., Abbas, W., Kate, H.H.J. ten Effect of Periodic Cyclic Deformation on the Voltage Current Transition of Nb3Sn Strands Tested in the Novel "TARSIS" Setup. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 14, (2004). (pp. 1464-1467) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Nijhuis, A. , Kate, H.H.J. ten, Ilyin, Y.U., Rabbers, J.J., Ouden, A. den Topical Conference on VoltageCurrent Relation in Technical Superconductors: University of Twente, Enschede The Netherlands. Physica C nr: 1-4, 401, (2004). (pp. v) ISSN: 0921-4534 n Nijhuis, C.A. , Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Binding control and stoichiometry of ferrocenyl dendrimers at a molecular printboard. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 39, 126, (2004). (pp. 12266-12267) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Olah, A. , Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J. Synthesis, Characterization and Gold Loading of PolystyrenePoly(pyridyl methacrylate) Core-Shell Latex Systems. European polymer journal 40, (2004). (pp. 763-773) ISSN: 0014-3057 n Onclin, S. , Mulder, A., Huskens, J., Ravoo, B.J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Molecular printboards: monolayers of beta-cyclodextrins on silicon oxide surfaces. Langmuir nr: 13, 20, (2004). (pp. 5460-5466) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Onoue, T. , Siekman, M.H., Abelmann, L., Lodder, J.C. Probe recording on CoNi/Pt multilayered thin films by using an MFM tip. Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials 272-276, (2003). (pp. 2317-2318) ISSN: 0304-8853

PUBLICATIONS

n Oshovsky, G. , Verboom, W., Fokkens, R.H., Reinhoudt, D.N. Anion complexation by glycocluster thioureamethyl cavitands: novel ESI-MS-based methods for the determination of Ka values. Chemistry: a European journal nr: 11, 10, (2004). (pp. 2739-2748) ISSN: 0947-6539 n Oshovsky, G. , Verboom, W., Reinhoudt, D.N. (Thio)Urea-functionalized cavitands as excellent receptors for organic anions in polar media. Collection of Czechoslovak chemical communications nr: 5, 69, (2004). (pp. 1137-1148) ISSN: 0010-0765 n Ouden, A. den , Weeren, H. van, Wessel, W.A.J., Kate, H.H.J. ten, Kirby, G.A., Siegel, N., Taylor, T. Normal Zone Propagation in High-Current Density Nb3Sn Conductors for Accelerator Magnets. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 14, (2004). (pp. 279-282) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Ovsyanko, M.M. , Stoian, F.G., Wormeester, H., Poelsema, B. Novel local free energy minimum on the Cu(001) surface. Physical review letters nr: 8, 93, (2004). (pp. 086103) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Peter, M. , Hempenius, M.A., Kooij, E.S., Jenkins, A.T.A., Roser, S.J., Knoll, W., Vancso, G.J. Electrochemically Induced Morphology and Volume Changes in Surface-Grafted Poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) Monolayers. Langmuir 20, (2004). (pp. 891-897) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Peter, M. , Li, X.M., Huskens, J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Catalytic probe lithography: catalyst-functionalized scanning probes as nanopens for nanofabrication on self-assembled monolayers. Journal of the American Chemical Society nr: 37, 126, (2004). (pp. 11684-11690) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Pham thi ngoc mai, P.T.N.M. , Boukamp, B.A., Bouwmeester, H.J.M., Blank, D.H.A. Microstructural and electrical properties of nanocomposite PZT/Pt thin films made by pulsed laser deposition. Ceramics international 30, (2004). (pp. 1499-1503) ISSN: 0272--8842 n Pham thi ngoc mai, P.T.N.M. , Boukamp, B.A., Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Bouwmeester, H.J.M., Blank, D.H.A. Pulsed laser deposition of PZT/Pt composite thin films with high dielectric constants. Applied physics A (Materials science and processing) 79, (2004). (pp. 907-910) ISSN: 0947-8396 n Pieloni, T. , Sanfilippo, S., Bottura, L., Haverkamp, M., Tikhov, A., Effinger, E., Benedico, E., Smirnov, N. Field Decay and Snapback Measurements Using a Fast Hall Probe Sensor. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 14, (2004). (pp. 1822-1825) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Pijanowksa, D.G. , Sprenkels, A.J., Linden, H.J. van der, Olthuis, W., Bergveld, P., Berg, A. van den A flow-through potentiometric sensor for an integrated microdialysis system. Sensors and actuators B (Chemical) nr: 1-2, 103, (2004). (pp. 350-355) ISSN: 0925-4005 n Podt, M. , Flokstra, J., Rogalla, H. An experimental double relaxation oscillation superconducting quantum interference device with on-chip feedback. Superconductor science and technology 17, (2004). (pp. 701-704) ISSN: 0953-2048 n Poelsema, B. , Hannon, J.B., Bartelt, N.C., Kellogg, G.L. Bulk-surface vacancy exchange on Pt(111). Applied physics letters nr: 14, 84, (2004). (pp. 2551-2553) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Poelsema, B. , Vroonhoven, E. van, Zandvliet, H.J.W. Comment on: "(2x1)-(1x1) phase transition on Ge(001): quasi-chemical approximation and Monte Carlo simulations" [Surface Science 563 (2004) 99109]. Surface science nr: 2, 573, (2004). (pp. 327-331) ISSN: 0039-6028 n Postma, F.M. , Ramaneti, R., Banerjee, T., Gokcan, H., Ul Haq, E., Blank, D.H.A., Jansen, R., Lodder, J.C. Epitaxial diodes of a half-metallic ferromagnet on an oxide semiconductor. Journal of applied physics nr: 11, 95, (2004). (pp. 7324-7326) ISSN: 0021-8979 n Puig, C.C. , Meijer, H.E.H., Michels, M.A.J., Segeren, L.H.G.J., Vancso, G.J. Characterization of Glass Transition Temperatures and Surface Energy of Bituminous Binders by Inverse Gas Chromatography. Energy and Fuels 18, (2004). (pp. 63-67) ISSN: 0887-0624 n Radosevic-Zivkovic, T. , Benes, N.E., Blank, D.H.A., Bouwmeester, H.J.M. Characterization and transport properties of surfactant-templated silica layers for membrane applications. Journal of sol-gel science and technology nr: 1, 31, (2004). (pp. 205-208) ISSN: 0928-0707 n Radosevic-Zivkovic, T. , Benes, N.E., Bouwmeester, H.J.M. Gas transport efficiency of ceramic membranes: comparison of different geometries. Journal of membrane science 236, (2004). (pp. 101-108) ISSN: 0376-7388 n Radovanovic, S. , Annema, A.J., Nauta, B. Bandwidth of Integrated Photodiodes in Standard CMOS for CD/DVD application. Microelectronics reliability (2004). ISSN: 0026-2714

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n Ransley, J.H.T. , McBrien, P.F., Burnell, G., Tarte, E.J., Evetts, J.E., Schulz, R.R., Schneider, C.W., Schmehl,

A., Bielefeldt, H., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M., Mannhart, J. Capacitance measurements on grain boundaries in Y (1-x)CaxBa2Cu3O7-d. Physical review B Condensed matter (2004). (pp. 104502-104502) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Reeuwijk, S.J. van , Karakaya, K., Graafsma, H., Harkema, S. Polarization switching in BaTiO3 thin films measured by X-ray diffraction exploiting anomalous dispersion. Journal of applied crystallography 37, (2004). (pp. 193-199) ISSN: 0021-8898 n Reinoso garcia, M.M. , Verboom, W., Reinhoudt, D.N., Malinowska, E., Pietrzak, M., Wojciechowska, D. Heavy metal complexation by N-acyl(thio)urea-funtionalized cavitand: synthesis, extraction and potentiometric studies. Tetrahedron nr: 49, 60, (2005). (pp. 11299-11306) ISSN: 0040-4020 n Rijnders, A.J.H.M. , Blank, D.H.A., Choi, J., Eom, C.B. Enhanced surface diffusion through termination conversion during epitaxial SrRuO3 growth. Applied physics letters nr: 4, 84, (2004). (pp. 505-507) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Rijnders, A.J.H.M. , Curras, S.R., Huijben, M., Blank, D.H.A., Rogalla, H. Influence of substrate-film interface engineering on the superconducting properties of Yba2Cu3O7-d. Applied physics letters nr: 7, 84, (2004). (pp. 1150-1152) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Roy Chowdhury, S. , Keizer, K., Elshof, J.E. ten, Blank, D.H.A. Effect of trace amounts of water on organic solvent transport through y-alunima membranes with varying pore sizes. Langmuir nr: 11, 20, (2004). (pp. 4548-4552) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Sanchez Mosteiro, G. ir. , Koopman, M., Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Hernando Campos, J., Hulst, N.F. van, Garcia Parajo, M.F. Photon Antibunching Proves Emission from a Single Subunit in the Autofluorescent Protein DsRed. ChemPhysChem 5, (2004). (pp. 1782-1785) ISSN: 1439-4235 n Sarajlic, E. , Boer, M.J. de, Jansen, H.V., Arnal, N., Puech, M., Krijnen, G.J.M., Elwenspoek, M.C.

Advanced plasma processing combined with trench isolation technology for fabrication and fast prototyping of high aspect ratio MEMS in standard silicon wafers. Journal of micromechanics and microengineering nr: 14, (2004). (pp. S70-S75) ISSN: 0960-1317 n Schasfoort, R.B.M. Proteomics-on-a-chip: the challenge to couple lab-on-a-chip unit open. Expert review of proteomics nr: 1, 1, (2004). (pp. 123-132) ISSN: 1478-9450 n Schinkel, D. , Boer, R.P. de, Annema, A.J., Tuijl, A.J.M. van A 1-V 15 Micro W High-Accuracy Temperature Switch. Analog integrated circuits and signal processing nr: 1, 41, (2004). (pp. 13-20) ISSN: 0925-1030 n Schmitz, J. , Cubaynes, F.N., Havens, R.J., Kort, R. de, Scholten, A.J., Tiemeijer, L.F. Test Structure Design Considerations for RF-CV Measurements on Leaky Dielectrics. IEEE transactions on semiconductor manufacturing nr: 2, 17, (2004). (pp. 150-154) IEEE ISSN: 0894-6507 n Schmitz, J. , Cubaynes, F.N., Kort, R. de, Havens, R.J., Scholten, A.J., Tiemeijer, L.F. The RF-CV method for characterization of leaky gate dielectrics. Microelectronic engineering 72, (2004). (pp. 149-153) Elsevier B.V. ISBN: 0167-9317 / ISSN: 0167-9317 n Schmuhl, R. , Keizer, K., Berg, A. van den, Elshof, J.E. ten, Blank, D.H.A. Controlling the transport of cations through permselective mesoporous alumina layers by manipulation of electric field and ionic strength. Journal of colloid and interface science nr: 1, 273, (2004). (pp. 331-338) ISSN: 0021-9797 n Schmuhl, R. , Roy Chowdhury, S., Elshof, J.E. ten, Berg, A. van den, Blank, D.H.A. Nanostructured ionselective MCM-48 membranes. Journal of sol-gel science and technology 31, (2004). (pp. 249-252) ISSN: 0928-0707 n Schmuhl, R. , Sekulic, J., Roy Chowdhury, S., Rijn, C.J.M. van, Keizer, K., Berg, A. van den, Elshof, J.E. ten, Blank, D.H.A. Si-compatible ion selective oxide interconnects with high tunability. Advanced materials nr: 11, 16, (2004). (pp. 900-904) ISSN: 0935-9648 n SchĂśnherr, H. , Crego Calama, M., Vancso, G.J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Spontaneous Resolution of Racemic Hydrogen-Bonded Nanoassemblies on Graphite Revealed by Atomic Force Microscopy.. Advanced materials 16, (2004). (pp. 1416-1420) ISSN: 0935-9648 n Seiwert, B. , Henneken, H., Karst, U. Ferrocenoyl piperazide as derivatizing agent for the analysis of isocyanates and related compounds using liquid chromatography/electrochemistry/mass spectrometry (LC/EC/MS). Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 15, (2004). (pp. 1727-1736) ISSN: 1044-0305

PUBLICATIONS

Sekulic, J. , Elshof, J.E. ten, Blank, D.H.A. A microporous titania membrane for nanofiltration and pervaporation. Advanced materials nr: 17, 16, (2004). (pp. 1546-1550) ISSN: 0935-9648 n Sekulic, J. , Elshof, J.E. ten, Blank, D.H.A. Synthesis and characterization of microporous titania membranes. Journal of sol-gel science and technology 31, (2004). (pp. 201-204) ISSN: 0928-0707 n Sekulic, J. , Magraso, A., Elshof, J.E. ten, Blank, D.H.A. Influence of ZrO2 doping on microstructure and permeability of mesoporous TiO2 membrane. Microporous and mesoporous materials 72, (2004). (pp. 4957) ISSN: 1387-1811 n Seo, Y-S. , Sim, K.S., Galambos, A., Lammertink, R.G.H., Vancso, G.J., Rafailovich, M. Nanowire and Mesh Conformations of Diblock Copolymer Blends at the Air/Water Interface. Nano letters 4, (2004). (pp. 483-486) ISSN: 1530-6984 n Sharpe, R.B.A. , Burdinski, D., Huskens, J., Zandvliet, H.J.W., Reinhoudt, D.N., Poelsema, B. Spreading of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid in microcontact printing. Langmuir nr: 20, 20, (2004). (pp. 8646-8651) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Smilde, H.J.H. , Ariando, A., Blank, D.H.A., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M., Rogalla, H. Pi-SQUIDs based on Josephson contacts between high-Tc and low-Tc superconductors. Physical review B Condensed matter 70, (2004). (pp. 024519-24519) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Smilde, H.J.H. , Ariando, A., Rogalla, H., Hilgenkamp, J.W.M. Bistable superconducting quantum interference device with built-in switchable pi/2 phase shifts. Applied physics letters nr: 9, 84, (2004). (pp. 4091-4093) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Speets, E.A. , Ravoo, B.J., Roesthuis, F.J.G., Vroegindeweij, F., Blank, D.H.A., Reinhoudt, D.N. Fabrication of arrays of gold islands on self-assembled monolayers using pulsed laser deposition through nanosieves. Nano letters nr: 5, 4, (2004). (pp. 841-844) ISSN: 1530-6984 n Spijksma, G.I. , Benes, N.E., Blank, D.H.A. Membrane separation of liquid-like droplets. Separation and purification technology 40, (2004). (pp. 103-108) ISSN: 1383-5866 n Spijksma, G.I. , Bouwmeester, H.J.M., Blank, D.H.A. Molecular design approach to a stable heterometallic zirconium-titanium alkoxide - potential precursor of mixed-oxide ceramics. Inorganic chemistry communications 7, (2004). (pp. 953-955) ISSN: 1387-7003 n Spijksma, G.I. , Bouwmeester, H.J.M., Blank, D.H.A. Stabilization and destabilization of zirconium propoxide precursors by acetylacetone. Chemical communications 16, (2004). (pp. 1874-1875) ISSN: 1359-7345 n Steinkamp, T. , Karst, U. Detection scheme for bioassays based on 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid derivatives and enzyme-amplified lanthanide luminescence. Analytica chimica acta 526, (2004). (pp. 2734) ISSN: 0003-2670 n Steinkamp, T. , Karst, U. Detection strategies for bioassays based on luminescent lanthanide complexes and signal amplification. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 380, (2004). (pp. 24-30) ISSN: 1618-2642 n Steinkamp, T. , Liesener, A., Karst, U. Reaction monitoring of enzyme-catalyzed ester cleavage by time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry - method development and comparison. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 378, (2004). (pp. 1124-1128) ISSN: 1618-2642 n Stouwdam, J.W. , Veggel, F.C.J.M. van Sensitized emission in Ln3+-doped tiO2 semiconductor nanoparticles. ChemPhysChem nr: 5, 5, (2004). (pp. 743-746) ISSN: 1439-4235 n Sumption, M.D. , Scanlan, R.M., Ilyin, Y.U., Nijhuis, A., Collings, E.W. Magnetic Calorimetric and Transport Studies of Coupling and Interstrand Contact Resistance in Nb3Sn Rutherford Cables with Bimetallic Cores of Stainless Steel Bonded to Copper. IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity 50, (2004). (pp. 781-788) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Susanto, H. , Gils, S.A. van Analysis on the stability of Josephson vortices at tricrystal boundaries: A 3 phi[sub 0]/2-flux case. Physical review B Condensed matter 69, (2004). (pp. 212503) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Susanto, H. , Gils, S.A. van Instability of a lattice semifluxon in a current-biased 0- pi array of Josephson junctions. Physical review B Condensed matter 69, (2004). (pp. 092507) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Susanto, H. , Gils, S.A. van Semifluxons with a hump in a 0-pi Josephson junction. Physica C 408-410, (2004). (pp. 579-580) ISSN: 0921-4534 n Susanto, H. , Gils, S.A. van, Visser, T.P.P., Smilde, H.J.H. Static semifluxons in a long Josephson junction with pi-discontinuity points. Physical review B Condensed matter 68, (2003). (pp. 104501) ISSN: 0163-1829

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Tanaka, Y. , Nazarov, Y.V., Golubov, A., Kashiwaya, S. Theory of charge transport in diffusive normal metal/unconventional singlet superconductor contacts. Physical review B Condensed matter 69, (2004). (pp. 144519) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Tas, N.R. , Haneveld, J., Jansen, H.V., Elwenspoek, M.C., Berg, A. van den Capilary filling speed of water in nanochannels. Applied physics letters nr: 1, 85, (2004). (pp. 3274-3276) ISSN: 0003-6951 n Tiggelaar, R.M. , Loeters, P.W.H., Male, P. van, Oosterbroek, R.E., Gardeniers, J.G.E., Croon, M.H.J.M. de, Schouten, J.C., Elwenspoek, M.C., Berg, A. van den Thermal and mechanical analysis of a microreactor for high-temperature catalytic gas phase reactions. Sensors and actuators A (Physical) 112, (2004). (pp. 267-277) ISSN: 0924-4247 n Timmer, B.H. , Delft, K.M., Otjes, R.P., Olthuis, W., Berg, A. van den Miniaturized measurement system for ammonia in air. Analytica chimica acta nr: 1, 507, (2004). (pp. 137-143) ISSN: 0003-2670 n Timmer, B.H. , Olthuis, W., Berg, A. van den Sampling small volumes of ambient ammonia using a miniaturized gas sampler. Lab on a chip 4, (2004). (pp. 252-255) ISSN: 1473-0197 n Tomczak, N. , Vallée, R.A.L., Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Garcia Parajo, M.F., Kuipers, L., Hulst, N.F. van, Vancso, G.J. Probing Polymers with Single Fluorescent Molecules. European polymer journal 40, (2004). (pp. 10011011) ISSN: 0014-3057 n Tomczak, N. , Vallée, R.A.L., Dijk, E.M.H.P. van, Kuipers, L., Hulst, N.F. van, Vancso, G.J. Segment Dynamics in Thin Polystyrene Films Probed by Single Molecule Optics. Journal of the American Chemical Society 126, (2004). (pp. 4748-4749) ISSN: 0002-7863 n Ul Haq, E. , Gokcan, H., Banerjee, T., Postma, F.M., Siekman, M.H., Jansen, R., Lodder, J.C. Nanoscale magnetic hysteresis of Ni80Fe20/Au/Co trilayers using ballistic electron magnetic microscopy. Journal of applied physics nr: 11, 95, (2004). (pp. 6930-6932) ISSN: 0021-8979 n Uranus, H.P. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M. Modelling of microstructured waveguides using a finite-element-

based vectorial mode solver with transparent boundary conditions. Optics express nr: 12, 12, (2004). (pp. 2795-2809) ISSN: 1094-4087 n Uranus, H.P. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Groesen, E. van Galerkin finite element scheme with BaylissGunzburger-Turkel-like boundary conditions for vectorial optical mode solver. Journal of nonlinear optical physics and materials nr: 2, 13, (2004). (pp. 175-194) ISSN: 0218-8635 n Uranus, H.P. , Hoekstra, H.J.W.M., Groesen, E. van Simple High-order Galerkin Finite Element Scheme for the Investigation of Both Guided and Leaky Modes in Anisotropic Planar Waveguides. Optical and quantum electronics 36, (2004). (pp. 239-257) ISSN: 0306-8919 n Valkering, T.P. , Irman, A. Chaos near the gap soliton in a Kerr grating. Physical review E Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics 70, (2004). (pp. 036610-1-036610-9) ISSN: 1539-3755 n Vallée, R.A.L. , Tomczak, N., Kuipers, L., Vancso, G.J., Hulst, N.F. van Effect of Solvent on Nanoscale Polymer Heterogeneity and Mobility Probed by Single Molecule Lifetime Fluctuations. Chemical physics letters 384, (2004). (pp. 5-8) ISSN: 0009-2614 n Vonk, V. , Reeuwijk, S.J. van, Dekkers, J.M., Harkema, S., Rijnders, A.J.H.M., Graafsma, H. Straininduced structural changes in thin YBa2Cu3O7-x films on SrTiO3 substrates. Thin solid films nr: 1,2, 449, (2004). (pp. 133-137) ISSN: 0040-6090 n Vroegindeweij, F. , Speets, E.A., Steen, J.A.J., Brugger, J.P., Blank, D.H.A. Exploring microstencils for sub-micron patterning using pulsed laser deposition. Applied physics A (Materials science and processing) 79, (2004). (pp. 743-745) ISSN: 0947-8396 n Vroonhoven, E. van , Zandvliet, H.J.W., Poelsema, B. (2x1)-(1x1) phase transition on Ge(001); Dimer break-up and surface roughening [vol 91, art no 116102 (2003)]. Physical review letters nr: 15, 93, (2004). (pp. 159902) ISSN: 0031-9007 n Vrouwe, E.X. , Luttge, R., Berg, A. van den Direct measurement of lithium in whole blood using microchip capillary electrophoresis with integrated conductivity detection. Electrophoresis nr: 10-11, 25, (2004). (pp. 1660-1667) ISSN: 0173-0835 n Vysotsky, V.S. , Rakhmanov, A.L., Ilyin, Y.U. Influences of voltage-current characteristic difference on quench development in low-Tc and high-Tc superonducting devices. Physica C 401, (2004). (pp. 57-65) ISSN: 0921-4534

PUBLICATIONS

n Waard, A. de , Gottardi, L., Bassan, M., Coccia, E., Fafone, V., Flokstra, J., Karbalai-Sadegh, A., Minenkov, Y., Moleti, A., Pallottino, G.V., Podt, M., Pors, B.J., Reincke, W., Rocchi, A., Shumack, A., Srinivas, S., Visco, M., Frossati, G. Cooling down MiniGRAIL to milli-Kelvin temperatures. Classical and quantum gravity 21, (2004). (pp. S465-S471) ISSN: 0264-9381 n Wang, Z. , Ackaert, J.G.G., Salm, C., Kuper, F.G., Tack, M., De Backer, E., Coppens, P., De Schepper, L., Vlachakis, B. Plasma-Charging Damage of Floating MIM Capacitors. IEEE transactions on electron devices nr: 6, 51, (2004). (pp. 1017-1024) ISSN: 0018-9383 n Wel, A.P. van der , Gierink, S.L.J., Frye, R., Boccuzzi, V., Nauta, B. A Robust 43 GHz VCO in CMOS for OC768 SONET Applications. IEEE journal of solid-state circuits nr: 7, 29, (2004). (pp. 1159-1163) ISSN: 00189200 n Wessel, W.A.J. , Nijhuis, A., Ilyin, Y.U., Abbas, W., Haken, B. ten, Kate, H.H.J. ten A Novel "Test Arangement for Strain Influence on Strands" (TARSIS): Mechanical and Electrical Testing of ITER Nb3Sn Strands. Advances in cryogenic engineering 50, (2004). (pp. 466-473) ISSN: 0065-2482 n Wolbers, F. , Andersson, S.M.H., Vermes, I., Berg, A. van den Apoptosis induced kinetic changes in autofluorescence - possible application for single cell analysis on chip. Apoptosis nr: 6, 9, (2004). (pp. 749755) ISSN: 1360-8185 n Wolbers, F. , Buitenhuijs, P., Haanen, C., Vermes, I. Apoptic cell death kinetics in vitro depend on the cell types and the inducers used. Apoptosis nr: 3, 9, (2004). (pp. 385-392) ISSN: 1360-8185 n Wormeester, H. , Benes, N.E., Spijksma, G.I., Verweij, H., Poelsema, B. CO2 sorption of a ceramic

separation membrane. Thin solid films 455-456, (2004). (pp. 747-751) ISSN: 0040-6090 Wormeester, H. , Kooij, E.S., Mewe, A.A., Rekveld, S., Poelsema, B. Ellipsometric characterisation of heterogeneous 2D layers. Thin solid films nr: 56, 455, (2004). (pp. 323-334) ISSN: 0040-6090 n Woudenberg, F.C.M. , Sager, W.F.C., Elshof, J.E. ten, Verweij, H. Nanostructured dense ZrO2 thin films n

from nanoparticles obtained by emulsion precipitation. Journal of the American Ceramic Society nr: 8, 87, (2004). (pp. 1430-1435) ISSN: 0002-7820 n Wubs, C.M. , Suttorp, L.G., Lagendijk, A. Multiple-scattering approach to interatomic interactions and superradiance in inhomogeneous dielectrics. Physical review A (Atomic, molecular, and optical physics) 70, (2004). (pp. 053823/1-053823/17) ISSN: 1050-2947 n Wubs, C.M. , Suttorp, L.G., Lagendijk, A. Spontaneous emission rates in finite photonic crystals of plane scatterers. Physical review E Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics nr: 016616, 69, (2004). (pp. 016616-1-016616-17) ISSN: 1063-651X n Yanson, I.K. , Beloborod'ko, S.I., Naidyuk, Y.G., Dolgov, O.V., Golubov, A. Phonon self-energy effects in the superconducting energy gap of MgB2 point-contact spectra. Physical review B Condensed matter 69, (2004). (pp. 100501) ISSN: 0163-1829 n Yantovsky, E. , Gorski, J., Smyth, B., Elshof, J.E. ten Zero-emission fuel-fired power plants with ion transport membrane. Energy nr: 12-15, 29, (2004). (pp. 2077-2088) ISSN: 0360-5442 n Zandvliet, H.J.W. , Gastel, R. van, Gurlu, O., Poelsema, B. Coexistence of (2x1) and c(4x2) phases on Ge(001). Physics letters. Section A nr: 5-6, 326, (2004). (pp. 457-461) ISSN: 0375-9601 n Zandvliet, H.J.W. , Gurlu, O., Gastel, R. van, Poelsema, B. Faceting of < 010 > steps on Si(001) and Ge(001) surfaces. Physical review B Condensed matter and materials physics nr: 12, 69, (2004). (pp. 125311) ISSN: 1098-0121 n Zandvliet, H.J.W. , Poelsema, B. Overhangs in the solid-on-solid model. Physics letters. Section A nr: 12, 333, (2004). (pp. 142-145) ISSN: 0375-9601 n Zanino, R. , Bagnasco, M., Dittrich, G., Fietz, W., Fillunger, H., Hampshire, D., Heller, H., Komarek, P., Langhans, O., Maix, R., Marchese, V., Martovetsky, N., Mitchell, N., Nijhuis, A., Raff, S., Ricci, M.V., Suesser, M., Salpietro, E., Savoldi Richard, L., Taylo Tcs tests and performance assessment of the ITER Toroidal Field Model Coil (phase II). IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity nr: 2, 14, (2004). (pp. 1519-1522) ISSN: 1051-8223 n Zhang, L. , Bain, J.A., Zhu, J.G., Abelmann, L., Onoue, T. A Model for Mark Size Dependence on Field Emission Voltage in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Probe Recording on CoNi/Pt Multilayers. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 2004 IEEE transactions on magnetics MMM-Intermag 2004 nr: 4, 40 (nr: 4), (2004, januari 5 / 2004, januari 9). (pp. 2549-2551) ISBN: 0018-9464 / ISSN: 0018-9464

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Zou, S(han) , Ma, Y., Hempenius, M.A., Schönherr, H., Vancso, G.J. Grafting of Single, StimuliResponsive Poly(ferrocenylsilane) Molecules to Gold Surfaces.. Langmuir 20, (2004). (pp. 6278-6287) ISSN: 0743-7463 n Zwierzycki, M.P., Tserkovnyak, Y., Kelly, P.J., Brataas, A., Bauer, G.E.W. First principles study of magnetization relaxation enhancement and spin-transfer in thin magnetic films. Molecular physics reports 40, (2004). (pp. 200-2005) ISSN: 1505-1250 Books - author n Andersson, S.M.H. , Berg, A. van den Lab on chips for Cellomics; Micro and Nanotechnologies for Life Sciences. (2004). 360 pp. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Press ISBN: 1-4020-2860-1 n Bertolotti, M. , Driessen, A., Michelotti, F. Microring resonators as building blocks for VLSI Photonics. 39th Course of the International School of Quantum Electronics 18-10-2003 - 25-10-2003 ISSN 0094-243X, (2004). 451 pp. Melville, New York 2004 American Institute of Physics ISBN: 0-7354-0184-5 Books - chapter n Abelmann, L. , Bos, A.G. van den, Lodder, J.C. Magnetic Force Microscopy - Towards Higher Resolution. Magnetic Microscopy of Nanostructures nr: Chapter 12, (2003). (pp. 253-283) Springer (Berlin Heidelberg New York) n Blank, D.H.A. , Doeswijk, L.M., Karakaya, K., Koster, G., Rijnders, A.J.H.M. Pulsed laser deposition of dielectrics. High-K Gate Dielectric (2004). (pp. 89-122) London, United Kingdom IOP Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 0 7503 0906 7 n Driessen, A. , Leinse, A., Musa, A.M.S., Ridder, R.M. de, Sulur, N. Polymer-based Integrated Optics Devices. Polymer Optical Fibers (2004). (pp. 73-101) California, USA American Scientific Publishers ISBN: 1-588883-012-8 n Gadgil, V.J. , Morrissey, F. Applications of Focused Ion Beam in Nanotechnology. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 1, (2004). (pp. 101-110) American Science Publishers ISBN: 1-58883-057-8 n Hempenius, M.A. , Peter, M., Robbins, N.S., Kooij, E.S., Lammertink, R.G.H., Vancso, G.J. Water-Soluble

Polyferrocenylsilanes for Supramolecular Assemblies by Layer-by-Layer Deposition. Macromolecules Containing Metal and Metal-Like Elements: Organoiron Polymers nr: 2, (2004). (pp. 99-114) West Sussex (England) Wiley-Interscience ISBN: 0-471-45078-2 n Jansen, H.V. , Tas, N.R., Berenschot, J.W. MEMS-based nanotechnology. Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology (2004). (pp. 163-275) American Scientific Publishers ISBN: 1-58883-061-6 n Kooij, E.S. , Brouwer, E.A.M., Mewe, A.A., Wormeester, H., Poelsema, B. Self-assembly of nanocolloidal gold films. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2004). (pp. 3459-3469) New York Marcel Dekker ISBN: 0-8247-4797-6 n Kooij, E.S. , Brouwer, E.A.M., Wormeester, H., Poelsema, B. Ionic strength effects: Tunable nanocrystal distribution in colloidal gold films. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2004). (pp. 15151523) n Kooij, E.S. , Galca, A.C., Wormeester, H., Poelsema, B. Structural and optical anisotropy of nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2004). (pp. 3685-3695) New York Marcel Dekker ISBN: 0-8247-4797-6 n Lammertink, R.G.H. , Korczagin, I., Hempenius, M.A., Vancso, G.J. Metal-Containing Polymers for HighPerformance Resist Applications. Macromolecules Containing Metal and Metal-Like Elements: Organoiron Polymers nr: 2, (2004). (pp. 115-133) Wiley-Interscience ISBN: 0-471-45078-2 n Mela, P. , Tas, N.R., Berg, A. van den, Elshof, J.E. ten Nanofluidics. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, (2004). (pp. 739-755) American Scientific Publishers ISBN: 1-58883-062-4 n Schönherr, H. , Crego Calama, M., Vancso, G.J., Reinhoudt, D.N. Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Hydrogen-Bonded Nanostructures on Surfaces. Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2004). (pp. 155-167) New York (USA) Marcel Dekker, Inc. n Schönherr, H. Scanning Force Microscopy. Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology (2004). New York (USA) John Wiley & Sons

PUBLICATIONS

n Wolbers, F. , Haanen, C., Andersson, S.M.H., Berg, A. van den, Vermes, I. Analysis of apoptosis on chip - Why the move to chip technology. Lab-on-Chips for Cellomics - Micro and Nanotechnologies for Life Sciences (2004). (pp. 197-224) Dordrecht Kluwer Academic Publishers ISBN: 1-4020-2860-1 n Wormeester, H. , Kooij, E.S., Poelsema, B. Self-Assembled Thin Films: Optical Characterization. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (2004). (pp. 3361-3371) New York Marcel Dekker ISBN: 0-8247-4797-6

PATENTS Applied n Acar, M. , Leenaerts, D.M.W., Nauta, B. Tentative title: A High Frequency, High Swing Frequency Divider. (2004, augustus 6). applied: PHNL040893EPP n Acar, M. , Leenaerts, D.M.W., Nauta, B. Tentative Title: A Wide-Band Injection-Locked Frequency Divider. (2004, juni 7). applied: PHNL040284EPP n Driessen, A. Device and method for receiving, processing and transmitting optical and electrical signals and method for manufacturing such a device. (2003, oktober 14). applied: 10/477,655 n Heideman, R.G. , Ikking, T.J., Lambeck, P.V. Integrated Optical Lightwave device. (2004, februari 26). applied: 98934977,4 European n Holleman, J. Radiation-emitting semiconductor device and method of manufacturing of such a device. (2004). applied: W02004042831 n Schasfoort, R.B.M. Werkwijze en mengsel voor (bio)chemische analyse en synthese. (2004, december 1). applied: 102 7633 Approved n Beek, R.C.H. van de , Klumperink, E.A.M., Nauta, B., Vaucher, C.S. PHASE LOCKED LOOP. (2004, maart 11). approved: WO2004021574 n Bergveld, P. , Dam, T.V.A., Olthuis, W. Hydrogen peroxide sensor. (2004, augustus 5). approved: NL1022482C n Boom, J.M. van de , Annema, A.J., Dijkmans, E.C., Westra, J.R. Digital To Analog Converter. (2004, januari 21). approved: EP1382123 n Heideman, R.G. , Ikking, T.J., Lambeck, P.V. Integrated Optical Lightwave device. (2004, juni 11). approved: 3562651 Japan n Heideman, R.G. , Ikking, T.J., Lambeck, P.V. Integrated Optical Lightwave device. (2003, september 9). approved: 6,618536 B1 USA n Klumperink, E.A.M. , Louwsma, S.M., Stikvoort, E. Switched Transconductor Mixer. (2004, december 16). approved: PHNL0307707 n Marmottant, P.G.M. , Hilgenfeldt, S., Gardeniers, J.G.E. Device and method for inducing directional transport. (2004, juni 3). approved: NL 1026321 n Schlereth, D.D. , Kooyman, R.P.H. Biosensor for in-situ study of reduction and oxidation processes. (2004). approved: DE19824629 n Sharpe, R.B.A. , Burdinski, D. Method for Patterning a substrate surface. (2004, oktober 7). approved: PHGB030186 n Sharpe, R.B.A. , Burdinski, D. Nanofabrication based on nucleated SAM growth. (2004, december 1). approved: PHNL041458 EPP

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MESA+ GOVERNING BOARD Scientific Advisory Board and Management in 2004

MESA+ Governing Board Prof. dr. ir. A. Bliek Dr. G.J. Jongerden Ir. J.J.M. Mulderink Dr. A.J. Nijman Prof. dr. J.A. Put Ir. M. Westermann Prof.dr. W.H.M Zijm

Dean Faculty Science and Technology Project Manager/Group head Solar Cells R&D (CSO) Akzo Nobel Chemicals Research, Arnhem Chairman of the Foundation for Development of Sustainable Chemistry Director Research Strategy & Business Development Philips NatLab, Eindhoven Director Performance Materials DSM Research, Geleen President of GigaPort Next Generation Network Dean Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science

MESA+ Scientific Advisory Board Dr. J.G. Bednorz Prof. H. Fujita Prof. M. Möller Dr. H. Rohrer Prof. F. Stoddart Prof. E. Thomas Prof. E. Vittoz Prof. G. Whitesides

IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of Tokyo, Japan Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH), Germany IBM Zürich Research Laboratory, Switzerland University of California, USA Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Switzerland Harvard University, USA

MESA+ Management Prof. dr. ir. D.N. Reinhoudt Dr. C.J.M. Eijkel

Scientific Director Technical-Commercial Director

ABOUT MESA+

HOW TO REACH MESA+

The MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology is located on the campus of the University of Twente in Enschede, in the eastern region of the Netherlands, right on the border with Germany.

Directions to MESA+ By car: Take the A35 direction Enschede exit Enschede-West and follow signposts to Universiteit. By train / by bus: You can reach the university from the railway stations at Hengelo, Enschede and Drienerlo. There is a bus in the direction of the university about every half an hour. For more information on public transport, please call the campus: 0031 (0) 53 489 9111. By Internet: www.mesaplus.utwente.nl E-mail: info@mesaplus.utwente.nl

Colophon Editing: MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Kees Eijkel and Annerie van Steijn-Heesink (in collaboration with Lucy Engelen, Engelen Marketing) Design: Paul Scheurink Photography: Slightly Tilted, Martin Bosker Traffic: Communication Department, Lucy Keizer

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