Master Thesis _ Biocity Lindau _1 by Mohamed Kamel

Biocity Lindau 47°32′N 9°41′E Space, place, flow, life

Mohamed Kamel Master

Thesis ⎪ 2012

Biocity Lindau 47°32′N 9°41′E

Author: Mohamed Kamel FS 100199 Al_Mokttam, Bl.5040, Cairo , Egypt +2 0100 122 66 16 mohammed.m.kamel@gmail.com Master Thesis for Obtaining the degree of Master of Science in Architecture University of Liechtenstein, Graduate School Course of Study: Master of Science in Architecture, Module,Urban Sustainable Architecture Professor: Peter Droege DI MAAS MCPIA, Professor Sustainable Development Assistant: Anis Radzi MUrbDes BSc BArch, Urban Design Teacher Printed and Binding in Austria. Copyright ÂŠ 2012 All rights reserved.

Mohamed Kamel

Bio City Lindau 47°32′N 9°41′E Space, place, flow, life

University of Liechtenstein, 2012

To my favourite smiles

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to begin by showing gratitude to everyone who participated in this study because it is through them that this work is possible and able to be completed. Above all, I would like to thank my wife Aalaa for her personal support and great patience at all times. My parents, for their support and in helping me believe that I am always doing my best. To my brother and sisters have given me their unequivocal support throughout, as always, for which my mere expression of thanks likewise does not suffice. A special thanks to my wife’s family, who opened doors and gave their hands to help me with this study. This thesis would not have been possible without the help, support and patience of my principal supervisor, Peter Droege. The good advice, support and friendship of my second supervisor, Anis Radzi, has been invaluable on both an academic and a personal level. Thanks to pascal gnaedinger, for his support at the model making. I also would like to acknowledge the financial, academic and technical support of the University of Liechtenstein, and its staff. However, without my parents’ financial support too, this work wouldn’t have been completed, for which I am extremely grateful.

Mohamed Kamel 27.07.2012

contents

I. Acknowledgment. II. Abstract III. Introduction 1. Thesis Topic & Main objective of the Master thesis 2. Hypotheses 3. Keywords 4. Research question 5. Research Gap 6. Methodology of the research

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IV. Contents

024

1.0

Chapter 1: Towards One Planet Living Lindau Theoretical Considerations

026

1.1 1.2

Defining sustainability Specifying Sustainability in urban design 1.2.1 Regenerative & resilient cities 1.2.2 One Planet Living & The Ecological Foot Print 1.2.3 The Transact Theory by D.Plater.

026

Contemporary urban design challenges. Good examples of urban project 1.4.1 IBA. Hamburg and Hafen City

052 054

1.3 1.4

027 030 036 042

054

2.0

Chapter 2: Case study _ Lindau _ A future vision

058

2.1

060

Lindau Analysis based on â&#x20AC;&#x153; One planet livingâ&#x20AC;? guidelines 2.1.1

Current situation What are the current situation/actions?

061

2.1.2

History Anthropology What shaped/made the site?

066

2.1.3

Towards sustainability in Lindau Future Actions and Plans

074

2.1.3.1 2.1.3.2 2.2 3.0

Why a self-sufficient city A vision about food security in Lindau

Analysis conclusions and defining the point of departure.

Chapter 3: Urban Design strategies 3.1 Regional Framework of the Future of Lindau (Midterm) 3.1.1 Urban Analysis and Strategies of the Region Sustainability strategies 3.1.2 3.1.3.1 Strategy 1 3.1.3.2 Strategy 2

076 078

078

082 084 090 092 098

3.2

A Framework for the Future Development of the Island

116

Paths to a Fossil CO2 Free, Lindau

(Final Term) 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7

Regional Strategy A carbon-neutral self-sufficient offshore - Farming Floating Platform F.F.P The new Glass House of Lindau Sustainable Housing and infrastructure development Sustainable Mobility Control Master Layout / Perspectives Modelling

166 168

4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Bibliography 6.0 Appendix 6.1 6.2

7.0

Affidavit

118 124 138 150 154 160 001

Figures Maps 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4

172 178

Transportation System Flora, fauna and landscapes Climate Settlement networks

178 182 186 190 195

Keywords:

Self-sustaining, Mixed-use varieties, social sustainability, One Planet Living, Democratic Design, Urban Transition, Local Food Chain, Urban Farming.

II. ABSTRACT The following research concerns different sustainable aspects of the urban development worldwide, under the conditions of global warming. The theoretical research led to a constant reshaping of the master plan, by showing how human life can best benefit from nature and how sustainable design can merge design with nature. Further research explored what a green infrastructure can provide to a city: for instance, food security, and which could the value and potentials for local food production be for a neighbourhood. An ecological approach was taken into consideration in order to minimize the human impact on the environment and in order to enhance places that make communities and wider urban systems endure. Following this research, the paper then presents a vision on different design strategies and explores processes that help rediscover the art and science of designing sustainable Biocities for the future. This part seeks to open possibilities for a design agenda for towns and cities, with the intention of reversing many of the ills and destructive tendencies of past practices. Different strategies serve as guidelines and indicators for a better sustainable development. They are used to define inherent qualities, carrying capacities and required ecological footprints that ultimately define exemplary communities. The guidelines are organized under five primary variables that aim to achieve sustainability: human ecology, energy conservation, land and resource conservation (food and fiber), air and water quality. These variables are presented as highly interactive cycles and are based upon the theory and principles/processes of place making, affordability and sustainability. Finally, to minimize the human impact on the Lindau island to zero might sound utopian to many, but it is a challenge that would have many positive consequences. With it many changes would come, that rely on the local climate and resources, and on the historical and political character of the island. These changes would have a great impact on the surrounding counties and villages as well,

III.

Introduction

Thesis Topic Hypotheses Keywords Research question Research Gap Methodology of the research

III. Introduction

Thesis Topic: BioC’Lin (Bio City Lindau) a one-planet living. “Yet our demands continue to escalate, driven by the relentless growth in human population and in individual consumption. Our global footprint now exceeds the world’s capacity to regenerate by about 30 per cent. If our demands on the planet continue at the same rate, by the mid-2030s we will need the equivalent of two planets to maintain our lifestyles “(Living planet report 2008; 1–20). This research proposes an alternative Eco design strategy for Lindau that is based on the concept of the bio-city, whereby nature and the urban environment are integrated. The balance between human’s lifestyle and nature is considered, so they are interdependent and interact at all scales. BioC’Lin (Bio City Lindau) aims to make a step forward for opening new opportunities, such as integrating Eco promoting diversified demographics. The approach is an attempt to apply the theoretical part of my research to a real case. However, the same theory can also be applied in a different city as well. As much as possible, BioC’Lin is an attempt to strike balance with nature. A sustainable city or a Bio City is an entity developed to minimize its resource requirements and the waste output created by its inhabitants. The result is a healthier sustainable ecosystem with reduced resource depletion. The research ultimately ends with a complete vision, and new master plan of the island. Moreover, the design relates to the historical anthropologies and the current situation of the site. Theoretical approaches have led to the reshaping of masterplans according to how nature can be of benefit to human life and how sustainable design can make nature permeate design. Further researches have explored how green infrastructure can be located in the city, which can provide valuable local food production. For A theory of a self-sufficient city, urban agriculture and local food production are essential for coming generations and are a source for subsistence food in the frame of any sustainable urban visions. Food security is an essential element towards reducing the ecological footprint and therefore towards achieving a self-sufficient city.

The Hypothesis: At the beginning of the 17th century, during a war period, Lindau was a completely isolated island, detached from the surrounding communities. It did survive for a while, by being mostly self-sufficient in terms of food and supplies. Today, the island has to redevelop, but it needs to redevelop in a way that it encourages more sustainable life-styles and promotes sustainable tourism. Lindau lies in the center of an area of strategic importance, surrounded by different cultures. Its size, as well as its enclosure made individual growth difficult and changes occur on the island very slowly in comparison with the surrounding cities. The chance for it to be the first ecological historical island is my aim. Therefore, reducing the impact of the human footprint is crucial. The recent international discussions regarding the major changes that are going to take place on the island for the next few years (in particular, changing the existing train route and re-locating the station outside the island instead of being in the middle of it) will be a catalyst for future development. In addition to the major changes that will occur due to the change of the cultural identity after removing the train lines, what also makes me wonder is: How could Lindau make itself noticed and remembered either through its new built environment or by its management of natural resources? How could the island create better urban environments and increase the quality of life of its inhabitants? My personal purpose in this paper is, in general, to study and examine the method of â&#x20AC;&#x153;one planet livingâ&#x20AC;? today, learn something of the design proposals and regulatory forces determining their feasibility and suitability, and to develop a design framework that helps guide the composition and integration of sustainable elements. In fact I want to elaborate the best ways of achieving this method in order to be able to apply it efficiently in my home country, Egypt.

Research Gap: Case study: Lindau, Germany as first example of a bio island “As we act to reduce our footprint – our impact on the Earth’s services – we must also get better at managing the ecosystems that provide those services. Success requires that we manage resources on nature’s terms and at nature’s scale. This means that decisions in each sector, such as agriculture or fisheries, must be taken with an eye to broader ecological consequences. It also means that we must find ways to manage across our own to find better solution“ quoted and paraphrased (Living planet report 2008; 1–20) Therefore the research gap lies in how to find the ways to not only reduce our footprint but also to address, apply and manage the ecosystem of a city. Lindau is a model example to fill this research gap.

Research Question: How can the characteristics of the One Planet Living theory address the challenge that Lindau is currently facing? What is the application of the “One Planet Living” theory for Lindau? What are the physical and performance attributes, as a list of criteria or guidelines, that can generate change? -And how would this change ultimately look in spatial terms?

Methods

The research was carried out in three phases; First, Material collection: Literature and Case studies:

-One planet living; Collecting data about the ideal sustainable city and the “One Living Planet”. Detailed analysis on the current situation of the planet. Dividing the world into different zones according to their biodiversity, eco-systems and humanity’s footprint. A very useful report in this field is the Living Planet report (Living planet report 2008) -Contemporary urban design challenges; Analysis of the existing conditions and challenges in different cities and specifically in Lindau. Analysis of urban densities and classification of neighborhoods into different urban zones based on Duany’s Urban transect model. (P. Duany Z.) (Duany 2010; 1–200) -Lifestyle transition; To achieve a sustainable city, research is required to explore the ways of undergoing urban lifestyle transitions. Living in a certain lifestyle means consuming, and consuming means energy demand. Therefore, societies have to improve resource efficiency, if they want to maintain these environmental conditions and level of prosperity. This section will examine the work of Manfred Lenzen and others, in relation to urban lifestyles. (Droege 2008;1-180)

Second: Site Visits: In order to widen oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s knowledge on the subject, the decision of having different field trips was a good and inspiring idea. IBA Hamburg, Hafen city and Emscher Park are successful examples of the intended field of study. IBA Hamburg, for example, emphasizes the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reaction to global climate change, the integration of international culture, and the shaping of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s peripheries into atmospheric and interesting places. Third: Designing Based on the first and second step, this phase will elaborate a spatial planning approach for Lindau in which the qualities of the island can be strengthened. Mapping is the most important instrument to illustrate the nowadays situation of the city and of the micro districts. The maps show the location of facilities, networks, functions, densities and types of areas. Moreover, the analysis of the city development plans helps understand future processes and future change of the urban structure. Also, it reflects city demands and government development priorities. Furthermore, mapping open land and public space on the island shows possible room for intervention there. Data for mapping is taken from the city development plans.

IV.

Contents

Chapter

Theoretical Considerations

1.0

Chapter 1: Towards One Planet Living Lindau Theoretical Considerations 1.1 1.2

Defining sustainability Specifying Sustainability in urban design 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3

Regenerative & resilient cities One Planet Living & The Ecological Foot Print The Transact Theory by D.Plater.

1.3

Contemporary urban design challenges.

1.4

Good examples of urban project 1.4.1 IBA. Hamburg and Hafen City

Chapter

Achieving sustainability will enable the earth to continue supporting human life as we know it

ganisms. Healthy ecosystems and environments provide vital resources and processes (known as “ecosystem services”). There are two major ways of managing the human impact on these ecosystem services. One approach is environmental management; this is based on information gained from earth science experts. The other approach is the management of resources’ consumption, which is largely based on information gained from economics experts. Paraphrasing from, (Adams 2006, P.19)

1.1 The Need for Sustainability

Sustainability _ Definitions,

Sustainability is the capacity to endure (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia; 18)

Resistant urban sprawling Given the diminishing of global resources and the great environmental poverty, the prospect of a new century raises serious questions about the health and livability of future cities. In the recent past, the cities and towns passed from efficient urban fabrics to cores with sprawling low-density suburbias. This not only had a negative impact on our natural environment but

The word sustainability is derived from the Latin sustinere (tenere, to hold; sus, up). Dictionaries provide more than ten meanings for the verb “to sustain”, the main ones being to “to maintain”, “to support”, or “to endure” However, since the 1980s, sustainability has been used more in the sense of human sustainability on planet Earth and this has resulted in the most widely quoted definition of sustainability and sustainable development, that of the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations on March 20, 1987: “sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) Sustainability has three dimensions, namely the “Environmental, economic, and social” dimensions. A necessary use of resources should remain diversity and productivity over time. This is also an approach for the well being of man and of or-

Figure 1 : Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts. source: http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/node/89

27 also exhausted the vitality of traditional urban spaces. Moreover, the urban sprawl in the last century caused a loss of identity and created self-contained communities that lost their direct contact with nature, and increase the human impact on the Earth. Furthermore, at the beginning of the third millennium, the world is getting denser than before. The increasing number of inhabitants generate, by their choices, life and lifestyles, an increasing number of pollutants. The general need is for more space, energy and resources. Consequently, the sustainable movement nowadays is the only possible way in order to avoid the now bigger possibilities of any environmental disasters. Towards a better environment The problems that result from mixing the demands of modern demands and transport with the desire to provide a good quality environment have long been known. The pollution and noise, the deterioration of streets, public spaces and architectural heritage spaces, as well as the general loss of amenity experienced are seen as very difficult collective problems requiring a broad understanding and multi-disciplinary action. Thus, an essential balance is needed between: providing the flows of production and consumption needed to maintain a good quality of life for all humankind and sustaining the local and global environment and bio-diversity. Inspired by (Early 1993, P.20) Targeting the required balance Lifestyle is the main keyword; it lies between the nature and the culture. The balance between nature and culture is one of the essential aims in sustainable design, and is a possible way to create a healthy environment enhanced with reliable connections. In other words, the importance of our search for ecologically balanced urban environments lies in enhancing the vital environmental support systems that support our life, in addition to providing sustainable premises to future generations. In the last century, the urban actions did not take this into consideration, maybe because of the focus on the industrial movements or the harmful wars.

Conclusion Sustainable design requires an inclusive and integrated understanding of a city’s unique human and environmental natural resources. This is the point of departure, and in order to achieve this, it needs strategies that look at communities and at the existing natural resources. Therefore, in my design I want to integrate natural systems with human patterns in Lindau and, in this way, celebrate continuity, uniqueness and place making.

1.2 Specifying sustainability in urban design Inspired by the book “God’s Last offer” (Ayres 1999), the author Ayres summarizes, for the recent past, the four major changes in the world and transformations in our lives, namely: (1) increasing population, (2) increasing consumption, (3) increasing waste (CO2) production, and (4) increasing extinction of flora and fauna. The combination of these factors has resulted in a complex global context that is characterized by major urban changes; the global environment has deteriorated and global relationship in terms of urban design for the people broke down. But, as an urban designer, one must take these into consideration and make of them an impulse towards a positive future and towards creating green, sustainable places. (Ayres 1999, P.18) Defining Urban Sustainability What is the meaning of the term “urban sustainability”? It may help at first compare it with “sustainable urban development.” the meanings of these two terms are very close and often used interchangeably in their goals. In addition of, describing logic state outset of conditions that persists over time. However the word of development means “to process” which can reach sustainability. On the other hand there are some key characteristics of urban sustainability that are often mentioned in the literature and in policy and guidelines documents which are, “ intergenerational equity (including social equity, geographical equity and equity in governance) protection of the natural environment) and living within its carrying capacity), minimal use

28 of non-renewable resources, economic vitality and diversity, community self- reliance, individual well being, and satisfaction of basic human needs” (Wheeler 2004, P.205) Sustainable indicators Inspiring by the article” sustainable indicators” by Maureen Hart There for the next step, is how to test those policies or even make an evaluation not only for existing urban settlements but also for new sustainable developments. Indicating urban sustainability can be distinguished from simple environmental, economic, and social indicators by the fact that they are integrating, forwarded-looking and distributional. Thus, it is a possible way to measure how well a community is meeting the needs expectation of its present and future members

Figure 2: Communities are a web of interactions among the environment, the economy and society. (Maureen Hart 6/24/2012) source: http://www.sustainablemeasures.com/node/89 Communities are a part of the sustainable indicator; the top figure illustrates the natural resources base provides the material for production on which jobs and stockholder profits depend. Job affects directly the poverty rate and the poverty rate is related to crime. Air quality, water quality and material used

from production have an effect on health. And the stockholders play an important role between the natural resources and enhancing educational and health. And so on. (Maureen Hart 6/24/2012) Lindau’s sustainable indicators Why Lindau’s sustainable indicator? A brief indicator for Lindau just to help for understanding where we are, which way we are going and how far we are from where we want to be. It’s also alert a problem before it get too bad and helps us to recognize what needs to be done to fix the problems in Lindau. All this data are shown already in a report produced by the city hall of Lindau, it’s basically shows the current situations and the 2020 vision of sustainable Lindau - (Klimaschutzkonzept Lindau 2020 Integriertes Klimaschutzkonzept für die Stadt Lindau). Thus, and based on this research I built the hypothesis of relating this numerical analysis with and urban design project. Indeed, this report is a solid concrete base that, and based on it; a new proposals of different alternatives and possibilities for a better sustainable approach. Towards sustainable development Towards sustainable developments, Wheeler in his book “The sustainable urban development reader” (Wheeler 2004) descripted the events that did push the sustainable development into the mainstream of worldwide policy debates, such as our common Future (new York: Norton 1987). This volume formulated what has become the slandered definition of sustainable development or the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs’. Indeed, Another radical explanation of the sustainable development, specially when its connecting both the present and the future. From this concept, it raises relationship between the human world and the planet that sustains it, has suffered a deep change. (Wheeler 200, P.53) To sum up, the earth is one, but the world is not. We all depend on one biosphere (See Figure 3) for sustaining our lives. Yet each community, each country, struggles for survival and with little regard for its impact in the others. Some consume

29 the earth’s resources at a rate that would leave little for future generation, others are not. That’s defiantly an essential call against the global warming and climate change. But for this to happen we must understand better the signs of stress that challenge us, we must Identify the causes, and we must design new approaches to better margining our limited environmental resources and to sustaining the human mankind. (Wheeler 200, P.53)

The following principles are a guideline for achieving sustainable urban development Quoted ,(Girardet, 6/24/2012) · Efficient use of energy Making an efficient use of energy by all sectors is considered a key focus of urban planning and management - Modifying building codes to make resource-efficient building practice the norm · Water security “Waterproof” cities can encourage water efficiency and rainwater collection in households and businesses – Make of waste water recycling and reuse a central plank of water policy · Zero waste Develop new industries for processing organic wastes into soil-enhancing materials - Implement policies for the cost-effective reprocessing of all technical wastes - Use zero-waste policy to create new green businesses and jobs · Local food Encourage local semi-urban food production for local markets - Encourage farmers’ markets - and community-supported agriculture · Sustainable transport Create new pedestrian zones (walking streets) wherever possible - Create a comprehensive network of dedicated cycle lanes across cities - Encourage public transport by improving its attractiveness, - Encourage car-sharing as a key feature of urban transport · Green business Boost green business by effective use of government procurement - Encourage resource efficiency in all businesses - Create “green business incubators” across the city · A culture of restorative urbanization Ensure that it is addressed through education, the media, and public events - Ensure that all - citizens have a stake in restorative development.

1.2.1 Regenerative cities

Example of Regenerative cities

“Creating regenerative cities primarily means this: To develop comprehensive political, financial, and technical strategies to assure a restorative relationship between cities and the ecosystems from which they draw resources for their sustenance” (Girardet, it means urbanization havBut the concept of6/24/2012). regenerative cities goesFurthermore, further – seeking to address the relationship between cities and their hinterland, and beyond that with the more distant territories that supply them with water, food, timber and ing more intensive resources and it significantly contributes to other vital resources. We need to re-enrich the landscapes on which cities depend, and this includes measures to increase their capacity to absorb carbonfertility emissions. Creating a restorative relationship cities, their climate change, natural of farmland, loosebetween of soil carbon local hinterland and the world beyond, means harnessing new opportunities in financial, technology, policy and and loose of biodiversity. It’s an attempt to make such a businessthe practice. sustainable development toshould reduce thetohuman This text argues that urban the established horizon of urban ecology be expanded include all theimpact territories in in sustaining urban systems. Urban regeneration thus takes on the meaning of eco-regeneration. ainvolved larger context. Indeed, Human impact on the world’s ecosystems andregenerative landscapecities are thus dominated the one ecological footprints Creating primarilyby means thing: Initiating comprehensive political, financial and technological of cities, which now stretch across much of thestrategies Earth. for an

Indeed, Cities nowadays need to rapidly switch to renewable energy and to positively help restore damage ecosystems. They need to become a regenerative city. Hafen City University applied a good example of a regenerative city targeting for a local, regional, national and international policymakers whose work is concerned with the future of cities “Hafen City University Hamburg (HCU) and the World Future Council co-operate in the Cities and Climate Change Commission to identify ‘best policies’ for regenerative urban development. These policies are published to policymakers worldwide to encourage their widespread adoption” (Girardet, 6/24/2012). See more, http:// www.hcu-hamburg.de/

environmentally enhancing, restorative relationship between cities and the ecosystems from which they draw resources for their sustenance.

100% Renewable Energy Inspired by (Droege 2009)

Cities as ecological and economic systems “Agropolis” Town

Navigable river

Market gardening and milk production Firewood and lumber production

Town

Crop farming without fallow Crop farming, fallow and pasture Three-field system Livestock farming

Towns and cities need sustenance for their people and this requires elaborate ecological and economic systems. In his book ‘The Isolated State’ the prominent 19th century economist Johann Heinrich von Thünen described the way in which human settlements, in the absence of major transport systems, are systemically tied into the landscape surrounding them through various logically arranged modes of cultivation.4 In fact, they have an active, symbiotic relationship with it: they also assure its continuing productivity and fertility by returning appropriate amounts of organic waste to it. In this text I have chosen to use the term ‘Agropolis’ for this traditional type of settlement system.

Figure 3: “Agropolis”: the traditional town embedded in its local landscape, Towns and cities cannot exist in isolation from nature. They need sustenance for their people and this requires elaborate resource supply arrangements. 4

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Thünen

“Agropolis” Source: © Herbert Girardet/Rick Lawrence

A 100% Renewable Energy for Cities was published by the city council of Hafen city – a regenerative city- the author rises a very important questions and recommendations. 100 percent renewable means zero fossil or nuclear fuel content in operational energy, mainly in transport. It is also a development for saving the resources of the future, and thereby the saving the next generation as well. Furthermore, improving the efficiency of urban building capacity of smaller and rural communities. The renewable energy transition will directly contribute job creation, health improvement, and educational and social empowerment. “The challenge today is no longer just to create sustainable cities but truly regenerative cities: to assure that they do not just become resource-efficient and low carbon emitting, but that they positively enhance rather than undermining the ecosystem services they receive from beyond their boundaries. A wide range of technical and management solutions towards this end are already available, but so far implementation has been too slow and too little” (Girardet, 6/24/2012).

31 Figure 4: “Ecopolis”– is an ecologically as well as economically restorative city. It a city with connection of the human habits within its local environment. Regional food has a reconsidered again in the Ecoplis as well as the renewable energy. Source: © Herbert Girardet/Rick Lawrence “Ecopolis”

Of course, modern cities tend to be much larger than traditional human settlements and this makes reintegration into their local hinterland much more difficult. The reality is that far more people have to be accommodated in cities today than a couple of hundred years ago and this needs to be taken account of in developing concepts for creating resilient human settlements fit for the 21st century. In recent years there has been much talk about peak oil. Are we also heading for peak globalisation? Many cities have a problem of job scarcity due to the relocation of manufacturing jobs to other parts of the world as a result of economic globalisation. In addition, vast amounts of money are still spent on importing fuels to our cities from distant places. Could the creating of resource efficient cities, largely powered by renewable energy, help rebuild urban economies and bring jobs back to our cities? Creating environmentally regenerative cities is a challenge that urban administrators and educators have not really had to deal with until now. This challenge has been made more difficult since the privatisation of services in recent years has reduced the capacity of city administrations to create integrated urban systems. But the awareness is growing that integrated, restorative planning and management of cities presents major new opportunities for reviving urban economies and creating new businesses and jobs. Policy makers, the commercial sector and the general public need to jointly develop a much clearer understanding of how cities can develop a restorative relationship to the natural environment on which they ultimately depend. The underlying incentive is that positive outcomes are likely to be beneficial for both global ecology as well as the urban economy. Many reports indicate that a wide range of new businesses and many new job opportunities could be created from a steady move towards efficient use of resources. To initiate projects for restoring the health of forests, soils and aquatic ecosystems that have been damaged by urban resource demands certainly goes beyond strictly urban policy initiatives. Creating parameters for appropriate action will involve both political and business decisions – with a spectrum ranging from transnational, to national and to urban levels of decision making. It involves drawing up novel legal frameworks and addressing the profit logic of companies involved in natural resource extraction.

Herbert Girardet is co-founder and director of programs of the World Future Council. He is leading consultant on sustainable development and a recipient of a UN Global 500 Award ‘for outstanding environmental achievements’. For many years he has focused mainly on the challenges of sustainable urban development and he is often called the world’s leading urban ecologist. (Girardet , 1)

Conclusion _Lindau_ Regenerative Island Lindau lies in a unique part of Bavarian Germany which rises the opportunity to assure that the island will survive towards futures needs. In addition to, operating a regenerative concept in Lindau will directly contribute a new method of sustaining the island for the next generation. Using the renewable energy, cut the fossil fuels caused by food transpiration, reducing co2 emissions, zero waste and enhancing Eco transportation system will directly reflects on the reducing the human impact on the island. For example, creating a regenerative Lindau means decreasing the use of Fossil fuel and increasing the use of renewable energy on the island. Technology and Policy plays a very important role set the required guidelines for creating a successful generative island as well. On the other hands, the self-sufficiency in Power (non renewable) is currently at 24% and heat at 82%. A desired target values are each with a share of 78% for electricity (renewable) and 98% in the case of self-sufficiency Heat. Lindau As zero-waste metabolism Inspire by, (Girardet, 6/24/2012). Concerning Lindau, An essential topic in order to developed such a generative city/ island, is developing the existing infrastructure of the waste management and waste recycle as a one branch of the island metabolism. In addition to, applying circular way instead of the existing liner way of management. Cities as ‘eco-technical super-organisms’ (Girardet, 6/24/2012). have a definable metabolism – the transformation of resources into vital functions. Nature essentially has a circular zero-waste metabolism: every output by an organism is also an input, which sustains the whole living environment in the island. In contrast, the metabolism of many modern new cities is linear, with resources flowing through the urban system without much concern about their origin, and about the wastes managements. Inputs and outputs are considered as unrelated. All the materials shouldn’t ends up, as rubbish with cannot beneficially re-absorb into living nature. Similar processes apply to food: nutrients and carbon are taken from farmland as food is harvested, processed and eaten. The resulting sewage, with or without treatment, is then discharged

much concern about their origin, and about the destination of wastes. Inputs and outputs are considered as largely unrelated. Fossil fuels are extracted from rock strata, refined and burned, and the waste gases are discharged into the atmosphere. Raw materials are extracted, combined and processed into consumer goods that ultimately end up as rubbish which cannot be beneficially reabsorbed into living nature. In distant forests, trees are felled for their timber or pulp, but all too often forests are not replenished.

Similar processes apply to food: nutrients and carbon are taken from farmland as food is harvested, processed and eaten. The resulting sewage, with or without treatment, is then discharged into rivers and coastal waters downstream from population centres, and usually not returned to farmland. Rivers and coastal waters all over the world are ‘enriched’ both with sewage and toxic effluents, as well as with the run-off of mineral fertiliser applied to the farmland used for feeding cities.

into rivers and coastal waters downstream from population This linear, open-loop approach is utterly unsustainable. In an urbanising world aiming for long-term viability centres, andTheusually not returned toresources farmland. it cannot continue. environmental externalities of urban use can no longer be ignored. Unless we learn from nature how to create circular systems, an urbanising world will continue to be an agent of global environmental decline. LINEAR METABOLISM CITIES CONSUME RESOURCES AND CREATE WASTE AND POLLUTION AT A HIGH RATE

Organic Wastes (landfill, sea, dumping)

Food Coal Oil Nuclear

Emissions (CO2, NO2, NO2)

City Energy

CIRCULAR METABOLISM CITIES REDUCE CONSUMPTION AND POLLUTION, RECYCLE AND MAXIMIZE RENEWABLES

Inputs

Outputs

Renewable Minimum Energy

Inorganic Wastes (landfill)

Goods

Organic wastes recycled

Food

Inputs

City

Outputs

Minimum Pollution & Wastes

Goods

Hinterland has a global reach

Materials recycled

Hinterland works within regional ecosystems

A key component of the sustainable city is a ‘circular metabolism’ which assures the most efficient possible use of resources © Herbert Girardet / Rick lawrence

Planners seeking to design resilient urban systems should start by studying the ecology of natural systems. On

a predominantly planet, cities will need toof adopt circular metabolic systems to assure own longFigure 5: Aurban key component the sustainable city is atheir “circular term viability as well as that of the rural environments on which they depend. Outputs will need to become metabolism” which the most possible inputs into the local and regional assure production system. Whilst in efficient recent years a very substantial use increaseof in recycling of paper, metals, plastic and glass has occurred, much more needs to be done. Most importantly, it is resources crucial to convert organic waste into compost, and to return plant nutrients and carbon to farmland feeding

Source: © Herbert Girardet/Rick Lawrence cities, to assure its long-term fertility.

The local effects of urban resource use also need to be better understood. Cities accumulate large amounts of materials within them. Vienna with some 1.6 million inhabitants, every day increases its actual weight by some 25,000 tonnes.20 Much of this is relatively inert materials, such as steel, concrete and tarmac. Other materials, such as heavy metals, have discernible environmental effects as they gradually leach from the roofs of buildings and from water pipes and accumulate in the local environment. Nitrates, phosphates or chlorinated hydrocarbons build up in soils and water courses, with potentially negative impacts for the health of future inhabitants.

Food production _ for Lindau

Food usually inresilient many parts of the world related Creating a Production circular urban metabolism can create cities and create many new local businesses and jobs. directly theas cities mechanism of human farming rural A critical issueto today, become the primary habitat, and is whether urban depopulation, living standards can be maintained whilst the local and global environmental impacts of cities are brought down to a minimum. To get nowadays we have such segregation between the rural devela clearer picture of the ‘performance’ of cities, it helps to draw up balance sheets comparing urban resource flows across theand world. the It is becoming similar-sized cities supply their needsA with a greatly varying opment real apparent urbanthatdevelopment zones. lot of Fosthroughput of resources. sil fuels go into this type of food production systems, than the calories that are actually contained in the food we get to eat. Although the new technologies nowadays and the development of machinery for food productions process, we still suffering from transporting it from the farm to the society, a lot of fossil fuels are wasted during this process and that is of course causes a CO2 emissions. 20

Prof. Paul Brunner, Technical University, Vienna, personal communication

Nowadays, Food is supplied to the island of Lindau by ever more energy intensive production systems. In order to reduce the human impact on the island, one planet living _Lindau is an attempt to decrees the fossil fuels based on the transportation of food. On the other hand, integrating urban settlements together with the agricultural lands responding to reduce ecological impacts, cut fossil fuel-based transportation, enhance food

security, save building energy and enrich the lives of building occupants. Island-Integrated Agriculture Inspired by the article by Viraj Puri & Ted Caplow , (Droege 2009, p.230–241) Increasing global urbanization and population growth, together with constraints on energy supply driven by climate change and resources limits, has highlighted the need for more sustainable cities in recent decades. Pressures on the rural landscape are no less serious, including mounting loads of water pollution, soil degradation an irrigation demand on a limited agricultural base. A response to both sets of concerns brining agricultural directly into a built environment has the potential to reduce ecological impacts, cut fossil fuel-based transportation, enhance food security, save building energy and enrich the lives of building occupants. Building Integrated Agriculture- Hydroponics system Inspired by (Droege 2009, p.232) Building integrated agricultural is based on the idea of growing food in the built environment, using the nearby renewable resources. Hydroponics system is one of the ways that achieve that goal, growing crops inside the building, rooftops and elevations by using the hydroponics system. Furthermore, without the need of for soil, greenhouse facilities become substantially more modular, recirculating hydroponics, the most modern and environmentally sustainable method, can produce premium -quality vegetables and fruits using up to 20 times less land and 10 times less water than conventional agricultural, while eliminating chemical pesticides, fertilizer runoff, and carbon emissions from farm machinery and long-distance transport (Vogel ,2008) (Droege 2009, p.231). Hydroponic is practiced already on industrial and residential scales in The Netherlands, Spain, U.K., Mexico, Canada,/..ect. To sum up,” In soil, vegetables grow a large root system to search for food and water. In hydroponics, food and water are fed directly to the roots. This enables the plants to spend more

33 energy growing the part above the surface, thus growing two times faster. With small roots the plants may be grown very close together conserving space. In general, hydroponic gardens require only about 20% of the overall space required of soil gardens for the same vegetable production.” (James D. Taylor 2011, p.51)

Advantages of the Hydroponic system (Wikipedia, hydroponic, July 2012) Some of the reasons why hydroponics is being adapted around the world for food production are the following: -No soil is needed for hydroponics -The water stays in the system and can be reused - thus, lower water costs -It is possible to control the nutrition levels in their entirety thus, lower nutrition costs -No nutrition pollution is released into the environment because of the controlled system -Stable and high yields -Pests and diseases are easier to get rid of than in soil because of the container’s mobility -It is easier to harvest -No pesticide damage

Figure 6: Hydroponic food production system Source : (LiveOAK Media 2010)

The nutrient solution trickles Figure 8: Hydroponic irrigation down plastic channels, with system plants growing through holes Source: (American Hydroponics 2012) in the channel.

Figure 9: Eat your greens.

34 The Vertically Integrated greenhouse Inspired by the article of Viraj Puri & Ted Caplow (Droege 2009, p. 230–241) Lindau has no place for making an productive agriculture land to feed the 3000 inhabitants, therefor another system could be applied in order to full fill their needs of food. In the other hand, it is a global problem; Statistics says, “ By the year 2050, nearly 80% of the earth’s population will reside in urban centers. And the human population will increase by about 3 billion people during the interim” (Living planet report 2008; p.1–20). An estimated 5000 hectares in Lindau of new land will be needed to grow enough food to feed the society An entirely new approach to indoor farming must be invented, applying a lot technology to feed another 3000 people in Lindau. Thus the vertical farms must be efficient, cheap to construct and safe to operate. The vertical farms could be a solution to feed the people in Lindau and to be constructed in all building in the island. But the question is, how can we integrate these farms with the existing historical built environment. The vertical greenhouses is a concept for highly productive, Lightweight, modular, climatically responsive system for growing vegetable in the facades, which was invented by a team by New York-based Bright Farm. It’s also an attempt to reduce the energy used in the space inside and also to active such an idea likes a food production inside the built environment. In my opinion we can apply this ideas in different places and buildings in Lindau due to the lack of new vacant spaces in the island. The system works mechanically and needs a double-sided facade. A double skin provides solar heat in winter, and the needed cooling in summer, and allows opening windows year round. Despite all these advantages, but integrated green houses vertically has some problems due to economic concerns and the need to install large shading system within the cavity to realize required percentages of food production.

Advantages of Vertical Farming (Wikipedia, hydroponic, July 2012) -1 indoor acre is equivalent to 4-6 outdoor acres or more, depending upon the crop (e.g., Strawberries: 1 indoor acre = 30 outdoor acres) -No weather-related crop failures due to droughts, floods, pests -All Vertical Farms food is grown organically: no herbicides, pesticides, or fertilizers -Vertical Farms virtually eliminates agricultural runoff by recycling black water -Vertical Farms returns farmland to nature, restoring ecosystem functions and services

Disadvantages of Hydroponic system (Wikipedia, hydroponic, July 2012) Without soil as a buffer, any failure to the hydroponic system leads to rapid plant death. Other disadvantages include pathogen attacks such as damp-off due to Verticillium wilt caused by the high moisture levels associated with hydroponics and over watering of soil based plants. Also, many hydroponic plants require different fertilizers and containment systems.(^ Research News. “Commercial Aeroponics: The Grow Anywhere Story,” In Vitro Report (Society for In Vitro Biology), Issue 42.2 (April - June 2008).) To produce the mineral wool and the fertilizers that are needed to use this method, a large amount of energy is required.

ade farm vertically integrated greenhouse

ments. In contrast, a well designed vertical green-10: VIG vertically Figure ntegrated with the energy management system :(Aiolova of Source 7/16/2012)

m Description

ade Farm integrates hydroponic food production uble skin facade for installation on new highdings and as a retrofit on existing buildings with e solar exposure.

Cable guides on outer curtain wall support

service system

Ca on cu su

Swivel clamp

NFT tray with holes for plants

40m

NF hol

3D DETAIL VIEW OF PCL

harvesting floor

a building, can be energy positive. The Vertically Integrated Greenhouse (VIG) is a patented system, consisting of plants grown on trays suspended by a simple cable system, and all planting and harvesting occurs at the bottom level. Systems modules can rise as

integratedhigh Greenhouses as 10 or 20 stories each.

NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE (NFT) TRAYS

harvesting bins and germination trays

facades at northern latitudes admit a fairly even ion of sunlight throughout the year. During the produce prices peak and conventional produce as to travel great distances or is grown hydroy in leaky greenhouses with substantial energy

1170

PLANT CABLE LIFT (PCL) SECTION Section through facade farm showing VIG a building, can be energy positive.

GREEN

Vertical facades at northern latitudes admit a fairly even market building distribution of sunlight throughout the year. During theintegrated hydroponic shed - March 19, 2008 winter, produce prices peak and conventional produce either has to travel great distances or is grown hydroponically in leaky greenhouses with substantial energy requirements. In contrast, a well designed vertical green-

The Vertically Integrated Greenhouse (VIG) is a pa system, consisting of plants grown on trays suspe by a simple cable system, and all planting and ha occurs at the bottom level. Systems modules can

36 1.2.2 One Planet Living & The Ecological Footprint. Inspired by the article” Ecological footprint “ (Wheeler, 2004, p.211–219) 1.3.1 Evaluation of Eco-Cities A scientific and tangible way of the evaluation of any Eco city was created by Wackwrnagel and Rees by which called, “the Ecological Footprint”. Ecological Footprint is a method that could be a useful way to start establishing such a city ranking based on facts and data, and the surveyed data could be extended. (Wackernagel and Rees, 1996)

1.3.2 what is an Ecological Footprint? “Like any living system, a community consumes materials, water, and energy, processes them into usable forms, and generates waste. This is the “metabolism” of the city, and making this metabolism more efficient is essential to reduce the city’s ecological footprint. In reducing the footprint, problems should be solved locally where possible, rather than shifting them to other geographic locations or future generation. (Newman, 2008, p.80). Ecological Footprint is an accounting tool that enables us to estimate our consumption of the resources and waste assimilation requirements of a defined human population or economy in terms of a corresponding productive land area. Ecological Footprint is like an economy having an “industrial metabolism”. The economy needs to “eat” resources, and eventually, this entire intake becomes waste and has to leave the organism - the economy - again. So the question becomes: “How big a pasture is necessary to support that economy - to produce all its food and absorb all its wastes? Alternatively, how much land would be necessary to support a defined economy sustainability at its current material standard of living?” (Newman, 2008, p.109)

Figure 11: Living in a terrarium. How big would the glass hemisphere need to be so that the city under it could sustain itself exclusively on the ecosystems contained? Source: Own sketch based on (Newman, 2008, p.213)

Ecosystem services Eco services are the benefits that people obtain from any eco systems and the results summarises in four dimensions and services; First, Supporting services (nutrient cycle, photosynthesis, soil,...). Second regulating services (water security, waste decomposition, climate regulation,...). Third, provisioning services (Food, medicine, timber, fibre, biofuel) fourth, cultural services ( recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences) (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005).

1.3.3 Principles of the ecological footprint (Steffen Lehmann, 2010, p.110)

In order to calculate and therefore enhancing the ecological footprint of the city, many principles should be in considerations the following : · Population density of the city. · Overall density ration of the city. · Total of heating and electricity consumption per capita. · Amount of renewable energy generated and consumed

· System of subsidies to calculate real energy price · Amount of water used per capita · Amount of waste recycled, or used for waste-to-energy strategies. · Percentage of food produced within a 200 km radius. · Number of automobile registrations. · Amount of green space per capita. · Length of bike paths in city area. · Number of trees planted in last 5 years. · Number of affordable housing built in last 5 years. · Number of green buildings and community faculties in the district. · Number and quality and educational programes to raise awareness.

The ten One Planet Living principles: Zero carbon

Making buildings more energy efficient and delivering all energy with renewable technologies.

Zero waste

Reducing waste, reusing where possible, and ultimately sending zero waste to landfill.

Sustainable transport

Encouraging low carbon modes of transport to reduce emissions, reducing the need to travel.

Sustainable materials

Using sustainable healthy products, with low embodied energy, sourced locally, made from renewable or waste resources.

Local and sustainable food

Choosing low impact, local, seasonal and organic diets and reducing food waste.

Sustainable water

Using water more efficiently in buildings and in the products we buy; tackling local flooding and water course pollution.

Land use and wildlife

Protecting and restoring biodiversity and natural habitats through appropriate land use and integration into the built environment.

Culture and heritage

Reviving local identity and wisdom; supporting and participating in the arts.

Equity and local economy

Creating bioregional economies that support fair employment, inclusive communities and international fair trade.

Health and happiness

Encouraging active, sociable, meaningful lives to promote good health and well-being.

(Global Footprint Network, 2003-2012)

Figure 12: The Ecological Footprint is a measure of the “load” imposed by a given population on nature in Lindau. It represents the land area necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste discharge, by that population. Source: Own sketching, Illustration by Phil Testemale (Newman, 2008, p.212)

Figure 13: Every human activity uses bio logically productive land and/or fishing Grounds The Ecological Footprint is the sum of this area, regardless of where it is located on the planet Source : (Pollard, 2010, p.33)

Figure 15: the predicted increase in Energy consumption by 2030 Sources: (Lehmann, 2012,p.88)

Figure 14: According to the statistics (Loh 2000), our Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ecological Foot Print , Asia, Africa and Latin America will be the ones hardest hit by global warming which is also the poor areas. While US, Austria, Japan UAE and others are using a huge amount of finite resources, consuming for above the limits of available resources per capita, which is also the developed countries. (red areas on world map. Sources :(Map: courersy IPCC, 2009), (Lehmann, 2012,p.86)

The new predictions for 2030 is saying the increase of 60% of the Energy consumption that leads us to think more about to reduce our human impact on the planet and trying to achieve one planet theory. Energy and Food supply is the most important factors that secure and save the planet .As I discussed in the last chapter about regenerative cities and how to develop a food security in the city as well as the energy should be taken into considerations. Ecological Carry Capacityâ&#x20AC;? of the Earth has reached a critical Point, Ensuring food supply for a growing population has emerged a as a global problem.

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

Figures 16 Comparison between the ecological Footprint of Lindau Island for two different eras, 1528-1747, and the current situation 2012. 1746/47 It comes to the siege of Lindau during the 30 years war. Swedish troops trying to conquer the city . war between the imperial occupation forces and the siege by the Swedish

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

1496

1358

1224

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

Lake Lake Train Tracks Train Tracks Buildings Buildings green Lands green Lands Main Cars Routs Main Cars Routs

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

Lake

1823-47

1728 A devastating fire Ravaged the town and abbey precinct adjacent neighborhoods. only St.Stephen remaining

1802 Falling of Holy Roman Empire 1806 Austria Give it back to Bavaria

1838 First Iron Steamship On the Lake . No Landmarks

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs 1746/47 It comes to the siege of Lindau during the 30 years war. Swedish troops trying to conquer the city . war between the imperial occupation forces and the siege by the Swedish

Lake Train Tracks Train Tracks Buildings Buildings greengreen LandsLands Cars Routs Main Main Cars Routs

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

Lake Lake Train Tracks Train Tracks Buildings Buildings green Lands green LandsRouts Main Cars Main Cars Routs

1823-47

Falling of Holy Roman Empire 1806 Austria Give it back to Bavaria 1802

1838 First Iron Steamship On the Lake . No Landmarks

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

Looking Back to Look Forward

Your Personal Action Plan If everyone in the world lived like you we would need an average of 2.02 planets to support us. You are below the UK average of 3 planets.

Here is how your Ecological Footprint breaks down Home & Energy 23% Transport

Food

19%

Goods

13%

Government

17%

Capital Assets

13%

Your Carbon Emissions:

Your Eco-Footprint:

tonnes

GHA

8.1

3.6

Figures 17 Service 13% Diagrams, Evaluates the ecological footprints of two different eras, 1528 & 2010 Daily Reminders OPL Projects All calculations and percentages - below - , are calculated by the website of the Our daily reminder list is here to help you remember those little niggly tasks, you know, those These actions are much more about doing something active that will help reduce your global footprint network (http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/ things that you always mean to do? but they sometimes slip your mind when you're busy! Print footprint. Some of these are easy little actions that will only take an hour or so and not cost footprint_for_nations/) And its an based on my assumptions of entries this out and you can keep a tally when you remember to do this. much. There are also some bigger projects that may take a bit of time and money, but will be

worth it in the end as you'll move towards OPL. Fill in when you plan to do each action and tick it off once complete.

Week 1

Make sure your heating thermostat is set

Week 2

Week 3

tick when complete

Week 4

Insulate your hot water tank or ask your landlord to help .

Your Personal Action Plan If everyone in the world lived like you we would need an average of 3.48 planets to support us. You are above the UK average of 3 planets.

Daily Reminders

Our daily reminder list is here to help you remember those little niggly tasks, you know, those things that you always mean to do? but they sometimes slip your mind when you're busy! Print this out and you can keep a tally when you remember to do this.

Here is how your Ecological Footprint breaks down Home & Energy 27% Transport

15%

Food

19%

Goods

18%

Government

10%

Capital Assets

Service

Your Carbon Emissions:

Your Eco-Footprint:

tonnes

GHA

14.8

6.3

OPL Projects

These actions are much more about doing something active that will help reduce your footprint. Some of these are easy little actions that will only take an hour or so and not cost much. There are also some bigger projects that may take a bit of time and money, but will be worth it in the end as you'll move towards OPL. Fill in when you plan to do each action and tick it off once complete. tick when

1.2.3 The Urban Transect (A.Duany and E. Plater-Zyberk) Reviewing the Theory of the urban transect as a part of my design studio program, it is an urban analysis method as a tool of trade. The transect is an analytical tool that conceptualizes commonly emphasizing elements, creating a series of specific natural habitats and/or urban lifestyle settings. The Transect integrates environmental methodology for habitat assessment with zoning methodology for community design. The integration boundary between the natural and man-made disappears, enabling environmentalists to assess the design of the human habitat and the urbanists to support the viability of nature. Lindau urban-to-rural transect hierarchy has appropriate building and street types for each area along the continuum. Furthermore, transect is a way of analysis and classifications. The main goal is to achieve a better smooth transect for Lindau, and also to enhance the relationships between the rural and

the built environment zones. On the other side, by achieving the theory of the urban transect by Duany and Plater, I developed a relationship between the tool and the outcomes of the analysis. Indeed, it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t just a tool of analysis but it was also a part of the design and design process. The main authors of the urban transect are AndrĂŠs Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. They are the founder and partners of the company (DPZ) in Miami, the company was founded in 1980 and had numerous successful project since its foundation. According to the official website, the company is also consider the leader of the bigger urban transect movement and it is also responsible for its derived zoning code the smart code. For the actual list of realized projects, please visit the DPZ web page under: http://www.dpz.com/projects.aspx

Figure 19: Natural and rural urban transect Source : (Andres Duany, 7/3/2012)

[Fig. 7] The European Transect by Leon Krier

Figure 18: Calibrated transect illustration Source: Leon Krier, (Andres Duany, 7/3/2012)

FIg. 22 Successional Transect Zones, Sounds : (Andres Duany, 7/3/2012)

44 The New Urbanism Inspired A. Duany,

The theory of urban transect is part of the principles of the new urbanism, which was invented to create the logic and functionality of settlement built before the post second world war. The settlement should become more compact, more functional and therefore more sustainable. And to achieve the principles, there was a congress in 1993 held by several architects, urban designers and planners, its ends up with some principles as a major design guidelines of the achievement of the ne ideas of urbanism. The principles of the New Urbanism (Andres Duany, 7/3/2012) 1. Walk _ability: Most things within a 10-minute walk of home and work. Pedestrian friendly street design (buildings close to street; porches, windows & doors; tree-lined streets; on street parking; hidden parking lots; garages in rear lane; narrow, slow speed streets. Pedestrian streets free of cars in special cases 2. Connectivity: Interconnected street grid network disperses traffic & eases walking. A hierarchy of narrow streets, boulevards, and alleys. High quality pedestrian network and public realm makes walking pleasurable 3. Mixed-Use & Diversity: A mix of shops, offices, apartments, and homes on site. Mixed-use within neighbourhoods, within blocks, and within buildings. Diversity of people - of ages, income levels, cultures, and races 4. Mixed Housing: A range of types, sizes and prices in closer proximity

5. Quality Architecture & Urban Design: Emphasis on beauty, aesthetics, human comfort, and creating a sense of place; Special placement of civic uses and sites within community. Human scale architecture & beautiful surroundings nourish the human spirit 6. Traditional Neighbourhood Structure: Discernable centre and edge - Public space at centre - Importance of quality public realm; public open space designed as civic art - Contains a range of uses and densities within 10-minute walk -Transect planning: Highest densities at town centre; progressively less dense towards the edge. 7. Increased Density: More buildings, residences, shops, and services closer together for ease of walking, to enable a more efficient use of services and resources, and to create a more convenient, enjoyable place to live.-New Urbanism design principles are applied at the full range of densities from small towns, to large cities 8. Smart Transportation: A network of high-quality trains connecting cities, towns and neighbourhoods together. Pedestrian-friendly design that encourages a greater use of bicycles, rollerblades, scooters, and walking as daily transportation 9. Sustainability: Minimal environmental impact of development and its operations. Eco - friendly technologies, respect for ecology and value of natural systems - Energy efficiency Less use of finite fuels - More local production - More walking, less driving 10. Quality of Life: Taken together these add up to a high quality of life well worth living, and create places that enrich, uplift, and inspire the human spirit.

Figure 21: Natural and rural urban transect Sounds : (Andres Duany, 7/3/2012)

THE PIENZA TRANSECT T1 Natural Zone

T4 General Urban Zone

T2 Rural Zone

T5 Urban Center Zone

T3 Sub-Urban Zone

T6 Urban Core Zone

Figure 20 : The Pienza transect Source : http://www.dpz.com/pdf/05_Transect_Cornelius.pdf

Rural Zone Rural Zone

Urban Center Zone Urban Center Zone

Suburban Zone Suburban Zone

Urban Core Zone Urban Core Zone

T1T1

T2T2

T3T3

26 26

Figure 23 : The transect of Lindau - Overview General Urban Zone General Urban Zone

Natural Zone Natural Zone

B. The B. The transect transect of Lindau of Lindau - Overview - Overview

T4T4

T5T5

T6T6

BIOCITY BIOCITY LINDAU LINDAU

B. The transect of Lindau Island South - North

MAXIMUM

MINIMUM BIODIVERSITY

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

AVERAGE DIVERSITY

Figure 24: The transect of Lindau Island South - North

MAXIMUM

MINIMUM BIODIVERSITY

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

AVERAGE DIVERSITY

Figure 25: The transect of Lindau Island West - East

MAXIMUM

MINIMUM BIODIVERSITY

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

AVERAGE DIVERSITY

MAXIMUM

Figure 25: The transect of Lindau Island MINIMUM BIODIVERSITY

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

AVERAGE DIVERSITY

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

AVERAGE DIVERSITY

MAXIMUM

MINIMUM BIODIVERSITY

Figure 26: The transect of Lindau Island - Location of the transect Source: Google Earth

1.3 Contemporary urban design challenges. Besides all the challenges of the urban design that we are currently facing, starting from the obstacles towards global warming and climate change till the use of the efficient and reliable transportation in and out the settlements .There is a major challenge that we are going to face for upcoming decades, which is the lack integration caused by the dependency of the urban cities - un-suffiect cities . Planners and designers are often presented this problems with some challenges appearing to have no solution because the causes of the problems are either not known, not well understood, or are so paradoxical and contradictory that they cannot be effectively identified and addressed. For Centuries, cities have been entirely dependent on their rural hinterland,growing at the expense of the surrounding landscape. The challenge today is to create a new relationship between the urban (city) and nature to provide such a good relationship between both side. Nowadays a lot of people think about the rural areas which is un-preferable for them to live in and on the other side the rural people always wants to move to the city a or to the areas which is more urbanized. In my opinion , the new urbanism doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow the urban growth to integrate in the agricultural land , therefore the huge disconnect are occurring nowadays, where both can coexist in symbiosis.

Figure 27: The disconnection between Rural and Urban

partially self sufficient they highlighted the relationships and the importance of the agricultural. A protected agricultural land as a part of the island was very important specially in 1647 when the island has to fight against the royal empire armies, and the agricultural land played an important role as a food security along seven years. Nowadays , the situation is totally different, around 80% percent of the island is considered as a built environment ,while there is no spaces fro agricultural lands of food production

The tension between the rural, pri urban and urban remains widely unsolved . For centuries, even millennia, the city has always grown at the cost of the countryside, expanding into agriculture land and vulnerable landscape. There is a long history of seeing the city is something different from the space of the countryside, which is well illustrated in the arts, as we can see in the Figure â&#x20AC;&#x153; the city seen as place of pleasure and creationâ&#x20AC;? Lindau Lindau 1800, this island was divided in to two equal part, the first part for the urban built environments and the second part was to feed the people. Thus, in this time the island was

Figure 28: Lindau . Source : Google Earth.com

Figure 29: Lindau in 1800 . Source : Wikipedia.org

1.4 Good example of one planet living urban projects 1.4.1 IBA Hamburg Due to my visit to IBA Hamburg, April 2012, First, it was part of my thesis program , Disburg_IBA Emscher Park, IBA Hamburg & Hafen city. The Overall impression was good since I got new experience of new typology of architecture and urban design.(IBA) International building Exhibitions have a long tradition, It was already common in the middle of the 19th century to present the latest achievements in building technology to a wide international audience in the framework of world exhibition. It basically deals with the question of how an increasingly international and multicultural urban society can co-exist in the future? Furthermore, I did choose IBA Hamburg not only because it archive some of the guidelines concepts of “one planet living”, but also because it sets a standards and guidelines for the future, which is part of my thesis question. In order to achieve this, each IBA needs criteria which help distinguish ambitious, future -oriented projects from those that would certainly like to stage themselves as an IBA project. Thus, IBA Hamburg contains a diverse selections of sites and projects that is all in coherent and mutual relationships in a concrete place, the Elbe islands. They also invented a new type of landscape that introduce of energy saving and climatefriendly technologies, the emission-conscious design of large traffic infrastructures and the transformation of the fragmented settlement structure into identity- building and successful spaces. Furthermore, they are encouraging the places that are for the educational and training facilities, cultural initiatives and international influences. On the other hand, dealing with the heritage of modernism demands a break with traditional thinking patterns to new modern technological ideas have the quality of the past. The “ Leap across the Elbe” in Hamburg represents such a change in spatial thinking and action, change that acquires its content an becomes on organisational reality through the instruments of the Internationale Baususstellung (Interna-

tional Building Exhibition) IBA Hamburg and the internationale gartenschau (International Garden show) igs 2013” (Hamm, 2010, p.7–10). Thus, IBA Hamburg follows a certain criteria and quality assessments that are mentioned below; (Hamm 2010: 19–20): 1. Specialness: the project must display exceptional qualities as compared to every days project, being distinct and original. 2. BA-specific: the project cannot, or only with difficulty, be implemented without IBA support. Hence, it must not only be specially tailored to the IBA themes but must also “need” IBA. 3. Multi-talent: the project should pick up on several aspects of the IBA key themes or at least meet their diverse aspirations - it has to be “multi-talented”. 4. Structural efficiency: the project must make a lasting contribution to the structural improvement of the residential, working and recreational situation within the IBA site, and it should stand up to urban economic evaluation. 5. Process capability: the project should motivate the largest possible circle of people to take part, it should be able to adapt to changing framework conditions or be suited for a phased implementation. 6. Presentability: the project must be well presentable. 7. Feasibility: it must be possible to complete the project by 2013, or the conditions for implementation should be fulfilled by then – with regard to legal aspects as well as financial and technical issues.

Figure 30 : Left, IBA Hamburg- Area and Projects ,

(Hamm, 2010, p.21)

56 Energy Hill Georgswerder Gross floor area: 45 ha Height: Around 40 metres Overall performance: Electricity for 4 000 households (12 400 000 kWh / a) Architect: Structural architecture: Konermann Siegmund Architekten, Landscape architecture:Häfner/Jiménez, Büro für Landschaftsarchitektur, Berlin

From a brown field site to the peak of sustainable energy: Within the scope of the IBA Hamburg the hill at the Georgswerder landfill site is turned into a regenerative energy hill. The objective is for it to provide some 4000 households with electricity in the future, using only wind power and solar energy to do so, as well as to make it accessible to the public as a viewpoint. The hill has 40 meters high, and its visible for miles around. It’s also a part of the heritage of the surrounding zone, especially when it was such an industrial waste area. The landfill site was officially closed in 1979, however in 1983 it was discover that highly poisonous dioxin was escaping from the foot of the artificial hill and penetrating into the groundwater. Thus, Nowadays the new idea convert the place into a complete energy productive land, and working side by side to the residents whose living in the immediate vicinity. The Design contains the landfill landscape protected plastic cover sealing sheet to protect the main land from the underground toxic. A comprehensive range of technical measures is still in use today to protect the groundwater. New sources of energy “The first construction phase with approx. 500 kWp (kilowatt peak) performance was erected in 2009 by HAMBURG ENERGIE; the second followed in December 2011. Grass cuttings from the landfill site can be used to generate biogas. In addition to this energy is also obtained from the hill’s core: On-going continuous decomposition processes in the hill generate landfill gas containing large amounts of methane. This gas has been systematically collected for many years and supplied to neighbouring Aurubis AG, one of Europe’s largest copper works. Seepage water from the landfill and groundwater are collected; purified in a controlled process and disposed of. A heat pump allows the groundwater’s energetic content to be used to generate space heating for the new service and information building”. (Hamm, 2010, p.219-222) Figure 31: The IBA energy hill Sketch diagram

Constraints on Energy Supply driven by Climate change & resource Limits

The need of Sustainable Cities Renewable Energy Fresh Water Waste Mangments Scoail Sus. Food Security

Increasing global urbanization Polpulation growth

IV.

Contents Chapter

Case Study _ Lindau_ A future vision

2.0

Chapter 2: Case study _ Lindau _ A future vision 2.1

Lindau Analysis based on â&#x20AC;&#x153; One planet livingâ&#x20AC;? guidelines 2.1.1

Current situation What are the current situation/ actions?

2.1.2

History Anthropology What shaped/made the site?

2.1.3 Lindau

Towards sustainability in Future Actions and Plans 2.1.3.1 Why a self-sufficient city 2.1.3.2 A vision about food security in Lindau

2.2

Analysis conclusions and defining the point of departure.

Case study _ Lindau _ A future vision

2.0

Part 2: Case study _ Lindau _ A future vision 2.1

Lindau Analysis based on “ One planet living” guidelines After reviewing the theoretical part, and from this point, I will analyse the current condition of Lindau according to the guidelines of one planet living. Thus, and before establishing, I would like to mention some facts and figures about Lindau and its region. Lindau 47°32′N 9°41′E Germany - Bavaria - region Swabia - Lindau Area 33.18 km2 (12.81 sq mi) Elevation 401 m (1316 ft) Population 24,813 (31 December 2011) Density 748 /km2 (1,937 /sq mi) Lindau is a Bavarian town and an island on the eastern side of Lake Constance, the Bodensee. It is the capital of the Landkreis or rural district of Lindau. The historic city of Lindau is located on an 0.68-square-kilometre (0.26 sq mi) island which is connected with the mainland by a road bridge and the causeway of the railway to Lindau station.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindau)

Figure 32 : Germany Map , Lindau is located on the southern part of the country - Bavaria Sources: wikipedia.org Figure 33: Lindau In Winter. Source: wikipedia.org

61 2.1.1 Current situation What are the current situation/actions? According to Steffen Lehmann- (Steffen Lehmann, 2010) his book as I lastly mentioned-, there is a set of principles in order to enhance the ecological footprint in the island. Therefore the next step I will make the analysis according to this principle, which I also categorizes them into several sub categories, as the following:

up the most important and effective principles and make a deep analysis for it. On the other hand, a great report was done by Stadt Lindau incorporation with specialist’s urban developer . that was a good approach to find and open the opportunities for Lindau towards the island’s sustainability. The report includes 133 pages, establishing sustainability in such a different proposals. The report called “ Klimaschutzkonzept Lindau 2020” established by Stadt Lindau

1- Energy per capita; · Overall density ration of the city. · Total of heating and electricity consumption per capita. · Amount of renewable energy generated and consumed · System of subsidies to calculate real energy price 2- Water strategies: · Amount of water used per capita · Amount of waste recycled, or used for waste-to-energy Strategies. 3- Food Supply · Percentage of food produced within a 200 km radius. · Amount of green space per capita. · Number of trees planted in last 5 years. 4- Mobility Infrastructure · Number of automobile registrations. · Length of bike paths in city area. 5- Built Environment· - Number of affordable housing built in last 5 years. · Number of green buildings and community faculties in the district. · Number and quality and educational programmes to raise awareness. All those point should be evaluated for the existing current condition, followed by recommendation about future plans. Nevertheless, my thesis is limited, and there are already have plans for the future of Lindau based on this, I decided to pick

Figure 34: Table of content of the report Source: “ Klimaschutzkonzept Lindau 2020” established by Stadt Lindau, a sustainable vision for 2020

62 Power Supply, Energy consumption, Water Supply and water treatment Analysis Energy efficiency of water supply system The energy efficiency of the charge of the city water supply system has a Characteristic value of 0.544 kWh / m at 60 m height

follow-

Currently savings in heat consumption in Lindau as the ing (Right Figure); The total heat consumption in the town of Lindau (2007) of 326 800 MWh / year to be distributed almost 66% (215 300 MWh / a) on the economy and 34% (111 600 MWh / yr) to the private Households. In the area of households and to a lesser extent also in commerce and industry no longer the largest proportion of the required heat to provide heating and hot water. The main technical potential savings resulting from energy-related the building. The potential consideration only the re- consumption induced by the adopted building renovation. By dividing the CO 2 - Balance the thermal energy needs of households through the living area from the

Flüssiggas

lignite

hard coal

Umweltwärme

Energy efficiency of wastewater treatment The energy efficiency of the charge of the city water treatment plant can be the ba- sis assessment of parameters (manual energy in wastewater treatment plants). in order to reduce the CO2 emissions ,The City of Lindau has a vision for 2020. Thus, for the Power and Energy, they mentioned two strategies; the first strategy is to use more renewable energy instead of the non-renewable energy (see table). However the current situation represents the high percentage of power supply from Gas, they planned a desired target for power energy and heat energy based on a photovoltaic new system (renewable energy). Furthermore, The self-sufficiency in Power is currently at 24% and heat at 82%. A desired target values are each with a shared of 78% for electricity and 98% in the case of self-sufficiency Heat. While the second strategy is to reduce the consumption of energy with around 37% less ,for both the households and the civil building. (Explained with more details in the right diagram)

Solarthermie 1%

Holz 8%

Strom 25%

Heizöl 12% Erdgas 54%

Figure 35: Final energy consumption by private households in Lindau (B) Source: (energy source, 2007)

Flüssiggas Biogase

Braunkohle 1%

Steinkohle 2%

Holz 3% Strom 34%

Erdgas 50%

Heizöl 10%

Figure 36: Final energy consumption by sector in Lindau (B) Source: (Energy source, 2007)

Lindau 2020 : Reducing the Co2 emissions Power / Energy

Ecomomy

Measures to further improve the power supply of the city Lindau of renewable energy sources and more efficient production.

Measures to improve energy efficiency in industry and trade- exaggerated, and the motivation and awareness of relevant stakeholders

Transportation / mobility

Measures to improve the environment for climate- surface mobility (eg, incentives for the use of energy efficient and low-emission or zeroModes of transport, improving public transport services, climate-friendly mobility behaviour of public administration

Municipal projects

Households measures to motivate the citizens / internally, their energy consumption to reduce use of more efficient technologies and changing patterns of behaviour.

Measures to reduce fuel consumption in all areas of municipal len plant (building and system components).

Power / Energy:

Reducing Consumptions of the Energy

Power Supply & Renewable Sources

Power E.

82%

24%

Heat 2007

Power E.

98%

78%

The desired target

Heat 2020

(215 300 MWh/yr) on the economy

potential savings

The potential for savings in this case is 50,000 MWh / yr At the municipal building types specified targets of heat consumption. which could be

saved 16.5% of current consumption (base 2007

34%

66%

Current self-sufficiency

Heat Consumptions (2007) 326 800 MWh / year

(111 600 MWh/yr) on the Private Housholds

potential savings

107 kWh / m targeting value of 42 kWh / mÂ˛ a (based KfW Efficiency House 70) which could be saved

61% of current consumption (base 2007).

Overall, this means that the total heat demand in the town of Lindau on implementations of all potential savings of about 37%

GENESIS As- database (statistical data Bayern) is calculated the specific heat consumption per square meter. currently and for example, a building for the Lindauer at 107 kWh / m on the difference of the actual state at a target value of 42 kWh / mÂ˛ a (based KfW Efficiency House 70) multiplied by the total Living space can determine the maximum potential savings. The technical potential for households is through appropriate energy efficiency of buildings (with 100% clean-up tation rate) 61% of current consumption (base 2007). This corresponds to a heat- quantity of 67 647 MWh / a, which could be saved. In contrast, commercial industry and currently only a reduction of 25% is technically do- purposes, since most of the energy is used for process heat. The potential for savings in this case is 50,000 MWh / yr At the municipal buildings are in the ages-study (2007) for the various com- municipal building types specified targets of heat consumption. Based on these targets may be 2473 MWh / year or 16.5% of the current heat demand of 12 571 MWh / year could be saved. Overall, this means that the total heat demand in the town of Lindau on implementation of all potential savings of about 37% let Table above shows population in Lindau in 2009 , around 3000 inhabitants are living in the island by 2009, therefore I calculate the living space per capita according to the land size around 42,7 m2 per capita. Furthermore, the statistics says that 2.27 inhabitant per dwelling by 2008, Thus, the total Energy demand is 13.241 kwh/inhabitant while the thermal Energy required of the community building per capita is 255 kWH/inhabitant. This shows also the high percentage of the energy demands for public road (1440 kwh/inhabitant which they can replace it with solar panels to reduce the energy consumption up to 09% less per year. Thus, to sum up, if we need to cover all the electricity of the daily usage in the islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s households, as wee need almost 11.2 m2 of photovoltaic per capita to cover their demands (11.2x3000 inhabitants)= almost 25300 m2. As I will show later

Figure 37: Energy potentials of the town of Lindau 2020 Source: (Energy source, 2007, p.39)

Figure 38: Energy potentials of the town of Lindau 2020 Source: (Energy source, 2007, p.40)

in my proposal, by covering all the roof tops of the existing and new buildings in the island we can get an area on 20000 m2 which is almost covering 90% of the demands. On the other hand, the demands of the thermal hot water supply for daily use per capita is 1700 m2 to supply all inhabitant with the required amount of hot water (.85 m2 per capita x 3000 inhabitants)

Key figures Living space per population 1 (2009) Residents per dwelling unit (2008) Total heat energy demand (2007) Thermal energy needs of the community Buildings per capita (2009) Power requirements of the municipal facilities (2009) per capita-year Power consumption of the public road eign and street lighting-year Photovoltaic systems - installed capacity per 1,000 inhabitants Solar thermal systems for domestic hot-water heating

Units mÂ˛

Person/unit

kWh /inhabitant kWh /inhabitant kWh /inhabitant kWh /inhabitant kWp / 1000 EW m2/ EW

Value 2010 (If known) 42,7 n.b. 2,27 n.b. n.b. 13.241 n.b. 255 n.b. 1440 n.b. 36 n.b. 53 184 0,17

Bike paths length km / 1,000 residents -2009 Passenger vehicles (cars) per 1000 Population

km / 1.000 EW ca. Â 1,2 Number / 1,000 EW 520

Total power requirments of one inhabitant per year -house & utilities Power preduced by Photovoltics (Modeule 1x1m) Power preduced by Photovoltics (Modeule 1x1m)

Kwh/Person/year Wh/m2 Kwp/m2/year

1476 146.34 131.71

Total needed area of photovoltics per person Total Needed Area for Photovoltics for all residents of the island

m2 m2

11.207 22414

Solar Thermal Hot Water area per person Total Needed Area for Solar Thermal Hot Water for all resisdents

m2 m2

0.85 1700

Figure 39: possiblities of generating renwable heat/ pwer elctricity rates.

0,21 n.b. n.b.

2.1.2

History Anthropology What shaped/made the site?

1728 A devastating fire Ravaged the town and abbey precinct adjacent neighborhoods. only St.Stephen remaining

In this part, l research, analysis and explain more into the development through out the years, concerning about what shaped/made the island. I will also show the progress of development in a graphical way that allows me to understand more the nature of changes that occurs due to the circumstances of each era. First I will show the typical sequences map and followed by the graphical and text analysis. The parameters of the growing Lindau the out the years are summarized in three factors, Economic growth, social development and Environmental protection.

Figure 40: Historical maps of Lindau

1746/47 It comes to the siege of Lindau during the 30 years war. Swedish troops trying to conquer the city . war between the imperial occupation forces and the siege by the Swedish

Lake Train Tracks Buildings Lake green Lands Train Tracks Main Cars Routs Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

Lake Train Tracks Lake Buildings Train Tracks Buildings green Lands green Lands Main Cars Routs Main Cars Routs

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

1496

1358

1224

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

1823-47

Falling Roman Empire 1728ofA Holy devastating fire Ravaged the town and abbey precinct adjacent neighborhoods. 1806 Austria Give it backremaining to Bavaria only St.Stephen 1802

1838 First Iron Steamship On the Lake . No Landmarks

1746/47 It comes to the siege of Lindau during the 30 years war. Swedish troops trying to conquer the city . war between the imperial occupation forces and the siege by the Swedish

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

Lake Lake TrainTrain Tracks Tracks Buildings Buildings greengreen LandsLands Main Main Cars Routs Cars Routs

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

1823-47

Falling of Holy Roman Empire 1806 Austria Give it back to Bavaria 1802

1838 First Iron Steamship On the Lake . No Landmarks

Lake Train Lake Tracks Buildings Train Tracks green Lands Buildings Main Routs greenCars Lands Main Cars Routs

Lake Train Tracks Buildings green Lands Main Cars Routs

68 The major historical changes through out history 200 The island was part of the Roman Park. 882 Lindau, The name means “island of linden trees grow on.” the first time this name was mentioned and was referring to aristocratic convent, which was 882 already on the island. It was founded by Count Adalbert of Rhaetia gratitude fo his rescue at sea.A very little wooden house was built in time. 950, 1079 In 950 the island was originally founded in the market on the main land. Lindau moved the monastery for safety’s market, it has been held on the mainland in Aeschach. The monastery by the monk St. Gallen and was the first building have been built in the island

Figure 41: Diagrams Historical maps of Lindau

1213 - 1257 The first time the trade relations of the city are available between Germany and Italy, to the 19th Century, an important pillar of the economy Lindauer form. Probably since the late Middle Ages the town of Lindau maintains the “messenger of Milan”. Until 1826, it’s regularly transported messages, goods and people through the Rhine Valley Lake Constance and through the mountain passes in northern Italy. Thus, a new development of the island starts to develop and island’s image starts to be different, the transformation from an agricultural land to a built environment. Franciscans (“Discalced”) settled in Lindau, whose church now houses the Municipal Theatre. Establishing the first protestant hospital foundation.

69 1274/1497

1646/47

- Lindau appears as an imperial city. Under King Rudolf von Habsburg (ruled 1273-1291) were the damsels of Guta Triesen abbess of the noble ladies to pin Lindau elected and governed until 1340 with this great glory.

Lindau comes to the siege during the 30-year war. Swedish troops trying to conquer the city, but collapsed on the resistance under military leadership of Count Max Willibald of Waldburg-Wolfegg , the commander of the imperial occupation forces. During this Time the island did survive for many years, half of the land was an agricultural land and used as a food production. In addition to the canal that penetrating the island, it was mainly for trade and it was secured with gates from both sides. As I draw below graphically, the island had in this time around one third of its area for the built environment and the rest was mainly for food production. This era was inspiring for me, comparing with the situation nowadays is totally different and most of the food supply are from far way (more than 200 km far) which means the island is not a self-sufficient from food or even partially food self sufficient. Thus, that will be my new theme.

- Maximilian I of the Reichstag in the Lindauer Town Hall (now the Old Town Hall) convened. 1528 - 1647 - The Protestant town of Lindau. Due to the change of faith remains in Lindau is an island denominational sense, because the whole area with the exception of the few villages to the town of Lindau on land belonging to Catholics, as the convention the island.

70 1728 - 1838 A devastating fire ravaged the town and monastery precinct adjacent neighbourhoods. Only the Protestant church of St. Stephen is left. During Reconstruction receive pin, Church and Market (Cavazzen house to house and garden to the tree), the baroque character that marks them up today. The Harbour starts to become more famous and that develop the trade more, therefore the quality of the buildings after reconstruction becomes better. 1805/06 Lindau, Austria must cede to Bavaria. Since Bavaria has access to the “Swabian Sea”. 1838 Is placed in the first iron steamship Lindau on Lake Constance, the “Louis” in-service.

1853 - 1922 The First time the train reached the railway over the dam built at that time the island city Lindau. Indeed, the causes a real impact on the island, suddenly the island got new infrastructure for the railways, also decrease the size of the agriculture land on the island. The new port completed as an interface for steam navigation and railways. Besides they received the Bavaria’s southwestern entrance gate a representation character. The lighthouse and the Bavarian lion, both of which have long since become symbols of the island of Lindau. In this period also Lindauer takes the first power plant to operate. 1904 The military moves into the newly built, after then, Bavarian Prince Regent Luitpold barracks designated on the rear island.

71 1945 - 1971 At the end of World War II occupied on 30 April 1945, French troops conquered Lindau without a fight. City and county, as a part of the French occupation zone separated from the rest, then American-occupied Bavaria, and received a special state law. In 1946, the Bureau was constituted as a circle highest administrative organ. It had powers, which are exercised elsewhere by a state authority, and was legally independent of Bavaria and W端rttemberg state government. The area was used in the following almost ten years as a land bridge between the French occupation zones in Germany and Austria. This reflects a lot of cultures and traditions, which they are influenced with. In this time also they extend the island from the northern side, as a refill of parking space,by 1975 they increases green areas outside the island.

1980 - 2010 The first Pedestrian zone inaugurated as part of the Lindau. The island of Lindau with a modern conference hall and convention center to take possession while the new bus system into operation. The new advanced wastewater treatment plant completed. The new buildings of the pier and the casino of their determination passed. The psychotherapist and also meet the Nobel Laureates the 50th Time in Lindau (B), the Lindau puppet opera will be the Launched, and in Reutin, a modern shopping center The Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the one for Augsburg and Lindau Swabians are joining together to IHK Schwaben. All this new buildings are built on a refilled land which is Lindau already extended in 1975, furthermore modern building were added with new services. But finally I can say that, no zones lifted for the agriculture land of for growing crops!

72 One planet living approach based on the histoical analysis From a sustainable point of view - After calculating how much renewable energy we can use nowadays, and reviewing the historical developments on the island. And due to the big impact of the railways interventions, which causes a lot of discussions nowadays about how, can we redevelop the island in a sustainable way. Back to my research question, how to address the changes that the island is currently facing and open the discussions about different opportunities. Thus at this point of view and back to the year 1646, while the island was partially a foods’ self-sufficient island, my question is, how retrieve the same idea on as a way in order to reduce the human impact and reduce the ecological footprint of the local inhabitants. It was mentioned in WWFootprint. Report globally that we need to reduce our human impact to the planet to reach a “ one living planet” by this sense; my aim is to reach one living island, Lindau. Following the roles and guidelines of one living planet, the only guidelines that the Lindau Stadt didn’t think about it is how to create such an food security on the island in order to reduce CO2 emissions caused by food transportations or food miles. My vision is, by proposing an idea like a food production island, where the outcomes of the farms is enough for securing their needs of food. In addition of, that we are long touch with nature along the years as I already showed that in the historical graphical maps. In a less tangible shift, the natural world is being marginalized and green space is increasingly remote as people live and work in ever-taller structures. Lindau by the time is becoming denser and now the food security becomes more and more serious. The proposal will reduce the food miles, which means fresh vegetables come sustainably to the island in a particularly high ecological prices. In Lindau, the average supermarket item has travelled around 1500 km to reach the consumer almost crossing north south Germany ( source: FAO) , Finally I want to say, the main goal is to enhance the health of the inhabitant in the island, good nutrition is vital to

Reducing Human impact on the Island One Island Lindau

Figure 42: One Planet Living icon Source: http://icicp.blogspot.com/2010/04/healing-earth-with-service.html

good health and is absolutely essential for the healthy growth and development of children and adolescents. Lack of access to fresh food and awareness of where our food comes from and lack of education on the benefits of fresh vegetables all contribute to the bad eating habits and lifestyles.

Figure 43 Right : - One Planet Living _ Lindau. Main proposal diagram

2.1.3

Towards sustainability in Lindau Future Actions and plans

2.1.3.1 “Why a Self Sufficiency? Now self sufficiency is not “Going back” to some idealized past in which people grubbed for their food with permatice implements and burned each other for witchcraft. It is going forward to a new and better kind of life; a life that is sustainable with fewer impacts and emissions that damages our planets. Self Sufficiency does not mean, “going back to the acceptance of a lower standard of living. “On the contrary it is the striving for a higher standard of living; for the good life in pleasant effective surroundings; for the health of body and peace of mind that come with hard, varied work in the open air: and for the satisfaction that comes from doing a difficult and intricate jobs well and successfully “(Seymour, 2009, p.19) “Urban agriculture will continue to be essential for income generation and subsistence food production throughout eastern and southern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. It is an essential element, part of essential and hybrid infrastructure of urban energy autonomy-and open to massive implementation through simple legislative measures” (Seymour, 2009, p.19) Increased urban green space, in the form of building-integrated agriculture can also help mitigate the urban heat island effect: the phenomenon of city air temperatures rising up to 10C higher than surrounding non- urban areas because of the abundance of dark, heat absorbing surfaces such as rooftops and pavement. This effect increases the demand for air conditioning, high subsequently increases emissions. inspired with the article. Paraphrased from (Droege ,100%, p.232)

The advantages of creating a balance of Self Sufficiency? (Seymour, 2009, p.34) (Droege, p.146) 1- Reducing fossil energy use in transport. (Food Milage) 2 -Food safety and stable supply 3- They Are Vital Assets when accounting for the wealth of services they provide: Ambient temperature regulation, shade pollution control, water purification, food and erosion control, pollination, bio-diversity and habitat support, food production, carbon dioxide absorption , moisture conditioning, shade provision, tourism and cultural values, reduction in human health costs. An Overview about the EU self-sufficiency, Facts and Figures: According to (Eurostat, 7/17/2012) The EU is self-sufficient in meat, dairy products, cereals and beverages. Aside from its own primary production, the EU imports a range of agricultural products from non-member countries. Indeed, it is the world’s largest importer of food – and a high proportion of imports come from developing countries. Farmers and food producers in non-member countries who wish to export their goods to the EU need to respect the food safety principles that apply for EU farmers and producers; checks are made on imports at European borders as food enters the EU. Several EU Member States are self-sufficient in a range of food products (Table 6) – for example, meat or cereals; self-sufficiency indicates up to what point domestic production covers the needs or domestic use of each Member State. However, the EU imports a range of products to meet consumer demand – among which vegetables and fruit accounted for 26.5 % of total food and beverage imports in 2010, fish, crustaceans and molluscs (21.9 %) and coffee, tea and cocoa (17.4 %).

Food import dependency

WORLD FOOD SUMMIT Rome 13-17 November 1996

Average 1988-90 food import dependency (%) <5 5 - 10 10 - 30 30 - 50 50 - 70 ≥ 70 Data not available Dietary energy supply per caput < 2 700 Calories (1992-94)

Water bodies

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Source: FAO

Percentage

Regional median

1989-91

14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Am N er orth ic a

L an ati d nA Ca m rib e be rica an

ro Eu

Fo r US me SR r

a ric Af

Pa As ci ia De fic ve an lop d ed Oc A ea si ni a a

Note: The food import dependency is the percentage of available Calories that are imported for human consumption.

1969-71

ll countries use imports to varying extents to satisfy the quantity and diversity of the food demands of their populations; for poor countries where food imports are a large share of a country’s total trade, food security is conditioned by the capacity to obtain food through imports.

Share of food in total value of imports

Figure 44: Food Import Dependencey Sources: FAO

-‘The worldwide urban population will go from 3.1 inhabitants in 2009 up to 5.5billion inhabitants by 2025,’ Mr Callebaut explained. -Average 1988-90 food import dependency (%). Food import dependency. WORLD FOOD. SUMMIT. Rome. 13-17 November 1996.(source: FAO)

Figure 45: Self sufficiency in the main agricultural products, 2009 (1) (%) Source: Eurostat

-‘The ecological city aims to reintegrate the farming function on the urban scale in the use and reuse of natural resources and biodegradable waste.’ (Garden city 7/7/2012) Figure 46: Structure of the food chain, selected indicators, Source: EU-27, 2008

76 2.1.3.2

A vision about food security in Lindau

The nearest regional airports are located about 20 km away, in Friedrichshafen and Altenrhein, Switzerland. The unique location of the town of Lindau, Lake Constance leads especially in the summer for large- Need importance of tourism. Indeed, a new prototype of a bio city in Lindau will be good example of a first self-sufficient island in the region Furthermore food selfsufficient Lindau will help in order to reduce the human impact on the island, cut the fossil fuel based transportation, enhance food security, and enrich the lives of building occupants. How to Grow Food in 100% Renewable city: Building Integrated Agriculture

Brining The Agricultureal directly to the built Environment to:

Reduce the ecological footprint Cut Fossil Fuel-based transportation Enhance Food Security Save Building Energy Enrich the Lives of Building Occupants

ONE ACRE Farm For a Family

Figure 47: One Acre farm per family Sources: http://foodfreedom.wordpress.com/2011/07/20/start-a-1-acreself-sufficient-homestead/

Confectionary Fruit & Vegatables Preparation of the land Irrigation Canals Direct Sun Light

Sowing Harvest Post Harvest

Storage and conservation seed for the next growing season Shelling and selection of the seed-grain

Storage Marketing

Organic Waste Cows-Goats-Chicken Figure 48: Diagram, the process of food production

One-acre farm for a single family is a strategy used to achieve the required space in order to have self-sufficiency. In Lindau, the goal is not to convert the existing island to island that is only for food production, but the vision is to integrate those farms and agricultural land in a way that looks smoothly in-

Slaughtering and meat processing

Chease Meat

tegrated with the built environment. In this diagram, it shows the process of any productive agricultural landscape starting from the land preparation and ends up with the selling produce including planting, harvesting irrigation, storing fertilizing and also waste management

78 2.2

Analysis conclusions and defining the point of departure.

The Island of Lindau is currently facing a new changes and challenges, due to the discussions about the placing the train station outside the island. Therefore around 28% of the island total area are left for any kind of development (See map right up) Fig. the brown part of the island shows the new area that we get for the development, while the in the chart below the percentages of the buildings footprints in compare to the other facilities like the harbour, parking , streets and infrastructure.

Figure 49: Lindau Main Layout- showing the new proposed land 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

Streets & Infrastructure Harbour

rk in

g F a

cil

rb o

ur Ha

ct st ru

t A re

In fra

pr in ot

P a Tr ai

n &

iB es

Train & Parking FaciliBes

re e

in gs Bu ild

Furthermore, Another factor that has a big impact is that the large amounts of leftovers food discarded by restaurants and households are hardly being recycled. The raw waste discarded by supermarkets, department stores, eating establishments, hotels, and other facilities, but the recycling ratio does not even reach 1%. If this raw waste was turned into livestock feed and fodder imports thereby cut back, it would have the effect of increasing the self-sufficiency rate.

Buildings footprint Areas

The rapid shift in Western-style eating habits has had a major impact on the decline in the self-sufficiency rate. Consumption of such foods as meat for which the self-sufficiency rate is low has increased considerably. My proposal also trying to reach the balance between the eating habits and the sufficiency, for example, eating fish for protein instead of meat, or let’s say eating meat once a week is enough.

My proposal, and as a point of departure, target of rising the food self- sufficing rate that is the ration consumed daily by the Lindauers locals that is supplied b domestic production to reach 100% by 2030. The goal is based on the idea of food security, by which the island should endeabor to ensure the minimum necessary supply of food in case of poor harvests at home or abroad caused by such factors as climate change or global warming. Lindau will be the first island to set a numerical target for food self- sufficiency.

Figure 50: Lindau land uses percentages

Key Figures Total Area (Lindau Island)

Value Unit 0.68 km²

Buildings footprint Areas Streets & Infrastructure Harbour Train & Parking Facilities

0.3 0.055 0.075 0.25

Population denisty

km² km² km² km²

2941 P/km2

Assumed No. of Inhabitants 2000 inhabitants Land size-‐ for Self S. 0.004 km² Land Size Needed for supply food No. Of Families

1000 Person

Land Size Needed for supply food

Key Figures Total requirment Area needed for Supply Food Total requirment Area needed for Power Total requirment Area needed for Solar Thermal Hot Water

Unit km2 km2 km2

Sum (Food + Energy)

km2

Percentage of the exisiting island-‐ Lindau-‐

Value

8.1 4.05

4.05 0.022413557 0.0017

Unit m2 m2 m2

Value 4050000 22413.5575 1700

4.074113557

4074113.56

5.991343467

Figure 51: Lindau food Production calculations .

To Sum up, to achieve a self-sufficiency food production, the table shows the calculations for the needed area to feed the inhabitants. Estimating that the number of families living in the island around 1000 families therefore the land size needed to feed those family -according to the strategy of 1 acre per family- is around 4.05 kilometres square. Although the total required area needed to feed the inhabitants is 4.05 km2, the total required area of the power has an average of .02 km2 which means each person of the island has 11 m2 of photovoltaic for

power supply. Unfortunately we have got only limited size land on the island, and its not enough to use it as a food production land. A new proposals and ideas I will show for the next chapter in order to integrate such an agriculture land with the built environment. In addition to, offering new residential houses for the future of the built environment and side-by-side to the existing old town.

According to the last statistics and calculations, we need an area of 4 km2 to planet crops, vegetable and grazing sheep and animals in order to feed 3000 people on the island. Which means, I need six times the size of the vacant lands on the island to feed this numbers!

Figure 52: Lindau food Production calculations a six time land size needed for food production sufficiency

IV.

Contents Chapter

Paths to a Fossil CO2 Free, Lindau

3.2

A Framework for the Future Development of the Island

Paths to a Fossil CO2 Free, Lindau

(Final Term) 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.2.6 3.2.7

Regional Strategy A carbon-neutral self-sufficient offshore Farming Floating Platform F.F.P The new Glass House of Lindau Sustainable Housing and infrastructure development Sustainable Mobility Control Master Layout / Perspectives Modelling

3.0

Chapter 3: Urban Design strategies 3.1 Regional Framework of the Future of Lindau (Midterm) 3.1.1

Urban Analysis and Strategies of Lindau Region.

Analysis of the three different zones around the island, it shows the relationship between the solid and void ratio. The first transect (A) - the old town - is more dense, all the buildings and street are narrow. Furthermore, the left side bar (+/-) presents the density of the transect between the different zones. While with the second transect (B) - the main land is less dense and the overall more towards suburbanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s look like, the structure is not quit defined, and only contains a single-family houses.

B A C

Figure 53: Lindau different transect section

85 Public property Vs. Private property The Third transect (C), -Rutein- the industrial part of Lindau, it also shows the lack of connectivity with the waterfront area. However, it is the main commercial zone of the district, an obvious lack of connection to the waterside access. Figure (54) shows the buildings that are only got the benefit of being exposed to the waterfront area. While the building behind this raw has a visual and physical barriers to access

Figure 54: Solid Voids ratio, connectivity with the waterfront

the waterfront. Figure (54) the green part is the main pedestrian corridors, presented in a different color to differentiate- visually - between the different types of corridors. Figure (55) the opposite of Figure (54), is showing the open public spaces that got the benefits of being close to the waterfront, some of these areas area developed in a ways to attract more tourists and local and others loses the public concerns. The last figure (55â&#x20AC;&#x2122;) demonstrates, integrating the public layer connectivity with its urban existing fabric.

Figure 55: Water front vs public activities

SWAT Analysis - Lindau Current Situation and opportunities: Selected places that are potentially have visual connections to the waterfront. Furthermore, the areas â&#x20AC;&#x201C;brown colour - between these places are a potential for new future intervention. Figure 56: SWAT Analysis

SWAT Analysis - Lindau Current Situation and opportunities: Barriers - Possible Parking places - Not good Accessible. Figure 57: SWAT Analysis

88 SWAT Analysis - Lindau Current Situation And opportunities: Proposed locations for the new train station, Location no.1 in Reutin which was the location of an old train station, its also a possible location in the mainland while the passengers can have an accessible connection to the waterfront. Location no.2 is also possible for enhancing the idea of accessing the island on you own feet, while the passenger can feel the beauty of the lake and at the same time, having the opportunity ti explore the island from the first point. No.3 infront of the Harbour, where is the best location on the island. Figure 58: Train station locators

89 Two proposals are located over the old train tracks, where basically the first one, is replacing the whole spine as a green infrastructure, food production and parks, while, the train stop is behind the island entrance. Option two, has more urban development wise, where I extend the main existing streets east -west, A green belt located all around the island, providing a new lung to the island. A Proposed sections through the train bridge, while the sketch down represents a proposal with mixed layers of public park and accessibility for one car route. Figure 59: Train tracks redevelopments

3.1.1

Urban Strategies of the Region

In Response to the theories that I did explained in the first and second chapter, and the analysis of the region of Lindau, reducing human impact on the island is my aim, therefore 4 km2 of food production lands are needed to feed 3000 inhabitant in Lindau, Thus, I proposed two different strategies in order to full fill this aim:

Strategy 1: In this proposal, sustainable changes will not solely rely on a change in individual behaviour, but as a regional vision. That means I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t plant the main island and make it sufficient only out of this land. The other surrounding agricultural land will participate on the food production strategy as well. Within a cycling distanced, I will reuse the existing vacant land in order to produce vegetables and crops to feed the society. This proposal will cover around 80% of the required amount of food for the island, which is quite high percentage in my opinion. Without any kind of transportations or fossil fuels, an average of 80% of the food is growing around the island. But also actively surrounded lands that the inhabitant can walk through their farms and being familiar with the harvesting process. Figure 60: Stratgy 1

91 Strategy 2 : Standing outside the island, in order to avoid destroying the nature. Floating food production farms are extensions concerning on focusing outside the island. Making such a floating farm is a possible way to extend the existing land of Lindau and without any restrictions. Cutting the fossil fuel based on the transportation, and planting crops and vegetables outside the island is a possible way for the future of Lindau. In this proposal, I am trying to keep the built environment in the middle of the island as it is and adding more building - if needed- and the floating island and farms are extended in all directions to float in the lake of constant. One of the advantages of this proposal is that the island can expand in anytime whenever they need more space for food production. Figure 61: Stratgy 2

92 Strategy 1 : Lindau Region as a food production zone Lindau Region as a food production zone Focusing outside the island and creating new system of network that connects farms and crop lands together. In this proposal I calculated how many agricultural lands do I need to feed Lindau society? According to this results, I replaced all over surrounding gardens at the region in order to plant and grow food production instead of just being private gardens. Most of the selected lands are basically for going crops, fruits and vegetables so, Thus the local people can use this network also as a public access and enjoy being in touch with this proposes. On the other hand all this lands are connected in all different scales, a new system of electrical tram is invented in between. Furthermore, the food chain needs selling outlets, a place that the locals can buy their food from. So, I created different connections not only between those land, but also connected finally with the island and also establishing a new public structure that has social activities and food markets as well. A new public tram way is going to connect the surrounding local villages and cities like Bregenz and Friedrichshafen with the island so I showed two different alternatives inside the island. This also covering more than 80% of the food needed for feeding the 3000 inhabitants living in the island.

Figure 63: Visualisation presents public life of the corridors in between the farms Source: (Zukunft findet Stadt, 7/17/2012)

Figure 64: Proposed network of Agricultural lands

94 Strategy 1 : The Crystal Palace of Lindau In order to complete the sequence of food production, I need to offer a market for the outcome products. I proposed a new modern glass house for Lindau, which is basically a new active space for locals and tourists. The building is an attempt to create such a structure with glass roof fully covered with photovoltaic system and inside are different facilities and activities (See the Diagrams). The new building could also be possible to use part of it for food production as a way of integration between the built environment and the modern new development in the island. It is a special moment when the food arrives to the island, I want to create and celebrate this moment. I believe that the island needs a special new character, not only concerning into the architecture but also concerning with the new infrastructure that fulfills the inhabitantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

Figure 65: Visualisation Sketch of the proposed glasshouse in Lindau

The building demonstrates the process, the environmental design methods and criteria, it proposes a sophisticated environmental design strategy by which I intended to achieve optimal lighting conditions for the display of 2,000 exhibits and to maintain adequate indoor temperature and sufficient levels of ventilation inside a building occupied by up to 30,000 visitors at any time. The building also is working as an exhibition in which connected with the surrounded building such as the main train station, which I will replace it with a museum, Lindau Museum. The Green glass building examined how production and consumption could change in the future in five different sectors â&#x20AC;&#x201C; social, food production, cultural, educational and research center.

Figure 67: Collecting the food form the surrounding region

Figure 66: Sketch Diagrams of inside activities- Glasshouse

Figure 68: Sketch of the interior space - Glasshouse

Figure 70: Different Alternatives of the new electrical tram in the island

100

Figure 69: Lindau Master Plan - Strategy 1

300

500

98 Strategy 2 Explanations Floating farms, the concept is based on simple wooden floating structure that is built temporary whenever needed. I got the inspiration from the existing boats docks that are spreading all around the island. Then I decided, what if we decide to reuse this structure by adding another effective functions, (see the sketches. Each element of this docks can be vegetated by around 200 m2 of crops if we cover it from the water side, above it is the soil layers or we can plant it hydroponically. Fixing floating structures are very easy and has two advantages, the first advantage is that it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need special difficult ways of irrigations, because the water is everywhere around and easy to handle. The second advantage the simplicity of the structure allows it to move in and out, right and left to allow penetrating the sun on the deep water, in order to keep them live on a deep level.

Figure 71: Floating Garden Structure

Figure 72: Boats/Ships Docks

Figure 73 : Lindau Master Layout - Strategy 2