Ech oic Remnants C o nce rni ng Pre s e r v at i o n
Michaela Mallia Design Studio F Engineering Por tfolio Architecture and Environmental Engineering
Music al expression is a reflec tion of c ulture and identity. Just as c ities strive to preser ve ar t and literature, so should they tr y to preser ve their music al legac y, its histor y and its instruments. The proposal for this building does just this. The busk ing pavilions and c afe reinforc e and c elebrate the live per formanc es that intoxic ate Bristol; a buzzing and never still atmosphere surges into the already existing fabric as the c entral strong hold of Bristol’s live music sc ene. The fragmented and dynamic forms c reate a seduc tive atmosphere, tempting passer s by into the music al labyrinth. The sec ond phase of the building begins to intrigue the public to experienc e more formalised expressions of music . The adaptable c onc er t hall c an mould to fit different types of genres, from jazz to baroque. Here, the beginnings of preser vation tak e plac e, whereby rec ordings of the per formanc e are made and given to the audienc e. Lastly, the museum stands proud, punc hing out of the c itysc ape as a new beac on in Bristol’s music al sc ene. Music al instruments from the music al epoc hs of Britain’s histor y are exhibited for the public , inc ased in rooms whic h reflec t their timbre: wooden instruments live in wooden rooms, reflec ting their timbre ‘soul’, c reating a sense of intimac y. The rhythm of light seeping through the windows c omposes a route through the tower, c urating a c hronologic al time-line of the instruments’ histor y. The museum reinforc es and educ ates people’s music al k nowledge, allowing them to form a stronger under standing and memories of music when they end their journey, to experienc e beautiful music al piec es being played by instruments in their per fec ted ac oustic c onditions.
3
Co n t e n t _
Fabric First_
An Overview_
Passivhaus & material s
The scheme
8
The Scheme_
16
I n t ro du c i n g P a s s i v h a u s_
He ating_
Ventil ation_
Strategy & ser vices arrangement
24
Coord ination_
Cooling_
Sizing & distribution
28
Ventila tion Stra tegy_
Sizing & distribution
38
Cooling Stra tegy_
Electrical Distribution_
Strategy & ser vices coordination
46
Distribution Schema tic_
Lighting_
Exhibition lighting & luminaires
50
Identifying Exhibition
Performance Modelling_ Over view & compliance
56
Mo de l li n g Ov e rv i e w _
58
SBE M C o m pl i a n c e _
Lighting Requirements_ 10
Site Responses_
18
M a t e ri a ls O v e rv i e w _
25
Z oning _
30
I ntegra tion_
39
System Coordina tion_
47
Coordina tion_ 52
12
En vi r o n m e n t a l &
20
Th e rm a l P e rfo rm a n c e _
32
S e rvi c e s S t ra t e gi e s _
40
Cooling Loa ds_
42
System Sizing_
Da ylighting_
I n the Museum_ 34
4
Sy stem Coordina tion
Considera tions on
Sy stem Sizing_
5
A n O v e rv i e w _ The scheme
7
The Scheme A centre for m u si c a l p re se r v a ti o n _
T he schem e si ts i n th e c e n tre of Br i sto l , nestled betwe e n N e l so n S tre e t a n d R u p e r t Street. Locat e d i n th e h e a r t of Br i sto l ’s underground sc e n e , th e si te i s d e n se w i th bar s, clubs a n d c o n c e r t h a l l s. T he schem e a d d re sse s th e m i ssi n g l i n k s
Gro und f l o o r p l an
in Bristol mu si c p e r f o rm a n c e c e n tre s a n d proposed an i n str u m e n t p re se n ta ti o n c e n tre. T he brief cal l s f o r a Pa ssi v h a u s re trof i t of th e already ex isti n g to w e r stru c tu r a l f r a m e o n t h e site, as well a s a n n e w b u i l d e x te n si o n to th e tower. While th e c o n c e r t h a l l i s Pa ssi v h a u s, the cafe’s are n o t.
8
F i r s t f l o o r p l an s ho w i ng te m p o r ar y m us e um c o l l e c ti o n i n the to w e r
9
Site Responses
N
Responding to e n v i ro n m e n ta l c o n str a i n ts_
As the majo r i ty of th e b u i l d i n g a i m s to a c h i eve Passiv haus, t h e e n v i ro n m e n ta l c o n d i ti o n s o n
Ex ist ing
the site were i m p o r ta n t to c o n si d e r w i th i n t h e architectura l d e si g n p ro c e ss. For ex ample, th e so u th - f a c i n g f a c a d e w a s designed with m i n i m a l o p e n i n g s to re d u c e
Flood risk 2
Underground river
Vehic le & pedestrian
Pedestrian
Ve hi cl e & p e d e s tr i an
ex cessiv e so l a r g a i n , d u e to th e l a rg e am ount of co o l i n g w h i c h i s re q u i re d i n p u b l i c
P re va le nt w ind p a t h
buildings.
N ois e s ource s
F lood ris k
Pe d e s t ria n a cce s s
Vehicle access
S un p ath
N
Resp onse
Sof t bu f f er
Hard buffer
Tree buffer
Sof t ground
Vehic le & pedestrian
Pedestrian
Ve hi cl e & p e d e s tr i an
Acce s s i nto s i te
A c c ess into site
Mi ni m i s e s o l ar g ai n
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Intro d uc e s of t a nd ha rd b uf f e r
I nt rod uce t re e b uf f e ring
I nt rod uce s of t g round f or d ra ina g e
P riorit is e p e d e s t ria n circula t ion
Design Lim ited Vehicle Access
11
Environmental & Services Strategies Env ironmenta l se c ti o n s_
Ventilation_
be n eeded. Th u s , fa n co i l u n i t s s h a l l be
Fur ther to th e l i g h ti n g stra te g y, k e y
u s ed t o i n t h e co n cer t h a l l a n d t h e t owe r,
v entilation a n d c o o l i n g re q u i re m e n ts h a v e
w h ereby ch i l l ed w a t er w i l l be s u ppl ie d f orm
been addresse d ; h o w e v e r, d u e to th e
va po u r-co mpres s i o n ch i l l er s .
different req u i re m e n ts of th e sp a c e s, a m i x ed v entilation an d c o o l i n g stra te g y h a s b e e n u s ed
L a s t l y, a s t h e ca fe i s n o t Pa s s i vh a u s an d
in the differe n t p a r ts of th e b u i l d i n g .
i s rel a t i vel y s ma l l er i n s i z e, t h e cen tr al co u r t ya rd w i l l be u s ed t o pro vi de n at u r al
Mechanical v e n ti l a ti o n h a s b e e n sp e c i f i e d
s i n gl e-s i ded ven t i l a t i o n . H ea t i n g i n t h e
in the m useu m a n d th e c o n c e r t h a l l . W h i l e
w i n t er w i l l be pro vi ded by a n u n der f l oor
both buildin g s a re Pa ssi v h a u s, th e d e m a n d
h ea t i n g s ys t em.
Mus e um and c af e w i nte r s tr ate g y
Mus e um a nd ca f e s umme r s t ra t e g y
C o nc e r t hal l w i nte r s tr ate g y
Conce r t ha ll s umme r s t ra t e g y
for hum idity c o n tro l i n th e m u se u m a n d th e minim al v en ti l a ti o n re q u i re m e n t of 10l / s/
H e at in g_
per son nece ssi ta te s th e u se of m e c h a n i c a l
A s G S H P s u t i l i s e l o w gr a de h ea t a n d h ave
v entilation.
t h e ca pa ci t y t o r u n off el ect r i ci t y ( a ssu mi n g t h e gr i d w i l l s l o w l y deca r bo n i s e) t h e y
Moreov er, th e e n c l o se d n a tu re of a u d i to r i u m s
a re i dea l t o s u ppl y h ea t a n d redu ce CO 2
due to acou sti c p e r f o rm a n c e a l so re q u i re s
emi s s i o n s .
mechanical v e n ti l a ti o n . Pa ssi v h a u s requirem ent s sp e c i f y th a t M V H R m u st b e
Th e ca fe’s G S H P w i l l del i ver h ea t t h rou gh
designed into AH U .
a u n der fl o o r h ea t i n g s ys t em, a l o w t emper a t u re emi t t er. M o reo ver, h eat e d
Cooling_
w a t er w i l l be s en t t o h ea t i n g co i l s i n t h e
Due to the v o l u m e of p e o p l e e x p e c te d i n
co n cer t h a l l ’s a n d t o w er ’s fa n co i l un i t s.
both buildin g s, m e c h a n i c a l c o o l i n g w o u l d
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R is e r loca t ions
Plant locations
13
Fa b ri c F i r s t _ Pa s s i v h a us & m a te r i a l s
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Introducing Passivhaus T he retrofit & Pa ssi v h a u s i d e n ti f i c a ti o n _
As m entione d , th e b ri e f c a l l s f o r a Pa ssi v h a u s
Th e reco mmen ded U-va l u e l i mi t fo r w a l l s,
retrofit of th e to w e r. M o re o v e r, th i s p ro j e c t
fl o o r s a n d ro ofs i s 0 . 1 5 Wm- 2 K - 1 , w h i l e gl azi n g
aim s to constru c t th e c o n c e r t h a l l to
co mpl i a n ce i s s et t o 0 . 8 5 Wm - 2 K - 1 . Th e l at t e r
Passiv haus s ta n d a rd s.
n eces s i t a t es t h e u s e of t r i pl e gl a z i n g.
In order to a c h i e v e Pa ssi v h a u s, th e a p p l i c a t i o n
Th erma l br i dgi n g s h o u l d be kept t o a
of fundamen ta l b u i l d i n g p h y si c s a n d
mi n i mu m a n d co mpen s a t ed fo r el s ew h e re ;
M u se u m_
accurate deta i l i n g th ro u g h o u t th e d e si g n a n d
t h erma l br i dges a re cl a s s ed a s h a vi n g a P SI of
Passi vh au s re t rof i t
construction p ro c e ss i s n e c e ssa r y.
l es s t h a n 0 . 0 1 Wm K .
Summarising Pa ssi v h a u s stra te g i e s [ se e g rou p
L a s t l y, Pa s s i vh a u s i s ch a r a ct er i s ed by
C on ce r t h al l _
booklet for f u l l sp e c i f i c a ti o n ] _
s i gn i fi ca n t redu ct i o n s i n en ergy dema n d
Passi vh au s n e w bu i l d
-2
-1
t h ro u gh h i gh l evel s of u n i n t er r u pt ed i n su l at i on T he orientat i o n of th e b u i l d i n g h a s a l a rg e
a n d a co mpl et e a i r t i gh t ba r r i er a ro u n d
impact on he a ti n g / c o o l i n g re q u i re m e n ts.
t h e bu i l di n g. Th e l a t t er res u l t s i n des i r a bl e
C af e _
Large spaces, su c h a s th e c o n c e r t h a l l ’s
i n fi l t r a t i o n l o s s es bu t n eces s i t a t es t h e u se of
Re gu l ar n e w bu i l d; t o c omply with
foy er, should b e d e si g n e d to h a v e su f f i c i e n t
mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i o n t o a ch i eve h ea l t h y ai r
Par t L 201 3 spe ci f i cation
solar gain to re d u c e h e a ti n g d e m a n d s ( 30%
co n di t i o n s . H ea t R eco ver y i s u s ed t o a ch i e ve
to 40% redu c ti o n ) . H o w e v e r, i m p o r ta n t to
go o d i n do o r a i r qu a l i t y w h i l e mi n i mi s i n g
consider shad i n g w h e re n e c e ssa r y to a v o i d
ven t i l a t i o n h ea t l o s s es / ga i n s .
ov erheating. T h i s h a s b e e n a c h i e v e d th ro u gh
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the use of th e c o u r ty a rd s, w h e re b y h o r i z o nt a l
Pa s s i vh a u s l i mi t s t o t a l h ea t i n g a n d co o l in g
planes induc e th e l a rg e st so l a r g a i n s.
pl a n t l o a ds t o 1 5 kWh / m 2 a n n u a l l y ea ch .
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B rick_ Ex ternal C l adding
Materials Overview
Embodi e d e n e rgy_ 3 M J /kg
Env ironmenta l i m p a c t_
Embodi e d car bon _ 0. 2 kgCO 2 /kg B r i cks h ave a re l at i ve l y compe t i t i ve car bon an d e n e rgy i n t e n si t y. Howe ve r, re cl ai me d br i cks wi l l be u se d t o cl ad t h e con ce r t h al l an d caf e .
A full assessm e n t of th e p ro j e c t’s e m b o d i e d carbon is ava i l a b l e o n p a g e s 156- 157 of th e
B l ack Scot tish L arch _ Ex ternal C l adding
architectura l d e si g n p o r tf o l i o .
Embodi e d car bon _ 0. 7 2 kgCO 2 /kg
T he material s u se d i n sc h e m e a re l i m i te d ;
Embodi e d car bon f rom t r ave l h as be e n mi t i gat e d by u si n g l ocal Scot t i sh l arch f or t h e wi n dow
a strategic pa l e tte , i n c l u d i n g b ri c k , b l a c k
ope n i n gs. M ore ove r, l arch i s a f ast growi n g t re e wh i ch al l ows f or car bon se qu e st r at i on .
tim ber and w h i te re n d e r h a s b e e n u ti l i se d t o com m unicate f r a g m e n ta ti o n . Tota l e m bo di e d c a rb o n While the exte rn a l of th e e n ti re b u i l d i n g , th e internal treatm e n t of th e c a f e i s a l so b ri c k . All the intern a l a c o u sti c sp a c e s a n d th e
Embodi e d car bon _ 0. 1 01 kgCO 2 /kg
reflect on th e e x te rn a l f a c a d e to w a rd s th e
N or t h Ele va t ion
New bu i l d_ 4 , 3 1 0 , 0 0 0 kgCO 2 / kg
permanent e x h i b i ti o n f l o o r s i n th e m u se u m hav e a timber i n te rn a l f i n i sh . T h i s b e g i n s to
I nsitu, Reinf orced Concrete with 50% Recycled Steel_ Structural Frame
C on cre t e h as a su r pr i si n gl y l ow e mbodi e d e n e rgy/car bon val u e . Howe ve r, i t i s n ot e asi l y re cycl e d. As su ch , re cycl e d aggre gat e s an d l ow car bon ce me n t wi l l be u se d t o make u p f or t h i s.
R et rofi t _ 8 6 0 , 2 0 0 kgCO 2 / kg
tower, where l a rg e o p e n i n g s h a v e b l a c k ti mber
L arsen Timber Stud Wall with Warmcell I nsul ation
cladding. T h e re st of th e i n te rn a l f i n i sh e s a re
Embodi e d car bon _ 0. 005 kgCO 2 /kg
painted in wh i te re n d e r. T h e L ar se n t i mbe r st u d wal l e n su re s mi n i mal t h e rmal br i dgi n g an d al so u se s h i gh pe r f orman ce ce l l u l ose i n su l at i on , wh i ch i s de r i ve d f rom n at u r al e l e me n t s an d re cycl e d pape r. A A
Eng lish Oak Panelling _ Concert Hall, M useum Floors 2- 6 I nternal Finish Embodi e d car bon _ 1 . 05 kgCO 2 /kg L ocal oak wi l l be u se d t o cl ad t h e se space s, re du ci n g car bon e mi ssi on s.
W hite Rend er_ Remaining I nternal Finishes Embodi e d car bon _ 0. 1 2 kgCO 2 /kg Gypsu m pl ast e r h as a l ow e mbodi e d car bon con t e n t . M ore ove r, l i me var i at i on s can be u se d. 18
S e ct ion A A 19
The IE S re s ul ts [ re fe r to the SB E M re p o r t] s ug g e s t that the
Thermal Performance
g l az i ng and ai r ti g htne s s of the b ui l d i ng wo ul d fai l Pas s i v haus .
U-Values_
W hi l e the g l az i ng o nl y fai l e d b y 0 . 0 5 , i t wo ul d ne e d to b e d e s i g ne d to a s l i g htl y hi g he r s tand ard . W i th re g ard to the ai r ti g htne s s , the AC H p e r ho ur are s o hi g h d ue to an i nab i l i ty to chang e the N C M b ui l d i ng s e tti ng s . As s uch, the b ui l d i ng wo ul d i n fact b e co ns tr ucte d to the re q ui re d ai r ti g htne s s l e v e l .
Conce r t ha ll roof d e t a il
Due to Passi v h a u s re q u i re m e n ts, th e b u i l d i n g was to hav e h i g h th e rm a l p e r f o rm a n c e f ro m the outset. While the caf e i s n o t Pa ssi v h a u s, i ts construction i s v e r y si m i l a r to th a t of th e concer t hall, e x c e p t i t h a s 150m m ra th e r th an 200m m of in su l a ti o n . As su c h , i t w i l l n o t b e looked at, as i t i s e x p e c te d to p a ss Pa r t L regulations. As such, the m u se u m a n d c o n c e r t h a l l construction s h a v e b e e n a n a l y se d to Conce r t ha ll w a ll d e t a il
determ ine if Pa ssi v h a u s sta n d a rd s h a v e b e en met.
Mus e um to w e r d e tai l
20
Conce r t ha ll f loor d e t a il
21
H e at i n g _ S tr a te g y & s e r v i c e s a r r a ng e m e nt
23
He ating Strategy Coordination _ T he entire p ro j e c t i s sp l i t i n to 5 z o n e s, w h e re each zone is su p p l i e d b y i ts o w n G S H P. Zone 1 is en ti re l y h e a te d u si n g u n d e r f l o o r heating; as i t i s a l o w h e a t e m i tte r, th e sy stem can b e d i re c tl y so u rc e d b y th e G S H P.
Mus e u m he a t ing s t ra t e g y
Under floor h e a ti n g i s i d e a l i n a sp a c e w h e re a constant strea m of p e o p l e c a n b e e x p e c te d, a s it is a slow re sp o n se sy ste m .
Z o n i n g s t r a t egy key
Zone 2a, tha t i s th e c o n c e r t h a l l ’s f o y e r a n d backstage are a s a re su p p l i e d b y ra d i a to r s.
Plant 1
T his is becau se th e se sp a c e s c a n e x p e c t to
Zone 1
hav e a sudde n i n f l u x of p e o p l e i n b e tw e e n per formance. T h i s re q u i re s f a st re sp o n se
Plant 2
emitter s. In o rd e r to b e d i re c tl y so u rc e th e
Zone 2a
radiator s fro m p l a n t 2’s th e G S H P, o v e r si z e d o r
Zone 2b
larger radiat o r s w i l l n e e d to b e i n sta l l e d . Plant 3 Lastly, zones 2b , 3a a n d 3b w i l l a l l b e su p p l i ed
Zone 3a
by FCUs. T hi s i s b e c a u se th e se sp a c e s w i l l
Zone 3b
Fan c o i l unit w it h w a rm w a t e r coil
already requ i re m e c h a n i c a l c o o l i n g u si n g th i s sy stem and F C U s a re e f f i c i e n t h e a ti n g sy stems , as well as coo l i n g sy ste m s. Zones 3a an d 3b a re se p a r a te b e c a u se 3b will require s tri c te r te m p e r a tu re c o n tro l d u e to the nature of sp a c e s - th e y w i l l h o u se the museum’s in stru m e n t c o l l e c ti o n s. Fl ow
Re t u rn
Mus e um Gro und f l o o r p i p e w o r k l ay o ut
24
C af e und e r f loor he a t ing d e t a il
Under floor heating
Radiator s
Fan c oil units
Z o ni ng s tr ate g y
25
Ve n t i l at i o n _ S i z i ng & d i s tr i b uti o n
27
Ventil ation Strategy T he three bu i l d i n g s & z o n i n g _
T he three bu i l d i n g s - th e c a f e , th e c o n c e r t
Th e co n cer t h a l l bu i l di n g u s es a mi x t u re of
hall and the m u se u m - e a c h h a v e th e i r o w n
mech a n i ca l a n d mi x ed-mo de ven t i l a t i on . As
HVAC plant a n d h a v e se p a r a te v e n ti l a ti o n
t h e fo yer i s a l a rge s pa ce w i t h ex t ern al wal l s,
sy stem s.
mech a n i ca l ven t i l a t i o n w o u l d s u ppl y su f f i ci e n t
Si n gl e - si de d
Plant 1
fres h a i r i n t h e w i n t er, w h i l e n a t u r a l v e n t i l at i on
St ack
Zone 1
Ext r act
Plant 2
Su ppl y
Zone 2 a
T he cafe uses n a tu ra l , c o m b i n e d c ro ss
ca n be u t i l i s ed i n t h e s u mmer. Th e remai n i n g
and stack v en ti l a ti o n th ro u g h th e c e n tr a l
s pa ces a re mech a n i ca l l y ven t i l a t ed ye ar rou n d.
cour ty ard.
Ve n t i l at i on st r at e gy ke y
Th e mu s eu m i s en t i rel y mech a n i ca l l y
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Zoning strategy k ey
Zone 2 b
Both the con c e r t h a l l a n d th e m u se u m
ven t i l a t ed du e t o n eces s a r y t i gh t t empe r at u re
P l an t room
are Passiv ha u s b u i l d i n g s. D u e to th e l o w
a n d h u mi di t y co n t ro l . Wh i l e a A H U wi l l be
Ext r act
Plant 3
infiltration r a te sp e c i f i c a ti o n of 0.3 AC H , b o t h
u s ed t o pro vi de t h e requ i red fres h a i r, a
Su ppl y
Zone 3 a
must be des i g n e d w i th m e c h a n i c a l v e n ti l a ti o n ,
s epa r a t e h u mi di t y co n t ro l s ys t em w i l l mai n t ai n
with heat rec o v e r y.
t h e requ i red rel a t i ve h u mi di t y.
Zone 3 b
Natural ventilation
Mixed-mode ventilation
Mec hanic al ventilation
Z o ni ng s tr ate g y
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Integration Museum_
Conc er t hall_
Ro of p l ate and ro of b e y o nd 5 0 0 m m i ns i tu, re i nfo rce d co ncre te I n t e rme di at e f l oor pl at e 300mm i n si t u , re i n f orced c onc rete
D ro p b e am , re i nfo rce d i ns i tu co ncre te
Su spe n de d ce i l i n g syst em
Sus p e nd e d wal kway
Du ct wor k su spe n si on sy stem
D uctwo r k s us p e ns i o n s y s te m
200mm ve n t i l at i on su pp ly duc t
Ins ul ate d v e nti l ati o n s up p l y d uct 1 . 75 m x 1 . 75 m
El e ct r i cal cabl e t r ay Aco us ti cal p ane l s us p e ns i o n s y s te m Su spe n de d ce i l i n g 50mm wood- f i bre pan els
Sus p e nd e d ce i l i ng 5 0 m m wo o d -fi b re p ane l s
St e e l sl at e d di f f u se r Ste e l s l ate d d i ffus e r Z u mt h obe l L ED st opl i ght fixture St r u ct u r al col u mn 250mm i n si t u , re i n f orced c onc rete
30
31
FD
System Coordination in the Museum
N
FD
G round floor d u c tw o rk p l a n _
2.43 6.3 0.6 0.7
VCD
FD
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
M
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
FD
T he museum h a s tw o se p a ra te z o n e s, th e ground floor b e i n g th e f i r st a n d th e u p p e r ex hibition fl o o r s ( f i r st to si x th f l o o r s) b e i n g the second. All floor s uti l i se th e c a sc a d e a f f e c t, w i th a perimeter su p p l y a n d c e n tr a l e x tr a c t arrangem en t. E a c h to i l e t a l so h a s a n e x tra c t v ent for odo u r c o n tro l . T he ground f l o o r c a n b e c o n si d e re d to b e t h e index run of th e b u i l d i n g a n d w a s, th e re f o re, used to calcu l a te th e d u c t si z i n g . 1
Single p e r so n of f i c e
5
Lobby
2
O pen p l a n of f i c e
6
R e c e p ti o n
3
WCs
4
Store
7
G i f t sh o p
2.13 7.5 0.9 0.6
VCD
FD
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
L
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
FD
1.83 6.1 0.7 0.6
VCD
FD
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
K
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
FD
1.53 5.2 0.5 0.5
VCD
FD
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
J
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
FD
1.23 0.6 0.8 0.5 I
VCD
FD
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15 0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
FD
0.93 5.8 0.9 0.45
VCD
FD
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
H
0.3 1.8 0.35 0.15
VCD
FD
0.53 4.2 0.55 0.4
VCD
VCD
FD
FD
VCD
VCD G VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
0.24 3.4 0.5 0.3
entrance lobby
VCD
Ext r ac t
Supply
0.41 4.3 0.7 0.35
private office 1 0.3 0.8
4.3 0.3
VCD
private office 2 0.25 3.6 0.8 0.3
VCD
F VCD
Ground f loor p la n
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
0.11 3.4 0.85 0.2
VCD
0.08 3.3 0.8 0.2
VCD
0.05 2.9 0.9 0.15
0.2 0.9
4.1 0.25
0.15 2.8 0.5 0.25
0.1 0.8
0.11 3.4 0.85 0.2
0.13 3.7 1 0.2
0.12 3.5 0.9 0.2
VCD
0.05 2.9 0.9 0.15
VCD
VCD
3.1 0.2
E
D
C
B
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
VCD
open office
disable WC
female WC
male WC
A
open office
32
entrance lobby
gift shop
33
System Design Duct sizing_
A HU and fan duties_
The pressure drop ac ross the supply duc twork was c alc ulated to be 75 0 Pa. Using this and the A HU duty of 2 .2 m 3 /s, R was c alc ulated Fresh air wil l b e su p p l i e d th ro u g h th e AH U
and thus the system c ur ve c ould be plotted
situated in th e ro o m p l a n t; a p l a te h e a t
against a manufac turer ’s fan c ur ve.
ex changer pre c o o l s/ p re h e a ts th e a i r b e f o re it reaches th e c o o l i n g / h e a ti n g c o i l s. T h i s i s
Nuaire’s X boxer S9 -X BH heat exc hange series
essential to a c h i e v i n g Pa ssi v h a u s sta n d a rd s .
provided a suitable fit, with the resulting per formanc e:
As illustrated i n th e i n te g ra ti o n d i a g ra m s,
_operating Q of 2 .4m 3 / s
the ductwork w i l l b e h o u se d i n th e p l e n u m
_operating pressure drop of 8 5 0 Pa
abov e the su sp e n d e d c e i l i n g . As o u tl i n e d by
_power of 3 .6 k W.
CIBSE guidel i n e s, 10l / s/ p h a s b e e n su p p l i e d throughout th e b u i l d i n g , c re a ti n g a to ta l AHU
The SFP is too high and would not pass Par t
duty of 2.2m / s f o r a p p rox i m a te l y 250 p e o pl e.
L regulations. This would be dealt with by
3
inc reasing the duc twork diameter s to reduc e Due to the n a tu re of th e b u i l d i n g , i t w a s
the pressure drop.
impor tant to k e e p n o i se l e v e l s f ro m th e v entilation sy ste m d o w n . T h u s, v e l o c i ti e s outside the ri se r h a v e b e e n k e p t b e tw e e n 3 t o 6m 3 /s. T he AHU’s d u c tw o r k w i l l b e f i t w i th a tte n u a t o r s in both the su p p l y a n d re tu rn , to m i n i m i se noise transmi ssi o n th ro u g h th e stru c tu re .
34
35
Co o l i n g _ S i z i ng & d i s tr i b uti o n
37
Cooling Strategy
System Coordination
Strategies & z o n i n g _
The museum_
T he concer t h a l l , i ts b a c k sta g e a n d th e museum will re q u i re m e c h a n i c a l c o o l i n g , as these spa c e s w i l l a l so b e m e c h a n i c a l l y v entilated. A s stated in the previous sec tion, due to
The ground floor is made up of the following
Fan coil unit s w i l l b e u se d to p ro v i d e c o o l th
the prec ious nature of the exhibited objec ts,
rooms:
to all these sp a c e s, a s th e y a re q u i c k re sp o n s e
the museum will require stric t temperature
_The offic e
sy stem s and c a n d e a l w i th a su d d e n , l a rg e
c ontrol.
_WCs
influx of peop l e e f f i c i e n tl y.
_The lobby and the gif t shop The building will be split up into 2 zones:
All the cooli n g sy ste m s w i l l b e su p p l i e d b y
A ll rooms other than the WCs will be
v apour-com p re ssi o n c h i l l e r s i n th e i r re sp e c t i ve
_The ground floor whic h would not have suc h
mec hanic ally c ooled. Fan c oil units will be
roof plants.
a stric t temperature c ontrol range.
used to address heat gains in the warmer months, using 9 FCUs on the ground floor
Zoning strate g y k e y Plant 1
Pl a n t 2
Zone 1a
Z o n e 2a
Zone 1b
Z o n e 2b
_The exhibition floor s whic h would have larger
whic h are supplied by the c hiller s . The fan
annual loads as air c onditions would not be
c oil units will be housed in the plenum above
able to be higher than 2 1°C.
the false c eiling.
Z o n e 2c
Flow
Re turn
G round floor pipework lay out
38
Co o l i n g t h ro u gh n a t u r a l ven t i l at i on
M e ch an i cal cool i n g
Zoning
39
Cooling tower
Cooling Loads Room gains_
System c oordination & c ontrol_
Vapourcompression chiller 50kW
RV
IV P
Cooling tower
Vapourcompression chiller 50kW
Cooling tower
Vapourcompression chiller 85kW
T RV
IV
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
P
All the cooli n g l o a d s w e re c a l c u l a te d u si n g
The BMS is fed flow and return temperature in
IES. Using th e N C M d a ta f o r a m u se u m /
the system. This information, along with the
galler y /libra r y b u i l d i n g s, i t w a s p o ssi b l e to
external temperature, would determine the
determine th e p e a k c o o l i n g l o a d s f o r th e
temperature of the c hiller water produc ed by
entire buildi n g , a s w e l l a s i n d i v i d u a l sp a c e s.
the c hiller s.
Heat gains i n c l u d e d : _ Task lightin g
A ll the FCUs in the system would be
_ Ex hibition l i g h ti n g
c onnec ted to a temperature sensor ; the
_ People
sensor s in the galler y spac es would need to C o o l i ng l o ad s b re a kd ow n
_ Solar gains
be par tic ularly sensitive.
As such, this a l l o w e d th e n u m b e r a n d c o o l i n g
If the internal temperature of 2 3 °C on the
capacity of e a c h F C U f o r th e i n d e x ru n ( th e
ground floor or 2 1°C in the exhibition spac es
ground floor ) , w h i c h i s a l so a d i f f e re n t z o n e t o
is exc eeded, the fan speed in the FCU will C o o l i ng p l ant l o ad f o r the g round f loor of f ice s
the rest of th e b u i l d i n g , to b e sp e c i f i e d [ se e cooling load s b re a k d o w n ta b l e ] .
BMS O
T
RV
IV
T
P
FS
P
AHU cooler battery
IV
9.76 1.13 121 0.1 N
7.76 1.51 291 0.08
6th floor M
IV
L
IV
K
IV
J
IV
I
IV
H
IV
G
IV
6.57 1.28 213 0.08
1.19 0.86 230 0.04
5th floor
5.38 1.05 147 0.08
1.19 0.86 230 0.04
4th floor
4.19 1.13 205 0.065
inc rease to produc e a greater c ooling rate.
1.19 0.86 230 0.04
3rd floor
3.00 0.81 111 0.065
Mus e um annual he ati ng and c o o l i ng l o ad s
1.19 0.86 230 0.04
2nd floor
1.95 0.88 180 0.050
1.05 0.76 183 0.04
1st floor
C o o l i ng p l ant l o ad f o r the g ro u nd f loor lob b y a nd g if t s hop 0.86 0.84 266 0.032
1.09 0.79 196 0.04
Ground floor F
E
0.52 0.51 109 0.032
0.62 0.60 147 0.32
D
0.43 0.48 98 0.032
B
C
0.33 0.56 186 0.025
0.28 0.4 102 0.025
0.09 0.46 256 0.015
IV
A
1.5kW FCU cooling coil
T
40
Office
2kW FCU cooling coil
T
1.5kW FCU cooling coil
T
2kW FCU cooling coil
2kW FCU cooling coil
T Lobby, reception and gift shop
2kW FCU cooling coil
T
3kW FCU cooling coil
2kW FCU cooling coil
T
T
2kW FCU cooling coil
T
T
41
System Sizing Pump duty an d p i p e w o r k si z i n g _
Chiller sizing_
Fan co i l uni t s p e ci fi cati o n_
As hi g hl i g hte d i n the co o l i ng l o ad b re akd o wn tab l e , the g ro und fl o o r wo ul d re q ui re 9 F C Us : two 1 . 5 kW, s i x 2 kW and o ne 3 kW.
The building’s c ooling loads will be supplied T hrough IES, th e m a x i m u m se n si b l e h e a t
by three vapour-c ompression c hiller s; multiple
gain on the b o tto m f l o o r w e re sp e c i f i e d i n
c hiller s are used to minimise effic ienc y loss
each room . M o re o v e r, th e to ta l c o o l i n g l o a d
due to par t loading and to have a bac k up
for each floor w a s th e n a tta i n e d a n d u se d
c hiller for the majority of the year.
to working o u t th e to ta l p re ssu re l o ss i n th e sy stem .
Integrated v entilation and cooling strategy
Two A ermec A NL°/L/C 2 9 0 and one A ermec A NL°/L/C 40 0 c hiller s would be appropriate
T he pum p du ty i s re q u i re d to p ro v i d e
to supply the building, c reating a c ombined
9.762kg/s of c h i l l e d w a te r to th e c o o l i n g c o i l
c ooling c apac ity of 18 6 k W, whic h is over sized
in the FCUs, a t a 59k Pa p re ssu re d ro p .
by 10 % of the c alc ulated requirement.
Fan coil unit sy stem
42
43
E l e c t ri c a l D i s t ri b u t i o n _ S tr a te g y & s e r v i c e s c o o rd i na ti o n
6th floor
Exhibition lighting M
Distribution Schematic
Sockets
Task lighting
FCUs
Coordination
Entire floor
T he museum_
5th floor
The museum_
Exhibition lighting M
Sockets
Task lighting
FCUs
Entire floor
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Exhibition lighting M
Sockets
Task lighting
FCUs
Entire floor 3rd floor
T he three bu i l d i n g s w i l l e a c h h a v e a n
independent e l e c tri c i ty su p p l y f ro m th e g r i d.
Exhibition lighting
In all cases, th e th re e p h a se c o n n e c ti o n w i l l
M
meet the uti l i ty m e te r a n d m a i n d i str i b u ti o n
Task lighting
FCUs
Entire floor
panel in the e l e c tri c a l p l a n t i n th e b a se m e n t of each buildi n g .
Sockets
2nd floor
Exhibition lighting M
T he cabling w i l l b e sp l i t i n to si n g l e p h a se
Sockets
Task lighting
FCUs
Entire floor
circuits for ea c h b u i l d i n g ’s z o n e . As th e
1st floor
museum will re q u i re ta sk l i g h ti n g , a s w e l l a s ex hibition lig h ti n g , i t w i l l b e l o o k e d a t i n mo re detail.
Exhibition lighting M
3-phase demands to AHU/chiller
Ground floor
Lifts M
Sockets
FCUs
Lighting
Entire floor M
M
Electrical cable tray Fiber cem ent board, 20m m
In order to separately manage and monitor
Insulation, 100m m
the display lighting in the exhibition spac es
X2 G y psum plasterboard, 12m m
and the surrounding task lighting in the
Prefabricated brick slip panelling, 19m m
anc illar y spac es and music rooms, two
Vapour control lay er
separate lighting c irc uits shall be spec ified.
X2 Rigid insulation, 200m m
This will also allow the BMS system to deal
X2 steel studs, 100m m
with the lighting independently.
Steel blots Reinforced concrete floor slab, 300m m
Elec tric al soc k ets and c abling will be run
New Insula steel-to-steel therm al break
around the perimeter of eac h floor ; the nature
Steel angel
of Passivhaus c onstruc tion allowed for a
Steel angel
to be used for 15 amp elec tric al distribution. Xtratherm soffit with brick slip finish, 220m m
Exhibition lighting
Laid brick
Task lighting
Basement floor
M
Utility panel
Sill
12 5 mm gap in between the struc tural c olumns
Entire floor
Each floor of th e to w e r re p re se n ts a n electrical zo n e .
Sockets
Task lighting
FCUs
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
4th floor
Sockets Museum storage and workshops
Main distribution panel
FCUs
Lighting
Typ ica l e xhib it ion f loor
Typ ica l e xhib it ion f loor
Lig ht ing p la n
Ele ct rica l d is t rib ut ion p la n
Ele ct rica l t ra y int e g ra t ion_ 1:10
Entire floor
M 46
3-phase demands to boiler/GSHP plant 47
Li g h t i n g _ E x h i b i ti o n l i g h ti ng & l um i na i re s
Identifying Exhibition Lighting Requirements T he museum_
Luminaires and lamps_
The Zumthobel MICROS-C D6 8 series spotlight
Annual Artificial Lighting Usage for Office D Annual Artificial Lighting Usage for Office D
is an ideal luminaire to illuminate the exhibition spac e; the low energy LED light has
DF
the ability to pivot, allowing for flexibility. For
N
the purpose of the c alc ulation, the light will While the caf e a n d th e c o n c e r t h a l l f o y e r w i l l
kW
be pivoted at 2 7° from the horizontal c eiling.
be naturally l i t d u r i n g d a y l i g h t h o u r s, th e
hrs Zumt hob e l MI CR OS - C lumina ire
enclosed acou sti c re q u i re m e n t of th e c o n c e r t
A s shown in the detail drawn in the ventilation
hall and the n a tu re of m u se u m s re su l t i n a
sec tion, the spotlights will be housed in the
need for ar t i f i c i a l l i g h ti n g .
suspended timber-panelled c eiling.
kWh Price per KWh
DF
5.000
5.000
N
3.000
3.000
kW
0.025
0.025
hrs
869.000
kWh
65.175
65.175
Price per KWh
W he re ,
869.000
11.000 Annual Lighting Cost (£) Annual Lighting Cost (£) 7.169 Annual Lighting Cost per m2 (£) 2 Annual Lighting Cost per m (£) 0.590 Estimated Cost for Office Block (£) Estimated Cost for Office Block (£) 238.778 Lig ht t hrow e le va t ion
11.000 7.169 0.590 238.778
C
C and e l a p e r kl m
Lf
Lum i nai re l um i no us fl ux ( l m )
I
Inte ns i ty ( cd )
θ
Ang l e of thro w ( °)
While the mu se u m d o e s ta k e m e a su re s to
The lamp have a c olour temperature of 3 0 0 0 K
d
D i s tance ( m )
introduce di f f u se d d a y l i g h t i n to th e sp a c e ,
- warm, white light. It also has a work ing life
E
Il l um i nance ( l x )
ex hibition or sp o t l i g h ti n g w i l l b e u se d to
of 5 0 ,0 0 0 h at 2 5 °C and a power input of 9 .2 W.
illum inate th e c o l l e c ti o n s. The photometr y polar diagram for the
1500 cd/klm
luminaire provide the c d/k lm at E1, E2 , E3 and
428 lm
E4. These values were then used to determine
642 I at 15°
the illuminanc e at eac h point on the wall.
2900 cd/klm
Zumt hob e l MI CR OS - C p ola r d ia g ra m
428 lm 1241.2 I at 0°
Exhibition lighting Task lighting Re f l e ct e d ce iling p la n
E=I/d^2.sin E1 d Angel of light throw
50
1500 cd/klm
Angle of throw
428 lm
15°
642 I at 15°
0°
d Angel of light throw
Lf (lm)
I (cd)
428
642
428
1241
θ (°) d (m) 0 2.236 15 2.045 15 2.315 15 4.483
I (cd) E (lx) 1241 248 642 110 642 116 642 31
2900 cd/klm 428 lm
θ (°)
1241.2 I at 0°
E=I/d^2.sin E1
Angle of throw C (cd/klm) C (cd/klm) Lf (lm) I (cd) 15° 1500 1500 428 642 0° 2900 2900 428 1241
Lig ht t hrow s e ct ion
248 lm
2.236 m 0 °
248 lm
E1
0
E2
15
E3
15
E4
15
E1 E2 E3 E4
I (cd) 1241 642 642 642
d (m)
E (lx)
2.236
248
2.045
110
2.315
116
4.483
31
2.236 m 0 °
51
Considerations on Daylighting Controlling di re c t su n l i g h t_
Continuing w i th th e m u se u m , th e to w e r w a s
co u r t ya rds recede a ba y’s dept h i nt o t h e
to be retrofi tte d to Pa ssi v h a u s sta n d a rd s
t o w er, t h u s pro vi di n g s o l a r s h a di n g bu t st i l l
and prov ide a h e a l th y e n v i ro n m e n t f ro m th e
i n t ro du ci n g da yl i gh t .
A_ Harold Street Residence, Jackson Clem ents Burrows Architects
outset.
B
Fu r t h ermo re, t h e u s e of t h e s t a gge re d l ai d T he design h a s c o n si d e re d a n d a i m s to c o n t ro l
br i ck w h i ch en cl o s e t h e co u r t ya rds al so
day lighting th ro u g h th e i n tro d u c ti o n of th e
co n t ro l di rect s u n l i gh t i n t h e w i n t er morn i n gs
cour ty ards. N a tu ra l l i g h ti n g i n m u se u m s
a n d even i n gs , ca s t i n g a da ppl ed l igh t i n t o t h e
and galleries sh o u l d a l w a y s b e c o n tro l l e d
mu s eu m.
A A
to m inimise d i re c t su n l i g h t; th i s i s d o n e to preser v e the i te m s b e i n g e x h i b i te d .
B_ St Lewis Ar t Museum , Dav id Chipper field Architects
Th e co u r t ya rd, o r l a n t ern , a t t h e t op of t h e t o w er di ffu s es t h e l i gh t by u s i n g s l i gh t l y
As such, the n u m b e r of w i n d o w s o n th e to w er
t r a n s l u cen t gl a s s . Th e des i red t o p l i t e f f e ct i s
has been lim i te d , of f se t b y th e i n se r ti o n of
di s pl a yed i n R a fa el M o n eo’s M u s eum of Fi n e
the three inte rn a l ‘c o u r ty a rd s’. th e l o w e r
Ar ts.
Mus e um c o ur ty ard i d e nti f i c ati o n
Cour t ya rd A s umme r s ha d ing
Cour t ya rd A w int e r s ha d ing
Cour t ya rd B lig ht d if f us ion
B_ Museum of Fine Ar ts, Rafael Moneo
52
53
P e rf o rm a n c e Mo de l l i n g _ O v e r v i e w & c o m p l i a nc e
Modellin g Overview Model functi o n s_
T he IES m ode l w a s u se d f o r tw o f u n c ti o n s. Fir stly, the Ap a c h e si m c a l c u l a ti o n a l l o w e d the building c o o l i n g a n d h e a ti n g l o a d s to b e determ ined, a s se e n i n th e p re v i o u s se c ti o n s . T he model wa s a l so se t to a N C M b u i l d i n g D1: Museum/ g a l l e r y / l i b r a r y a n d u n d e r w e n t a s SBEM com pl i a n c e c h e c k to d e te rm i n e i f Pa r t L 2013 regulat i o n s w e re m e t. As IES strugg l e d w i th so m e of th e g e o m e tr i es , mainly m ezz a n i n e sp a c e s, th e m o d e l w a s simplified an d h e i g h ts w e re a v e ra g e to achiev e as m u c h a c c u r a c y a s p o ssi b l e Each buildin g h a s i t’s o w n Ap a c h e sy ste m so the m odel w o u l d se p a r a te th e b u i l d i n g p l a n t s .
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SBEM Compliance T he simulatio n f a i l e d Pa r t L re g u l a ti o n s. T h i s is, howev er, d u e to i ssu e s w i th th e m o d e l l i n g process. T he biggest i ssu e w i th th e m o d e l w a s th e lighting outc o m e . Af te r a n i n i ti a l te st, th e lighting of ea c h ro o m w a s f o u n d to b e se t t o both task an d d i sp l a y l i g h ti n g . E v e n th o u g h this was corre c te d , th e o u tp u t of th e se c o n d simulation resu l ts w i th th e sa m e l i g h ti n g energy intak e . T h e re a so n f o r th e e rro r i s not under stoo d , h o w e v e r, i t m a y b e a ssu m e d that the buil d i n g w o u l d u ti l i se l e ss e l e c tr i c al energy for li g h ti n g . T he cooling a n d a u x i l i a r y l o a d s a l so e x c e e ded that of the NC M b u i l d i n g . T h e re a so n f o r this m ay be c o u r ty a rd s, w h i c h c o u l d p o ssi bl y introduce la rg e h e a t g a i n s i n to th e sp a c e s. A possible respo n se to th i s m a y b e to i n tro d u ce more natural v e n ti l a ti o n i n to th e sp a c e s to reduce energ y c o n su m p ti o n w h e re p o ssi b l e, such as the g ro u n d f l o o r of th e m u se u m a n d the back stag e a re a s of th e c o n c e r t h a l l . . Passiv haus co m p l i a n c e _ T he building c o m p l i e s w i th Pa ssi v h a u s i n a l l respects, apa r t f ro m th e a i r ti g h tn e ss v a l u e. T his, howev e r, w a s d u e to a n i n a b i l i ty to change the i n f i l tr a ti o n r a te f ro m th e se t N C M standard.
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