UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT – CIVE1706 PROFESSOR BARRY CLARKE
FEASIBILITY REPORT A STUDY OF THE DIFFERENT OPTIONS
TEAM CLARKE MOHAMED MAHMOOD, BARROW TOURAY-SAWO, ETIENNE ALLEMAND HARRY BETTS, JOSHUA HOLLAND, EMMANOUIL PAPADANTONAKIS 8TH OF DECEMBER, 2010
Prof. Barry G. Clarke
Feasibility Report
1.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the modern world ease of transportation became one of the most important aspects in each and every person's life, and hence the need for bridges, tunnels and flyovers rose in order to cross things such as rivers and mountains. The design project that we are working on has the aim of designing a crossing that has the ability to cross a 250 meter wide river. The challenge in it is to make it as cost effective as possible, but yet it must be appealing to the eye, and also fit for purpose. This brings us back to the three main components of good design set by Vitruvius more than 2000 years ago. Extensive research took place in order to define the available options that can be used, and some of the options have been omitted before the analysis stage as they did not meet the client's main requirements. Hence, an array of options has been studied, analyzed, and then a final option chosen that is most fit to purpose. After the detailed study of the different option and arch bridge has been chosen as the preferred option as it had the ability to meet most of the criteria set by the client, and the group. We believe that this option is the most desirable option as the arch bridge has the ability to transfer heavy load, can be very architecturally appealing, and is cost effective, hence following the three main concepts of good design.
1.2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to our tutor, Professor Barry G. Clarke for all the support and guidance that he gave us throughout the process of making this report. In addition we would like to thank all of the people who contributed in one way or another to the making of this report. A special thanks goes to the University of Leeds for giving us the opportunity of producing this report, which is the corner stone on which most of our reports will be based on in the near future.
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1.3 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.1
Executive Summary
i
1.2
Acknowledgments
i
1.3
Table of Contents
ii
1.4
List of Figures and Tables
iii
2
0
Body
2.1
1
Introduction
2.1.1
Aim
1
2.1.2
Objective
1
2.2
Specifications
1
2.3
Available Options
1
2.3.1
Bridges
2
2.3.1.1
Cable Stayed Bridge
2
2.3.1.2
Suspension Bridge
2
2.3.1.3
Arch Bridge
3
2.3.1.4
Beam Bridge
4
2.3.1.5
Truss Bridge
4
2.3.2 2.4
Tunnel
4 5
Criteria
2.4.1
Client Specification
5
2.4.2
Health and safety
6
2.4.3
Cost
6
2.4.4
Construction
6
2.4.5
Environment and Sustainability
6
2.4.6
Materials
7
2.4.7
Building Services
7
2.4.8
Aesthetics
7
2.4.9
Rules and Regulations
8
2.5
Weight of the Criteria
8
2.6
Analysis
9
2.6.1
Criteria Analysing
9
2.6.2
Preferred Solution
10
2.7 3
10
Preferred Option
11
Appendices and References
3.1
Appendices
11
3.2
References
15
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1.4 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Figure one: Non symmetrical harp cable stayed bridge, Page 2 Figure two: Suspension bridge, Page 3 Figure three: Arch bridge, Page 3 Figure four: Camel back multi-span truss bridge, Page 4 Figure five: Twin tunnel, Page 5 Table one: Client Specification analysis, Page 9 Table two: Health and safety analysis, Page 9 Table three: Cost analysis, Page 9 Table four: Construction analysis, Page 9 Table five: Environment and sustainability analysis, Page 9 Table six: Materials analysis, Page 10 Table seven: Building services analysis, Page 10 Table eight: Aesthetics analysis, Page 10 Table nine: Rules and regulations analysis, Page 10 Table ten: Total analysis, Page 10
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2.1 INTRODUCTION Different options need to be considered when designing a structure. The different options are then studied, evaluated and assessed based on an extensive set of criteria. At the end of the analysis of the different available options, a final preferred option is chosen that is going to satisfy all the criteria mentioned. We have been asked to study the different available options for a crossing or a two hundred and fifty meter wide river in the North East of the England. The crossing is to be architecturally and structurally sound, and it must meet certain criteria set by the client and by the group. Hence we have come up with an aim and an objective to follow during this process. Our aim and objective are as follows: 2.1.1 AIM: To design a structure that has the ability to cross a 250 meter wide river located in the North East of England. 2.1.2 OBJECTIVE: The crossing must be cost effective, make a statement, capable to handle heavy traffic and to be completed within four years. 2.2 SPECIFICATIONS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
A mode of crossing a 250m wide river. The crossing must connect 2 double lane A-roads. The crossing must become operational by November 2014. The crossing must be functional (i.e. must enable the traffic of the two A-roads, plus pedestrians and cyclists to cross the river) The crossing must be cost effective. The crossing must make a statement. (must be either aesthetically innovative or structurally impressive) The crossing must obey the National Highway Regulations. The crossing must facilitate all waterway traffic that uses the river. (including 10.5m clearance in the case of a bridge) The crossing must be accessible for building services and maintenance. The crossing must be able to withstand weathering from the river and the climate and conditions of the North East of England. 2.3 AVAILABLE OPTIONS
Using several ways we can achieve that aim of crossing a 250 meter wide river. This part of the report will be focused on the different available types of crossings that can be used in order to maximize the objectives that we have got. Each type of crossing, i.e. Truss Bridge, will be discussed, and its features, advantages and disadvantages will be shown. This method makes it easier to compare between the different types of crossings that we have, hence making it easier to reach to a decision.
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2.3.1 BRIDGES 2.3.1.1 CABLE STAYED BRIDGE: One of the most attractive types of bridges is the cable stayed bridge. The main structural elements of the cable stayed bridge are the pylon, stays and the deck. The Deck is the part of the bridge that the traffic passes over. The deck is usually made of concrete or steel and in some special cases composite materials. The deck of the bridge should me stiff enough in order to resist the lateral loading from the wind, and that is the reason why concrete or steel is usually used. The deck of a cable stayed bridge is divided into sections, where each section is supported by a stay connected to the main pylon. The Stays of the bridge are the connections between the deck and the pylon. The stays are usually made of steel, as it is flexible enough to not fail when load is applied to it. The pylon is considered to be the main structural element of the whole bridge, since it is the element that is going to carry the whole weight of the bridge, and live load. The pylon is usually made using reinforced concrete. Most of the iconic bridges in the world are cable stayed bridges. This is due to their flexibility and ability to carry heavy live load. In addition, the cable stayed bridge can be very economical while constructing, as it only needs to be supported by one pylon, and there is no need for temporary supports in order to support the deck. The sleek designs of the cable stayed bridge made it one of the most popular bridge types in the world.
Figure 1: Non Symetrical Harp Cable Stayed Bridge
2.3.1.2 SUSPENSION BRIDGE: Known for its ability to withstand large spans, the suspension bridge has been used over the years as a means of crossing the widest rivers. The suspension bridge mainly consists of several structural elements; the towers, the main suspension cables, the suspender cables, and the deck of the bridge. It is important that the suspension bridge has two towers, as to support the main suspension cables that are going to carry the weight of the bridge and the live traffic. The main suspension cables are then connected to heavy counter weights fixed in the ground on both sides of the river. When the previous part is achieved, the suspender cables can be fixed and hence the sections of the deck. The Suspension bridge is known to be very flexible, and this is very important so that in case of earthquakes the structure will not fail.
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Construction wise, it is pretty expensive to construct a suspension bridge as there are two main towers and several counter weights that hold the bridge together. In addition, the construction of the bridge involves some temporary structures that need to be erected in order to facilitate the fixing of the main deck to the suspender cables. Due to its high construction cost, the suspension bridge is usually used in large scale projects only, but yet it remains as one of the most iconic bridges in the world.
Figure 2: Suspension Bridge
2.3.1.4 ARCH BRIDGE: Since developed by the Romans, the arch has been known to be a self sustainable structure; this means that the arch is not affected by the other members that are on top of it. The main structural elements of the arch are the arch itself, and the counter weights on both sides of the arch. The two counter weights that are on the sides of the arch are the main structural element as they avoid the arch from collapsing. Due to that reason, arch bridges are usually located in rocky areas, as they heavy rock can act as the counter weight behind the bridge, and prevent the structure from collapsing. The arch in the arch bridge can be either on above the deck level, or bellow the deck level. In case if the arch is above, the arch will act as similar to a suspension bridge, as cables will have to be suspended from the arch in order to support the main deck. If the arch is below the deck level, the deck of the bridge will be supported by the arch itself. The arch bridge can be very economical in during construction, as there is minimal amount of materials use, and this also can contribute to it being not as expensive as the cable stayed bridge and the suspension bridge
Figure 3: Arch Bridge
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Feasibility Report
2.3.1.5 BEAM BRIDGE: Known to be the most cost effective, and the easiest to construct, the beam bridge is one of the widely used structures, especially in flyovers and short crossings. The beam bridge mainly depends on two structural elements, the beam that supports the deck, and the columns that support the beams. The beam bridge is usually used for short spans, as if the span increases, there will be a need for more columns in order to support the longer spanning beams and prevent the bending moments. Due to its simple design, the beam bridge is also very easy to maintain – if designed correctly. It is not necessarily one of the most iconic bridges, but definitely one of the vastly used bridge types. 2.3.1.6 TRUSS BRIDGE: Depending on the simple truss as the main structural element, the truss bridge is one of the most commonly used in the rail bridges. The truss structure enables this kind of bridges to have a fairly large span. In addition, the truss bridge has a capability to bear heavy loading as it is mainly made out of steel. The truss bridge can be very efficient in construction, as the members can be prefabricated and then assembled on site. This reduces the time constrains and the amount of labour used while constructing the structure. The truss structure can be positioned either above the deck, bellow the deck, or if necessary, on both sides. The reason why this type of bridges in not usually used in large spanning bridges is that it does not have a very appealing look, and so other options that are more aesthetically pleasing are used, such as the cable stayed bridge, the suspension bridge, and the arch bridge.
Figure 4: Camel-Back Multi-Span Truss Bridge
2.3.2 TUNNEL A tunnel is a passage way that is completely covered, and is usually open at both ends in order to allow traffic to pass. The construction of a tunnel is a very long process, as it has several stages that start at the ground properties and end by the final construction of the tunnel. Sine tunnels need a fairly big time scale they are usually avoided, and hence we find fairly a small amount of tunnels around the world. When compared to bridges, tunnels are usually more costly as well, as their construction process takes more time, and more materials are needed in order to support the structure of the tunnel. There are several manners that can be used to construct tunnels, but for under water tunnels boring machines are usually used. A boring machine is a machine that excavates the ground in order to provide the space available for the tunnel to be constructed.
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The boring machine is one of the fastest ways that can be used in order to complete a tunnel. It is also cost effective as less labour will be needed in the excavating process. Even though tunnels are a very good way to provide crossings fro rivers, they can be very high maintenance, as said by Professor Barry G. Clarke in the annual geotechnical meeting held in the University of Leeds, "many tunnels have failed to fulfil their jobs" 1. Many tunnels leak from above, hence causing the tunnel to be shut down for maintenance which adds to the costs.
Figure 5: Twin Tunnels
2.4 CRITERIA
In this section the criteria that are used to determine the type of crossing and design of crossing are going to be discussed. The main criteria that are going to be used are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Client specification Health and Safety Cost Construction Environment and Sustainability Materials Building services Aesthetics Rules and Regulations
The above criteria are going to be discussed and elaborated in the following pages in order to reach to a final decision. 2.4.1 CLIENT SPECIFICATIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
A mode of crossing a 250m wide river. The crossing must connect 2 double lane A-roads. The crossing must become operational by November 2014. The crossing must be functional (i.e. must enable the traffic of the two A-roads, plus pedestrians and cyclists to cross the river) The crossing must be cost effective. The crossing must make a statement. (must be either aesthetically innovative or structurally impressive) The crossing must obey the National Highway Regulations. The crossing must facilitate all waterway traffic that uses the river. (including 10.5m clearance in the case of a bridge) The crossing must be accessible for building services and maintenance. The crossing must be able to withstand weathering from the river and the climate and conditions of the North East of England. 5
Prof. Barry G. Clarke
Feasibility Report
2.4.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY: 1. Working with hazardous machinery. While on construction site heavy machinery such as bridge cranes, mixers and grinders are used, and in order to avoid any sort of delay in the project, and avoid injuries and deaths on site, working with such heavy machinery must be done with high care. 2. Amount of waste left behind. The amount of waste that is being deposited can vary depending on the type of construction and amount of materials used, and it is very important to minimize this, and make sure that the recyclable waste is being recycled appropriately. 3. Working in water. Working in water can be very dangerous, especially if there are high currents, this can cause injuries to the workers and hence delay the project. It is important to try and minimize working in water as to avoid any unwanted delays and injuries 4. Working with chemicals and radioactive materials. Working with such materials must be done with absolute care, as they can cause long term injuries, and affect the functionality of the workers. Working with such materials must be avoided, especially on construction site. 2.4.3 COST: 1. Cost of material. Materials are one of the most important components for a structure. It is the building block of a structure. High quality material produces high quality product. 2. Cost of labour. To ensure that our structure stands in place we need to invest in labour ranging from various skills, to minimize errors and deliver an outstanding structure. 3. Cost of plant and equipment. Machinery plays a crucial role in lifting heavy materials such as precast concrete and heavy steel members. 4. Cost of Services. This ensures visibility at night or during bad weather conditions, such as fog. 5. Maintenance cost. It is important to oversee that the bridge is safe in terms of carrying vehicles and pedestrian loading. This involves testing reinforced concrete, and painting steel structures amongst other things. 6. Health and Safety costs. The project needs to comply with the health and safety at work (HASWA) act 1974.Employers’ liability act 1969 require employers to take out compulsory insurance against accidents and ill health to employees. 2.4.4 CONSTRUCTION: 1. Soil conditions. Soil conditions need to be studied while designing the crossing. It determines not only how the foundations will be built, but it will also facilitate the passage of ships and cargo. 2. Maximum load capability. The ability of the structure to withstand the load that it is going to face is very important as to avoid failure of the structure. The Load of live traffic including pedestrians and cyclists is to be included, and the stress applied due to weathering. 3. Weathering and drifting of soil. If there are strong currents in the area, the soil around the foundations can drift causing the foundations to move and hence making the structure unstable and prone to failure. 4. Material pallet. The choice of materials is very important as to provide a long term satisfaction for both the client and the users. 5. Services. It is important to consider the services that the structure will need such as ventilation and lighting while construction as to make preparations for such services. 2.4.5 Environment and Sustainability: 1. Water, ground and air pollution. It is very important to consider the amount of air, soil and water pollution that is caused by the structure as to keep the carbon foot print small.
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2. Handling of dangerous materials. The amount of dangerous materials needed and how they would be transported/ disposed of – dangerous materials need to be disposed of correctly and safely otherwise they can cause massive harm to the environment 3. Handling of chemicals. The amount of chemical products used and the effect they have on the environment must be kept to a minimum in order to avoid hazardous pollution to the soil, water and wild life. 4. Disturbance of the structure to wild life. The deprivation of land/habitats – some habitats may be destroyed by the structure, if this is the case wildlife will have to find new homes or even die out in the area. 5. Noise and eye pollution. The usage of an appealing architectural structure as to avoid negative opinion of the structure. The amount of noise created during construction and while in use can affect the surrounding wild life and the residents of the area. 6. Availability of materials. The availability of materials in the surrounding area will reduce the transportation and hence reducing the amount of pollution caused by the structure. 7. Renewability of materials. The amount of renewable materials used – the more the amount of renewable materials are used the more sustainable the structure will be 2.4.6 MATERIALS: 1. Cost of materials. The cost of materials is very important as to determine what material is used in the structure. Some materials such as steel can be much more expensive than other materials. 2. Density. The density of the materials plays a major role in the stiffness of the materials as to avoid unwanted vibrations and to get a safe structure. 3. Self weight. The self weight is very important especially in the case of a cable stayed bridge of a suspension bridge where the self weight must be kept at a minimum. 4. Sustainability. In is very important that the materials used are able to withstand their self weight and the weight of the live traffic and weathering in order to have a stable structure. 5. Durability. The long lasting of materials in important as to lower maintenance costs and avoid wear and tear of the materials used in the construction process. 6. Maintenance costs. The amount of maintenance that each of the materials need is going to directly affect the maintenance costs. It is important to avoid the usage of materials that need high maintenance. 2.4.7 BUILDING SERVICES:
1. Lighting. Lighting is very important to facilitate night vision and also in order to guide the users of the crossing in poor weather conditions. 2. Ventilation. It is important to ventilate the area in order to avoid fumes building in the area which might cause discomfort for the users. 3. Drainage. In case of flooding or heavy rain it is crucial to get rid of all of the excess water in order to avoid traffic jams. 4. Energy Supply. The only energy supply required would be electricity for lighting, and if needed ventilation. 5. Access for Maintenance. It is important to make the structure easy to maintain as for future maintenance works. 2.4.8 AESTHETICS: 1. Type of Architecture. The type of architecture used in order to design the structure is very important, as it is the main determinant of how the structure will look. 2. Lighting Used. Lighting is not only important for night vision, but it also can be used as a way of enhancing the look of the structure, and adding an effect to the structure as a whole. 7
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3. Cladding of the structure. It is very important to consider the cladding of the structure as it protects the structure and hugely affects how it is going to look. 4. Scale of the structure. The scale of the structure when compared to the surrounding structure is very important as for it to fit in with in the context of the area. 2.4.9 RULES AND REGULATIONS: 1. Speed limits. The speed limits directly affect the amount of stress applied on the structure. It also is important from a safety point of view. 2. Width of road. The width of the directly affects the needed width for the structure, hence the amount of materials and finally the price. 3. Width of pedestrian pavements. This part also affects the width of the final structure and hence affecting the price and amount of materials used. 4. Highway signs. The amount of highway signs needed in order to inform the users of the structure are important as they affect the safety of the users, and makes the structure more users friendly. 2.5 WEIGHT OF CRITERIA
In this section the weight of each of the criteria discussed in the previous pages will be discussed. The criteria will be ranked according to importance, relevance, and based upon the weight of the criteria, they will be multiplies so that they compromise of a greater value in the options analysis. It is very important to weight the criteria so that a more precise options analysis will be achieved and hence a better preferred option. Listed below, the criteria, their weight, and the reason for each criteria having being weighed that way. 1. Client Specification: It is very important to meet the client requirements, as without these requirements the project will not exist. Based upon that the client's specifications will be multiplied by a factor of nine (X9) in order to emphasis their importance. 2. Cost: Being one of the most important determinants in the whole process, the cost of the whole project is very important. Having a reasonable cost will also achieve one of the most important client requirements, which is that the design should be cost effective. Hence, the components of the cost will be multiplied by a factor of eight (X8) in the options analysis. 3. Materials: The materials form the core structure of the design, and so, they are a very important determinant on which will hugely impact the final design. Since materials are very important, they will be multiplied by a factor of seven (X7) while analyzing the options. 4. Health and Safety: During the recent years, health and safety has emerged as one of the most important factors in the process of designing a structure. Failures in the health and safety department can cause major delays to the whole project, and hence not being able to deliver on time. For the mentions reason, it has been decided that the health and safety will be multiplied by a factor of six (X6). 5. Construction: The process of constructing a structure is very important. The way it is constructed, the type of labour used, determines the end product and its quality. This means that the construction criteria and its sub criteria will be multiplied by a factor of five (X5) in the options analysis. 6. Environment and Sustainability: Taking care of the environment and appropriate disposal of waste is very important as to reduce the amount of pollution and the carbon foot print. Especially in our days where global warming is one of the most pressing issues, therefore the environment and sustainability criteria will be multiplied by a factor of four (X4) while analysing the available options.
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7. Building services: It is important to facilitate the structure with the important services such as lighting and ventilation, thus the building services criteria will be multiplied by a factor or three (X3). 8. Rules and Regulations: It is crucial to follow the rules and regulations that are set out, as if not followed, can cause the whole project to be stopped or delayed, and hence having an unsatisfied client. The rules and regulations criteria will be multiplied by a factor of two (X2) in our options analysis. 9. Aesthetics: Even though aesthetics are very important as to give an impression, but the structure should be fit in order to operate, and so the aesthetics criteria and its sub criteria will be multiplied by a factor of one (X1) in the options analysis. Based on the above weights of the criteria, the options analysis will be made in a more precise manner, and hence a decision which is fit to the purpose that it is need for. 2.6 ANALYSIS This section is going to address both the criteria and the available options. In this section, all of the available options will be assessed based on the criteria mentioned earlier, and hence finally reach to a final preferred option for the crossing of the 250 meter wide river. It is crucial to carry out this study of all of the available options in order to be able to reach to a final decision that is fit for purpose. The scale that will be used in order to assess the different types of crossings will be a scale from one to hundred (1-100), where one is the least and a hundred is the is most. 2.6.1 CRITERIA ANALYSING: 1. Client Specification:
Total
C-S 69%
Suspension 66%
Arch 85%
Beam 87%
Truss 79%
Tunnel 67%
Beam 81%
Truss 90%
Tunnel 68%
Beam 87%
Truss 86%
Tunnel 41%
Beam 73%
Truss 76%
Tunnel 52%
Beam 85%
Truss 87%
Tunnel 70%
Table 1: Client Specification Analysis
2. Health and Safety:
Total
C-S 76%
Suspension 71%
Arch 92%
Table 2: Health and Safety Analysis
3. Cost:
Total
C-S 61%
Suspension 57%
Arch 90%
Table 3: Cost Analysis
4. Construction:
Total
C-S 78%
Suspension 72%
Arch 87%
Table 4: Construction Analysis
5. Environment and Sustainability: C-S Suspension Total 81% 67%
Arch 90%
Table 5: Environment and Sustainability Analysis
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6. Materials: C-S 64%
Total
Suspension 63%
Arch 91%
Beam 90%
Truss 87%
Tunnel 68%
Beam 92%
Truss 91%
Tunnel 49%
Beam 74%
Truss 48%
Tunnel 77%
Beam 100%
Truss 100%
Tunnel 73%
Truss Bridge 84%
Tunnel
Table 6: Materials Analysis
7. Building Services: C-S 73%
Total
Suspension 74%
Arch 96%
Table 7: Building Services Analysis
8. Aesthetics:
Total
C-S 87%
Suspension 83%
Arch 89%
Table 8: Aesthetics Analysis
9. Rules and Regulations:
Total
C-S 89%
Suspension 89%
Arch 100%
Table 9: Rules and Regulations Analysis
2.6.2 PREFERRED SOLUTION: C-S Bridge Total
72%
Suspension Bridge 67%
Arch Bridge 90%
Beam Bridge 86%
61%
Table 10: Total Analysis
Based on the study that we have run, the different types of crossings have been assessed, and the results are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Arch Bridge Beam Bridge Truss Bridge Cable Stayed Bridge Suspension Bridge Tunnel
Hence, since the arch bridge earned the first place in the options analysis, the preferred method of crossing is going to be an arch bridge. The arch bridge suits the purpose best as it is cost effective, functional, and architectural elements can be incorporated within the design.
2.7 PREFERRED OPTION: As obtained from the options analysis, the preferred solution is an arch bridge. An arch bridge has is known for its ability to withstand heavy traffic conditions, in addition it is easy to incorporate different architectural elements in the design of the bridge. The arch bridge is the option nominated for the final design process as it has the ability to meet most of the criteria listed by the client and the criteria set out by the group.
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3 APPENDICES AND REFERENCES 3.1 APPENDICES: 10. Client Specification: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
250 Meters
85
56
93
93
92
72
Connect two Aroads
90
90
90
90
90
75
Completed by Nov 2014
70
70
85
90
85
75
Functionality
55
55
90
90
85
75
Cost effective
52
47
65
95
70
40
Meet rules & regulations
100
100
100
100
100
100
Must facilitate river traffic
80
95
80
50
50
100
Accessibility for maintenance
43
42
70
93
50
20
Erosion
43
40
90
80
86
50
69%
66%
85%
87%
79%
67%
Table 11: Client Specification Analysis
11. Health and Safety:
Working with hazardous machinery Waste left behind Working in water Working with chemicals and radioactive materials
Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
56
59
93
94
86
42
79
32
89
77
93
30
70
93
85
53
81
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
76%
71%
92%
81%
90%
68%
Table 12: Health and Safety Analysis
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12. Cost: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
Cost of materials
42
36
90
91
88
27
Cost of labour
53
40
87
80
82
35
Cost of equipment
70
67
91
90
90
32
Cost of services
80
77
90
90
90
42
Maintenance cost
43
42
90
82
76
35
Health and safety costs
79
77
93
90
91
72
61%
57%
90%
87%
86%
41%
Table 13: Cost Analysis
13. Construction: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
Soil conditions
51
50
70
90
86
47
Maximum load capability
87
72
82
92
86
92
Weathering and soil drifting
77
73
90
50
61
45
Material pallet
90
90
97
43
54
32
Services
79
76
94
90
91
45
78%
72%
87%
73%
76%
52%
Table 14: Construction Analysis
14. Environment and Sustainability: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
Pollution
60
59
93
91
89
57
Dangerous materials
100
100
100
100
100
96
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Handling of chemicals
100
100
100
100
100
100
Disturbance to wild life
78
83
90
67
89
43
Noise and eye pollution
93
90
67
70
53
70
Availability of materials
52
48
90
96
87
53
Renewability of materials
87
87
89
71
92
73
81%
67%
90%
85%
87%
70%
Table 15: Environment and Sustainability Analysis
15. Materials: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
Cost of materials
42
36
90
91
88
27
Density
69
67
93
91
86
91
Self weight
67
70
91
89
88
88
Sustainability
100
100
100
100
100
100
Durability
66
64
86
91
87
71
Maintenance costs
43
42
90
82
76
35
64%
63%
91%
90%
87%
68%
Table 16: Materials Analysis
16. Building Services: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
Lighting
67
63
99
99
99
53
Ventilation
100
100
100
100
100
59
Drainage
78
76
92
89
69
42
Energy supply
69
67
98
97
97
46
13
Prof. Barry G. Clarke
Access for maintenance
Feasibility Report
52
64
90
73
89
44
73%
74%
96%
92%
91%
49%
Table 17: Building Services Analysis
17. Aesthetics: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
Type of architecture
92
91
89
60
42
60
Lighting used
97
93
85
53
50
56
Cladding
90
92
92
92
53
91
Scale of the structure
71
56
91
92
46
100
87%
83%
89%
74%
48%
77%
Table 18: Aesthetics Analysis
18. Rules and Regulations: Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
Speed limits
100
100
100
100
100
100
Width of road
83
81
100
100
100
73
pedestrian & cyclist pavements
71
73
100
100
100
51
Highway signs
100
100
100
100
100
63
89%
89%
100%
100%
100%
73%
Table 19: Rules and Regulations Analysis
2.6.2 PREFERRED SOLUTION:
Client Specification (X9)
Cable stayed Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Arch Bridge
Beam Bridge
Truss Bridge
Tunnel
621
594
765
783
711
603
14
Prof. Barry G. Clarke
Feasibility Report
Health and Safety (X6)
456
426
552
486
540
408
Cost (X8)
488
456
720
696
688
328
Construction (X5)
390
360
435
365
380
260
Environments and Sustainability (X4)
324
268
360
340
348
280
Materials (X7)
448
441
637
630
609
476
Building Services (X3)
219
222
288
276
273
147
Aesthetics (X1)
87
83
89
74
48
77
Rules and Regulations (X2)
178
179
200
200
200
146
72%
67%
90%
86%
84%
61%
3.2 REFERENCES: 1. Bennett, David (1997). The Architecture of Bridge Design. London: Thomas Telford Ltd. p1200. 2. Klein, Jean-Francoise: Walther, Rene (1999). Cable-Stayed Bridges. 2nd ed. London: Thomas Telford Ltd. p1-320. 3. wikimedia Wekimedia, Available: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Cablestayed_bridge_pattern_german_1.png Last accessed: 16th October, 201 4. merriam-webster Available: http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/transportmachinery/road-transport/fixed-bridges/suspension-bridge.jpg Last accessed: 29/10/2010 5. merriam-webster Available: http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/transportmachinery/road-transport/fixed-bridges/arch-bridge.jpg Last accessed: 29/10/2010 6. Steel-bridges Available: http://www.steel-bridges.com/images/content/site_1/3b-bowstringmulti.gif Last accessed: 29/10/2010 7. Wikipedia Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel Last accessed: 31/10/2010 8. Wikipedia Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine Last accessed: 31/10/2010 9. Driving Instructor Training School – Train as a driving instructor. 2010. Driving Instructor Training School – Train as a driving instructor. [ONLINE] Available at: http. [Accessed 27/10/2010]. 10. Standards for Highways. 2010. Standards for Highways. [ONLINE] Available at: http. [Accessed 27/10/2010]. 11. . 2010. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.cehants.org/downloads/tunnel.png. [Accessed 31/10/2010]. 15
Prof. Barry G. Clarke
Feasibility Report
12. Department for Transport (DfT) UK. 2010. Department for Transport (DfT) UK. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.dft.gov.uk. [Accessed 27/10/2010]. 13. nameofbridge: Web Search Results from Answers.com. 2010. nameofbridge: Web Search Results from Answers.com. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.answers.com/topic/nameofbridge. [Accessed 1/11/ 2010]. 14. Answers.com - What are some environmental problems linked with bridges. 2010.Answers.com - What are some environmental problems linked with bridges. [ONLINE] Available at:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_environmental_problems_linked_with_bridges . [Accessed 1/11/ 2010]. 15. . 2010. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nrccnrc.gc.ca/obj/irc/doc/pubs/nrcc49675/nrcc49675.pdf. [Accessed 29/10/2010] 16. Highways Agency - Environmental impact and safety of highway tunnels. 2010.Highways Agency - Environmental impact and safety of highway tunnels. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.highways.gov.uk/knowledge_compendium/76D0DA7E014749B08B014ACD1 21652DA.aspx. [Accessed 29/10/2010]. 17. . 2010. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.itaaites.org/fileadmin/filemounts/ovion/doc/safety/prague/LAG.pdf. [Accessed 01/11/2010].
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