Suplemento Visor 441

Adriana Malvido El cielo maya página 2 Héctor González Entrevista a Rosa Beltrán página 6 Alegría Martínez Václav Havel página 8 domingo 1 de Enero de 2012

MILENIO

441 ESPECIAL

México 2012

El dictamen de la historia Gabriela Cano • Pedro Castro • Patricia Galeana • Eduardo Matos Moctezuma Jean Meyer • Alejandro Rosas • Pedro Salmerón • Mauricio Tenorio Héctor González

Página 4

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ra_ao ao ja_ao]nek `ao]lnaj`an l]n] ajpaj`an* Aj ah _]ok `ah _]haj`]nek i]u] jqaopn] jk_e j k__e`ajp]h `ah peailk u ah aol]_ek `a^a lkjanoa aj nalkok u ]^nenha l]ok ] h] ei]cej]_e j l]n] reohqi^n]n ] qj dki^na _kj p]l]nn]^ko mqa l]_eajpaiajpa k^oanr] ah _eahk oajp]`k ok^na qj] lea`n]* Hk d]_a l]n] mqa h]o aopnahh]o( hko lh]jap]o( hko _e_hko okh]nao u hko `a h] Hqj]( hko a_heloao u pk`ko hko arajpko _ oie_ko reoe^hao( ha ajoa aj ] ia`en ah peailk( ] _]h_qh]n ah l]o]`k u ] `e^qf]n ah bqpqnk* Aoa dki^na `af] h]^n]`k aj _ `e_ao( p]^hanko u aopah]o oq o]^an ]_an_] `ah ikreieajpk `a hko ]opnko( l]n] mqa kpnk hhacqa `aolq o ] oajp]noa aj h] lea`n] u _kjpej a oq p]na]* U ]o ( cajan]_e j pn]o cajan]_e j( ah nepik u ah h]pe`k `ah _koiko hhar] qj naceopnk dqi]jk _kj ah Ú j `a ]h_]jv]n ah oa_napk hpeik `ah qjeranok mqa oa aj_qajpn] aj hko j ianko* Hko i]u]o d]_ ]j _ h_qhko( jk lnkba_ ]o( u h] oqu] oa _kjren) pe aj qj] i]jan] je_] `a ia`en ah peailk mqa dku ]pn]l] h]

]paj_e j `ah iqj`k* Aj ejpanjap( d]u 0 ieh iehhkjao `a nabanaj_e]o ] h] i pe_] ba_d] `ah _]haj`]nek i]u]7 ah @eo_kranu ?d]jjah pn]joiepa lkn pahareoe j qj] oanea _kilhap] ok^na ah pai]7 Fq]j L]^hk Nqhbk Ú hi]n oq lah _qh] Narah]_ekjao i]u]o `ah .,-. u i o ]hh u oa lnal]n]j `ko jqarko na_ejpko( ah Cn]j Iqoak `ah Iqj`k I]u] aj I ne`] u ah L]h]_ek `a h] ?erehev]_e j I]u] aj U]t_]^ ( Uq_]p j* H]o reoekjao atpnai]o r]j `a qj] ha_pqn] ]lk_]h lpe_] `ah _]haj`]nek i]u]( oac j h] _q]h ajpna ah .- u ah ./ `a `e_eai^na `a .,-. paj`n hqc]n ah Ú j `ah iqj`k( d]op] ]mqahh] mqa ]`q_a ah j]_eieajpk `a qj] jqar] an] _]nc]`] `a ajanc ] lkoeper] mqa najkr]n h] _kj_eaj_e] _ oie_] `a hko oanao dqi]jko* Ajpna aoko atpnaiko oa aj_qajpn] h] ranoe j _eajp Ú _]* Qj cnqlk ejpan`eo_elhej]nek `a iate_]jko _kil]npen l ) ^he_]iajpa oqo d]hh]vcko hqack `a qj] h]nc] ejraopec]_e j ok^na ah _]haj`]nek i]u]* Hk d]n _kj qj] atlkoe_e j pepqh]`] Î.,-.* Qjeranok i]u]Ï aj ah Iqoak J]_ekj]h `a =jpnklkhkc ] a Deopkne] `a h] ?eq`]` `a I te_k aj ]hc j ikiajpk( lkn `aÚ jen( `ah jqark ] k* ?kjp]n _kj na_qnoko pa_jkh ce_ko `a lqjp] oeieh]nao ] hko mqa qpehev] @]re` ?kllanÚ ah` aj ah _]ilk `ah ehqoekjeoik u lnkiapa lnaoajp]n Îqj] deopkne] `a _eaj_e] b]o_ej]jpa mqa jk oa d] _kjp]`kÏ* =r]h]`k lkn h] Qjeranoe`]` J]_ekj]h =qp jki] `a

I te_k( ah Ejopepqpk J]_ekj]h `a =jpnklkhkc ] a Deopkne] u h] =_]`aie] Iate_]j] `a ?eaj_e]o $=I?%( ah amqelk aop ejpacn]`k lkn ah `k_pkn Fko Bn]j_k( at `ena_pkn `ah Ejopepqpk `a =opnkjki ] `a h] QJ=I u ]_pq]h re_alnaoe`ajpa `a h] =I?7 ah `k_pkn Hqeo >]n^]( oa_nap]nek ]_]` ie_k `ah Ejopepqpk `a Ejraopec]_ekjao =jpnklkh ce_]o `a h] QJ=I u ah `k_pkn Nk`neck Heaj`k( ejraopec]`kn `ah ieoik ejopepqpk7 C]^neah] Cqvvu =nna`kj`k( ^e hkc]( i]aopn] aj ?eaj_e]o `a h] Peann]( at oq^`ena_pkn] `a Qjeranoqi `a h] QJ=I u _kkn`ej]`kn] cajan]h `a h] atlkoe_e j7 h] ]nmqa hkc] H]qn] Lao_]`kn( `ah EJ=D7 ah `k_pkn Fko Hqeo La_d L]_da_k( atlanpk aj ejpahe) caj_e] ]npeÚ _e]h u `ao]nnkhh]`kn l]n] h] J=O= `a qj okbps]na aola_e]h l]n] ah ]j heoeo `a I]npa7 @]jeah Bhknao( ejraopec]`kn `ah Ejopepqpk `a =opnkjki ] `a h] QJ=I7 _kik naolkjo]^ha `a h] ejraopec]_e j( ah `k_pkn Cqehhanik >anj]h( `aop]_]`k alecn]Ú op] `ah Ejopepqpk `a Ejraopec]_ekjao Behkh ce_]o `a h] QJ=I7 u R _pkn Pknnao Nkh` j( ^e hkck `a h] QJ=I( i]aopnk aj ?eaj_e]o lkn h] Qjeranoe`]` `a Ie_dec]j( _kj aopq`eko `a `k_pkn]`k aj Cakb oe_]( at `ena_pkn l]n] =i ne_] H]pej] `a h] A]npd K^oanr]pekj O]pahhepa ?kil]ju u ]qpkn `a h] lneian] atlhe_]_e j ]opnkj ie_] ok^na _ ik oa knecej ah _]haj`]nek i]u] _kj k^oanr]_ekjao ] oeilha reop]( _kj ^]oa aj hko _e_hko oej `e_ko `a I]npa( F lepan u O]pqnjk* Pknnao Nkh` j ]oacqn] aik_ekj]`k aj ajpnareop]6 ÎAh _]haj`]nek i]u] ao ah i]ukn hkcnk i]pai pe_k `a h] dqi])

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Hk mqa hko i]u]o de_eankj aj pknjk ]h _kjk_eieajpk `ah oeopai] okh]n( `e_a ah _eajp Ú_k( ao `a qj] _kilhafe`]` ]oki^nko]* ÎAj hko _ `e_ao aop j hko lanek`ko mqa i]jaf]j7 okj ]^opn]__ekjao u lnkia`eko iqu ]pej]`ko ok^na hko lnk_aoko u arajpko _ahaopao* Aop j hko lanek`ko _knpko( _kik ah `a h] Hqj]( `a .5 ` ]o( lank p]i^e j ah `a Rajqo( `a 120 ` ]o* O hk mqeajao k^oanr]j ah _eahk `qn]jpa ] ko u ] pn]r o `a iq_d]o cajan]_ekjao( lqa`aj ]h_]jv]n aoko _ h_qhko* An] qj] ]_pere`]` `a Aop]`k( _kha_per]( `a h] i]ukn eilknp]j_e]( _kik l]n] `aopej]n ] lanokj]o ejpahecajp oei]o( aola_e]hev]`]o aj ah _eahk( ] _kjp]nÏ* L]n] _kjk_an h] q^e_]_e j u ah ikreieajpk `a hko lh]jap]o( h] dqi]je`]` pqrk mqa aolan]n ] Fkd]jjao Galhan mqeaj( hqack `a k^oanr]n `qn]jpa pnaejp] ] ko ah ikreieajpk `a I]npa( `ao]nnk) hh h]o hauao `ah oeopai] lh]jap]nek aj -2-,* @ko ieh ] ko ]jpao( ]oacqn] Pknnao( aj Iaok]i ne_] u] oa d]^ ] naoqahpk ah lnk^hai]( oej a_q]_ekjao ah lpe_]o u oej mqa^n]`ko* L]n] ah ejraopec]`kn( Îah _]haj`]nek i]u] ao qj] rajp]j] i]n]) rehhko] ] h] iajpa dqi]j]* Qj] i]jan] `a oacqen ah peailk( je_] `a Iaok]i ne_]( mqa `ao_]np] _q]hmqean lkoe^ehe`]` `a _kjp]_pk( `a hauaj`]o atpn]pannaopnaoÏ* U ah j iank .2,( ejoeopa( Îao qj pne^qpk ]h ejpaha_pk `ah dki^na iaok]iane_]jk( ] oq ei]cej]_e j _na]per] u ] oq _]l]_e`]` `a ]j]hev]n qj lnk^hai]Ï* K^oanr]j`k( hko i]u]o e`ajpeÚ_]nkj ah lnkia`ek _kj ah mqa oq_a` ]j hko arajpko u ]o hkcn]nkj _]h_qh]n lanek`ko h]ncq oeiko `a peailk* Oeilha u oaj_ehh]iajpa( naoq) ia Pknnao( ]o Î`a`qfankj h] _kilhafe`]` `ah oeopai] okh]nÏ* Oe qj dki^na _kjpailkn jak oa hk lnklkja( Îoa ajbnajp] ] qj ikjp j `a `a_ei]hao l]n] _]h_qh]n h]o n^ep]o( `a i]jan] mqa ah i o hara `a hko annknao ha `]n i]h ah naoqhp]`kÏ* @eack `a H]j`] `af paopeikjek `a qj reafk mqa lk` ] ej`e) _]nha( _kj qj] rahk_e`]` oknlnaj`ajpa( h] lkoe_e j `a hko lh]jap]o `ajpnk `a /,, ] ko* ¼U l]n] mq ^qo_]^]j pk`k aoa _kjk_eieajpk; ÎL]n] `a_enpa6 ÐUk oku ie lneian ]j_aopnkÑ* Aj ah nepq]h `a ]oqj) _e j ]h lk`an `a qj ck^anj]jpa oa narera ah ikiajpk i pe_k u oa d]_a lnklek* Hko i]u]o _]h_qh]^]j ` j`a aop]^] aoa ]j_aopnk( mqa ao qj lh]jap]( u `a_ ]j Ðuk ia ajpnkjevk aj h] ieoi] ba_d] mqa h u aj h] lnaoaj_e] `a aopa oa kn mqa ao qj oa kn `ah _eahkÑ* U oe _qajp]o hko lanek`ko aj mqa ck^anj]^]j( opko amqer]haj ] hko lanek`ko `a hko arajpko aopah]nao mqa oa nalepaj aj qj] lkoe) _e j `apaniej]`] aj ah _eahk* Ahhko aopnq_pqn]^]j ah peailk u h]o oa_qaj_e]o `ej ope_]o aj nah]_e j ] hko ]opnko u ]o ha `]^]j qj] hacepei]_e j `erej] ]h lk`anÏ* Aj Iaok]i ne_] jk paj ]j ] j _kjk_eieajpk `a h] arkhq_e j `a hko ]opnko je h] jk_e j `a mqa jqaopnko pkiko reajaj `a h]o aopnahh]o* Oej ai^]nck( ]`reanpa ah ejraopec]`kn( o e`ajpeÚ_]^]j qj] ajanc ] rep]h `ah qjeranok mqa d]^ep]^] aj ah ejpanekn `a pk`ko hko dki^nao( u oe aop]^]o rerk an] lknmqa ]hck `erejk d]^ ] aj pq ejpanekn( `a^]fk `a h] i o_]n] mqa ao h] leah6 qj] bqanv] rep]h pa

L]n] ajpaj`an hk mqa oecqa d]u mqa na_kn`]n mqa aj h] ia`e_e j `ah peailk i]u] qj pqj ao qj ] k( qj g]p j okj ., ] ko( ., g]) pqjao ao qj ^]gp j u -/ ^]gpqjao _kjbkni]j pk`] qj] an] _qu] `qn]_e j ao `a 1 ieh -.1*/ ] ko* Oa pn]p]( `e_a R _pkn Pknnao( `a qj _e_hk lh]jap]nek mqa jk oa d]^ ] ajpaj`e`k* U aoa _e_hk l]npa `a qj] ba_d] _ank l]n] en _kjp]j`k hko ` ]o qjk pn]o kpnk oej l]n]n( _kik jkokpnko _kjp]iko `ao`a ha lk_] `a ?neopk* @qn]jpa h] ?khkje]( _q]j`k @eack `a H]j`] mqai] hko _ `e_ao i]u]o( o hk ok^nareraj pnao mqa hqack ]l]na_aj aj I]`ne`( aj @nao`aj u aj L]n o* ?kjpeajaj qj ikjp j `a j ianko mqa oa e`aj) peÚ_]j _kik ba_d]o _]haj` ne_]o* Hko aol] khao ejpajp]j d]_an qj] _knnah]_e j ajpna ah _]haj`]nek i]u] u ah fqhe]jk* @ao`a ajpkj_ao( oa d]j da_dk _an_] `a /,( lank h] _knnah]_e j i o ]_alp]`] ao h] CIP( aop]^ha_e`] lkn Ckk`i]j( I]np jav u Pdkilokj* @e_d] _knnah]_e j q^e_] ah ` ] _ank( l]n] hko i]u]o( ajpna ah -- u ah -/ `a ]ckopk `a /--0 ]* ?* Ao qj] ba_d])an] mqa oa d] aj_kjpn]`k aj iq_d]o k^n]o `ah na] i]u] u mqa oa ao_ne^ ] -/*,*,*,( 0 =d]q( 4 ?kid ( u oa naÚana ]h knecaj `ah _koiko* Oq _e_hk `a -/ ^]gpqjao $1 ieh -.1*/ ] ko k - iehh j 43. ieh ` ]o% _qhiej]n ]( oac j aop] ejpanlnap]_e j( ajpna ah .- u ah ./ `a `e_eai^na `a .,-.* Ah amqelk `a Pknnao aop aj qj] b]oa `a oq ejraopec]_e j Îaj h] mqa ajpaj`aiko hko _e_hko lh]jap]neko p]h u _kik hko _kj_a^ ]j hko i]u]oÏ lkn hk mqa iqu lnkjpk( ]oacqn]( d]n qj] lnklqaop] i o at]_p] ok^na h] ba_d] `ah knecaj aj ah _]haj`]nek i]u]* Oe ^eaj pk`] atlhe_]_e j ao naoqhp]`k `a _ h_qhko i]pai pe_ko u ]opnkj ie_ko( Pknnao Nkh` j kbna_a qj] pn]`q__e j6 ÎHk aola_p]) _qh]n `ah .,-. ao mqa ah _eahk rkhran ] aop]n _kik aj ah knecajÏ( ao `a_en( _kik d]_a 1 ieh -.1*/ ] ko( oac j ah _]haj`]nek i]u]* Atlhe_]6 ÎOkj _e_hko lh]jap]neko* Ah ikreieajpk `ah _eahk ao _kik qj] i]mqej]ne] `a nahkf u `a nalajpa pk`]o h]o i]ja_ehh]o oa lkjaj kpn] rav aj _anko* Ah `a hko -/ ^]gpqjao ao qj _e_hk aj ah mqa hko lh]jap]o nacnao]j ] h] ieoi] n^ep] u ]h ieoik oepek* L]n] hko i]u]o oa pn]p] `a qj] narkhq_e j _ahaopa( qj] lqaop] aj oej_nkj ] _kilhap]( ah eje_ek `a qj] jqar] an]Ï* Lank d]^ ] iq_dko _e_hko ]jpao u iq_dko `aolq o* Pknnao iaj_ekj] aopah]o mqa i]jaf]j ba_d]o `a iehhkjao `a ] ko aj L]hajmqa( aj ?k^ ( aj U]t_deh j( _e_hko `a d]op] .- ^]gpqjao _kj h]o _ebn]o i o cn]j`ao mqa oa d]j ao_nepk f]i o* ÎH] p]na] `a hko i]u]o an] aj_kjpn]n ah ikreieajpk `ah _eahk u hkcn]nhk an] ikperk `a chkne]* Lknmqa _q]j`k naoqahrao ah _eahk( mqa ao hk mqa hko ]opn jkiko de_eankj aj >]^ehkje] l]n] o]^an _ ik oa ikr ]j hko lh]jap]o( pa ajbnajp]o ] qj ikiajpk i ce_k* U ao mqa hko j ianko okj ah oa_napk hpeik `ah qjeranok( ah oa_napk hpeik `a @eko* ?q]j`k qok h] _kilqp]`kn] `a h] J=O= l]n] k^oanr]n hko lh]jap]o( na_qan`k mqa hko i]u]o ikr ]j nqa`ep]o u _]h_qh]^]j ah ikreieajpk jk `a qjk( je `ko( oejk `a pnao _qanlko _ahaopao oeiqhp ja]iajpa* U ]o jko `]j ah nepik( ah h]pe`k( ah =@J `ah qjeranok aj qj _]haj`]nek o]cn]`k mqa naoqahra h] lkoe_e j `a h] Peann]( `ah Okh( `a h] Hqj]( `a I]npa( F lepan u O]pqnjk* Jqj_]( aj pk`] h] deopkne] `a h] dqi]je`]`( oa d] ejrajp]`k ]hck `a p]h ahac]j_e] i]pai pe_]Ï* ¼Hko i]u]o _aha^n]n ]j aj .,-. ah knecaj `ah qjeranok; L]n] naolkj`an( Pknnao napnk_a`a d]op] >]^ehkje]( hko _]h`ako u h] ]opnkhkc ] `a h] ]jpecq] Cna_e]( _q]j`k oa d]^h]^] `a qj ik) iajpk aj ah mqa hko lh]jap]o aopqreankj pk`ko fqjpko u ]h mqa oa ]pne^q ] ah eje_ek `a pk`k* U _kiajp]6 ÎAh dki^na iaok]iane_]jk `a^e lajo]n hk ieoik( mqa aj .,-. hko lh]jap]o aop]n ]j pk`ko fqjpko* Jkokpnko aop]iko ejraopec]j`k u _q]j`k naokhr]iko aopk( hk mqa _nak mqa r]iko ] aj_kjpn]n ao mqa I]npa( F lepan u O]pqnjk aop]n j aj qj] _kjÚcqn]_e j aola_e]h aj _q]jpk ] oq lkoe_e j aj ah qjeranok* Jk ]heja]`ko _kik pk`k iqj`k leajo]( _kik oa `a_ ] aj >]^ehkje] u hk j]nn]^]j hko cneacko( oejk ]hck `eopejpk mqa ikopn]naiko aj h] atlkoe_e jÏ* @qn]jpa iq_dko ] ko( ] l]npen `a mqa h] lk`anko] lhqi] `a Ane_ Pdkilokj `ao]_na`ep ] hko ]opn jkiko( opko u hko alecn]Úop]o oa `eop]j_e]nkj u aopq`e]nkj lkn oal]n]`k ] hko i]u]o* Î=dkn] aop]iko fqjpko `a jqark u daiko aj_kjpn]`k _kej_e`aj) _e]o ao_]hkbne]jpao _kj hko j ianko mqa ]l]na_aj aj h] ]opnkjki ] u mqa( l]n] jqaopn] oknlnao]( p]i^e j aop j aj h]o ejo_nel_ekjao* >qo_]iko h] _knnaolkj`aj_e] ajpna arajpko `ej ope_ko( _kik h] ajpnkjev]_e j k ah o]_neÚ_ek( u hko arajpko lh]jap]neko* U aok jko hhar]n lnkjpk ] `aÚjen( _kj i o _anpav]( ah knecaj `ah _]haj`]nek i]u]Ï* Ah ejraopec]`kn ]pne^qua h] ranoe j ]lk_]h lpe_] ]h r]_ k( ] h] l n`e`] `a nepq]hao mqa `]^]j aopnq_pqn] ] h] dqi]je`]` u ] h] ja_aoe`]` `a oecjeÚ_]`ko aj h] ateopaj_e]( lank p]i^e j ] h] ej) panlnap]_e j `a qj] l]npa `a hko ?deh]i >]h]i mqa d]^h] `ah Új `ah iqj`k( Î_q]j`k nacnaoa ah 0 ]d]qÏ ] l]npen `ah ^]gp j -/ aj h] _qajp] ]jpecq] `ah peailk* =o _kik aj hko i]l]o ]jpecqko oa ej_hq ]j Úcqn]o iepkh ce_]o( aop]o ranoekjao aj jqaopnk i]l] ]_pq]h peajaj ]hck `a `n]ckjao u `a ikjopnqko mqa Pknnao ]pne^qua Î]h iea`k u ] h] b]o_ej]_e j dqi]j] lkn hk `ao_kjk_e`kÏ* Hk na]h( _kj_hqua( ao iq_dk i o ]oki^nkok( lank oa ja_aoep] _eaj_e] l]n] atlhe_]nhk* @ao`a oq lqjpk `a reop]( Îah _kjk_eieajpk ao qj jqark lknp]h mqa oa ]^na ] h] dqi]je`]` l]n] k^oanr]n ah _eahkÏ* n-

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knnaj `Â&#x17D;]o aj hko mqa ]^qj) `]j hko ]jÂ&#x192;heoeo ok^na jqaopnk lnaoajpa* ?kj h] _kuqjpqn] _kik ^]j`an]( ]j]heop]o u lkhepÂ&#x201C;hkcko ^qo_]j naolqao) p]o ok^na pai]o nah]_ekj]`ko _kj h] rekhaj_e]( h] lkhÂ&#x17D;pe_] u h] a_kjkiÂ&#x17D;] j]_ekj]h* @ajpnk `a aopa afan_e_ek( pk`ko _kej_e`aj aj qj lqjpk6 h] _na]_eÂ&#x201C;j `a ao_aj]neko naola_pk ] .,-.( ok^na pk`k pajeaj`k aj _qajp] h]o aha__ekjao lnaoe`aj_e]hao* ÂźMqÂ&#x160; jko `e_a h] deopkne] ]h naola_pk; ÂźMqÂ&#x160; `a jqaopnk l]o]`k lani]ja_a u lna`kiej] aj jqaopnk lna) oajpa; Hko deopkne]`knao mqa pki]j h] l]h]^n] aj aop]o lÂ&#x192;cej]o( lnaoajp]`ko aj aopne_pk kn`aj ]hb]^Â&#x160;pe_k( naĂ&#x203A; atekj]j ok^na ah ikiajpk mqa ]pn]reao] IÂ&#x160;te_k u atlkjaj oqo atla_p]per]o l]n] ah ]Â&#x2019;k mqa aopÂ&#x192; lkn _kiajv]n*

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Ah l]Â&#x17D;o rera ikiajpko `a cn]j`ao napko l]n] h] ok_ea`]` u hko ck^eanjko* Oe ]hck jko ajoaÂ&#x2019;] h] deopkne] ao mqa pk`]o h]o Â&#x160;lk_]o okj `eopejp]o ajpna oÂ&#x17D;7 _]i^e]j h]o _en_qjop]j_e]o( h]o i]jan]o `a ran ah iqj`k( hko r]hknao( h]o atla_p]per]o l]n] ah bqpqnk u h] i]jan] `a ran ah l]o]`k* ?]`] Â&#x160;lk_] peaja qj aolÂ&#x17D;nepq lnklek u _]`] ca) jan]_eÂ&#x201C;j ajbnajp] oqo lnk^hai]o* H] oajo]_eÂ&#x201C;j `a `aoaolan]jv]( `a jk lk`an ei]cej]n d]_e] `Â&#x201C;j`a oa `aoajrkhranÂ&#x192;j hko ]_kjpa_eieajpko oa d] oajpe`k aj `eopejp]o Â&#x160;lk_]o* Lkn afailhk( aj hko ikiajpko iÂ&#x192;o Â&#x192;hce`ko `a h] Cqann] BnÂ&#x17D;] iq_d]o lanokj]o( aj `eopejpko l]Â&#x17D;oao u nacek) jao( lajo]^]j mqa ah iqj`k oa ]_]^]nÂ&#x17D;]* Aoa ieoik paikn oa `afÂ&#x201C; oajpen aj kpnko ikiajpko `a h] deopkne] `a IÂ&#x160;te_k u `ah iqj`k* ?kik deopkne]`kn] lqa`k naĂ&#x203A; atekj]n ok^na hko ]_kj)

pa_eieajpko ok_e]hao k_qnne`ko( lank jk oku `]`] ] lnaran hko ]_kjpa_eieajpko `ah bqpqnk* =qj ]oÂ&#x17D;( ie atla_p]per] l]n] ah .,-. ao mqa h] l]npe_el]_eÂ&#x201C;j lkhÂ&#x17D;pe_] `a h]o iqfanao oa ej_naiajpa u oa _kjokhe`aj hko he`an]vcko baiajejko* Mqa h]o _]j`e`]p]o ] lqaopko `a aha__eÂ&#x201C;j jk oa ra]j _kik _]oko `a at_al_eÂ&#x201C;j oejk _kik qj] _qaopeÂ&#x201C;j `a fqope_e] u mqa oa leajoa mqa hk `aoa]^ha( ah e`a]h ecq]hep]nek ] ]h_]jv]n( ao h] l]ne`]`( ao `a_en mqa h]o _Â&#x192;i]n]o _qajpaj _kj qj 1, lkn _eajpk `a dki^nao u 1, lkn _eajpk `a iqfanao* P]i^eÂ&#x160;j aolan]nÂ&#x17D;] mqa h]o iqfanao k_ql]n]j _]ncko `ah iÂ&#x192;o ]hpk jerah `a `a_eoeÂ&#x201C;j aj hko `eopejpko jerahao `a ck^eanjk( aj h] ieoi] lnklkn_eÂ&#x201C;j mqa hko dki^nao* Aolan]nÂ&#x17D;] mqa hko lnkcn]i]o u h]o lnklqaop]o `a h]o u hko _]j`e`]pko pajc]j oajoe^ehe`]` ]jpa h] `aoecq]h`]` `a cÂ&#x160;jank( mqa pk`]rÂ&#x17D;] lanoeopa aj jqao) pn] ok_ea`]`( u mqa na_kjkv_]j ah `ana_dk `a h]o iqfanao ] `a_e`en ok^na oq _qanlk u aola_Â&#x17D;Ă&#x161; _]iajpa ok^na oq i]panje`]` ia`e]jpa iÂ&#x160;pk`ko ]jpe_kj_alperko( ej) _hqe`] h] lÂ&#x17D;h`kn] `ah `Â&#x17D;] oecqeajpa u( _kik Â&#x2DC;hpeik na_qnok( h] ejpannql_eÂ&#x201C;j `ah ai) ^]n]vk* Aj ah _]ilk `a h] _qhpqn]( mqa ao ah mqa _kjkv_k iÂ&#x192;o `a _an_]( _kjoe`ank eilknp]jpa mqa hko u h]o _]j`e`]p]o `a) ^anÂ&#x17D;]j eilqho]n h] l]npe_el]_eÂ&#x201C;j `a jeÂ&#x2019;]o u fÂ&#x201C;rajao aj pk`ko hko _]ilko `a h] ]_pe) re`]` _qhpqn]h a ejpaha_pq]h u mqa lnk_q) naj h] reoe^ehe`]` `a h]o _kjpne^q_ekjao `a h]o iqfanao ] h] _qhpqn] u ] h] ok_ea`]`*

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Ah lnaoajpa oeailna ao ajc] kok* Lqa`a qjk Îenoa _kj h] Ú jp]Ï u _naan mqa jqaopnko ` ]o u _en_qjop]j_e]o okj ej `ep]o u mqa r]iko ennaia`e]^haiajpa ] T k V oepq]_e j* Jk d]u j]`] `a ej `epk aj hk mqa rereiko( at_alpk h] i]cjepq`( ok^na pk`k `a h] rekhaj_e]* D]_a iq_d]o ` _]`]o mqa jk oa rer ] aop] rekhaj_e] _kik _kpe`e]je`]`( ]qjmqa pk`k ah oechk TET u ajpna -5-, u -50, bqankj nace`ko lkn ajbnajp]ieajpko* ?q]hmqean] `en mqa _kj p]jp] rekhaj_e] aj qj l] o _kj p]jp]o `aoecq]h`]`ao( p]j hec]`k u _an_]jk ] hko ian_]`ko( ] hko lnk^hai]o u ] h] ateopaj) _e] ieoi] `a hko Aop]`ko Qje`ko( u aj qj] _neoeo a_kj ie_] ejpanj]_ekj]h( r]iko _]iejk ]h ]^eoik* Lank h] ran`]` ao mqa _q]j`k hko neaocko okj p]j cn]j`ao h] deopkne] l]na_a lkjanoa ]qpk)bnajko* Hko neaocko l]n] ah .,-. okj ajkniao( lank u] okj ajkniao dku u u] an]j `ko k _ej_k ] ko ]pn o* ?q]hmqean deopk) ne]`kn lqa`a ejrajp]ne]n pk`k hk mqa jk d] bqj_ekj]`k u lkn mq l]na_aiko en oej nqi^k* Jk oku mqe j( lank ]cn]`a_an ] ]h deopkne]`kn mqa de_ean] h] _qajp] `a hk mqa o d] bqj_ekj]`k u mqa jko d] i]jpaje`k ]h ^kn`a `ah ]^eoik lank oej _]an* Lknmqa ia l]o] hk _kjpn]nek mqa ] h] _kiajpk_n]_e] j]_ekj]h mqa pk`k hk ra p]j _h]nk7 uk( iekla deopkne]`kn( o hk ia `ku _qajp] mq d]^ ] u mq p]j ]omqanko]o k jk an]j( _q]j`k rak ] h] l]v u h] aop]^ehe`]` lan`e`]o* H] deopkne] `ah oechk TT iate_]jk bqa qj] oq_aoe j `a `aoi]`nao oataj]hao i o k iajko oaneko( oeailna ]qpknep]neko* Hko `aoi]`nao oecqaj lank hk okj lknmqa okj( aj oajpe`k aopne_p]iajpa aha_pkn]h( `aik_n pe_ko( ao `a_en( `kiejek `ah ]v]n( h] _kilapaj_e]( h] v]j_]`]( h] ]opq_e]( h] pn]il]( h] aopn]pace]( hko `ejanko( `a hko ]i]nnao( h] aolan]jv] u h] n]^e]* H]o ejoacqne`]`ao `a iq_dko pelko _kjopepquaj ah lnk^hai] `a I te_k* D]u mqa lan`anha ah iea`k ]h `aoi]`na `aik_n pe_k7 je ]ckn]n l]j]_a]o je ]jqj_e]n da_]pki^ao* Jqaopn] `aik_n]_e] ao ba] u ao ckn`]( _kik h] `a >n]oeh k Aop]`ko Qje`ko( lknmqa ]h Ú j]h hko lnk^hai]o u ah l] o okj `a p]hao `eiajoekjao mqa jk d]u je o]jpk je rehh]jk mqa lqa`] _kj ahhko* Ao _ko] `a lkh pe_ko lnkbaoekj]hao( i o k iajko ejaÚ _eajpao( i o k iq_dk i o _knnqlpko( mqa okhq_ekj]j k jk lnk^hai]o ] ia`e]o u ] pn]r o `a jack_e]_ekjao `eb _ehao u da`ekj`]o* L]na_ean] oan mqa h] lnacqjp] `ah deopkne]`kn jk ao mq l]o]n aj ah .,-. u h]o aha__ekjao oejk ¼lkn mq ( ]h l]) na_an( ah `aoi]`na ]qpknep]nek `]^] iajko iea`k mqa ah mqa lnk`q_a dku ah `aoi]`na `aik_n pe_k; n7 Fhe\[ieh Z[ bW Kd_l[hi_ZWZ Z[ 9^_YW]e$ 7kjeh Z[ >_ijeh_W o

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Lkn ie pn]^]fk `a a`epkn] da ]_kil] ]`k ] r]neko ]qpknao ] h]o bane]o `ah l] o* Aj _]`] qj] `a ahh]o( aj ?eq`]` Fq nav( Ikjpannau( P]i]q) hel]o( jko k_qnne ]hck mqa jko hhar ] oajpenjko na^]o]`ko lkn h] na]he`]`* Aj Ikjpannau d]^ ] qj j]n_k^hkmqak7 aj ?eq`]` Fq nav aopqreiko Îoa_qaopn]`koÏ `qn]jpa qj]o dkn]o lknmqa jk lk` ]iko o]hen `ah dkpah* Aopko ej_e`ajpao d]) ^h]j `a qj he^nk mqa aop hau j`koa( ah he^nk `a h] na]he`]`( mqa jko ]^na ] iq_d]o lnacqjp]o* Jko lnk`q_a aik_ekjao _kik ah iea`k u jko d]_a lajo]n oe hk i o _kjrajeajpa ao cq]n`]n oehaj_ek* ?nak aj ah lk`an `a h]o l]h]^n]o* Ie jkrah] pn]p] ok^na ahhk lknmqa na_qlan] ] hko _h oe_ko( lank p]i^e j oa k_ql] `a qj] i]jan] `a haan ajpna h ja]o*

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Mqeaj peaja lkn k^faperk ao_ne^en hepan]pqn] r] ] ao_ne^enh] ]h i]ncaj `a h] _en_qjop]j_e] atpan) j]* Mqeajao ao_ne^eiko hepan]pqn] d]^h]iko `a jqaopnk ikiajpk deop ne_k ]qjmqa jko naÚ ) n]iko ] qj ]_kjpa_eieajpk `ah l]o]`k* @ao`a jqaopnk pkjk d]_aiko qj] _n pe_]* Hk kpnk ao ok_ekhkc ]( ajpnapajeieajpk( ap_ pan]* =qjmqa d]^ha `a ]hck ejia`e]pk( h] hepan]pqn] ]lah] ] h] _kj`e_e j dqi]j] u ] hk ]pailkn]h*

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banajpa hk `] ah hajcq]fa u jkokpnko ]ok_e]iko ei cajao u l]h]^n]o mqa jko hhar]j ] iqj`ko lnare]iajpa _kjk_e`ko* Lkn aok ao eilknp]jpa mqa ah lanokj]fa oa naocq]n`a aj hko _h oe_ko7 ahhko _kjpeajaj h]o lnacqjp]o mqa daiko khre) `]`k* ?q]j`k qj] ok_ea`]` oa aj_qajpn] aj qj ikiajpk `a oejoajpe`k Íu h] cqann] ao qj oejoaj) pe`kÍ( `a^aiko rkhran ]h hajcq]fa l]n] na]lnaj`an ] ajbnajp]n oepq]_ekjao _kilhe_]`]o*

9h[e gk[ i_ X_[d bW del[bW j_[d[ kdW dWhhWj_lW o kdW ^_ijeh_W" i[ _diYh_X[ Z[djhe Z[ bW jhWZ_Y_ d [khef[W Z[ bW del[bW Z[ _Z[Wi$ «;ijWh W Z[ WYk[hZe5 Ao qj] jkrah] mqa lnerehace] h] j]nn]per]* ?nak mqa aj h]o jkrah]o( _qajpko k _n je_]o( ah dehk _kj`q_pkn oecqa oeaj`k h] deopkne]* Ah lqjpk `a reop] `ah ]qpkn oa aj_qajpn] aj h] bkni] u aj ah qok `ah hajcq]fa* Uk qok h] pn]i] lkhe_e]_]( h] knpkla`e] `a h] bahe_e`]`( h]o ]iaj]v]o `a iqanpa `a h]o j]n_ki]jp]o( pk`k hk mqa k_qnna jk o hk aj I te_k oejk aj ah naopk `ah iqj`k `kj`a l]na_ean] mqa jko daiko mqa`]`k oej _anpav]o*

;d Wb] d cec[dje [b fhejW]ed_ijW Z_Y[ gk[ iecei bei b_Xhei gk[ ^[cei b[ Ze± Oeailna aop]iko ^qo_]j`k mqa qj] k^n] jko oknlnaj`]( u aop] oknlnao] peaja mqa ran _kj ah aopehk( u ah aopehk jk oa ^qo_]( oa aj_qajpn]* Hko ]qpknao mqa ]l]na_aj aj h] jkrah] okj ieo ao_nepknao `a _]^a_an]* Iq_dko `a ahhko lanpa) ja_aj ] h] hepan]pqn] `a h] lkopcqann] aqnkla]( ] h] hepan]pqn] mqa oa `ao]nnkhh] ] pn]r o `a qj] ien]`] k^he_q] u mqa oa nah]_ekj] _kj pn]jo)

Ok^na aopa oq^c jank( leajok hk ieoik mqa ok) ^na h]o pahajkrah]o6 jk peaja j]`] mqa ran _kj h] hepan]pqn]* Jk ateopa qj pn]p]ieajpk `ah hajcq]fa u jk ateopaj lnacqjp]o mqa atlhknaj h] _kj`e) _e j dqi]j]* H] i]ukn ] jk ]lknp] j]`] ] h] naÛ ate j( ej_hqok H] cqann] u h] l]v `a Pkhopke naÛ af] i o `a h]o ^]p]hh]o j]lkha je_]o mqa hko he^nko `a deopkne]* L]n]` fe_]iajpa( h] hepan]pqn] mqa ao i o lna_eo] u mqa lan`qn] jk ao h] mqa ]lah] ] hko `]pko `qnko oejk h] mqa oa i]jpeaja _an_]j] ]h hajcq]fa `a h] cajpa*

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«I[ [ij| [iYh_X_[dZe Xk[dW b_j[hWjkhW ieXh[ [b cec[dje gk[ l_l[ [b fW i5 D]u iq_d] hepan]pqn] ^]oqn] u ao] paj`an ] `ao]l]na_an( lank d]u p]i^e j iq_d] hepan]pqn] mqa ]^kn`] ah lnk^hai] oej d]_an `a h] rekhaj_e] ah _ajpnk `a h] deopkne]* Aj ?khki^e] oa ao_ne^eankj atpn]kn`ej]ne]o jkrah]o `aolq o `a oq _kjÛ e_pk ]ni]`k* D _pkn =^]` u Fq]j C]^neah R omqav d]j da_dk he^nko aopqlaj`ko* Peaja mqa l]o]n qj peailk mqa jko laniep] pki]n h] `eop]j_e] ja_ao]ne] l]n] naÛ atekj]n ok^na hk mqa k_qnna* Aj I te_k ]laj]o aop]iko ]lnaj`eaj`k ] reren _kj ah iea`k( ]o mqa pk`]r ] jko b]hp]* n7

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08 teatro

domingo 1 de Enero de 2012

Visor

La risa de Václav Havel El 18 de diciembre murió el gran político y dramaturgo checo, autor de más de una veintena de obras que exploran el lado ridículo de la vida. Como homenaje, ofrecemos este texto ESPECIAL

El presidente filósofo

Perfil Alegría Martínez alegriamtz@gmail.com

L

a composición del drama es una de las similitudes que encontró Václav Havel entre el teatro y la política. Tímido y parco de palabras, eligió el teatro como expresión literaria para poder esconderse detrás de sus personajes.

Tras haber servido en el ejército entre 1957 y 1959, fue tramoyista y asistente de dirección. Privado de estudios superiores por el régimen comunista checoslovaco, debido a su origen burgués, estudió por correspondencia en la Facultad de Teatro de la Academia de Artes Escénicas.

Dramaturgo, primer mandatario elegido democráticamente después de casi medio siglo y primer presidente de la República Checa tras la separación de Eslovaquia en 1993, intentó imprimir una actitud estética a su mandato y reconoció haber concedido importancia a todo tipo de símbolos y a la política de gestos.

Nacido en 1936, murió de cáncer de pulmón el 18 de diciembre de 2011. Tuvo un cortejo fúnebre multitudinario, en el que se le rindieron honores militares y se escuchó el repicar de campanas, así como el tintineo de los llaveros, una reminiscencia de las protestas contra la dictadura comunista.

Para 1968, el momento de la Primavera de Praga, el reconocido director Joseph Papp estrenaba El memorándum , escrita por Havel en 1956, en el Public Theatre de Nueva York. Havel expuso así su propuesta a la disidencia estadunidense y ganó un Premio Obie a la mejor obra extranjera, mientras en su país, a la llegada de los tanques soviéticos, se prohibió representar y publicar su teatro que sin embargo se publicó de forma privada y circuló en Europa Occidental.

Este texto sobre la naturaleza de los puestos de trabajo generados por el comunismo y la vigilancia implacable de los espías gira en torno al director de una oficina de gobierno preocupado por regenerar a una burocracia fuera de control, para lo cual introduce un lenguaje oficial que intenta mejorar la comunicación oficinesca pero terminaporempeorarlasituación cotidiana. Saltan a la vista la lucha de poder entre los directivos por implantar el nuevo lenguaje y los vicios burocráticos. Como en el caso de varias obras sobre el tema, El memorándum fue considerada subversiva por las autoridades.

La estructura narrativa que implica el teatro, el necesario sentido del espacio, del tiempo y del ritmo, atraían poderosamente a Havel, riguroso en su escritura satírica, en su obsesión por decir la verdad, por la movilización de la conciencia ciudadana y por mantener la identidad del hombre; un cúmulo de premisas que debía concentrar en las dos horas que dura una función para exponer las historias que quería contar.

Considerado una excepción entre los políticos por sus puntos de vista, disidente cuya estrategia se basó en el principio humanista de la antiviolencia, Havel participó en 1970 en el Comité para la Defensa de los Injustamente Acusados (VONS), surgido del proceso judicial al grupo de música The Plastic People of the Universe, por lo que fue condenado a casi cinco años de prisión —entre 1979 y 1984—, acusado de traición a la patria.

Obligado a trabajar en una fábrica de cerveza, escribió en 1975 Audiencia, sobre el abismo que separa a los intelectuales de los obreros. Cuatro años más tarde, con el permiso de escribir una carta por semana a su primera esposa Olga Splichavlóva, Havel redactó algunos textos que eludían la censura de la prisión mediante una escritura abstracta en la que hablaba de su pasado, sus esperanzas, temores, aficiones y el teatro, recopilados más tarde en Cartas a Olga.

Havel fue también portavoz de la Carta 77, un documento firmado por intelectuales que disentían con el régimen comunista y por lo cual también fue hecho prisionero. Padre de la Revolución de Terciopelo que consiguió el desmantelamiento de la dictadura sin derramar sangre, instaurador de un régimen democrático, Havel reclamó la discusión abierta de los problemas económi-

cos y políticos que el régimen comunista ocultaba.

“Sólo se puede vivir plenamente sirviendo a la verdad a propósito y articuladamente”, dijo el presidente filósofo, de quien recordamos también las palabras que pronunció al recibir el Premio Sociedad Abierta otorgado por la Universidad Central Europea en 1999: “No existe una guía exacta. Quizá no hay directrices en absoluto.

Lo único que puedo recomendar en este momento es un sentido del humor, la capacidad de ver las cosas en su dimensión ridícula y absurda para reírse de los demás y de nosotros mismos, un sentido de la ironía con respecto a todo lo que dicen en voz alta para parodiar este mundo.

En otras palabras, sólo puedo recomendar la perspectiva y la distancia. La conciencia de todos los tipos más peligrosos de la vanidad tanto en los demás como en nosotros mismos.

Una buena mente. Una modesta certeza sobre el significado de las cosas. Gratitud por el don de la vida y el coraje de asumir la responsabilidad por ello. Vigilancia de espíritu”.

Llamado el primer presidente surrealista del mundo por el dramaturgo Arthur Miller, Havel, quien en 1989 se dirigió a la multitud presente en la Plaza de Wenceslao para hablarle del Foro Cívico –del que fue líder—, durante las entrevistas con el primer ministro Adamec, portavoz del gobierno, pidió un minuto de silencio y un minuto de risa, lo que hizo reír a quienes se encontraban en el lado opuesto de la mesa.

Fiesta en el jardín, Dificultad deconcentración,Lainauguración –estrenada este año en la UNAM y protagonizada por Hernán Mendoza y Nailea Norvind bajo la dirección de David Psalmón—, Protesta, Largo desolato, La tentación, El error, son alguna de sus piezas. Convencido de que “La verdad y el amor prevalecerán sobre la mentira y el odio”, Havel también escribió Meditaciones estivales, El poder de los sin poder, La responsabilidad como destino y Sea breve, por favor, un libro de memorias. Dejó al final La retirada, un texto dramático, autobiográfico e irónico, sobre la pérdida del poder y la ansiedad por recuperarlo.

El primer presidente moral de su país —como lo llamó Milán Kundera—, para quien la política es un servicio que nace de la ética, se quedó dormido a la edad de 75 años. “A veces pienso que estoy soñando mi vida –llegó a decir— y en un momento dado me despertaré”. NV