Urban Planning and the City in the AIA Journal between 1960 and 1965

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS URBAN PLANNING AND THE CITY 1960 - 1965

2016-2017 / HISTORY AND THEORY OF THE XX CENTURY OF ARCHITECTURE PROF. GAIA CARAMELLINO, TUTOR NICOLE DE TOGNI

Erzë DINARAMA, Jing NIU, Mariya ANDONOVA, Mikaela MAÇKA, Xintian LYU, Zi CHEN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A.

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE JOURNAL

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B.1. ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL

12

B.2. COVERS AND ADVERTISING MATERIALS

16

C.

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SYNTHESIS OF THE CONTENTS: URBAN PLANNING AND THE CITY

D.1. TABLE OF THEMES:

RECURRENCY OF THE THEMES

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D.2. TOPICS TIMELINE

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D.3. MAPPING OF THE ARCHITECTURAL

PROJECTS 1960-1965

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D.4. MAPPING OF THE EVENTS 1960-1965

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E.

ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF ALL THE ISSUES

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F.

RESEARCH ESSAY

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3

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A. BIBLIOGRAPHY

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY The American Institute of Architects. College of Fellows; History & Directory, 2016 edition, published on: https://issuu.com/aiacollegeoffellows/docs/faia_20directory Edmund N. Bacon, Design of cities, London; Thames and Hudson, 1967 S. Richards, Halfway between the electron and the universe. Doxiadis and the Delos Symposia, in Gerald Adler (ed), Scale. Imagination, perception and practice in architecture, New York, Routledge, 2011 LIST OF THE ARTICLES ON URBAN PLANNING AND THE CITY Carl Feiss, “New Towns for America”, Journal of the AIA, Jan 1960, 85-89 Richard D. Cramer, “Zoning and what we can do to improve it”, Journal of the AIA, Jan 1960, 90-94 Elizabeth K.Thompson, “Expanding Horizons”, Journal of the AIA, Feb 1960, 25-28 Victor Gruen, “Save Urbia for New Urbanites” , Journal of the AIA, Feb 1960,35-38 Thomas F. Faires, AIA, “A Step into the Future”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1960 27-32 Russell Lynes, “ The Erosion of Detroit”, Journal of the AIA, Apr 1960 36-37 James A. Hatcher, “Main Street — Little Rock,1969”, Journal of the AIA, May 1960 “Chandigarh Reconsidered”, Journal of the AIA, May 1960 32-38 JOHN NOBLE RICH, “Gracias, Architectos Mexicanos”, Journal of the AIA, May 1960 53 “Cities are Funny”, Journal of the AIA, Jul 1960 35-37 Robert Ingle Hoyt, “ The Effect of Capital Gains Tax on Capital Expenditures”, Journal of the AIA, July 1960 58-58 Rudolf Hillebrecht, “Architecture and City Building East and Wes”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1960 19-30 Robert P. Madison, “Cleveland’s Third Downtown Reawakening ”, Journal of the AIA, Sep 1960 50-56 Ian Nairin, “ The Master Builders”, Journal of the AIA, Oct 1960 47-49 Moholy-Nagy, “ Theory and Criticism in Architecture and City Planning ”, Journal of the AIA, Oct 1960 58-59

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John G. Grace, “A Flying Visit to Italy”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1960 33-37 L. Hilberseimer, “ The Automobile and the City”, Journal of the AIA, Dec 1960 30-31 Philip Will, Jr, FAIA, “ The Challenge of Urban Design”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 30 Clarence S. Stein, FAIA, “Communities for the Good Life”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 31 Edmund N. Bacon, “Designing Urban America”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 32 Catherine Bauer Wurster, “Architecture and the Cityscape”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 33-40 Grady Clay, “Magnets Generators Feeders”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 4147 Leonard J. Duhl, “Urban Design and Mental Health”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 48-52 Waler McQuade, AIA, “ The Visual Quality of Cities”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 53-55 Harry M. Weese, AIA, “Random Thoughts on Architectural Controls and their Effects on Cities”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 56-61 Carl Feiss, AIA, “ The Dramatic Experiment in Architectural and Planning Education”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 62-67 Henry S. Churchill, FAIA, “Gray Areas of Design”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 80-82 Chalers A. Blessing, AIA, “ The Architect and the Planner ”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 85-90 Kenneth W. Brooks, AIA, “ The Architect’s Role in the Small City”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 91-92 Arch R. Winter, AIA, “ The Architect -Planner as CityDesigner ”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 93-97 Julian E. Berla, FAIA, “ The Department of Urban Affairs”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 98-99 W.C. Dutton, Jr(Executive Director), “Federal and State Aid as Related to Planning ”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 100-103 Sibyl Moholy-Nagy, “New Cities of the Twentieth Century”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 104-109 Frederick Gibberd, “New Towns in Britain”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 110-112

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Helen Duprey Bullock, “Planned Cities in the Wilderness”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1961 31-37 Morley & Geraughty, C. Ross Anderson, “Master Planning for the Small City”, Journal of the AIA, May 1961 45-50 Philip Wiil, Jr Feiss. FAIA, FAIA, Carl, “Be-designing urban America”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1961 27-30 Sir William Holford, “Oneness of Planning ”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1961 3745 Bruno Zevi, “Culture of the City”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1961 47-54 Edmund N. Bacon, “Architecture and Planning ”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1961 69-90 N. Carl Barefoot, “ The Philadephia Story”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1961 91-96 Ian Nairn, “By Thyself ”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1961 39-42 C.A. DeDeurwaerder, “Don’t Tread on Me”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1961 4849 Edward H. Pickett, AIA, “Frankly Speaking ”, Journal of the AIA, Sep 1961 2729 Alfred Browning Parker,FAIA, “Are Not A-OK”, Journal of the AIA, Sep 1961 30-32 Robert C. Ledermann, “Homebuilding and the Urban Growth Process”, Journal of the AIA, Sep 1961 33-36 Carl Koch, FAIA, “R for America”, Journal of the AIA, Sep 1961 37-43 Allen G. Siple, AIA, “Suburbia Revisited”, Journal of the AIA, Sep 1961 Eugene R. Martini, “Land Planning vs Land Scraping AIA, Jun 1961 47-49

1961”, Journal of the

Henry Charles Burgc, AIA, “Home Sweet Home”, Journal of the AIA, Sep 1961 50-51 A. Quincy Jones, FAIA, “ The Livable Community and Site Plan Design”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1961, 81-85 Robert Martin Engclbrecht, AIA, “Architectural Fees for Housing ”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1961, 86-89 James W. Toland, “Public Relations and Architecture”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1961, 90-91 John M. King, “Costs and the Production of House”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1961, 92-97 Fred Smith, “ The Struggle for Redevelopment”, Journal of the AIA, Oct 1961,

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Sibyl Moholy-Nagy, “Of Planners and Primadonnas”, Journal of the AIA, Oct 1961, 59-65 Edmund R. Purves, FAIA, “International Venture”, Journal of the AIA, Oct 1961, 66-72 Patrick Horsbrugh, “Landscape Interpretation and the Planning Arts”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1961, 31-36 Wolf Von Eckardt, “Symbol ln the Mud”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1961, 37-42 C. M. Deasy, AIA, “Urban Renewal from the Bottom UP”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1961, 43-45 Milton Milstein, AIA, “Operation Buffalo”, Journal of the AIA, Dec 1961, 2531 “Education for Urban Design”, Journal of the AIA, Dec 1961, 86-100 Robert S.Strugis, “ The Architects’ Plan For Boston”, Journal of the AIA, Jan 1962, 21-27 David L. Eggers, “Astor-Cooper Square Urban Renewal Study”, Journal of the AIA, Apr 1962, 28-34 Fred H. Bair, “Challenge of the Unexpected Obvious”, Apr 1962, 28-34 M. R. Wolfe, “Shopping Streets and the Pedestrain Rediscovered”, May 1962, 33-42 Morton Hoppenfeld, “ Towards a Consensus if Approach to Urban Design”, Sept 1962, 37-42 Dudley Hunt Jr, “Comprehensive Architectural Practice”, Dec 1962, 59-60 Matthew L. Rockwell, “Location Analysis and Site Location”, Dec 1962, 61-66 Paul Thiry, “Introduction”, Jan 1963, 23 Henry L. Wright, “ The Architect and Washington”, Jan 1963, 24 Paul D. Spreiregen, “he L’Enfant Plan for Washington”, Jan 1963, 25-34 Morton Hoppenfeld, “Metro-Center for the Year 2000”, Jan 1963, 43-48 Vice Admiral Oswald S. Colclough, “ The Action Plan for downtown”, Jan 1963, 60-62 I. M. Pei, “Urban Renewal in Southwest Washington”, Jan 1963, 65-69 Matthew L. Rockwell, “ Transportation in Washington”, Jan 1963, 75-80 James N. Faber, “ The Memorials and Monuments of Washington”, Jan 1963, 95-98 Chloethiel Woodard Smith, “Public Works-Dominant Forms”, Jan 1963, 99

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Robert J. Kerr II, “Historic Preservation in the Federal City”, Jan 1963, 104106 “ The Roots and Modern Concepts of Urban Design”, Feb 1963, 59-77 Robert H. Woody, “Salt Lake City-Its Second-Century Plan”, Apr 1963, 21-26 Donald H. Lutes, “ Techniques of Comprehensive Services”, Apr 1963, 34-38 “ The Practice of Urban Design: Guide Lines for the Visual Survey”, Apr 1963, 80-94 Robert E. Alexander, “Comprehensive Architectural Practice”, Apr 1963, 103106 “ The Practice of Urban Design: Some Basic Principles”, Jun 1963, 59-74 Eric Pawley and Donald Hardison, “Mexican Rural Schools Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture”, Jun 1963, 101-108 Robert Anshen, “WHAT IS QUALITY?”, Jul 1963, 34-37 Karel Yasko, “WHAT (AND WHO) DETERMINES QUALITY?”, Jul 1963, 61-68 Norbert Adler, “ The Architecture of an Office Brochure”, Aug 1963, 40-42 Garrett Eckbo, “Urban Design—A Definition”, Sept 1963, 37-38 J. D. Forbes Hon, “ The Society of Architectural Historians”, Sept 1963, 53-54 “A One-man Panel on Architecture”, Oct 1963, 27-33 Richard A, Enion, “Land-form, City Life and Urban Design”, Oct 1963, 59-75 “Designing the Parts of the City, Architecturally”, Dec 1963, 59-75 Harold B. Gores, “Still Sits the Schoolhouse. . . but less so”, Dec 1963, 83-106 Percy Seitlin, “SABS: New York - People and Places”, Oct 1964, 55 Nana May, “Campus Traffic - Urban Design in Practice”, Jan 1964, 27 Committee: Charles A, “Urban Design for Urban Living ”, Feb 1964, 71 Stewart L. Udall, “Cities in Trouble, Journal of the AIA” , Apr 1964, 29 Robert J. Kerr II, “Historic Preservation - A Pragmatic Approach”, Journal of the AIA, Apr 1964, 36 “Circulation and Urban Design”, Journal of the AIA, 1964 April 81 Robert E. Koehler, “Design Seminar-Breakthrough for Low-Rent Housing ”, Journal of the AIA, May 1964, 35 Edmund N. Bacon AIA, “ The Space Between Buildings”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1964, 30

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“Urban Design Series: Regulation and Control in Urban Design (10)”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1964, 55 Dr Luther L. Terry, “Health and Psychological Aspects”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1964, 33 Dr Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr., “ The Family and Spirit, Journal of the AIA”, Aug 1964, 37 Discussion Period, “Journal of the AIA”, 1964 August, 44 Honorable Harrison Williams, “Federal Relationships”, Journal of the AIA , Aug 1964 , 49 Honorable John Anderson Jr, “State Relationships”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1964, 54 Honorable Raymond Tucker HON AIA, “Local Relationships”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1964, 59 “Discussion Period”, Journal of the AIA, 1964 August, 63 Francis D. Lethbridge, “ The Visible City: Seeing the City in Time”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1964, 71 Albert Mayer FAIA, “ The Visible City: Factors and Facets in City Design”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1964, 76 Dr Thomas H. Eliot, “ The Visible City: Summary of the professional program”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1964, 82 Paul D. Spreiregen AIA, “Government and Urban Design (Urban Series XI)”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1964, 65 Ulrich Conrads and Werner Marschal, “SABS: Contemporary Architecture in Germany”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1964, 57 “Comprehensive Role for Urban Design (XII and last of the series of Urban Design)”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1964, 73 Carl Feiss, “new Towns for America”, Journal of the AIA, Jan 1960, 85-89 “Comprehensive Role for Urban Design”, Journal of the AIA, Apr 1964, 73 George N. Hall AIA, “Smokestacks on the Dunes”, Journal of the AIA, Dec 1964, 31 Paul Spreiregen AIA, “ The Alaska Earthquake: What the Task Force Has to Say”, Journal of the AIA, Dec 1964, 35 WILLIA M KECK AIA, “Urban Parking Lots: Eyesores or Assets?”, Journal of the AIA, Feb 1965, 55-61 John O. Curtis, “Moving historic building ”, Journal of the AIA, Mar 1965, 4146

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JOHN EL Y BURCHAR D, “Some Antidotes for Ugliness”, Journal of the AIA, Apr 1965, 29-34 FRANCIS D. LETHBRIDGE, “ The Federal City as a Client”, Journal of the AIA, May 1965, 25-29 JOHN CRESSWELL PARKIN RCA, FRAIC, FRIBA, “Disorder in Our Cities”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1965, 51-57 Y LOUIS G. REDSTONE, “Superblock Spectacular in Mexico City”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1965, 58-60 JOHN CARL WARNECKE, “ The Federal City: A Practitioner ’s View”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1965, 92-97 PAUL SPREIREGEN, “Best-Planned City: Beauties and Blemishes”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1965, 98-102 “ Two Other New World Cities, Behind the AIA Awards”, Journal of the AIA, Jun 1965, 103-106 “Blight Future of the Profession”, Journal of the AIA, Aug 1965, 71-75 “Who Is Responsible for Design?”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1965, 33-35 “A New Tool for the Practicing Architect”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1965, 43 “An Urban Design Contract”, Journal of the AIA, Sept 1965, 44-49 GORDON G. WITTENBERG, “Worksheet No. 2: The Politics of Urban Design”, Journal of the AIA, Oct 1965, 75-79 “Urban design work sheet no.3: job development”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1965, 41-42 Eugene, oregon, “urban design in practice”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1965, 43-47 “ The war: campaign in atlanta”, Journal of the AIA, Nov 1965, 72-77 S. B. ZISMAN, AIA, “Urban Design Worksheet No. 4: Open Space”, Journal of the AIA, Dec 1965, 49-54

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What is AIA?

professional ideals AIA President J. Roy Carroll

pub lishe d monthl y in Pennsy l va ni a

r e � t l e d “ O C TA G O N ”

r e � t l e d “J o u r n a l of the American Ins�tute of Architects”

published monthly in Washington DC, by AIA

2006

AIA Magazine Architect

1996

1983

1957

1944

1928

1913

1960-1965

Architectural Record becomes the official AIA magazine

re�tl ed “A rc hite c ture ”

AIA Journal was closed

founda�on of the AIA Journal

John Richards

Philip Will

Henry L. Wright

J. Roy Carroll

Joseph Waterson

Edmund R. Pruves

12

William H. Scheick, FAIA

1965

1964

1963

1962

1961

1960

Timeline 1.

Chronology of the Journal of the AIA

Arthur Gould

Price: subscrip�on in the US, its possessions and Canada, $4/year; elsewhere, $5.50/year, Chapter Associate members. $2.00; Students, $2.00; Members of Art Museums, Associa�ons, $2.00; single copies 50c.

Morris Ketchum

AIA Presidents

Robert E. Koehler

Journal Editor Executive Director

Timeline 2.

Chronology of the Editorial Board and Presidents of the AIA

B.1. ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL

NAME AND HISTORY OF THE JOURNAL “Jour nal of the A I A” wa s foun de d in 1 9 1 3 , re pla c ing the A m er i can I nsti tute o A rc h ite c ts previous “Q ua rte rly Bu lletin”.

I t re m ai ns the off i ci al j ou rna l of the AIA u ntil 1 9 9 6 , w he n the A rchi te ctural Record ta ke s its pla c e . From 1 9 1 3 on it wa s publ i s he d m onthl y i n Pe nnsylva nia . In 1 9 2 8 it wa s re na me d “ T he O ctagon” and continue d to be p rinte d until 1 9 4 4 w h e n i t becam e the “Jour nal of the Ame rica n Institute of Arc hite cts ” unti l 1 95 7. I n 1 95 7 the AIA continue d w ith its re gula r m onthl y publ i cati on i n Wa shin gton, DC a s the “Jou rna l of th e A I A”. F rom 19 83 i t was retitle d “Arc h ite c ture ” a nd its na me re m ai ned s o unti l 20 06 , w h e n it wa s a bsorbe d by the AIA m agaz i ne “A rchi te ct ”.

P R I C E A N D T H E TA R G E T R E A D E R O F T H E J O U R N A L Look i ng at i ts pr i ce i n the mid-c e ntu r y pe riod, a single copy cost 5 0c. , the annual su bsc ription in the US, its posse ssions and C anada was $4 /yea r; e lsew he re $ 5 .5 0 /ye a r. W hile th e C hapte r A s s oci ate , the Art M u se um me mbe rs a n d stude nts woul d get i t for onl y $2 .0 0 , w h ic h e mph a size s the inte re st of the Jour nal to re ach m ore the se cate gorie s of re a de r inste a d of the wi de r publ i c.

IDENTITY OF THE JOURNAL OF THE AIA T he Jour nal of the A I A wa s a profe ssiona l ma ga zine a nd a s s o, i t kept a hi gh s e r i o us p rofile du ring a ll the ye a rs that it was publ i s he d. T he m ain re a de r of the ma ga zin e wa s the a rchi tect and the archi te c ture stude nt. Be ing the offic ia l ma gazi ne of the bi g ge st profe ssion a l orga nization for a rc hite c ts i n the U ni te d State s , th e j ourna l refle c te d the id e a ls a nd the wor k of the I nsti tute . As the AIA pre side nt betwe e n 1 9 6 3 a n d 1 96 4, J. Roy C ar rol l , Jr., state s, “ w ithin the fe llowsh ip of his A m e r i can I nsti tute of Arc hite c ts he [the a rc hite c t] ca n find the strength and the i nspiration w hic h come s from a strong as s oci ati on of m en dedicate d to the sa me high profe ssiona l i de al s .”

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A I A , T H E C O L L E G E O F F E L L O W S A N D T H E P U B L I C AT I O N O F JOURNAL I t i s ver y i m por tant to ta lk a bout the c ha nge s that ha pp e ne d i ns i de the i nsti tute before the p e riod 1 9 6 0 -1 9 6 5 . At th e AIA conventi on i n C hi cago in M ay 1 9 5 1 , Pre side nt Ra lph Wa lke r cal l e d a m e eti ng of al l atte n ding Fe llows a nd a re solution wa s for m e d and pas s : “Resolve d: Th at the Boa rd a uthorize the e stabl i s hm e nt of a C ol le ge of Fe llows compose d of Fe llows of the A m e r i can I nsti tute of Arc h ite c ts” (1 8 ) The na me “ Colle ge of Fe l l ows ” was probab ly inspire d by th e Roya l Arc h ite c tura l I nsti tute of C anada ( RIAC) w h ic h ha d orga nize d a group of Fel l ows i n 19 41 .

T he f i rst exe cuti ve committe e of th e Colle ge of Fe llows wa s re pre s e nte d f rom R al ph Wa lke r, FAIA , c ha nc e llor; Alexa nde r Robi ns on I I I , FA I A , vi ce c ha n c e llor; J. Woolson Brooks, FAIA , burs ar ; Edm und Pr uves, FAIA , se c reta r y a nd future exe c utive di re ctor of the A I A Journa l. In 1 9 5 4 , th e Colle ge of Fe llows created the “Medal l i on of Fe llowship” a nd de c ide d to e sta bl i s h a l i terar y ci tati on to re cognize “ worthy contributions in the f i el d of archi tecture ”. For th e first ye a r, the awa rd comm i ttee com pos ed by Ed ga r W illia ms, L ouis L a Be a ume , a nd Wi l l i am Las caze deci ded to limit the fie ld to a rtic le s pu bl i s he d i n the A I A Jour na l.

I n the 1 95 9 A I A C onventions in New Orle a n s it wa s d e c ide d that the vol untar y f unds of th e institu te would be u se d to car r y on the proper act ivitie s:

1. Encouraging informal group discussion by Fellows throughout the countr y.

2 . C o m m i s s i o n i n g a r t i c l e s a n d e s s a y s by o u t sta n d i n g scholars in and out of the profession, on architec ture, planning an d the related arts.

3. Establishing close relations with foreign architects.

4. Making a contribution to the fields of architectur- al education.

5. Taking a position on the growing tendency of politics in the competition for office in the AIA .

At thi s pe r i od the Pre side nt of th e AIA wa s John Ric ha rds, and s uppor ti ng the s econd of the a bove a c tivitie s, “commiss i oni ng ar ti cl e s and es says by ou tsta nd ing sc hola rs in a nd out of the profe s s i on, on a rc h ite c tu re , pla nn ing a nd the re late d ar ts ”, a vol untar y f und of $ 5 .4 8 1 wa s colle c te d to su pport

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publ i cati ons . T he professiona lism, the high qu a lity of th e a rti cl es , the refere nce to the ma ste rs a nd to the b e st a rc hite cture of the ti m e i s pre se nt in e a c h of th e ca refully-se le c te d ar ti cl es publ i s he d i n th e “Journa l of the AIA”.

COLOPHON OF THE JOURNAL N oti ci ng i n the i s s ues b etwe e n 1 9 6 0 a nd 1 9 6 5 , th e e d itors, the pres i dents of the AIA a nd the exe c utive d ire c tors of the jour nal are m em be rs of the Colle ge of Fe llows (FAIA) a nd re pre s e nt the hi ghest pro fe ssiona l pe rsona litie s inside the AIA .

T he Jour nal of the A I A’s a rtic le s during this pe riod we re w ritte n, chos e n and s e l e cte d ca refu lly to follow th e prioritie s of the A m e r i can I nsti tute of Arc hite c ts.

T he pre s i de nt of the A me rica n Institute of Arc h ite c t wa s c hos en annual l y. F rom 1 96 0 to 1 9 6 5 the pre side nts we re John R i chards , Phi l i p Wi l l , He nr y L . Wright, J. Roy Ca rroll, Arthur Goul d and Mor r i s Ketchu m. W hile the le a de rship of the AIA changed eve r y year, the colop hon du ring the pe riod 1 9 6 0 1 96 5 re m ai ned al m ost th e sa me . The Jou rna l e d itor wa s Jos eph Watte rs on. He wa s a n a rc hite c t, M e mbe r of the AIA s i nce 19 46 who be come a Fe llow of the AIA in 1 9 6 1 .

H O N O R A R Y F E L L O W S H I P A N D G O L D M E D A L AWA R D S N ew Honorar y Fe l l ows of the Colle ge a nd th e G old M e da l Awards we re publ i s hed in the pa ge s of th e “Journa l of the A I A”.

F rom the 5 0s and on, Honora r y Fe llows we re n ot on ly Ame ri can, but i n m ost of the ca se s, fore ign a rc hite c ts. Du ring the per i od 1 96 0- 19 65 Hon ora r y Fe llowship wa s give n to a rc hite cts f rom South A m e r ica : Sa ntia go Agurto Ca lvo (Pe ru), Jose Gne cco Fal l on ( C ol om bia ), Ja ime L . M a rq ue s (Uruguay), Oscar N i eye m e r ( B razi l ) ; from Ita ly: G io Ponti, L uigi M oretti; f rom F rance : Le C or busie r, Euge n e Be a udouin, Be rna rd He nri Zehr f us s ; f rom Mex i co : Rafa e l Norma , Fe lix Ca n de la , M a rio Pani ; f rom Japan: Kenzo Ta nge , Shige o Hirata ; from Finla nd , A ustral i a, Gree ce , R us sia , Nethe rla n ds. M ore ove r, e a c h ye a r, dur i ng the conve nti on of the In stitute new Fe llowship we re gi ven Gol d Medal s to nota b le a rc hite c t. Betwe e n 1 9 6 0 a nd 1 96 4 the wi nne rs of the G old M e da l we re re spe c tive ly L udwi g Mi e s van de r Rohe (G e rma ny-U.S.), L e Corbu sie r (Sw itze rl and) , Eero Saar i ne n ( F in la nd-U.S.), Alva r Aa lto (Finla n d), a nd Pi er Lui gi N e r vi ( I tal y ) .

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B.2. COVERS AND ADVERTISING MATERIALS

C O V E R S 1960-1965 J ournal of the AI A covers co ns i st o f do cumenta r y pho to g ra phy, sketches, plan drawi ng s , a bstra ct co l l a ges a nd a na l ys i s diag ram regarding arch i tecture, a rts a nd i mpo rta nt events .

From a quickly inter net i ma ge res ea rch o n “a rchi tectura l magazines in the 1960 s �, i t i s no ta bl e that mo st o f the 2 0 th centur y 60’s magazine covers a re ma de o f bri g ht co l o rs , exag gerated collage of art a nd have a cl ea r des i g n a ppro a ch.

In contrast, the overall l oya o ut o f Jou rn a l of t h e AI A cove rs are basic and with a seri o us l y structured l ayo ut.

From 1960 to 1965, the l ayo ut o f the covers do es no t cha nge a lot, but the position o f the i ma ge i s va ri ed. In 1 9 6 0 covers , the location of the picture i s genera l l y o ccupy i ng the l ower r ig ht side of the cover, a l mo st two - thi rds o f the cover. T he logo stands on the top. F ro m 1 9 6 1 to 1 9 6 4 , o cca s i o na l l y, o n a few magazines, the p i cture o ccupi es the enti re cover. U nti l 1965, the size of the pi cture ha s been f i xed a nd i t ha s s a me dimensions as the paper fo rmat o f the j o urna a nd there i s almost no blank space there.

As regards the logo, i t ha s no t cha nged duri ng the yea rs .

M ost of the times, th e whi te cha ra cters stay o n the bl a ck backg round. In only a few ca s es , the ba ck g ro und co l o r may change in order to f it the genera l co l o r co mpo s i ti o n o f the picture on the cover or the pa ges i ns i de the j o urna l .

With reference to the co ntent o f the cover, f ro m 1 9 6 0 to 1965and with exceptio n o f 1 9 6 1 , the ma i n to pi c repres ented is architecture through pho to s a nd s ketches - s even to ei g ht covers each year -and the rest o f them co ns i sts o f a rt co l lages, drawings, building a na l ys i s pl a ns a nd ma j o r events o f the meeting and events pho to s . W hi l e i n 1 9 6 1 , f i ve covers are mainly f illed with a bstra ct a rchi tectura l a na l ys i s , a nd the rest with building s ketches a nd rea l pho to s o nl y i n three per iods.

To conclude, looking at the covers o f the Jou rn a l of t h e

16

AI A, we can still understa nd the purel y s eri o us pro fes s i o na l prof ile that the Amer ica n Insti tute o f A rchi tects wa nted to keep. T he editor ial boa rd wa s enti rel y co mpo s ed o f a rchi tects and, clear ly, their fo cus wa s no t o n fo l l owi ng the l atest trends in graphic desig n.

A D V E R T I S I N G 1960-196 5 AIA magazine’s adver tis i ng i nvo l ves a wi de ra nge o f pro ducts and ser vices addresed to the a rchi tect, i ncl udi ng co nstruction mater ials, archite ctura l pro ducts , el ectri ca l a ppl i a nces, constr uction-related equi pment a nd a rchi tectura l a gents contractors.

For the for m of adver t i s i ng , mo st o f the a ds us e co mmo nl y pictures to show their pro ducts , s uch a s the emerg i ng ro o fs , lig hting , railings, buildi ng ex teri o r s k i n, etc. N everthel es s , there are some more interesti ng a nd s peci a l ways to a dvertice cer tain products. Fo r i nsta nce, s o me a dverti s i ng co mpanies use beautif ully ha nd- drawi ng s to s how the pro duct.

Since the main readers o f the j o urna l a re peo pl e wi thi n the f ield of architecture and urba n des i g n, s o me o f the a ds g i ve technical details, such a s preci s e cro s s - s ecti o ns o f the pro ducts.

17

1960 Covers 1960 C OV E RS

18

19

1961 Covers 1961 C OV E RS

20

21

1962 Covers 1962 C OV E RS

22

23

1963 Covers 1963 C OV E RS

24

25

1964 Covers 1964 C OV E RS

26

27

1965 Covers 1965 C OV E RS

28

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29

㄀㤀㘀 ᐠ㄀㤀㘀㔀 䌀漀洀洀攀爀挀椀愀氀 A D V E R T I S I N G 1960-1965

30

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31

C. SYNTHESIS OF THE CONTENTS: URBAN PLANNING AND THE CITY

C O V E R S 1960-1965 J ournal of the AIA covers co ns i st o f do cumenta r y pho to g ra phy, sketches, plan drawi ng s , a bstra ct co l l a ges a nd a na l ys i s diagram regarding arch i tecture, a rts a nd i mpo rta nt events .

From a quickly inter net i ma ge res ea rch o n “a rchi tectura l magazines in the 1960 s ”, i t i s no ta bl e that mo st o f the 2 0 th centur y 60’s magazine covers a re ma de o f bri g ht co l o rs , exag gerated collage of art a nd have a cl ea r des i g n a ppro a ch.

In contrast, the overall l oya o ut o f Jo u rn a l o f t h e A I A cove rs are basic and with a seri o us l y structured l ayo ut.

Number of pages pres ent i n the i s s ues o f the Jo urna l o f the AIA between 1 9 6 0 a nd 1 9 6 5

32

8

August

1960

-

Vol. xxxv N. 3

December

March

March

March

March

March

March

March

March

March

1960

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

March

Vol. xxxv N. 3

Vol. xxxv N. 3

Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3

-

11

12

November

1960

Cities are Funny

A Flying Visit to Italy

56-61

-

-

80-82

62-67

53-55

-

-

48-52

-

Gray Areas of Design

Henry S. Churchill, FAIA

Carl Feiss, AIA

Harry M. Weese, AIA

Random Thoughts on Architectural Controls and their Effects on Cities

The Dramatic Experiment in Architectural and Planning Education

Waler McQuade, AIA

Leonard J. Duhl

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Catherine Bauer Wurster

Grady Clay

-

Edmund N. Bacon (Executive Director)

The Visual Quality of Cities

Urban Design and Mental Health

41-47 Magnets Generators Feeders

-

Designing Urban America

33-40 Architecture and the Cityscape

32

-

-

-

Philip Will, Jr, FAIA (President of the American Institute of Architects)

Communities for the Good Life Clarence S. Stein, FAIA

The Challenge of Urban Design

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

the Housing Authority of Little Rock, Arkansa,

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

the change of Mexico

-

-

-

-

Memphis Civic Center, Memphis Chapter AIA, Memphis, Tennessee; 8-members Design Team of the League of Memphis Architects Detroit City Hall

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

"Theory and Criticism in Architecture and City Planning", Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Institute's 1960 Convention, Northern California Chapter, April 18th to 22nd in1960 , San Francisco The Sixty-fifth Annual National Conference on Government of the National Municipal League, in Springfield, Massachusetts, in November

-

-

National event (title, organisers, location)

TITLE OF THE JOURNAL, 1960-1965 International project (name of the project, author, location)

-

-

-

-

National project (name of the project, author, location)

L. Hilberseimer

John G. Grace

Sibyl Moholy-Nagy

Theory and Criticism in Architecture and City Planning

Robert P. Madison

Ian Nairin

-

31

30

Robert Ingle Hoyt

Rudolf Hillebrecht

The Master Builders

30-31 The Automobile and the City

33-37

58-59

47-49

58-58

-

-

JOHN NOBLE RICHARDS, FAIA

iGracias,A rchitectos Mexicanos

Russell Lynes James A. Hatcher, AIP and Gordon G. Wittenberg, AIA

Thomas F. Faires, AIA

Victor Gruen

Elizabeth K.Thompson

Chandigarh Reconsidered

Main Street — Little Rock, 1969

The Erosion of Detroit

A Step into the Future

The Effect of Capital Gains Tax on Capital Expenditures Architecture and City Building 19-30 East and West Cleveland's Third Downtown 50-56 Reawakening

35-37

53

32-38

24-26

36-37

27-32

35-38 Save Urbia for New Urbanites

Expanding Horizons

Richard D. Cramer

Zoning and what we can do to improve it

90-94

25-28

Carl Feiss

Author of the article

New Towns for America

Title of the article

85-89

-

-

-

10

October

1960

-

10

October

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

The Architect and the Homebuilder The Architect and the Homebuilder

1960

9

7

July

1960

1960 September

7

July

1960

5

may

1960

5

XXXIII/4

April

1960

5

33/3

March

1960

may

2

February

1960

may

2

February

1960

1960

1

January

1960

1960

1

January

1960

Monographic? pages Issue n. (if yes, name the [from topic) -to]

Month

Year

33

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Gray Design - non-design. Kevin Lynch - the essence of the city.

Training Programs, School Programs

Control of planning and control of architecture.

Politics improving the visual aspect of the city through urban design.

The importance of integrating geography, history, psychology and sociology with urban design.

The Necessities of Open Urban Space. Single-use public spaces.

The Mass-Produced Vernacular. Sense of place.

The role of the Architect as part of a team (Urban Designers, etc)

Green openness in the cities. Livable urban environment.

The future of Urban Design.

A brief description of Milan, from the point of view of a visitor The problems caused by the automobiles and the traffic in the cities and how to solve them. For example, putting industrial and commercial areas near the residential areas in the suburbs

-

The development of Cleveland throughout time and the problems of the city with designing and accepting the downtown area during 1960 The habitat and the inhabitants are completely separated in the US, according to the author of the article.

Description of the features of the Soviet architecture and its problems

Photographies presenting different aspects and features of the city through the lenses of several architects Building business as a way of making a profit without any thorough idea for the future of the buildings

-

the purpose of exploring fundamental conditions and theories of a citymaking art

Indian,Bombay, new city plan

Suburb and the city, Detroit Architecture, American City

Rivitalization of the downtown city. The debate goes on between the members of the Institure Chapter and also in relation to the governmental intitutes.

The challenge of the sixties is: Will we be able to provide functioning, livable and workable cities to take care of the growing urban population

-

-

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Field (choose from the provided list)

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

URBAN PLANNING AND THE CITY URBAN PLANNING AND THE CITY

URBAN PLANNING AND THE CITY

Urbanism, Architecture

Urban Planning and the City

urban planning and the city, The housing issue

Expanding Horizons, they must be-come aware of technologies other than their own,The urban planning and the city, the convention's professional program focuses on four fields which are sociology, politico- housing issue, architectrue and economics, technol-ogy and science, and philosophy. environment

Examples and proposals of different ways of composing the houses in a residential zone

What should a well-designed community look like and the problems of the contemporary cities in America

Debate / Figures (topic, protagonists)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

International event (title, organisers, location)

Non-design, street furniture

City Planning, Urban Renewal, Environmental Deisgn, City and Metropolitan Planning, Regional Science, Urban Affairs, Civic Design and Malthusian Demography

Overcontrol, freedom

Aesthetics, Nature in the city, Growth, Poverty, Cars

Urban Open Space, Suburban Land, Adapting Cities, Survey

Urban Growth, Leisure, Nature, Geography

Legislation, Urban Renewal

City planning, Urban Environment

Neighbourhood, City

traffic, highways, parking spaces

travelling, Europe, Milan, city plan

collaboration, national image, seminar

habitat, town planning, environment,

socialism, USSR, lifestyle, dwellings, exterior, monumental architecture downtown center, urban design, community, city

motels, taxes, development, deals,

photography, neglected places, cityscape, urban life, humour

city, travel

"underdeveloped" countries

developing of city, renew

master plan, realistic plan, core, downtown redevelopment, civic betterment, extension of the site, building locations, traffic pattern/traffic improvements, public buildings, central pedestrian plaza, symbolic tower, riverfront treatment.

Urban Development, Suburb

environ-mental qualities, increasing urban population

Environment, Technology, Science, Economics, Lifestyle, Changeable Climate

residential zones, flexibility, privacy, neighbourhood design

community, homebuilding, development, mobility

Keywords

1961

March

March

March

March

March

March

April

May

June

June

June

June

June

August

August

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

-

Helen Duprey Bullock, AIA

Morley & Geraughty, Architects C. Ross Anderson, Associate

New Towns in Britain

Planned Cities in the Wilderness

110112

31-37

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Vol. xxxv N. 6

Vol. xxxv N. 6

Vol. xxxv N. 6

Vol. xxxv N. 6

Vol. xxxv N. 6

Vol. xxxv N. 9

Vol. xxxv N. 8 Vol. xxxv N. 8

-

Don't Tread on Me

48-49

33-36

37-43

44-46

Vol. xxxv N. 9

Vol. xxxv N. 9

Vol. xxxv N. 9

1961 September

1961 September

Suburbia Revisited

R for America

Homebuilding and the Urban Growth Process

Allen G. Siple, AIA

Carl Koch, FAIA

Robert C. Ledermann

Alfred Browning Parker, FAIA

Communities Are Not A-OK

30-32

1961 September

Edward H. Pickett, AIA

Frankly Speaking

Editor, AIA

C.A. DeDeurwaerder

Ian Nairn

N. Carl Barefoot

Edmund N. Bacon

Bruno Zevi

Sir William Holford

Philip Wiil, Jr, FAIA, Carl Feiss. FAIA

Sibyl Moholy-Nagy

27-29

Letters

By Thyself

The Philadephia Story

Architecture and Planning

Culture of the City

Oneness of Planning

Be-designing urban America

39-42

91-96

69-90

47-54

37-45

27-30

45-50

Master Planning for the Small City

-

Frederick Gibberd

New Cities of the Twentieth Century

104109

-

W.C. Dutton, Jr (Executive Director)

Federal and State Aid as Related to Planning

100103

-

Julian E. Berla, FAIA

The Department of Urban Affairs

-

-

-

The Library, the Municipal Court. Franklin Institute, Moore Institute of Art, Science and Industry, the Academy of Natural Sciences and the cathedral of St Peter and St Paul.

-

-

Piazza San Marco, Athens: View from Theseion Across Agora, Athens: Acropolis, Athens: Parthenon, Hadrian's Villa, Rome: Plan of Forums, Rome: Nolli's Plan, Rome: St Peter's Square, Rome: Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome: Acqua Felice, Rome: Strada Pia, Rome: Quattro Fontane,

"Urban Survival and Traffic" - Newcastle -uponTyne Conference

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

98-99

93-97

-

Arch R. Winter, AIA

91-92

-

The Architect-Planner as City Designer

-

-

Kenneth W. Brooks, AIA

85-90 The Architect and the Planner Chalers A. Blessing, AIA

The Architect's Role in the Small City

-

Vol. xxxv N. 5

Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 3 Vol. xxxv N. 4

Vol. 1961 September xxxv N. 9 Vol. 1961 September xxxv N. 9

1961 September

March

1961

34 -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Urban Design

About the March Issue in Urban Design: The emphasis was on the city and "urbanistic" views. Would not some analysis of the town be interesting? While aspects of visual homogeneity was commented on as part of cityscape, study of the carry-over of historical architectonic features would be valuable.

Urban Sprawl. "Dream" Houses.

"The term "urban sprawl" has become a part of our present-day vocabulary, as has another much worn phrase, "exploding population."".Bigger farms and increased industrialization. Evils of the automobile as a land user.

How the physieal environment affects our day-today living. "What of the builder? He is less and less the man he used to be. More and more houses are produced by fewer and fewer builders.". Architect's responsibilities.

Responsibility of the architectural profession to "conceive and recreate our country in convenience and beauty." Population and the Future.

Urban Design, Theory, Housing

Urban Design, Theory

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design, Education

Promoting collaborative efforts between building architects, school-trained city planners and landscape architects.

Relationship between the professional planning groups and the contractors, builders and developers.

Theory, Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

American Architecture. American way of life. Rational principles applied in inappropriate circumstances. Geometrical plans.

Philadephia, one of America's most progreisive cities in urban re-development. "City Beautiful" movement.

Image of the city, Image if a totality.

The house multiplies to the scale of the village and the city, embracing both townscape and landscape, the architect then becomes an urbanist; and it is about his responsibilities as thinker, designer and co-ordinator. Bruno zevi and Lewis Mumford. "The Culture of Cities," "The City in History.". The problem of the pedestrian and his architectural environment. Anni Albers, Joseph Watterson, George Vernon, Ezra Stoller, Philip Will. Environmental design.

Governmental politics.

Re-designing Urban America. The future of European cities. "What is a modern city?" City of Ferrara as the first modern city in Europe. Ferrara was a modern city because it grew coherently in relation to the same basic problems of any organic culture of cities: The measure of the city, the passage from its plan to its architecture, the approach to urban renewal. Le Corbusier. City Sections reserved for pedestrians. Lewis Mumford.

Profession in a state of crisis. Lewis Mumford. The whole world will become a vast urban hive which, of course, would be another form of death for the cities.

The Story of Bonner Springs' Kansas. Metropolitan Regional Map. Regional Guide Map. Urban Guide Map.

City growth. Preservation. Urban Renewal.

English Towns - English way of life.

Urbanism as theory. Le Corbusier. CIAM. Architectural Humanism.

Intergovernmental Relations. State aid for community development, as it relates to planning.

Growth of metropolitan areas. Need for expansion of public service.

Planning of the city must be organized as a complete, coordinated activity.

Fourth dimension - activities of the people. Jane Jacobs' article "Downtown is for People"

Urban Development and the threatening destruction of human values. Le Corbusier.

Gropius.

Modern, Development, Little Houses, Patio, Housing theory,

Population, Building codes, Socialism

Urban growth, Zoning, planned unit developments, Industrial buildings

Community, US, physical environment, Nature

Housing Industry, building program, Builder, Contractor

Education, Profession, Design Professions

Town Planning, Landscape, Land Planner

Geometric Patern, Redevelopment

Urban Environment, Profession, Urban renewal

Modern city, town planning, International Style, Neo-Baroque, City form, Natural Growth, "Action Architecture", Town-making,

Urban Historians, Urban Philosophers, Traffic engineering, preserve the human scale, politics and foreign policy, Consumption, Capitalism

Urban Affairs, Urban Civilization

Growth in population, Urban complex, Street and highway improvements.

Regulations, Cities, Squares, Conservation, Rehabilitation

Town Character, Industry, Dwelling

City Planning, Grid, Technology, Topography, Geography, Building Blocks

Politics, State-sponsored Programs

Farm Land, Water supply, Rural Economy

Community Planning, Sociologist, Economist, Engineer, General Planning

Small City

Master builder, Technological change, urban visual chaos

Fred Smith

Sibyl Moholy-Nagy

The Struggle for Redevelopment

Of Planners and Primadonnas

92-97

Vol. xxxv N. 9

Vol. xxxv N. 11 Vol. xxxv N. 11 Vol. xxxv N. 12

Vol. xxxv N. 12

1

November

November

November

December

December

1

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961

1962

1962

1962

1962

9

37-42

33-42

5

Urban

28-34

21-27

35-39

Fred H. Bair

M. R. Wolfe

Challenge of the Unexpected Obvious

Shopping Streets and the Pedestrain Rediscovered

Morton Hoppenfeld

David L. Eggers

Astor-Cooper Square Urban Renewal Study

Towards a Consensus if Approach to Urban Design

Robert S.Strugis

The Architects' Plan For Boston

Education for Urban Design

Milton Milstein, AIA

Operation Buffalo

25-31

86100

C. M. Deasy, AIA

Wolf Von Eckardt

Patrick Horsbrugh

43-45

Landscape Interpretation and the Planning Arts Symbol ln the Mud

Urban Renewal from the Bottom UP

4

Urban

31-36

Vol. xxxv N. 11

October

1961

4

66-72

Vol. xxxv N. 10

October

1961

1962

59-65

Vol. xxxv N. 10

37-42

55-58

Vol. xxxv N. 10

October

Edmund R. Purves, FAIA

John M. King

Costs and the Production of Houses

International Venture

James W. Toland

Public Relations and Architecture

90-91

Civic Design of Boston Scoiety, Architects of Boston, Boston

-

The challenge of urban design; Federal state,Fred H. Bair

Bellevue Shopping Center; San Marco Plaza, Venice; Amsterdam's Kalverstraat; Lynbaan Rotterdam; Northgate, Seattle; Borgo Stretto, Pisa; Instanbul's Grand Bazaar; Stepney Polar area, London

Astor-Cooper Square Urban Renewal Study; Office of AIA; NEW York

-

Pan American Congress of Architects.

Philadelphia Convention

-

Theory, Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design

Cost conscious, building methods, Financing costs, rough framing, building product manufacturers, component fabricators

"Costum" design, standad plans

Postwar house, Apartment houses, row-houses.

Pleasant environment, "total community", "mixed zoning", zoning flexibility, transportation, automobile

Home construction, Communities, Modern Planning

Human tradition, physical, dwelling place, Home, Planning

Marketing consultants, Model houses, indoor-outdoor,

Landscape, Agricultural, Modern landscape, Esthetic entity, Zoning, Geometry, Community Design, Ecological

Automobile, National home ownership, city dwellers, urban and Rural living

Industry, Land Development, Community Plan, Density, Resources

Urben planning and the city

Urben planning and the city

The Chief of Design of the National Capital Planning Commission feels that a clear definition of Urban Design, and of Urban Designers, can be hammered out only by a thorough-going public discussion. This article is intended to spark such a debate. How much has education really changed? Design processes determine their ultimate values.

Nothing in the city is absolute. Urban design should be a local function.

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

It is motivated by the plethora of new shopping centers which are erupting all over the country, most with a pedestrain mall as standard equipment. We are also doing a great deal of drum-thumping about urban renewal and much of this is directed towards the central business districts of our cities. We are talking about open spaces with inherent directional patterns, for the people shopping on foot or in vehicles, and not hte nonshopping plaza or square, although they may be part.

The theme of the Convention was "Architects Participate in Urban Design." It was most gratifying to us that many mem- ber architects, as well as the guest speakers themselves, were in favor of a more humanistic approach to urban renewal.

Accelerating technology molds our cities. Our urban areas grow together to form a develop- mental and administrative nightmare. Our obsolescence rate increases, and we have not learned to handle obsolescence at the old rate. These things promise to continue to create crises regardless of whether we have moderate or fast population growth. If the growth is faster, there is more interaction among the problems and they reach critical mass sooner.

Urban planning and the city

Education, Theory, Urban Design

How to educate the young architects into the man-made environment. Cultural and social problems. Awareness of land. Pracitce in the small community. Planning for the unknown. Integration of old and new. Ways of participation in urban design. Does environment change behavior? The image of the city.

-

Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design

Urban Design

Urban Design

City of Buffalo. City planning in Buffalo.

Vision of the city. Problems of the city. Basic needs for urban renewal.

Architecture of Brasilia. An Old Vision Realized. Le Corbusier. Lewis Mumford and Bruno Zevi. Buildings, Not A City. Niemeyer's architectural sculpture. Status Conscious Housing.

Greater comprehensiveness of thought and knowledge of landscape. Characteristics of a Land-Conscious Designer. Reversal of Scholastic Emphasis.

Travels. Europe - US relationship. Saarinen. Anglo-American professional concept.

AIA President Philip Will opened the Philadelphia Convention with the statement: "Our country and our profession are in a state of serious crisis,". "Master Builders," "Design in the First Machine Age," "The Architecture of America," "The City in History,". Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe.

Fabric, Texture, Pattern

Problems,Planning

Prominent architects, planners, landscape architects, teachers, Townscape

Slums, Urban Renewal, socio-economic base, High-rise apartments,

Park-like, clean, airy, dwellings, Communities, Architectural Profession

Automobile, Kafka-City. Skyline.

Nature, Earth, Water, Ecology, Population, Planning Law, Political Economy, Transportation, Hydrography, Urban Renewal.

Rehabilitation, Industrialization, Townplanning

Chaotism, Urban Renewal, Historical

Suburbs, Governmental problems, wellProblems of the metropolitan areas. Rehabilitation of neighbourhoods. Low-cost housing.

Housing, Theory, Urban Design Sights, Sounds, Discomforts. organized, social problems

Better cooperation and coordination of all facets of the building industry.

Track Developments. Builder Competition.

"Awful housing projects" and "awful builder houses.". The builder, the banker and the manufacturer.

MIT Architect-Builder Design Clinic - July 13-14

Robert Martin Engclbrecht, AIA

86-89 Architectural Fees for Housing

The quality of design involved in site planning influences the effectiveness of this environment. Private large common yard instead of back yard.

A. Quincy Jones, FAIA

The Livable Community and Site Plan Design

Theory, Urban Design

Design and construction, engineering, business, finance, merchandising and sales, should "crossbreed"" with other professions and industries.

81-85

Housing, Urban Design

Theory, Urban Design, Housing

Theory, Urban Design

Urban Design, Theory, Housing

Urban Design, Theory, Housing

Land planning a critical problem. Responsibility. Tradition. Engineering, economic and political factors. Legislation.

How to produce a better house is more important than in how to sell what it is now build.

Man-made landscape. The Streetscape. The Roof scape.

Land planning and plot planning. Avoiding purchase of unproductive land. Avoiding purchase of unproductive land. Keeping to a minimum the cost of clearing, grading, storm drainage and other construction items. Designing maximum value into the marketable parcels. Building a reputation for quality that will assure success with the buying public.

Population explosion, thedecay of cities, mobile population, slum clearance, and the ghasly tangles caused by the automobile and airplane. Parking. Speed. Education.

Obligations for the Homebuilding Industry.

John L . Schmidt, A I A

Richard D. Cramer, AIA

Herman H. York, AIA

Lawrence Halprin

Henry Charles Burgc, AIA

Eugene R. Martini

Need We Crossbreed?

Tract Homebuilding Design Land Planning: A Proposal for Improvement

The Community in the Landscape

Home Sweet Home

Land Planning vs Land Scraping

78-80

73-77

1961

1961 September

1961

1961

1961

1961

1961 September

-

52-57

Vol. xxxv N. 9

1961 September

Vol. xxxv N. 9 Vol. September xxxv N. 9 Vol. September xxxv N. 9 Vol. September xxxv N. 9 Vol. September xxxv N. 9

50-51

Vol. xxxv N. 9

1961 September

58-60

47-49

Vol. xxxv N. 9

1961 September

35

1

1

2

4

4

1963

1963

1963

1963

1963

January

1

1963

1964

1

1963

4

1

1963

4

1

1963

1963

1

1963

1963

1

1

1

1963

1963

12

1962

1963

12

1962

36

XLI/1

missing

The L’Enfant Plan for Washington Metro-Center for the Year 2000

The Architect and Washington

Urban Renewal in Southwest Washington

Historic Preservation in the Federal City The Roots and Modern Concepts of Urban Design

99103

104106

Robert H. Woody

Robert J. Kerr II

Chloethiel Woodard Smith

Norbert Adler

Garrett Eckbo

J. D. Forbes Hon

The Architecture of an Office Brochure

Urban Design—A Definition

The Society of Architectural Historians

A One-man Panel on Architecture

40-42

37-38

53-54

27-33

Nana May

book by Ulrich Conrads and Werner Marschall

SABS: Contemporary Architecture in Germany

57

Campus 27 Traffic - Urban Design in Practice

book by Percy Seitlin

SABS: New York - People and Places

Harold B. Gores

55

83- "Still Sits the Schoolhouse" . . .

106 but less so

Designing the Parts of the City, 59-75 Architecturally

Richard A, Enion

Karel Yasko

WHAT (AND WHO) DETERMINES QUALITY?

Techniques of Comprehensive Donald H. Lutes Services The Practice of Urban Design: Guide Lines for the Visual Survey Comprehensive Architectural Robert E. Alexander Practice The Practice of Urban Design: Some Basic Principles Mexican Rural Schools Eric Pawley and Donald Association of Collegiate Hardison Schools of Architecture WHAT IS QUALITY? Robert Anshen

Land-form, City Life and Urban 59-75 Design

87th Congress

.Consulate General Building/ Algiers, Ageria; John Lyon Reid

Over the past two years, the Federal gov-ernment has taken a long and considered look at the problems involved in meeting its space needs in the nation’s capital. It has done more than merely delineate these prob-!ems; concrete programs have been under-taken to solve them.

The photographs of this book show New York as a great big neighbourhood full of people - businessmen and sleek secretaries, children and fish peddlers, artists and booksellers …, accompaigned by fifteen essays.

Is a book composed by five minuature easays, which are objective and perceptive to a degree not found in their counterparts in American publications. It questions the problem of town design, how much control vs how much self-discipline and responsibility for total effects - client and architect both?

a long-range plan for the year 2000 to serve as a guide in the formulation of an intermediate range

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city In order to make the most of college life, we must become adults

Urban planning and the city A Few Words on the dilemma of Modern Architecture, The well-known critic ol contemporary architecture again questions the foundation upon which the structure of modern design has been built.

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

Urban planning and the city

The excellent and thoughtful proposal developed by that group was reviewed in detail and actually forms the basis of a number of the directions taken by our committee.

I think the architecture is much more than its utilitarian meaning -to provide shelter for man's activities on earth. But I believe that is has a much more fundamental role to play for man, almost a religious one.

Report on the hospitals bedrooms facilities and conditions I'm told that I'm not supposed to say anything about the subject at hand specifically, but I think it would certainly apply because jazz once was scorned as a kind of institutionalized chaotic ugliness by the guardians and arbiters of American culture. And of course it is no longer that. You might say that if a classicist looked at jazz music he would say that it is not a contemporary art. I think it is and I think it's the one contemporary art that has reached millions and millions of people in various forms-necessarily in the best form, but in some form.

Are we as individuals and as a professional group, capable of formulating a response to an ever-crowding world condition that is changing at an ever-greater pace; We are concerned with the uncertainty of our times, our social position, and our obligations.

Urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

Building business as a way of making a profit without any thorough idea for the future of the buildings

urban planning and the city

For colleges and universities, especially the mushrooming community colleges, comprehensive architectural services can fulfill pressing needs of clients

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and the city

urban planning and city

urban planning and city

Two articles of this series presented a history of urban design in ancient and modern times.

The present article continues this historical flow to give the back-ground and elements of the ideas which have been developing up to the present day.

The story of Downtown Salt Lake City's Second Century Plan is one of teamwork —a partnership by architect -citizens and businessman -citizens.

There is no comparable excitement and creativity to that of involvement in decisions which affect environmental change.

Historic Preservation in the Federal City

he sculptor, the designer, the muralist and architect are being challenged to lend to us a new and real sense of the past. plans for public works,The new Public Works, from the new dominant forms of freeways to the old accepted forms of buildings, are changing the Capital City more quickly and more drastically than most men realize.

Transportation in Washington,the Washington street-cars became extinct

James N. Faber:

Matthew L. Rockwell AIA, AIP

The Action Plan for Downtown Washing-ton

a Metro-Center plan

a plan for Washing ton,

architect’s responsibility in the area of Capital City design

urban planning and the city

In the face of rapidly-growing population and ex-panding economy, America’s countryside is despoiled and its communities are being dissected unnecessarily.

traffic, highways, parking spaces

industrial design, housing, new materials

master, series

travelling, Europe, Milan, city plan

collaboration, national image, seminar

habitat, town planning, environment,

downtown center, urban design, community, city

socialism, USSR, lifestyle, dwellings, exterior, monumental architecture

motels, taxes, development, deals,

photography, neglected places, cityscape, urban life, humour

Framework

systematic

package dealers,client respect

Downtown Planning

the concept of the city

preservation

worthy symbol,public will and aspirations

a break with tradition

extinct

interaction of social, eco-nomic and political forces

nation’s capital

pedestrian scale,high -density public, private developments

population increase

redevelopment task

natural countryside, lush farmlands,the path of indiscriminate encroachment

landscape

Urban planning and city design

The original landscape plan of Versailles focused on the palace itself, but this did not preclude the use of additional focal places. These were, principally: a menagerie, a miniature of the large palace called the Grand Trianon, the beautiful Petit Trianon palace and the imitation dairy village called the Hameau. The first two occupied key spots at the end of the reflecting pool transept. The latter two were located in more obscure positions in the woods.

Urban Renewal in Southwest Washington

The Downer-Clarke Plan, 1941

Two interconnected plazas were built on site of fortifications. A moat was spanned to connect to the third.5/r Christopher Wren's plan for London. Typical of Renaissance city design in his day.Urban planning and city design.Haussmann's modifications in Paris indicated by blackened areas

landscape

The sunlight in Greece is brilliant and revealing, the air is clear and the landform rocky and hilly. The landscape of Greece is powerfully assertive. Its presence is keenly felt at all Urban planning and city design times.

I. M. Pei AIA:

61-68

34-37

101108

59-74

103106

80-94

34-38

21-26

Salt Lake City-Its SecondCentury Plan

Public Works-Dominant Forms

95-98

59-77

The Memorials and Monuments of Washington

75-80 Transportation in Washington

65-69

Vice Admiral Oswald S. Colclough, USN (Ret)

Morton Hoppenfeld

Paul D. Spreiregen

Henry L. Wright

Paul Thiry

Matthew L. Rockwell

Location Analysis and Site Location

Introduction

Dudley Hunt Jr

Comprehensive Architectural Practice

60-62 The Action Plan for downtown

43-48

25-34

24

23

61-66

59-60

Group of temples of Ammon at Karnak in Egypt.

Processional avenues, accented by pylons and court spaces, lead to religious inner sanctum

XLI/4

XLI/4

XLI/4

XLI/5

XLI/6

XLI/6

XLII/2

XLII/2

XLII/2

XLII/2

April

April

April

May

June

June

August

August

August

August

1964

1964

1964

1964

1964

1964

1964

1964

1964

1964

1964

August

XLII/2

XLI/2

February

1964

37

Urban Design Series

81

Urban Design Series

54

49

44

37

33

55

30

35

36

29

71

no

no

Urban Design Series

State Relationships

Federal Relationships

Discussion Period

The Family and Spirit

Health and Psychological Aspects

Urban Design Series: Regulation and Control in Urban Design (10)

Dr Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr.

Dr Luther L. Terry

Edmund N. Bacon AIA

Honorable John Anderson Jr

Honorable Harrison Williams:

The Space Between Buildings

Design Seminar-Breakthrough for Low-Rent Housing

Robert E. Koehler

Robert J. Kerr II

Historic Preservation - A Pragmatic Approach

Circulation and Urban Design (9)

Stewart L. Udall

Cities in Trouble

Central Park, Frederick Law Olmsted, Manhattan, 1858

1964 St Louis Convention

1964 St Louis Convention

1964 St Louis Convention

1964 St Louis Convention

1964 St Louis Convention

"Modern Architecture and the Rebuilding of Cities.", meeting of architects in Chicago, November 1961

The sixth design seminar cosponsored by the Public Housing Administration, March 4-5, New York: "New Approaches to Housing Design for LowIncome Families and Community Renewal."

Unite d'Habitation, Le Corbusier, France; Broadacre City, Frenk Lloyd Wright; Golden Gateway, San Francisco; Chinatown, Ping Yuen, San Francisco; Group houses near Helsinki, Committee: Charles A. Frenchtown, Mount Clemens, Mich., Meathe, Kessler & Finland, Viljo Rewcll & Massing FAIA, Associates, architects; Mill Creek apartments, Philadelphia, Keijo Petaja, architects; 1957 meeting of the Chairman. Robert L. Louis Kahn, Day & McAllister, architects; Easter Hill, Row houses in American Society of Geddes, Gaorga N. Hall, Richmond, Calif; Vernon DeMars, architect; Lakeview Rekingen, Switzerland, Planning Officials (ASPO), Urban Design for Urban Living Terrace, Cleveland, J. L. Weinberg, Conrad & Teare, Donald H. Lutes, Cramer, Jaray & called "Residential architects; Baldwin Hills Village, Los Angeles; Reginald Metthew L. Rockwell.

Paillard, architects; Densities."

Johnson, Wilson, Merrill & Alexander. Clarence Stein, Arch R. Winter, Gordon Siedlung Halen housing architects.

G. Wittenberg; group near Berne, Switzerland: Atelier 5, architects; Rochampton Lane, London; London County Council, Sir Robert Matthew, Sir Leslie Martin, Hubert Bennett, architects; Soholm housing near

Urban Planning

Urban Planning

Urban Planning

Urban Planning

Urban Planning

Urban Planning/ Education/

For most architects regulations and controls are a nuisance. They sometimes prevent us from building our best designs. It shows present regulatory factors, such as the zoning ordinance, land value, property taxes, municipal fractionalization, subdivision regulations, building, housing and sanitary codes, and the Tomorrow's Regulatory Techniques.

Dr Luther L. Terry is a distinguished Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service. He states there has been a lack of effective urban planning in the past; and urban planning for health is immensely complex. It involves all the traditional health protective measures --collection and disposal of wastes, control of water and air pollution, protection of food, control of insects and rodents, hygiene of housing-in a constantly changing environment. With the increasing of the populatio it is clear that the professions of architecture and pubric hearth have many problems to solve in the future that will invoive joint planning and action.

Dr Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Jr is Prolessor ol Ecclesiastical History in Yale University. He analizes the spirit of the American city by an historical point of view and its strong relation to the Bible (America's understandings of itself as the City of God).

It is a transcription of a discussion of the convention between the participants during the first day morning session.

Harrison Williams is the United States Senator from New Jersey. He speaks about problems of the megalopolis, of the sprawling metropolitan, fledging cities, suburbs and slums clearance and the necessity for new directions in urban rivitalization. He gives support by saying that every idea, every decision and every execution of urban redevelopment plans counts. With the Federal government taking a more enlightened and active role in the exigencies facing our cities, architects would have ever-increasing opportunities to employ the imagination and artistic talents on which the future of American urban civilization depends.

John Anderson Jr is Governor of the State of Kansas. According to him, our cities must mobilize local political, business and educational leadership in order for the architects to undo the errors that exist today and of the past, create the solutions for today and assure the comfort and culture for the future generation.

Urban Planning/ Education/

Architectural Education

Urban planning/ Theory

Urban planning/ Theory

Urban planning/ Theory

Urban planning

The author is the Executive Director of Philadelphia City Planning Commission. He talks about movement systems and their relation to design. According to him, the methods of design used in the planning of redevelopment projects at that actual moment are not good enough, but the establishment of a total concept which involves a series of simultaneous movement systems, clearly expressed, not unrelated to the present scientific view of all matter, can truly provide the basic direction needed to liberate the creative capacities of the designers and to inspire the citizens with the will to get it done.

Urbanization of America is effercting the well-being of the cities. Cities grow too fast to grow well. It mentions Olmsted and his design for a proposed "Central Park" in 1859 which was developed when the need for public playgrounds and the art of city planning was ignored. At those days, the first requirement is to plan and to implement programs which encompass the total problems of metropolitan regions. Vital as parks and open spaces are, they alone couldn't save their urban areas. The artificial and the natural are both included, but the man-made predominates.

Mr Kerr, formerly Executive Director of Historic Annapolis, Inc, is now Vice President of the Corinthian Company, Inc, of Annapolic, a firm concerned with renewal and development programs in small urban areas of distinctive character. It discusse the role of the architect as an innovator and contributer to preservation progress.

Circulation is an interesting aspect of the general public. Circulation has a lot of influence on the growth and form of modern cities, on improving our cities, on the clarification of the total form of the metropolis and on the well-being or malaise of a city and its people.

Takes examples of "planned" cities, such as Manhattan, and "unplanned" ones, like Boston, looking at what influences had the railroad, when it is mentioned the first move toward decentralization. Other examples come from European cities, such as London and Paris. Circulation is considered as creator of urban forms, and servants to land use and land values. According to the author, the leaders of our profession (Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto) have thought deeply on the larger concept of the community design.

The meeting was opened by General Chairman Herman D. Hillman, Director of PHA's New York Regional Office: "This design seminar is a positive manifestation of the determination to give new emphasis to cultural, esthetic and human considerations in the conduct of programs to revitalize, remake and refresh the urban environment where governmental action is involved. The opportunities for rewarding accomplishments are nowhere so meaningful as in the design of low-rent housing because of the uplifting motivational factors implicit in improved environment."

The article is on dwelling places and the residentional community and their importance.

1. The topic of the density of the city: FHA has developed a formula for aiding in the determination of proper densities for various parts of different size cities. This formula tries to adjust density proposals, that should be carefully reviewed by all architects concerned with residential design. Hans Blumenfeld: "Does anybody know what the 'right' density is?" 2. Basic neighborhood design elements: the pattern of street layout, land division and planned open spaces. 3. Detailed Site Design: The major question is the size of building masses, which will be discussed shortly. The basic consideration of the placement and relation of building masses involves function, vista, sunlight, orientation, a degree of climatic control, topography and scale.

city, health services

regulations and controls

urban transformation, urban design processes

low-rent housing, urban environment

urban planning, city growth, transportation

preservation, historic city, urban renewal

Urbanization, artificial

dwelling, residential and neighbourhood design, land-use intensity,

architecture and environment architectural project technology education theory the housing issue

architecture and environment architectural project technology education theory the housing issue

architecture and environment

architectural project

technology

education

theory

the housing issue

38 urban planning and the city

1965 urban planning and the city

1964

urban planning and the city

D.1. TABLE OF THEMES: RECURRENCY OF THE THEMES 1960-1965

1963

urban planning and the city architecture and environment architectural project technology education theory the housing issue

architecture and environment

architectural project

technology

education

theory

the housing issue

1962

urban planning and the city

the housing issue

theory

education

technology

architectural project

architecture and environment

urban planning and the city

1960

1961

39

D.2. TOPICS TIMELINE

40

41

D.3.MAPPING OF THE ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS 1960-1965

1960

1961

1962

42

1963

1964

1965

43

D.4.MAPPING OF THE EVENTS 1960-1965

1960

1961

1962

44

1963

1964

1965

45

46

E. ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENTS OF ALL THE ISSUES THROUGH THE SELECTION OF A SPECIFIC TOPICS

Because of the Urban Crises in the 60s; problems with the suburban areas, zoning, slums, traffic, etc, there is a growing concern on the debate around Urban Planning and the City in the United States. Around that time, some of the most important books on Urban Design emerge; ‘The image of the city’ by Kevin Lynch, ‘The Death and Life of Great American City’ by Jane Jacobs, ‘The City in History’ by Lewis Mumford, ‘The concise Townscape’ by Gordon Cullen, ‘The new towns: The answer to Megalopolis’ by Frederic Osborn, ‘The heart of our cities; the urban crisis: diagnosis and cure’ by Victor Gruen etc.

This growing concern about ‘the city’ is evident in the Journal of the American Institute of Architects as well.

The theme of Urban Design is the most covered during these years. Not only there were many articles, and supplements dedicated to Urban Design, but many Conventions and Events were organized by the AIA around the debate of the city, which were described on the magazine as well. During the first years, 1960-1963, there is an attempt to bring many architects and other professionists, to engage in the debate and to inform them about the challenges of the city at the time. While starting from 1963, the AIA tries to give ideas and solutions to how these problems could be tackled.

47

EVENTS AND THEMES IN THE AIA JOURNALS

‘Theory and Cri�cism in Architecture and City Planning’ - Seminar at MIT. Growing urban popula�on Growing traffic and car use Suburban living Urban Sprawl and pollu�on of land D漀wnt漀wn, 䌀椀ty 䌀攀nt攀爀

Lewis Mumford: The city in History

㄀㤀㘀㈀

㄀㤀㘀㄀

㄀㤀㘀 GENERAL EVENTS

Kevin Lynch: The image of the City

Jane Jacobs: The Death and Life of Great American Cities

Gordon Cullen: The concise Townscape Ninety-third Annual Conven�on of the American Ins�tute of Architects in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, April 1961.

Natural Assets

Lewis Mumford and Bruno Zevi are the main speakers.

Pedestrian

AIA gives Gold Medal to Le Corbusier Added sec�on to the September issue: A Por�olio of Planned Communi�es U爀b愀n R攀n攀w愀氀 The Rela�onship between City P氀愀nn椀ng 愀nd 䌀椀ty-M愀k椀ng 䌀椀ty F漀爀洀/ A爀挀h椀t攀挀tu爀愀氀 L愀ngu愀g攀 Community Design Designing from the ground up Architect as a member of the t攀愀洀 Involvement of different actors in the process of design U爀b愀n G爀漀wth

48

Hu洀愀n S挀愀氀攀

D漀wnt漀wn U爀b愀n g爀漀wth

Importance of publ sion/involment U爀b愀n R攀n攀w愀氀

lic discus-

Urban Crises Delos Symposium I Natural Countryside Pedestrian Popula�on increase Hu洀愀n S挀愀氀攀 S漀挀椀愀氀 攀qu椀氀椀b爀椀u洀 Break from tradi�on Architect of the future - part of the total environment

Victor Gruen: The heart of our cities; the urban crisis: diagnosis and cure

㄀㤀㘀㔀

㄀㤀㘀㐀

㄀㤀㘀㌀

Frederic Osborn: The new towns: The answer to Megalopolis

The Urban Mass Transporta�on Act

Added part on the Journal: Urban Design: The Architecture of Towns and Ci�es The VIII Assembly of the Union Interna�onale des Architects, Mexico City, October 8-12, 1963.

Speakers: Giedon, Candela, Doxiadis, Neutra, Fuller, Sharon and Aalto. Discussion From rural to urban areas Poli�cal change Slums Conven�on at St Louis - The City Visible and Invisible Urban sprawl

Mar�n Luther King’s Movement in Chicago on segregated housing First published use of the term "Geographic Informa�on System" Delos Symposium II Added sec�on about books of Urban Design Traffic problem and system Parking lots Urban sprawl U爀b愀n j漀y Visual chaos of our ci�es America urban plan and it’s rela�on to European Ci�es The Poli�cs of Urban Design Open Spaces in Urban Growth

Suburbs S氀u洀 挀氀攀愀爀愀n挀攀 Annual mee�ng of the American Society of Landscape Architects in Dallas, July 1964 Necessity for new direc�ons in urban revitaliza�on Open-space system and the mixed uses in large concepts

49

F. RESEARCH ESSAY

THE J OURNAL OF TH E A M E R ICA N INST IT U T E O F A RCH ITEC TS 1960-1 9 6 5 T H E M E : U R BA N DES IGN Introducti on “ T he challenge of the s i x ti es , when i t co mes to urba n desig n, is to succeed in s o l v i ng the pro bl ems , created by the rapidly growing ur ban po pul ati o n a nd prov i de f uncti o ni ng , livable and wor kable c i ti es .” V i cto r G ruen states i n hi s a rti cle “Save Ur bia for New U rba ni ti es ” i n 1 9 6 0 .

T he aim of this research pa per i s to tra ce the debate a ro und Ur ban Planning and De s i g n thro ug ho ut the yea rs 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 5 , in the Jour nal of the AIA .

Subur ban living would beco me ver y pro mi nent i n the yea rs following the Wor ld Wa r II. T hi s ha d ma ny co ns equences i n ur ban planning and the ci ty. Duri ng the 5 0 s mo re a nd mo re Amer ican people were l i v i ng i n s uburba n a rea s . Eco no mi c growth in the United States enco ura ged the s uburba ni zati o n of cities, which require d ma s s i ve i nvestments fo r new i nf ra str ucture and homes.

T his subur ban g rowth wa s fa ci l i tated by devel o pment o f zoning laws, redlining , a nd i nnovati o ns i n tra ns po rt, a s wel l as availability of Federa l Ho us i ng A dmi ni strati o n mo rtga ge loans. Another factor that co ntri buted to the mi g rati o n o f the white population to the s uburbs wa s the a rri va l o f A fr ican Amer icans in the ci ti es s eek i ng a better l i fe sta nda rd.

T his caused the shif t f ro m ra ci a l l y mi xed urba n a rea s to more homogeneous uni ts .

T his practice led to the creati o n o f “bedro o m co mmuni ti es ”, meaning that day time a cti v i ti es were ta k i ng pl a ce i n the ci ty with people retur ning to s uburbs at ni g ht. T hi s pheno meno n was also amplif ied by the s prea d o f the a uto mo bi l e i n U ni ted States.

50

According to C ramer the zo ni ng o f the s uburba n a rea s o f the Amer ican cities wa s unneces s a ri l y ri g i d a nd therefo re wastef ul, because of the sti g ma a ro und the i ndi v i dua l ho us e, representing the Ameri ca n drea m. New zo ni ng pri nci pl es were required which wo ul d res ul t i n mo re co mpa ctnes s a nd g reater f lexibility. 1 Histor ian Lewis M umfo rd tho ug ht that the s prawl i ng A merican subur bs of the po st- Wo rl d Wa r II era s eemed to l a ck any sense of communa l fo cus wi th thei r s epa rate res i den tial, commercial and cul tura l centers a nd thei r empha s i s o n automobile transpor tati o n. T herefo re, ma ny s o ci a l a nd eco nomic factors contr ibuted to the urba n decay ; es s enti a l l y, deindustr ialization, de po pul ati o n, unempl oy ment, peri pheral slums etc. C ities have res po nded to thi s urba n decay and ur ban sprawl by launchi ng urba n renewa l pro g ra ms . To combat this situation t he 1 9 4 9 Ho us i ng A ct wa s esta bl i s hed, aiming the reshaping o f A meri ca n ci ti es .

In the introduction to the 1 9 6 1 Ma rch i s s ue, Phi l i p W i l l , President of the AIA , s ays that the ci ti es have cha nged i n the sense that instead o f sti mul ati ng crowds o f peo pl e, o ne is sur rounded by choking mo bs o f peo pl e a nd thei r ca rs . He advocates for neighborl i nes s , fo r co mmuni ty l i fe, a nd fo r a way of life in which one ca n rel ax a nd enj oy the env i ro nment instead of f ighting it. W i l l co ns i ders that thi s i s a cha l l enge that could be overcome. 2 T here are two kinds of a rchi tecture i n the 6 0 s , the des i g ned architecture and the great ma s s o f ever yday bui l di ng a nd i n C ather ine Wurster ’s op i ni o n, there i s a bi g ga p between the two. T he subur bs shoul d be urba ni zed, wherea s the ci ti es should be humanized. U nder des i g ni ng wa s a pro bl em no t only for the city blocks , but a l s o the ci rcul ati o n to o l s s uch as the highways netwo rk a nd i ts co nnecti o n to the street systems, which lead to traff i c pro bl ems a s wel l . 3 B esides the ur ban de cay pro bl ems , urba n pl a nners ha d to deal with the g row i ng o f po pul ati o n a nd the ci ti es . In the United States of 1 9 6 0 s , the upper l i mi t o f a ci ty ’s s i ze seemed to be without bo unds . T he term “Mega l o po l i s ” i s used “to recognize that even o ur g i a nt ci ti es a re pa rt o f a larger city still—the interdependent cha i n o f l a rge ci ti es a nd small towns, all envelo ped i n a va st phys i ca l devel o pment.”

51

T he Amer ican Institute o f A rchi tects , awa re o f the ci rcumstances and consider ing the fa ct that they co ns i dered themselves educators of th e A meri ca n A rchi tect, they i ncl ude many ar ticles regarding U rba n Des i g n duri ng the yea rs fo l lowing the Ur ban Decay. S ta rti ng f ro m 1 9 6 0 there i s a n attempt to raise awarene s s a bo ut the pro bl ems a nd cha l l enges regarding ur ban planni ng a nd the ci ty, a nd tr y to enga ge a s many architects – Ame ri ca n a nd fo rei g ner – i n the debate. In the per iod between 19 6 3 a nd 1 9 6 4 , i n the a rti cl es publ i s hed in the AIA off icial journa l , there i s a g rowi ng ro uti ne i n tr ying to f ind solutions to certa i n to pi cs prev i o us l y menti o ned in the magazine and al s o a n i mpo rta nt i nvo l vement i n the inter national discourse a ro und the ci ti es .

T he Amer ican Institute o f A rchi tects ha s vo i ced ma ny ti mes , to its members and to t he publ i c, i ts co ncern a bo ut the phys ical appearance of the co mmuni ti es . In the S t L o ui s C o nvention of 1964, President C a ro l expres s ed hi s co ncern a bo ut the fact that besides the i ncrea s i ng number o f ha nds o me buildings, the communi ti es a s a who l e have beco me mo re neglected and more ug l y. He bel i eved that i t ca n be cha nged if each architect in his own co mmuni ty res po nds to the cha l lenge of leadership in urba n des i g n a nd, thro ug h ci v i c tea mplay, unites all of his fel l ow- ci ti zens i n thi s wo rthy ca us e.

His statement embodie s two ma i n a s pects a ro und whi ch the discourse on ur ban planni ng a nd the ci ty i s unl a s hed duri ng these years. T he attenti o n to the phys i ca l a s pects o f the ci ty was constantly enr iched wi th the i nv i s i bl e a s pects o f the cities.

Since the aim of the publ i cati o ns i n the Jo urna l o f the A IA was to educate the Ameri ca n a rchi tects a nd the pl a nners , the theoretical dialogue wa s ex tremel y ri ch a nd i nvo l ved around the most impo rta nt theo ri es a nd bo o ks o f the per iod, making reference to f i g ures , s uch a s L ewi s Mumfo rd, Jane Jacobs and Kevin Ly nch.

T his contex t led to the J o urna l o f the A IA dea l i ng wi th a number of themes whi ch kept emerg i ng co nsta ntl y duri ng the per iod of 1960-19 6 5 . T he themes that were devel o ped the most were the invo l vement o f di fferent bo di es a nd the community in the proces s o f des i g ni ng a nd pl a nni ng the cities, the “in-betwee n s pa ce” – the i mpo rta nce o f o ther dimensions as well, bes i des the phys i ca l o ne, the huma n

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scale, automobile trans po rtati o n a nd traff i c. T hes e themes are always discussed i n rel ati o n to o ne a no ther, whi ch i s the reason why they have been a rti cul ated s i mul ta neo us l y in this paper.

INVOLVMENT OF DIFFER E NT B O DIES A ND T H E CO M M U NIT Y IN THE PROC ESS OF DES IG N T his situation of the Ameri ca n ci ti es wa s a res ul t o f a s eri es of socio-economic cha nges , co ns equentl y the i nvo l vement of other bodies; such a s psycho l o g i sts , s o ci o l o g i sts , a nthro pologists, politicians, e co no mi sts , a nd es peci a l l y that o f the community in the proces s o f ci ty pl a nni ng wa s s een necessar y by the Amer ican Insti tute o f A rchi tects . N o ci ty ca n g row to its maximum p o tenti a l i f the enti re co mmuni ty i s no t kept up to high standards . Mo st fa i l ures ca n be attri buted to poor or inadequate planni ng a nd to a l a ck o f the mo st v i ta l elements of all: communi ty understa ndi ng a nd s uppo rt. 4 With culture and city co ndi ti o ns hav i ng cha nged, new to o l s were required to tackle the rel ati o ns hi p between the env i ronment, community and i ndustr y. T he Jo urna l o f the A IA was advocating that t he a rchi tect s ho ul d a l ways co me to gether with the communi ty o f di fferent a cto rs i nvo l ved i n the process of rethinki ng a nd rebui l di ng the ci ti es a nd he has a cr ucial role to play.

T his approach by the A meri ca n Insti tute o f A rchi tects wa s ref lected in many ar ti cl es . A cco rdi ng to C l a rence S . S tei n the desig n of building s a nd the o utdo o r s pa ces must go ha nd in hand, and that the a rchi tect s ho ul d dea l wi th the who l e environment, therefore he must beco me a co mmuni ty a rchi tect. T he city should be des i g ned f ro m the g ro und up, a s a n entity, embracing the s i te, the ma s s o f bui l di ng s a nd thei r relation to each other a nd to the natura l s etti ng ; i n s ho rt, to all the visual sur roundi ng s . 5 T his approach was suppo rted by B runo Zev i a s wel l . A cco rding to Zevi, in the 19 6 1 A nnua l C o nventi o n where he wa s one of the main speakers to gether wi th L ewi s Mumfo rd, a rchitects should come to gether to f i nd a new a rchi tectura l language of the city. Zev i s ays that i f ci ti es a re to s ur v i ve as cultural instr ument s , they must be mo re tha n a co l l ection of public wor ks pro j ects . T here s ho ul d be co o rdi nati o n

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between residential communi ti es , mo to r ways , bus i nes s di s tr icts and recreational centers . “Ei ther a rchi tects ca n s how a way toward an integrated urba n po l i cy, o r a rchi tecture i s lost ”. 6 In the same convention L ewi s Mumfo rd cri ti ci zes L e C o rbus i er, Frank Lloyd Wr ig ht, a nd Mi es va n der Ro he, fo r repl a ci ng the city which has huma n co ntent a nd huma n purpo s e to a mechanical hollow shel l . Ta l k i ng a bo ut urba n renewa l a nd the culture of cities, Mumfo rd pro po s es that o ne s ho ul d un derstand more profoun dl y what that i s . He states that ma ny architects, city planners , a nd muni ci pa l a dmi ni strato rs , have the illusion that they a re a s s i sti ng at the rebi rth o f the ci ty in their cur ious ur ban renewa l pro j ects . B ut i n Mumfo rd’s opinion they are taking away the es s enti a l o rga ns o f l i fe, a nd replacing them with a mecha ni ca l s ubsti tute that do es o nl y a small par t of the nec es s a r y wo rk .

M umford believed in l o o k i ng beyo nd a mere ci tys ca pe o f building s and streets to the v i bra nt netwo rk o f huma n relationships that are citi es ’ ver y ra i s o n d’etre. A cco rdi ng to M umford when there a re l a rge- s ca l e pro j ects o ne must thi nk of pedestr ian movement- repo s e, i nti ma cy, a nd co nvers ati o n.

In the same line of thi nk i ng G ra dy C l ay wri tes i n o ne o f the ar ticles how the Amer ica n s o ci ety i s dea l i ng wi th urba n o pen space in the re-str ucturi ng pro f urba n co mmuni ti es . He a l s o accuses architects and urba n des i g ners o f “f i l l i ng ” the o pen space and “bulldozing o ut the l a st g rove o f trees ”. He pro poses that: 1. B uilding s o ug ht to rei nfo rce urba n s pa ce a nd its qualities, and not m erel y f i l l up a po rti o n o f i t. 2 . A rchi tects need to study more ca ref ul l y the us es o f s pa ce befo re they can understand how thei r bui l di ng s wi l l f uncti o n i n a nd near that space. 3. T h e bui l di ng s ca n tra nsfo rm the s pa ce the same way the spac e a ro und i t ca n tra nsfo rm the bui l ding . 4. O pen space can s o meti mes o ut- perfo rm bui l di ng s i n helping a disorganized nei g hbo rho o d, a nd i t i s a l s o the l owest-cost ingredient ava i l a bl e.

According to C lay, ur ba n o pen s pa ces s ho ul d perfo rm mo re than one f unction, se r ve mo re tha n o ne g ro up o f peo pl e, and he opposes the us a ge o f s i ng l e- us e publ i c s pa ce, whi ch has no pur pose other tha n to exhi bi t a bui l di ng . 7 Fur ther more, Duhl, a psychi atri st wri ti ng fo r the ma ga z i ne

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in 1961 says that the phys i ca l des i g n o f bui l di ng s a nd ci ties should be the con cern o f eco no mi sts , po l i ti ci a ns , wel fare wor kers, business ma n, a nd governments , a s much a s the concer n of ur ban pl a nners a nd the a rchi tects . A cco rdi ng to Leonard Duhl, architecture a nd ci ty pl a nni ng a re pa rt o f the solution to the pro bl em o f a l co ho l , fo r exa mpl e, a nd there should be integrated to ta l a ppro a ch to the pro bl ems , economics, political sci ence, geo g ra phy, hi sto r y, psycho l o g y and sociolog y. 8 Another impor tant me nti o ni ng i s Edmund N . B a co n, the Executive Director of Ph i l a del phi a C i ty Pl a nni ng C o mmi s s i o n, who - wr iting for the Jo urna l o f the A IA - l i sts the cha ng es that should occur s o that the pro fes s i o n “meets the demands, among which the res po ns i bi l i ty o f the Indi v i dua l architect to sacr if ice the ro l e o f pri ma do nna to that o f a

Ed Bacon at Mycenae: “What kind of a world are we living in?�

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Bucky Fuller and DOciadis: Marathon lectures in the ship’s lounge until two am

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member of a team.” 9 INT E RNAT IO NAL RELAT I ON S B oth Edmund B acon and L eo na rd Duhl were attendees o f the Delos Symposium in th e A egea n, therefo re i t i s no co i nci dence that the ‘lead sto r y ’ pres ented by the edi to r Jo s eph Watterson in the December i s s ue o f 1 9 6 3 wa s a bo ut the Delos Symposium. T he edi to ri a l bo a rd o f the j o urna l wa s co nvinced that more attenti o n s ho ul d be bro ug ht to thi s peculiar event and to his orga ni zer, the G reek “s ha dow y ” f i g ure of C onstantinos Doxiadi s . Ja mes A . C l ay to n, a repo rter fo r the Washington Post w ho wa s i nv i ted to j o i n the g ro up o f the “remar kable cr uise o f the N ew Hel l a s ”, repo rts fo r the Jour nal of the AIA the wo rds o f Doxi a di s i n expl a i ni ng hi s views: in ear lier times , a bui l der o r a n a rchi tect ha d a l l the knowledge he needed when he s et to wo rk . W hether he wa s building a house or pla nni ng a town, he k new the rel eva nt facts of what we now ca l l eco no mi cs , s o ci o l o g y, psycho l o g y and politics. He knew the f i na nci a l stra i n hi s cl i ent ( i ndi v i dual or community) coul d sta nd, the sta nda rd o f l i v i ng the community considered a ppro pri ate, the k i nd o f s urro unding s each person desire d, a nd the men who s e deci s i o ns were cr itical to his plans. B ut i n the mo dern wo rl d, where the relevant facts have mul ti pl i ed, the ta s k o f the pl a nner i s i mmense. B ecause he can no l o nger k now a l l the rel eva nt fa cts f rom his ear lier exper ie nces , he must k now what i s ava i l a bl e to him in other disciplines a nd how to f i nd i t.

In the same ar ticle there were a l s o menti o ned the pa rti ci pa tors, including M argaret Mea d, a nthro po l o g i st a nd s o ci o l o gist, Sir Rober t Watson- Watt, the i nvento r o f ra da r, B a rba ra Ward, one of the best-k nown wri ters o n eco no mi cs , L eo na rd Duhl, psychiatr ist, Sig f ri ed G i edo n, hi sto ri a n a nd cri ti c o f architecture, B uckminster F ul l er, etc. T he Decl a rati o n o f Delos drawn by a wide range o f di fferent di s ci pl i nes , nati o ns , political alleg iances and cul tura l g ro up, wa s publ i s hed i n the same issue.

Dur ing the same year, the f i g ure o f the Ma rga ret Mea d sti l l remains present in the di s co urs e o f “U rba n Des i g n fo r U rba n Living ” in the Supplement o f “U rba n Des i g n: T he A rchi tecture of Towns and C itie s ”. T he C o mmi s s i o n o n Town Pl a nni ng makes reference to the cul tura l a nthro po l o g i st, Ma rga ret M ead, when ref lecting o n the s ca l e o f the co mmuni ty a nd o n

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the lives of all the many ty pes o f peo pl e i n the s o ci ety who constitute neighbor ho o ds a nd co mmuni ti es , s uch a s chi l dren, teens, college students , yo ung ma rri ed co upl es , yo ung couples with children, fa mi l i es i n mi ddl e l i fe, g ra ndpa rents , and elder ly people. 1 0 As mentioned above, a rchi tects a nd urba n pl a nners ca n’ t wor k on their own into the a cco unt o f urba n renewa l pro grams. Apar t f rom different pro fes s i o na l a cto rs , there have to be considered the governmenta l i s s ues . T he a rchi tects o f the AIA were conscious that bi g pro j ects i nvo l v i ng i mmens e ur ban transfor mation ca nno t co me i nto l i fe unl es s bei ng s uppor ted both politically a nd f i na nci a l l y f ro m the government.

In the special issue of 1 9 6 1 , dedi cated excl us i vel y to U rba n Desig n, Edmund B acon, states exa ctl y that “beca us e o f the new scale of the ur ban rebui l di ng , ma ny o f the cri ti ca l desig n decision are made by government befo re the a rchi tect for the individual projects get sta rted.” T herefo re, the a rchi tect should attempt to restri ct des i g n deci s i o n wi thi n gover nment as much as po s s i bl e, a nd reco g ni ze the new s ca l e o f city building as an oppo rtuni ty fo r ex tens i o n o f the pro fes sional ser vice. T hus, a rchi tects were s i mul ated to ta ke thi s step because of the fa ct that they ha d to dea l wi th a much big ger scale than before. T he pro fes s i o n s hi f ted f ro m rega rding itself as ser ving the cl i ents to s er v i ng the peo pl e a nd the cities as a whole.

O n the other side, a di a l ecti c pa rtners hi p between the A IA and the present gover nment emerged i n the i s s ues o f June 1961 and Januar y 1961 . T he then- current U S pres i dent Kennedy sent messages to the A IA s uppo rti ng thei r di s co urs e, initiatives and attentio n to the ci ti es a nd to “a s etti ng i n which men and women ca n f ul l y l i ve up to thei r res po ns i bi l i ties as f ree citizens.” In the o cca s i o n o f the 1 9 6 1 A IA A nnua l C onvection at Philadelphi a , the U S Pres i dent, Jo hn F. Kennedy, wr ites to the AIA , a ck nowl edg i ng the a rchi tect ’s ro l e i n society at then-cur rent s i tuati o n. T hi s demo nstrates the o bligations and the duty that the A meri ca n a rchi tect ha d duri ng the 60s to wor k towards better ci ti es .

B etween 1960 and 1965 there i s a g rowi ng co ncern a bo ut the non-physical factors that i nf l uence the qua l i ty o f l i fe wi thi n cities. T he Amer ican Insti tute o f A rchi tects endo rs ed a rchi tects not only to wor k w i th the phys i ca l di mens i o n o f the ci ty, but with other dimens i o ns a s wel l . T hi s wa s ev i dent by the

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number of ar ticles devo ted to the “i n- between s pa ce”, o pen space, public space, “the fo urth di mens i o n”, g reen s pa ce, sense of place, etc. In o ne o f the a rti cl es dedi cated to U rba n Desig n, Ian Nair in claim s that when i t co mes to sta nda rds o f living , architects in the U S “[ … ] i mprove materi a l pa rts o f the environment and ig nore a l l the s pi ri tua l o nes [ … ] ”, ta l k i ng about a defeat instead o f a n i mprovement. 1 1 As John E ly B urchard states i n hi s a rti cl e ‘ S o me A nti do tes for Ugliness’, the archi tects i n the then- current peri o d ta l k mostly about the phys i ca l ug l i nes s o r bea uti es o f ci ti es , while forgetting the goo d po l i ti ca l , s o ci a l , eco no mi c a nd ci v i l conduct that are all the ver y i mpo rta nt el ements o f the ci ty.

T here is a checklist of the va ri o us el ements o f urba n bea uty : 1) weather and the sky a re i mpo rta nt a s s ets o r l i a bi l i ti es fo r a city. 2) r iver banks 3 ) l a kes 4 ) s qua res 5 ) avenues 6 ) urba n character and joy 7) sm a l l pa rks 8 ) street deta i l s . T he bea uty of a city is then a compl ex, even a s ubtl e thi ng . 1 2 T he discussion of such a s pects cul mi nated i n the 1 9 6 4 A IA C onvention in St Louis , ti tl ed “ T he C i ty – V i s i bl e a nd Inv i s i ble”. While the visible ci ty ha d been wi del y di s cus s ed duri ng this per iod and it was much mo re fa mi l i a r to the a rchi tects , the invisible city was co nsti tuted by, “perha ps i mmea s urable, social and spir itua l pro bl ems ”, a s S a m Hurst, mo derator of the session and Dea n o f the S cho o l o f A rchi tecture and Fine Ar ts of C aliforni a , states . T he di s co urs e fo l l ows wi th the str uctures of law a nd j usti ce, hea l th a nd psycho l o g i ca l aspects of the city. 1 3 T he political and socia l a s pects wi thi n the ci ti es were ver y impor tant to M umford i n fo rmul ati ng hi s po i nt o f v i ew s i nce his dialogue with Sigf r ied G i edo n a bo ut hi s publ i cati o n o f C a n O ur C ities Sur vive? and hi s attenti o n to the i nv i s i bl e fa cto rs of the city remains consta nt a nd i s ref l ected i n hi s theo ri es .

M umford’s name keeps bei ng menti o ned ma ny ti mes i n the ar ticles, regarding what he s a i d i n the C o nferences a nd hi s books “C ulture of the Ci ti es ”, a nd “ T he C i ty i n Hi sto r y ”, published in 1961. M umfo rd wa s no t o nl y menti o ned by o ther authors of the ar ticles but by the members o f the A IA a s wel l .

C iting him - “Don’t tr y to s epa rate the bui l di ng s f ro m the peo ple who are using the bui l di ng s , a ppro a chi ng the bui l di ng s , reacting to the building s . T he bui l di ng do es n’ t exi st unti l i t i s taken in by the people who us e i t, the peo pl e who pa s s by i t.

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“... our nation household is clustered with unfinished and neglated taskes.�, President John F. Kennedy

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Detroit core area is Grand Boulevard, within which are located the major redevelopment projects. Design concept shown here is the essential structure of the urban design plan - a three-dimensional expression of the revised master plan

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Shreveport’s downtown plan covers not only the center but also residential and industrial section

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And costume - how impo rta nt that i s i n the estheti c effect o f the city ”- is also evide nt how thi s tho ug h sti l l rema i ns pres ent in 1965 when, in the A nnua l A IA “C o nventi o n C i ty : Ma n About Town” 1965. 1 4 Two good examples of thi s a ppro a ch a cco rdi ng to the A IA i s the Detroit M aster Plan, a nd the S hrevepo rt Pl a n whi ch were both awarded by the AIA . Pho to s A cco rdi ng to the A IA thes e projects achieved in the rebui l di ng o f the ci ty, to i ncl ude a physical f ramewor k of urba n des i g n co ns i derati o ns that a re an integral par t of the ma ster pl a n, no t a n af tertho ug ht. B o th examples did not compro mi s e between des i g n a nd f uncti o n, visual qualities were as i mpo rta nt a s f uncti o na l a nd pra cti ca l considerations. 1 5 T he par ticipation of Ameri ca n pers o na l i ti es i n i nternati o na l events is ver y impor ta nt, s i nce i s the res ul t o f the effo rts o f the Amer ican Institute o f A rchi tects s i nce 1 9 5 9 . L o o k i ng ba ck at the 1959 AIA C onventi o n i n New Orl ea ns , the “esta bl i s hi ng close relation with forei g n a rchi tects ’ ” wa s o ne o f the ma i n activities in which the A IA wo ul d i nvest o n. B etween 1 9 6 0 a nd 1964, the AIA became mo re a nd mo re mature a nd esta bl i s hed inter national relations by pa rti ci pati ng i n the mo st i mpo rta nt events of the per iod rega rdi ng a rchi tecture a nd urba n pl a nning .

O ne of the most sig nifi ca nt o ne wa s the pa rti ci pati o n at the VIII Assembly of the U ni o n Internati o na l e des A rchi tects , M exico C ity, O ctober 8- 1 2 , 1 9 6 3 . U IA wa s a ver y bi g i nterna tional association of a rchi tect co mi ng f ro m Western Euro pe and Nor th Af r ica; Eastern Euro pe a nd the Mi ddl e Ea st; No rth, C entral and South Ameri ca ; A f ri ca , the Ea st a nd the Fa r Ea st.

T he Secretar y-G eneral– a l s o fo under o f the U IA – i s Pi erre Vago, member of the C IA M g ro up a nd publ i s her o f the L’A rch i te ctur e d’Aujour d’hui.

Accurately, the “Inter nati o na l Sy mpo s i um o n A rchi tecture” was divided between to s i tes : Hava na a nd Mexi co C i ty a nd they were selected befo re C uba beca me o ff- l i mi ts fo r U S ci tizens, so Amer ican archi tects co ul d no t go to C uba ’s meeting s. While in the meeti ng s o f Mexi co C i ty mo st o f them were held at the new Instituto Po l i tecni co Na ci o na l at Za catenco, one or two at the Univers i ty o f Mexi co . T here were a s eri es of special lectures f rom G i edo n, C a ndel a , Doxi a di s , N eutra ,

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Fuller, Sharon and Aalto . T he overa l l number o f a rchi tects par ticipating was about 8 9 1 a nd the l a rgest del egati o n wa s the French one. 1 6 As President J. Roy C arro l l states i n a n o peni ng a rti cl e o f the M arch issue of 1964, “t he yea r 1 9 6 3 may prove to have been the year in which Ame ri ca n Insti tute o f A rchi tects ma de i ts f irst major reappraisal o f i ts i nternati o na l pro fes s i o na l o bl i gations”. T he oppor tuni ty to go to Mexi co C i ty wa s a cata l yst for the AIA relationships to o ther a rchi tects a nd o ther a rchi tectural organization in a l l pa rts o f the g l o be. 1 7 C ar l Feiss FAIA and Nei l C o nno r A IA , s er v i ng a s members o f the Wor king C ommissio n o n Town Pl a nni ng a nd Ho us i ng , respectively, were asked to repres ent A IA at Mexi co C i ty. T he Assembly was attended by Da ni el S chwa rtz ma n FA IA a nd M ar io C . C elli AIA , repres enti ng A IA o n the Wo rk i ng C o mmissions on Professiona l Pra cti ce a nd S cho o l B ui l di ng . T he strong delegation was repres ented by Pres i dent C a rro l l a nd f irst Vice President O del l , to gether wi th Mo rri s Ketchum Jr, FAIA , CO -C hair man of the B o a rd’s A IA C o nventi o n C o mmi ttee, and Executive Dire cto r W i l l i a m H. S chei ck A IA .

C ar l Feiss, FAIA , delegate o f the A IA fo r the Wo rk i ng C o mmission on Town Planni ng , repo rts a s the ma i n po i nts o f di s cussion the fact that “thro ug ho ut the wo rl d, urba n pl a nni ng and re-planning , ur ban des i g n a nd urba n renewa l a re v i ta l issues” Weather in B raz i l , Ha mburg o r Ho ng Ko ng , the debate on ur ban planning go es a ro und the emergency i s s ues of the cities which ref ugees f ro m rura l a rea , f ro m po l i ti ca l change, f rom slums, f ro m a wi de va ri ety o f ca us es a re co n tinuously dr if ting to, and the res ul t o f s uch pro ces s es , s uch as human miser y, misus e o f bui l di ng s a nd l a nds , s o ci a l a nd psychological maladjustments . 1 8 T he Amer ican Institute o f A rchi tects ha s a l rea dy bega n to perceive the real dimens i o ns o f urba n pl a nni ng wi thi n a n inter national focus. For i nsta nce, the Del o s Sy mpo s i um wa s organized for the second ti me i n the Jul y o f 1 9 6 4 , a nd thi s time, among the par tic i pa nts , wa s Edmund N . B a co n, di rector of the Philadelphia C i ty Pl a nni ng C o mmi s s i o n a nd a n a ctive actor of the Amer ica n di s co urs e o n urba n pl a nni ng a nd the city. T he editor Jos eph Watters o n revea l s the di s co urs e that proceeds the one o f the prev i o us 1 9 6 3 Del o s Sy mpo -

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VIII UIA Assembly, Mexico City, October 1963 Upper: Lunch at Chapultepec Castle; Kenneth Brooks AIA, Carl Feiss FAIA, Joseph Watterson Below:Exhibit of 1963 AIA Honor Awards, provided by the AIA International Relation Committee and placed by USIS at the Polytecnic Institute of Zacatenco

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sium. Similar ly to the fi rst ti me, the g ro up wa s ma de o f thi rteen architects and planners , fo ur eco no mi sts , three l aw yers ; two each of sociologist, po l i ti ca l s ci enti sts a nd geo l o g i sts , a biolog ist, a psychiatr ist , a n a nthro po l o g i st, a res ea rch s ci entist and a wr iter.

While Delos I met to underl i ne wi th urgency the cri s i s that had over taken the wor l d’s ci ti es , Del o s II gathered to di s cus s on human settlements a nd o n how to def i ne the co ntent o f this new discipline, on how to tra i n men a nd wo men to wo rk in this f ield, and on some o f the po l i ti ca l a nd eco no mi c o bstacles likely to impede a n i nteg rated a ppro a ch to i t. pho to s According to the new wo rd ek i sti cs , co i ned by C o nsta nti no s Doxiadis, Watterson accepts i ts i mpo rta nce a s a sy nthes i s o f issues, such as health, nutri ti o n, educati o n, tra ns po rtati o n, and housing – all considered s epa ratel y fo r to o l o ng – wi thi n the f ramewor k of man-i n- co mmuni ty.

Watterson opens the arti cl e wi th the wo rds o f the Edmund B acon dur ing the second Del o s : “ T he fa i l ure o f ci ti es i s a n i n tellectual’s failure. It is a fa i l ure to def i ne the i s s ues i n terms that can be acted upon by the po l i ti ca l pro ces s es . It i s a fa i l ure to grasp the evolving s ettl ements a s f uncti o na l a nd o rga nic entities, a failure to s ee them a s a l i v i ng who l e, a fa i l ure to conceive what they sho ul d beco me.” B a co n i s the exa mpl e o f the Amer ican architect, pl a nner a nd a cto r that - wo rk i ng o n problems of ur ban communi ti es o f U ni ted S tates - i s no t a nymore isolated, but excha nges a nd pa rti ci pates a cti vel y i n the discourse of ur ban settl ements a nd ci ti es . W hat o nce s eemed to be a closed discussio n o n the A meri ca n ci ti es , now i s i ntegrated within an inter nati o na l event. T he current urba n s i tuation in the United States i s rather a g l o ba l pro bl em tha n j ust a national one.

VISIB LE ASPEC TS OF T H E U R BA N R E NE WA L B E T WE E N 1 9 6 0 AND 1965 B etween 1963 and 1964 , a s peci a l s ecti o n o f the j o urna l , named Ur ban Design: T he A rchi tecture o f Towns a nd C i ti es , was dedicated only to urba n des i g n co ncerns . T he s ecti o n published the wor k of the A IA U rba n Des i g n C o mmi ttee. T he C ommittee members were C ha rl es A . B l es s i ng , FA IA , C ha i rman; Rober t L. G eddes, G eo rge N. Ha l l , Do na l d H. L utes , Matthew L. Rockwell, Arch R . W i nter, G o rdo n G . W i ttenberg ; a nd the C or responding M em bers were Edmund N. B a co n, Mayer

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FAIA , C ar l Feiss FAIA , Da ni el Perr y, A rchi ba l d C . Ro gers , a nd Har r y M . Weese FAIA .

T he topics analyzed in deta i l i n a to ta l o f twel ve s uppl ements were a research beginni ng f ro m the ba s i c pri nci pl es o f urba n desig n, ur ban spaces, urba n ma s s a nd a cti v i ti es , co nti nui ng with moder n concepts o f urba n des i g n, wi th the a na l ys i s o f the “beautif ul cities” a ro und the wo rl d a nd o f the A meri ca n city centers ( downtow n) , f i ni s hi ng wi th i nvesti gati o n o f the densities of the cities, l a nd- us e i ntens i ty a nd ci rcul ati o n. T hi s ser ies provided a f ull gui de to the a rchi tect a nd the ci ty pl a nners. All the ar ticles were edi ted by Jo s eph Watters o n a nd illustrated by the Ur ban Des i g n Pro j ect Hea d Pa ul D. S prei regen.

C i ty C e nte rs A matter which would co ncern the j o urna l rega rdi ng the urban renewal is the histo r y a nd i denti ty o f the exi sti ng towns and their city centers – ‘downtowns ’. W hen ta l k i ng a bo ut the city centers, Washingto n downtown i s o f g reat i nterest. T he Januar y issue of 1963 wa s dedi cated to ta l l y to the ca pi ta l – i ts histor y, preser vation, exi ti ng reg i o na l pl a ns , urba n renewa l of the Souther n Washingto n a nd f uture strateg i es . A mo ng the ser ies of ar ticles, Will i a m E. F i nl ey, Di recto r o f the N ati o nal C apital Planning C om mi s s i o n, wri tes the a rti cl e pres enti ng the commission research. T he a i m o f the res ea rch i s the co mpilation of a policy for the des i g ni ng o f the N ati o na l C a pi ta l Region in the Year 200 0 .

T he seven alter natives exa mi ned i n the study were the co ntinued sprawl, limited g rowth, new ci ti es , new towns , a ri ng of new towns, subur ba n cl uster a nd devel o pment co rri do r. 1 9 Si ze , de nsi ty and l and - u se inten sities of th e cities In the United States of 1 9 6 0 s , the upper l i mi t o f a ci ty ’s s i ze seemed to be without bo unds , exempl i f i ed by the a ppea ra nce of the megalopolis. T hey ma ke reference to a rchi tect Kenzo Tange, for example, who ha s a na l yzed the ma j o r ci ti es o f the wor ld’s industr ialized co untri es befo re beg i nni ng hi s creati ve desig ns for a rebuilt Tok yo o f f i f teen mi l l i o n peo pl e. 2 0 An impor tant considerati o n i s the “l a nd- us e i ntens i ty ”. In the ar ticle it is suppor ted the Federa l Ho us i ng A dmi ni strati o n’s wor k on the study of the thi s to pi c ( 7 6 ) , that, di fferentl y f ro m

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C a p i ta l Pl a n n i n g C o mmi s s i o n a n a l i zes o n th e p o l i cy “ Yea r 2 0 0 0 �.

Il l u stra ti o n o n th ree ( o u t o f s ev en ) a l tern a ti v es exa mi n ed ( to p to b o tto m) : n ew ci ti es , l i mi ted g rowth , ra d i a l co rri d o rs

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Plan of Mariemont, Ohio: (1) center; (2) playfields; (3) schools; (4) overlook; (5)hospital; (6) hill with large houses; (7) original trolley line; (8) planned commuter RR station; (9A) planned factory site, later located at (9B); (10) incompleted road system.

The town is on a plateau high above the river. Gray areas indicate public open space, parkland and woodland. The range of house types is very broad.

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the “density ” concept, i s i ndi cated by mathemati ca l rati o s between r ig ht-of-way a rea fo r ca rs , ca r pa rk i ng s pa ce, recreation and play space a nd pl a nti ng s pa ce, thes e bei ng the components of open spa ce i n a res i denti a l a rea . T hi s pro po s a l is considered to be “caref ul l y rev i ewed by a l l a rchi tects co n cer ned with residential des i g n”. 2 1 T hey also analyze the co ns equences o f the l ow dens i ty nei g hbor hood units, which have beco me mo re a nd mo re pres ent since the subur banizati o n: l a rge i nvestment fo r ro a ds a nd utilities, long travel dista nces to co mmerci a l a nd ci v i c centers and to wor k, the latter a l mo st enti rel y by ca r, the a ccents and community focal po i nts whi ch wo ul d g i ve i denti ty to the grouping would be miss i ng . 2 2 T he Ur ban Desig n C omm i ttee menti o ns a s eri es o f cel eb pro j ect which ref lect this appro a ch, but i n thei r beha l thi s N o better illustration of the wi s do m o f va ri ed dens i ty a nd l a nd- us e intensity in intimate mi x ture exi sts tha n the afo rementi o ned town of M ar iemont, O hi o . T here o ne f i nds s ma l l pens i o ners ’ cottages, row houses and o ne-fa mi l y ho us es o f a g reat va ri ety of sizes, to name but a few ty pes . 2 3 Traffi c and C i rcul ati on Issu es O ne of the big gest chall enges o f the ti me wa s cl ea rl y the a utomobile. T he automobi l e wo ul d co nnect di sta nt urba n a rea s , but on the other hand bro ug ht ma ny pro bl ems to the ci ti es .

As a matter of fact, one o f the ma i n co ntri buto rs to s uburba n living was the usage of the a uto mo bi l e. T he a uto mo bi l e ha d become more impor tant fo r the co mmuni ty tha n the urba n environment they lived i n.

Ludwig Hilberseimer states s o me o f the pro bl ems ca us ed by automobiles to the urba n env i ro nment, menti o ni ng : thei r growing number and lack o f pa rk i ng s pa ce a nd thei r co ntri bution to spreading the ci ty “endl es s l y over the co untr ys i de” which has led to long ti me o f travel i ng to wo rk a nd ba ck . He thinks that the solution i s “to ma ke traff i c – a s fa r a s po s s i bl e – unnecessar y ”. He gives a n exa mpl e o f hi s prev i o us pro j ect for a residential area, where he cha nged the street system, eliminated some street s a nd cl o s ed o thers , pl a ced pa rks between the residential uni ts a nd pl a ced s cho o l s there, s o that children could go to sc ho o l wi tho ut cro s s i ng a ma j o r street, reduced the amount of cro s s i ng s , whi ch l ed to reducti o n o f the traff ic. However, the co ncerns wi th traff i c i n the ci ty cen-

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Traffic Issues

On behalf of the Plan for Washington “Year 2000� From a distance, the suburban business district would reveal its office towers and high-risc apartments. The transit rider would have alternating views of open space and urban development. The suburban transit situation opens into a sunken plaza with shols and restaurants.

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ter are different. Hilbers ei mer s ug gests “rel ati ng wo rk i ng a nd residential areas within wa l k i ng di sta nce o f ea ch o ther.” T hi s would mean that industri a l a nd co mmerci a l a rea s wo ul d be added to the subur bs, w hi ch wo ul d reduce the f l ow o f peo pl e to and f rom the city. 2 4 Luis Ser t ’s speech at Ur ba n Des i g n C o nference i n Ha r va rd U ni versity in 1956, is quoted i n o ne o f the a rti cl es wri tten by Rober t P. M adison “C level a nd’s T hi rd Downtown Reawa kening ” talking about the t raff i c s o l uti o n wi thi n the ci ty patterns : “when we ask how our ci ti es s ho ul d be des i g ned, I thi nk i t i s impor tant to bear in mi nd that we a re no t des i g ni ng fo r the M ayor or for the Plann i ng C o mmi s s i o n o r fo r the traff i c exper t, but only for the peo pl e a nd wi th the peo pl e.”

Additionally, a conference o n F reeways i n the U rba n S etti ng Architects was covered i n o ne o f the a rti cl es i n 1 9 6 3 , by Matthew L. Rockwell. He expl a i ns that i n the C o nference i t wa s discussed that the archi tect i s needed i n the des i g n o f the new hig hways, which sh o ul d no t o nl y co ns i der the ri der, but the roadside neighbor a s wel l . New understa ndi ng o f the v i sual effects of the highway wo ul d i nvo l ve the a rchi tect even more in the entire desig n o f hi g hway co nstructi o n. 2 5 With the explosion in a uto mo bi l e, pa rk i ng a l s o beca me a problem. T here are som e s o l uti o ns pro po s ed: U s i ng the tree to be the boundar y of pa rk i ng l o ts , i t i s go o d v i s ua l s creeni ng , shade, and camouf lage. S pa ces behi nd bui l di ng s ca n be turned into par king areas. Park i ng l o t s i g ns s ho ul d be des i g ned fo r legibility and appearance. 2 6 A good example of how traff i c i s ha ndl ed a cco rdi ng to C l ay is the T ivoli Garden in C o penha gen. T he ci rcul ati o n i n T i vo l i Garden is placed in edges o f the s i te, a nd the a rea i n between is a pedestr ian one. Ano ther fa cto r co ntri buti ng to the qua l i ty of the place is that s o methi ng i s go i ng o n a l l the ti me, day and night enter tainment. C l ay stres s es that na rrow s pa ces a re better than wider ones . C l ay a l s o menti o ns hi s affecti o n fo r smaller spaces “just off ” the l a rger s pa ces , wi th ma g neti s m quite different f rom tho s e o f ma j o r s pa ces , whi ch ca n rei nforce the main spaces by feedi ng di fferent s o rts o f peo pl e into them at odd hours. 2 7 “C ity planning should put peo pl e f i rst. A uto s , f reeways , a i rpor ts and building s sho ul d no t be a l l owed to do mi nate a ci ty ;

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Tivoli Garden, Copenhagen

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each must take its own pl a ce i n a ba l a nced env i ro nment a l o ng with trees and par ks, playg ro unds a nd fo unta i ns ” wri tes S teward L. Udall, in the 196 4 a rti cl e “C i ti es i n tro ubl e”. ( Stewar t L. Udall, “C itie s i n tro ubl e”, A IA Jo urna l , vo l ume XL I no.4, Apr il 1964, 32) According to B r uno Zev i ’s s peech at the 1 9 6 1 C o nventi o n there should exist a type o f a rchi tecture co ns o na nt no t o nl y in scale but also in quali ty to the pedestri a n’s tempo . It i s o bvious that the usage of the a uto mo bi l e, the i nf ra structure a nd traff ic broug ht problem s to the huma n s ca l e.

C oncl usi on T he 60s was a ver y cri ti ca l peri o d o f ti me rega rdi ng urba n desig n and planning , no t o nl y j udg i ng f ro m the number o f a rticles in the Jour nal of the A IA but f ro m the fa ct that s o me of the most impor tant bo o ks a bo ut the ci ty were wri tten at the time, such as; ‘ T he i ma ge o f the ci ty ’ by Kev i n Ly nch, ‘ T he Death and Life of G reat A meri ca n C i ty ’ by Ja ne Ja co bs , ‘ T he C ity in Histor y ’ by Lewis Mumfo rd, etc. T he debate covered by the Jour nal of the AIA duri ng the peri o d o f 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 6 5 a bo ut ur ban planning and des i g n i s a n o ngo i ng debate a nd rema i ns ver y relevant nowadays .

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Refe re nce s 1 Richard D. C ramer, 196 0 . “Zo ni ng a nd W hat We C a n Do to Improve It ”, AIA Jour nal , 3 1 , 9 0 - 9 4 2 Philip Will, 1961. T he C ha l l enge o f U rba n Des i g n, A IA Jo urnal, M arch, 30-32 3 C ather ine B auer Wurster, 1 9 6 1 . A rchi tecture a nd the C i tyscape, AIA Jour nal, M arch, 3 6 - 3 9 4 G ordon G. Wittenberg , A IA , 1 9 6 5 . T he Po l i ti cs o f U rba n Design, T he Jour nal of the A IA , Octo ber, 7 5 - 7 9 5 C larence S. Stein, FA IA , 1 9 6 1 . C o mmuni ti es fo r the G o o d Life, Jour nal of the AIA , Ma rch 1 9 6 1 , 3 1 6 B r uno Zevi, 1961. C ult ure o f the C i ty, T he Jo urna l o f the A IA , June, 47-54 7 Grady C lay, 1961. M a g nets G enerato rs , T he neces s i ti es o f open ur ban space, T he Jo urna l o f the A IA , Ma rch 4 1 - 4 7 8 Leonard J. Duhl, 1961. U rba n Des i g n a nd Menta l Hea l th, T he Jour nal of the AIA , M arch, 4 8 - 5 2 9 Edmund N. B acon, 196 1 . Des i g ni ng U rba n A meri ca , T he Jo urnal of the AIA , M arch, 32 10 Amer ican Institute o f A rchi tects , 1 9 6 4 . U rba n Des i g n: T he Architecture of Towns and C i ti es S uppl ement, ei g hth i n a s er ies of ar ticles T he Pra cti ce o f U rba n Des i g n: “U rba n Des i g n for Ur ban Living ”, T he Jo urna l o f the A IA , Februa r y, 7 2 - 7 3 11 Ian Nair in, 1960. T he Ma ster B ui l ders , Jo urna l o f the A IA , 47-49 12 John Ely B urchard,19 6 5 . S o me A nti do tes fo r U g l i nes s , T he Jour nal of the AIA , Apr i l , 2 9 - 3 4 13 Sam Hurst, 1964. AIA C o nventi o n, Jo urna l o f the A IA , A ug ust 29 14 Jour nal of the AIA , 19 6 5 . C o nventi o n C i ty : Ma n A bo ut Town, June

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15 Jour nal of the AIA , 19 6 5 . DET ROIT: Rel ati ng A l l the Pi eces , June, 105-106 16 T he Jour nal of the A IA , 1 9 6 3 . T he V III A s s embl y o f the Union Inter nationale des A rchi tects , Mexi co C i ty, Octo ber 8-12, M arch, 39-44 17 J. Roy C ar rol, 1964. “A IA a nd the U IA”, Jo urna l o f the A IA , M arch 28 18 AIA , 1964. T he Wo rk i ng C o mmmi s s i o n o n C i ty Pl a nni ng , Jour nal of the AIA ,M arch, 3 6 - 3 8 19 William E. Finley, 19 6 3 . Pl a n o f the N ati o na l C a pi ta l Reg i o n in the Year 2000, Jour na l o f the A IA , Ja nua r y, 3 9 - 4 0 20 AIA , 1964. Ur ban Des i g n: T he A rchi tecture o f Towns a nd C ities Supplement, eighth i n a s eri es o f a rti cl es T he Pra cti ce of Ur ban Design: “Ur ba n Des i g n fo r U rba n L i v i ng ”, Jo urna l o f the AIA , Febr uar y , 74 21 AIA , 1964. Ur ban Des i g n: T he A rchi tecture o f Towns a nd C ities Supplement, eighth i n a s eri es o f a rti cl es T he Pra cti ce of Ur ban Design: “Ur ba n Des i g n fo r U rba n L i v i ng ”, Jo urna l o f the AIA , Febr uar y, 76 22 AIA , 1964. Ur ban Des i g n: T he A rchi tecture o f Towns a nd C ities Supplement, eighth i n a s eri es o f a rti cl es T he Pra cti ce of Ur ban Design: “Ur ba n Des i g n fo r U rba n L i v i ng ”, Jo urna l o f the AIA , Febr uar y, 77 23 AIA , 1964. Ur ban Des i g n: T he A rchi tecture o f Towns a nd C ities Supplement, eig hth i n a s eri es o f a rti cl es T he Pra cti ce o f Ur ban Desig n: “Ur ban Des i g n fo r U rba n L i v i ng ”, Jo urna l o f the AIA , Febr uar y, 72-73 24 L. Hilberseimer , 196 0 . T he A uto mo bi l e a nd the C i ty, Jo urnal of the AIA , 30-31 25 M atthew L. Rockwell, 1 9 6 3 . F rustrati o ns a nd F rui ti o ns ( C o nference on Freeways in the U rba n S etti ng ) Tra ns po rtati o n i n Washington, Jour nal of the A IA , Ja nua r y, 7 5 - 8 0 26 William keck AIA , 19 6 5 . U rba n Pa rk i ng L o ts : Eyes o res o r Assets, Jour nal of the A IA , Februay, 5 5 - 5 8 27 Louis G redstone, 1 9 6 5 . U rba n Renewa l : S uperbl o ck S pectacular in M exico C ity, Jo urna l o f the A IA , June, 5 8 - 6 0

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