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‫ﮔﻔﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻡ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﮐﻪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﭘﯿﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۲۵‬ﭖﻡ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺴﺮﺵ ﺑﻪﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻩ ﻟﻘﺐ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﻪﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ »ﺧﺴﺮﻭ ﻧﯿﮏﺳﯿﺮﺕ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺻـﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺩﺍﯾﹶﺴﻨ‪‬ە ﺗﺎ ﺍﯾﻦﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﯾﺸﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﭘﺴﺮ ﻓـﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﯽ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﻣﺶ ﺭﺍ »ﮐﯿﺎﮐـﺴﺎﺭ« ﻧﻮﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺗﻠﻔـﻆ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ »ﮐﺎﻭﮮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ «‬ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﯾـﺎﺕ ﺷـﻔﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭﻟﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺵ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﺵ ﺧﺮﺩ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾـﺮﺍ ﺭﻭﺍﯾﺘﻬـﺎﯼ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺘﻨــﯽ ﺑــﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺷــﻔﺎﻫﯽ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓــﺮﺍﺩ ﺁﮔــﺎﻩِ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻤــﺎﺩ ﻣــﯽﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓـﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﻧــﺎﻡ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧــﺎﻡِ ﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳــﻨﺎﺩ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯼ ﺑــﻪﺁﻥ ﺗــﺼﺮﯾﺢ ﮔﺮﺩﯾــﺪﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷــﻬﺎﯼ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻤــﯽ ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭﻩﺍﺵ ﺁﻣــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠ ـﻢِ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻓﺘــﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺨﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻏــﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻫﻮﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺫﮐــﺮ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۲۵‬ﭖﻡ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﺎ ﻭﻗــﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﻄﺒﯿــﻖ ﻣــﯽﺩﻫــﺪ؛ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺪ ﺩﯾﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ۹۰ ‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﯾﺖِ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺍﯾـﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﻭ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺩﯾـﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ ﻭ ﺁﻏـﺎﺯ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻓـﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۷۵‬ﭖﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ­ﭘﺪﺭ ﻓﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ­ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾﮥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭِ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺇﺷﮑﻮﺩ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺗﺮﺩﯾﺪﯼ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﯾـﮏ ﺍﺷـﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﯾـﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺷﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺍﻓﮑﻨـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻓـﺮﻭﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻓـﺮﻭﺭﺗﯿﺶ‬ ‫)ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺧﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘە ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺍﻓﮑﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ( ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﻭ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾـﻦ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬

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‫ﺧﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘە ﻭ ﺭﻭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﺯ ﻗﻠﻢ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﯾﺎﮐﻮﻧﻮﻑ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﻭ ﻓﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﯼ ﺑﺪﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﮐﻨـﺪ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫــﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻧــﺎﻡ ﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺭﺍ ﺍﺷــﺘﺒﺎﻫﺎ ﻓ ـﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﻧﻮﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻟــﺐ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﺠــﺎ ﺑــﻪﯾــﺎﺩ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏـﺎﺯ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﯾـﻮﺵ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﻣـﺪﻋﯽ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﻣﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە‬ ‫ﻧﻬــﺎﺩﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ؛ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺑ ـﺪﻭﻥِ ﻫــﯿﭻ ﺩﻟﯿﻠــﯽ ﺗﺄﮐﯿــﺪ ﻣــﯽﮐﻨــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﮐــﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑــﻪﻧــﺎﻡ ﻓ ـﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧــﺪﺍﻥ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﯾﺎﺳﺖ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۷۰۰‬ﺗﺎ ‪ .(۶۷۸‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮥ ﻣﺮﮒ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﺮﮒ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺩﯾﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ ١.‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣـﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﭘـﺪﺭ ﺩﯾـﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ ﻧـﺎﻣﺶ ﻓـﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﯾﺤﺎﺀ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻫـﻢ ﺁﻣـﺪﻥ ﻧﺎﻣﻬـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻓﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﻭ ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮏ ﺷﺨﺺ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﯿﻘـﯽ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕـﺮﯼ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠـﺎ ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻓـﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺰﺍﺭﺵِ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ‪ ۲۲‬ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺫﮐـﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺑـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘـﺲ ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻦ ﺍﯾـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺷﺨﺼﯿﺖِ ﻣ‪‬ﺠ‪‬ﺰ‪‬ﺍﯼ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺨﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﭼﻨﺪﯼ ﭘـﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺪ ﺩﯾﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ ﺑﻪﺭﯾﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺘﺶ ﺟﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺩﺍﺩ؛ ﻭ ﺍﯾـﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﮑﺘﻮﺏِ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯼ ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺩﯾﺪﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺳﮑﹶەﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨـﺎﺭ ﺧـﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘە ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺭﻫﺎﺳـﺎﺯﯼ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺷـﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷﺎﻫـﺸﺎﻥ ­ﺍﹶﺳـﭙ‪‬ەﮐـﺎﯾﹶە­ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﮕﻬـﺎﯼ ﺳـﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ ۶۷۳‬ﮐﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻮﺵِ ﯾﺎﻓﺖﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳ‪‬ﮑﹶەﻫﺎ ﺩﯾﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻮﺍﺭﮐﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﺮﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺯﺍﻥ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﺯﯾــﺪﻩﺋــﯽ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﺮ ﺍﺳـﭙﺎﻥِ ﺑﺮﻫﻨــﻪ ﺳــﻮﺍﺭ ﻣــﯽﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺣــﺎﻝ ﺗﺎﺧــﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﭘﺸﺖ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﺗﯿﺮ ﻣﯽﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﺪﻑ ﻣﯽﺯﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﺮﮐﺖ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﭙﺎﻩ ﺧـﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺧﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘە ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﯿﺮﻭﺯﯾﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﻕﺁﺳﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺩﺭ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﮐﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻥ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﺯﯾـﺪﮤ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪﺩﺳـﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻣـﺪﯾﻮﻥ ﺷـﯿﻮﻩﻫـﺎﯼ ﻧـﻮﯾﻦِ ﺟﻨـﮓ ﻭ ﮔﺮﯾــﺰ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻠﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺷﯽﺋﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺳﮑﹶەﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﮑﺎﺭﭼﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫــﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﻣﻬﻤــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺧــﻮﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺳ‪ ‬ـﮑﹶەﻫــﺎ ﺍﺧﺘــﺼﺎﺹ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺇﺷــﮑﻮﺩ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔــﻮﻡﻣﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺎ ﻫــﻢ ﯾﮑــﯽ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷــﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺍﻓــﺴﺎﻧﻪﻫــﺎﺋﯽ ﺁﻣﯿﺨﺘــﻪ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤــﺎﻻﹰ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﮑەﻫــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ ﺷﻨﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﯽﻧﻮﯾﺴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺪﺗﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺁﺳﯿﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥﺭﻭﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﺳ‪‬ﮑﹶەﻫﺎ‪ /‬ﺇﺷﮑﻮﺩ‪‬ﻫﺎ( ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ ﮐـﻪ ‪۲۸‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺍﻓﺰﺍﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳـﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺷـﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻧـﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ‬

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‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﯽﻧﻮﯾﺴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﺮﺁﻥ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﻧﺨـﻮﺍﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﭘــﺪﺭﺵ ﺑــﺎ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻨــﮓ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣــﺎﻟﯽﮐــﻪ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨــﮓ ﺷﮑــﺴﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻧﯿﻨــﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﺘﺨﺖ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﮥ ﺍﺳﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺑﺮﻭ ﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺭﺍﻫـﯽ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ ﭘﯿﻤـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻗﻔﻘـﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺑﻨـﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺧـﺎﮎ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨـﮓ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺳـﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍﻫـﯽ ﻣـﺼﺮ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﯽ‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﻣﺎﺩ‪.۲۵۴ :‬‬

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‫ﺑﻪﺧﺎﮎ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﻣـﯽﺩﺍﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬


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‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪﺍﯾﺎ ﺑﻪﭘﯿـﺸﻮﺍﺯﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﯿـﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻣـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺑـﻪﻣـﺼﺮ ﺧـﻮﺩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﺑﻪﺷﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﭘﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ‪ ۲۸‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺳﺮﻭﺭﺍﻥِ ﺁﺳﯿﺎ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺟﺎﻫـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﯾﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﮐﺸﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻤﺘﻠﮑﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺗﻮﻃﺌﻪﺋـﯽ‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺍﺳـﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﯿﻬﻤـﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻮﺷـﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻣـﺴﺖ ﮐـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﻪﺷـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻞﻋﺎﻡ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﻭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﯾ ـﺖِ ﻫــﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻫﺮﭼﻨــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪﺍﻓــﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﻣــﯽﻣﺎﻧ‪‬ــﺪ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﻣــﺎ ﻧﻤــﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐــﻪ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺩﯾــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻨﮕﺎﺭﯾﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻨﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﮕﺬﺭﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺷـﺮﮐﺖ ﮐـﺮﺩﻥ ﺇﺷـﮑﻮﺩ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮕﻬـﺎﯼ ﺭﻫـﺎﯾﯽﺑﺨـﺶ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺟﻨﮕﻮﯾﺎﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺳﻮﯼ ﺍﺭﺱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﯽﺷﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺧـﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻌﺘﺎﹰ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭼﻮﻧﮑﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﻪﯾﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑ‪‬ﻨﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦﺳﻮ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻏﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎﻡِ ﺧﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘە ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﯾﻦﻣﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۷۳‬ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﮒ ﺍﹶﺳﭙ‪‬ەﮐﺎﯾﹶە ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻬـﺎﯼ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦﺳـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑــﻪﺩﻧﺒــﺎﻝ ﭘﯿﺮﻭﺯﯾﻬــﺎﯼ ﻗــﺎﻃﻊِ ﺧــﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘە ﺍﺗﻔــﺎﻕ ﺍﻓﺘــﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۷۲‬ﺩﻭﻟﺘــﯽ ﺑــﻪﻧــﺎﻡ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺑــﺮ ﺻــﺤﻨﮥ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥِ ﮐﻨـﻮﻧﯽ )ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳـﭙﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﯿﺎﯼ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﻤـﮥ ﻏﺮﺑـ ِ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﺵ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺍﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻧﯿـﺮﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﮥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﺳﮑەﻫﺎ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣـﯽﻧﻮﯾـﺴﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺳـﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﻃﺌﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﯾـﺸﺎﻥ ﭼﯿـﺪ ﺑـﻪﺩﯾـﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺷـﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔـﺸﺘﻨﺪ )ﺩﯾـﺎﺭﯼ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻨﻬـﺎ ﻓـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﯾــﺎﯼ ﺳــﯿﺎﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ(‪ .‬ﻭ ﭼ ـﻮﻥ ﻣــﺪﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﯼ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺧــﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯾــﺸﺎﻥ ﺯﯾــﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺴﺮﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻼﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﯿﺨﺘﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻏﻼﻣـﺎﻥ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﮔﻤـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﯿﮕﺎﻧﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻢﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻼﺡ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪﺷﺎﻥ ﺷﺘﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﺷـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺧـﺎﮎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﯾﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻼﺡ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯﭘﺲِ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺁﯾﻨـﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﺍﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻼﻡﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺯﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﻣـﯽﺗﺮﺳـﻨﺪ‪ «.‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺗﺎﺯﯾﺎﻧـﻪﻫﺎﯾـﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ‬

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‫ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﺍﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥِ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﮑﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﻭ »ﺗﺎﺯﯾﺎﻧﻪ« ﻭ »ﻏﻼﻣـﺎﻥ« ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺰ ﻣـﺎ ﻣـﯽﺗـﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺣـﺪﺱ ﺑـﺰﻧﯿﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺠـﺎ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺪﻩﻫـﺎﯼ ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷــﺸﻢ ﺗــﺎ ﺳــﺪﮤ ﭼﻬــﺎﺭﻡ ﭖﻡ ﺑــﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﺳــﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻥِ ﻣــﺰﺩﻭﺭ ) ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻﹰ ﭘﯿــﺎﺩﻩﻧﻈــﺎﻡ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗــﺸﻬﺎﯼ ﻣــﺼﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‪.۱۰۶ ­۱۰۳ /۱ :‬‬ ‫‪ ­2‬ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‪ ۴­۲ /۴ :‬ﻭ ‪.۲۰‬‬

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‫ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺑﻠﻨــﺪ ﮐﺮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﮐــﻪ ﺧــﻮﯼ ﻏﻼﻣــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻨﺪ ﺑــﻪﻣﺠــﺮﺩ ﺩﯾــﺪﻥ ﺗﺎﺯﯾﺎﻧــﻪ ﭘــﺎ ﺑــﻪﻓــﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻧــﺪ ﻭ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻣـﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣـﺰﺩﻭﺭﯼﺷـﺎﻥ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﯼ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﯾﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﻗﺘـﯽ ﺑـﻪﺩﯾﺎﺭﺷـﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻣـﯽﮔـﺸﺘﻨﺪ ﻣـﺪﺕ ﻣﺪﯾـﺪﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻏﯿﺎﺑـﺸﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﺋﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪ ﺳـﮑﹶەﻫــﺎ ﻧــﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗــﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷــﻬﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺎ ﭼﻨــﯿﻦ ﺩﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﺷــﯿﺮﯾﻦﺗــﺮ ﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺳﮑﹶەﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻫﯿﭻ ﻧﻘـﺸﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺑـﺮﺩﻩ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﻪﯾ ِ‬ ‫ﺁﯾﻨــﺪﻩ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨــﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨــﺸﯽ ﻧﻈــﺎﻡ ﺑــﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﭘﺪﯾــﺪ ﻧﯿﺎﻣــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﺩﯾــﺪ ﻧﯿــﺴﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﯾــﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺪﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺷﺸﻢ ﭖﻡ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﮔـﺸﺘﮕﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺯ ﺳﯽﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﻣـﺼ ِﺮ ﻓﺮﻋـﻮﻧﯽ ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﮑﹶەﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯼ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺑــﯽﺑﻨﯿــﺎﺩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻘﻘــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﯿــﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺳــﮑەﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺮﮐــﺰ ِ‬ ‫ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ) ﻭ ﺑﻪﮔﻔﺘﮥ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ (‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻧﯿﻔﺘﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯼ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﺋﯽ ﺑﻪﭼﻨـﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺧــﺪﺍﺩِ ﻣﻬﻤــﯽ ­ﮐــﻪ ﻣــﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺴﺘﻪ ﺟﺮﯾــﺎﻥ ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ­ ﺗﻐﯿﯿــﺮ ﺩﻫــﺪ ﻧــﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﺧــﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻫﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﺎﯾﻊِ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۷۳‬ﭖﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﯽﻭﻗﻔﮥ ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻟـﺘﺶ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺳـﻠﻄﮥ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺮ ﺩﯾﮕـﺮ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧـﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺳـﮑەﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻬـﺪِ ﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺩﺭ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﯾﺠـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺩﺳـﺮﻫﺎﺋﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻪﺳﺮﮐﻮﺏ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﻼﹰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﺗﺎﺯﻩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﺍﺭﺱ ﺑـﺎ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﺑـﻮﻣﯽ ﺑﺮﺳـﺮ ﺗـﺼﺮﻑ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍﮔﺎﻫﻬـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﻭ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺗــﻼﺵ ﺭﺅﺳــﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﻠﻄﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﻗﺒﺎﯾــﻞ ﻭ ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾــﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻧــﻮﯾﻦ ﺧﺒــﺮ‬ ‫ﻣــﯽﺩﻫــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺍﻣــﺮ ﻣــﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻏــﺎﺯ ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ‪ ۲۸‬ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺍﺩﺍﻣــﻪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺍﯾــﻦﮔﻮﻧــﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔــﺴﯿﺮ ﺳــﺨﻨﺎﻥ ﻫــﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺑــﻪﻧﺤــﻮﯼ ﻣﻨﻄﻘــﯽ ﭘــﯿﺶ ﻣــﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﺳــﮑەﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣــﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﯿــﺮﻭﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺳــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﯾﺠــﺎﻥ ﻓــﺴﺎﺩ ﻣــﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮﯾﺘ‪‬ە ﺗــﻮﺍﻥِ ﺳــﺮﮐﻮﺏ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺭﺍ‬

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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺸﻨﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﺖ ﺗـﺎﺝﮔـﺬﺍﺭﯾﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻧـﻮﺭﻭﺯ ‪ ۶۲۵‬ﭖﻡ ﺑﺮﮔـﺰﺍﺭ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮐـﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘـﺖِ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧــﮥ ﺳــﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾــﻞ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺟــﺸﻦ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﺍﻥِ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻣﻨــﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﮑﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﻮﻃﺌﻪ ﺯﻫﺮ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎﯾﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺁﻥﺳﻮﯼ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﺯﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ‪ ۶۷۲‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ »ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﺇﺷﮑﻮﺩ‪) «‬ﺑﻪﺗﻠﻔـﻆ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯼ ﺍﺷـﮑﻮﺯﺍ(‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﺩﻭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﯽﺗـﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ­ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﺋﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﯿﺎﻁ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ­ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﺩﺷـﺎﻫﯽ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺇﺷـﮑﻮﺩ‪ ‬ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﻨـﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﮐـﻪ‬

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‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﻮﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺍﻃﺎﻋــﺖ ﻭ ﻣــﺴﺎﻟﻤﺖ ﮐــﺸﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣــﯽﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺗــﺼﻮﺭ ﮐــﺮﺩ ﮐــﻪ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺪﺑﯿﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺣﮑﯿﻤﺎﻧﻪﺋـﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑـﻪﮐـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺳﺮﺍﺳـﺮﯼ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﯿﻊ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺇﺷـﮑﻮﺩ‪‬ﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺩﺳـﺮﻫﺎﺋﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺳـﮑەﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺍﯾﺠـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﮑﺎﺕ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﻬﺎ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺗـﻀﻌﯿﻒ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮥ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﻭ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺳـﺨﻦ ﺑـﻪﻣﯿـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕِ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺸﺘﺮﯾﺘە ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻋﺒـﺎﺭﺕ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾـﮥ ﭘﺎﺩﺷـﺎﻫﯿﻬﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﯽﭘﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﯾﺎﺯﻧﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺗ‪‬ﮑﺎﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﮑﹶەﻫﺎﯼ ﺇﺷﮑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐـﺰ ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭ‪‬ﻏﹶە )ﺭﯼ( ﻭ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻣـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﯿـﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺯﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﯿﻦ ﮐــﺖﭘ‪‬ﺘــﻮﮐﹶە ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺍﻧــﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ ­ﺿــﻤﻦ ﻣﺤﻔــﻮﻅ ﻣﺎﻧــﺪﻥِ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺤﻠــﯽ­‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳــﺮ ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ ﺑــﻪﺍﺿــﺎﻓﻪ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽﻧــﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﮐﻨــﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥِ ﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾﺮ ﭼﺘﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۵‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻪ ﺳﺪﻩﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗﻮﺭﯼ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻣﻨـﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻭﺳـﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﮥ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﮑﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺯﯾـﺎﺩﯼ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐـﺸﯿﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺑﻪﺷﻬﺮﯼ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻫﺮﺍﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺯﻣﯿﻨـﮥ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ )ﻧﺼﺮﺕ ﺑﻪﺭ‪‬ﻋﺐ(؛ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﮥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﺘﮑﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﻣﻨـﻀﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﯽ ﻭ ﺟﻨﮓﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﺎﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟـﮥ‬ ‫ﺳــﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﮑــﯽ ﺑــﺮ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﯿﭽﯿــﺪﮤ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﯿــﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﺭﺳــﺎﻧﯽﺷــﺎﻥ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮﺳــﻠﻄﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻭﻇﯿﻔﻪ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺕِ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻣﯿﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗـﻮﺭﯼ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﮑﻤﯽ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯿﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺩﯾﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﯼ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯽﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮐﻠﺪﺍﻧﯽﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻣﺮﯼﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺪﯼﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯼﻫـﺎﯼ ﻣـﺴﻠﻂ(؛ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑـﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﻫـﺎ‬

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‫ﻫﯿﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺑـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺘﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻗـﻮﺍﻡ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪﮐـﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﺑـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻗـﻮﺍﻡ ﺯﯾـﺮ ﺳـﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷــﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻓﻠــﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺮﺍﺋﯿﻞ ﺑــﻪﻋﻠــﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫــﺎﯼ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺧــﺸﻮﻧﺖﺁﻣﯿــﺰ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔــﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﻬــﺎﯼ ﻏﯿــﺮ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﺗﺤﻤــﻞ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻﹰ ﺑــﺎ ﮐــﺸﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﺳــﻮﺯﯾﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌﯿــﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺳــﺘﻪﺟﻤﻌــ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺿــﯿﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧــﺎﻥ ﻫﻤــﺮﺍﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﻧﻔــﺮﺕ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺗــﺎ ﺳــﺮﺣﺪِ ﻏﯿـ ِﺮ ﻗﺎﺑــﻞ ﻭﺻــﻔﯽ ﺑــﺎﻻ ﺑــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﻠﯽﺷﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﭼﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﮎ ﺍﺻـﻠﯽ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﯾـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬

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‫ﺷــﺎﻫﺪ ﺑــﻮﺩﯾﻢ ﻫﻤــﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﮐﻠــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﯿــﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻣــﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺯﯾــﺮ ﺳــﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺗــﻼﺵ ﻣــﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧــﺪ؛ ﻭ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﯽ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺎﮎ ﺍﺻـﻠﯽ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺟـﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽـﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﮔـﺎﻥِ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻌﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺟـﺰ ﺑﯿﮕـﺎﺭﯼ ﮐـﺮﺩﻥ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﻫـﯿﭻ ﺣﻘـﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯾـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩﺋﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﮐﻮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﺑﻪﭘﺎﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪﺋﯽ ﻫﻤﮑـﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ ﺍﻃﺎﻋـﺖ ﺍﻗـﻮﺍﻡ ﺯﯾﺮﺳـﻠﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻣﺪﺕ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻫـﺮﺍﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺸﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓـﺮﻭﺭﯾﺨﺘﻦ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺩﯾـﻮﺍﺭ ﻫـﺮﺍﺱ‬ ‫ﮐـﺎﻓﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗـﻮﺭﯼ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫـﻢ ﺑﭙﺎﺷـﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺩﯾـﻮﺍﺭِ ﻫـﺮﺍﺱ ﺑـﻪﻫﻤـﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﻭﺝﮔﯿـﺮﯼ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽﻧﺸﯿﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﯾﺨـﺖ‪ .‬ﻃﻠـﻮﻉ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﻮﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﺮ ﺗﺨـﺖ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ ﻧﺸﺴﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺨﯿﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﯽﭘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۳۳‬ﭖﻡ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺴﺮﺵ »ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺇﺗﯿـﻞ ﺍﯾﻼﻧـﯽ« ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﯾـﮏﺩﻭﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﻨــﮓ ﻗــﺪﺭﺕ ﺧــﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺑــﻪﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺭﺳــﯿﺪﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻬــﺎﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﯾــﮏ ﻣــﺪﻋﯽ ﺑــﻪﻧــﺎﻡ »ﺳــﯿﻦﺷــﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﯽﺷﯿﺮ« ﻭﯼﺭﺍ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺭﻗﯿﺐ ﺧﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ‬ ‫»ﺳــﯿﻦ ﺷــﺎﺭ ﺍﯾــﺸﮑﻮﻥ« ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻮﺭﺵ ﺳــﯿﻦﺷــﻮﻡ ﻟــﯽﺷــﯿﺮ ﯾﮑــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓــﺴﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﻠــﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﺑــﻪﻧــﺎﻡ »ﻧ‪‬ﺒــﻮ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ﺮ« ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺳﯿﻦﺷـﻮﻡ ﻟـﯽﺷـﯿﺮ ﻭﻗﺘـﯽ ﺑـﻪﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺭﺳـﯿﺪ ﻭﯼﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﭘﺎﺩﺷـﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﺎﺑِـﻞ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﮐﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﯿﻦ ﺷﻮﻡ ﻟﯽﺷﯿﺮ ﻭ ﺭﻭﯼ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺳﯿﻦ ﺷـﺎﺭ ﺍﯾـﺸﮑﻮﻥ‪ ١،‬ﻧﺒـﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺍﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺻـﺪﺩ ﮐـﺴﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﯾـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺁﻣـﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﺑِـﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔـﻆ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﺬﺍﮐﺮﺍﺗﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻧﺠـﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ ﯾـﮏ ﭘﯿﻤـﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺳـﺘﯽ ﻣـﺴﺘﺤﮑﻢ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺷـﺎﻩِ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺑِﻞ ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮﮤ ﻗﻬﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﺑِﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺍﻃﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻤﺎﯾـﺖ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑِﻞ ﺑﻪﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﮐﻠﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﯽ )ﺑﻮﻣﯿﺎﻥِ ﻧﯿﻤﮥ ﺟﻨـﻮﺑﯽ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ( ﻋﻤﻮﻣـﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﺒــﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ــﺮ ﺣﻤﺎﯾــﺖ ﻣــﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧــﺪ )ﺳــﺒﺒﺶ ﻫﻤــﺪﯾﻨﯽ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯿــﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔــﺖ ﺩﯾﻨــﯽﺷــﺎﻥ ﺑــﺎ‬

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‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﻬـﺎﯼ ﺧـﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﺳـﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿـﺮ ﻧـﺎﺗﻮﺍﻧﺶ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺑـﺴﺘﯿﺰﺩ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺮﮐﻨـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﺒﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﺸﮑﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻠﯿﮥ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﺻـﻠﯽ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺯﯾﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﺭﺵ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺿﺪ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺳﺮ ﻣﯽﺑﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎﯼ ﺧـﺎﻧﮕﯽِ‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﯽﺑﯿﻨﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺶﻭ‪‬ﻧ ِﺪ »ﺳﯿﻦ« ﺁﻣـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪» .‬ﺳـﯿﻦ« ﺧـﺪﺍﯼ ﻫـﻼﻝ ﻣـﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﯿـﮥ ﺟﺰﯾـﺮﮤ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺒﺪﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺣ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺍﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﺘﻤـﺎﹰ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﻫﻨـﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺒـﺪ ﺳـﯿﻦ )ﺍﻧﺒﯿـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻦ( ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﮏ ﺑﻪﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ(؛ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬﯽ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﺧﯿــﺮ ﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺗــﺶ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺗﺤﻠﯿــﻞ ﺑــﺮﺩﻩ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﻧﻬﺎﯾــﺖ ﺿــﻌﻒ ﺭﺳــﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﻠــﺴﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻬـــﺎﺋﯽ ﮐـــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـــﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ‪ ۶۱۶‬ﻭ ‪ ۶۱۵‬ﭖﻡ ﻣﯿـــﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺑِـــﻞ ﻭ ﺁﺷـــﻮﺭ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺑـــﺎ ﭘﯿﺮﻭﺯﯾﻬـــﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺑـــﻞ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﮐﺮﮐﻮﮎ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﯾـﮏﺗـﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﻪﭘﺎﯾﺘﺨﺖ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪­ ‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻫـﻢﭘﯿﻤـﺎﻥِ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ­ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﮕــﮥ ﺟﻠــﻮﻻ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻠﮕــﮥ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗــﺼﺮﻑ ﺷــﻬﺮ ﭘﺎﺩﮔــﺎﻧﯽ »ﺗ‪‬ﺮﺑﯿــﺴﻮ« ﺑــﻪﻗــﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺗــﺼﺮﻑ ﺷــﻬﺮِ ﻣﻘــﺪﺱ »ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ« ﮐــﻪ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺘﮕــﺎﻩ ﺧــﺪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﺑــﻪﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻓﺘــﺎﺩ )ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩﻣــﺎﻩ ﺳــﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ ۶۱۴‬ﭖﻡ(‪ .‬ﺷﻬﺮ »ﺁﺷﻮﺭ« ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺭﻭﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﺤﮑﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺣـﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺗـﻮﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺗـﻮﯼ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪﻗﻄـﺮ ﭼﻨـﺪﻣﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻔـﺎﻉِ ﭼﻨـﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺘـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﺑـﺮﺝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻫـﺎﯼ ﻣـﺴﺘﺤﮑﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﯼ ﺩﻓـﺎﻋﯽ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺏ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣـﻮﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﻮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺟﻬﺎﯾﺶ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺧﻨﺪﻕ ﻭﺳﯿﻊِ ﭘـﺮﺁ ِ‬ ‫ﻧﯿــﺮﻭﯼ ﺩﻓــﺎﻋﯽِ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﺯﯾــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺮﺑ ـﻪﺍﺵ‪ ،‬ﺗــﺴﺨﯿﺮﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷــﻬﺮ ﺟﻬــﺎﻥ ﺷــﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﻣــﯽﺷــﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻋﯿﻦِ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺪﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﯽ ﭼﻨـﺪﯾﻦ ﺻﺪﺳـﺎﻝ ﺗـﺎﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻗـﻮﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺯﯾﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻧﺒـﻮﻩ ﻧﺠـﻮﻣﯽ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﮔـﺮﺩ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻﹰ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﻨﺞﺧﺎﻧـﮥ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺘﮕـﺎﻩ ﺧﺪﺍﯾـﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫»ﺁﺷﻮﺭ« ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻫﻤﻪﭼﯿﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺧﺪﺍﯾﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮﮐـﺎﺭﯼ ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﻨﻮﺩﯼ ﺧﺪﺍﯾﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﻭ ﺳـﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﯾـﮏ ﺣﺮﮐـﺖ ﺑـﺮﻕﺁﺳـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺟﻠـﻪ ﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﺮﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧـﮥ ﺑﺎﺷـﮑﻮﻩ ﺧـﻮﺩﺵ ﺑـﻮﺩ‬ ‫)ﺧﺎﻧﮥ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺟﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻣﺮ ﻭ ﻃﻼ ﻭ ﺳﻨﮕﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﻬﺎﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ( ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧـﺴﺖ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺷﻬﺮِ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭِ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﺶ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﺳﺎﻗﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖِ ﺧـﺸﮑﯿﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳـﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺒـﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ـﺮ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﯾـﺎﻭﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﮑﺮﯾﺖ ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﻣﺤﻞ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗـﺴﺨﯿﺮ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻟﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔـﻨﺞﺧﺎﻧـﻪﻫـﺎﯾﺶ ﺧﻔﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺭﺩﻭﮔـﺎﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨـﺎﺭ ﺷـﻬﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦﺧﺒﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﻧﺒﻮﭘﻼﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻮﺡ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻓﺘﻮﺣﺎﺗﺶ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺗـﺄﺧﯿﺮ ﺍﻭ ﻋﻤـﺪﯼ ﺑـﻮﺩ‬

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‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﺮﺳﯿﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺧﺸﻢ ﺧﺪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻘﻮﻁِ ﻧﻬـﺎﯾ ِ‬ ‫»ﺁﺷﻮﺭ« ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﯿﻨـﻮﺍ ﺑﮕﺮﯾـﺰﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺒـﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺩﻭﮔـﺎﻫﺶ‬ ‫)ﺍﺭﺩﻭﮔــﺎﻩ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ (‬ﺩﯾــﺪﺍﺭ ﮐــﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠــﺎ ﭘﯿﻤــﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺳــﺘﯽ ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﺩﺷــﺎﻩ ﺗﺠﺪﯾــﺪ ﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﯽﻋ‪‬ﻬــﺪﺵ »ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ــﺪ ﻧ‪ ‬ـﺼ‪‬ﺮ« ﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺘﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺩﺧﺘــﺮ » ﹶﺍﻣ‪‬ە‬ ‫ﺩﺧﺘــﺮ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﭘــﺴﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻟ ـ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺘِﺶ« ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ )ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺧﺎﻥ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﺗﻠﻔﻆِ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﯿﺘﯿﺲ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ(‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎﻧﻮﺋﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺪ ﮐﺎﺧﯽ ﻋﻈـﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺷـﮑﻮﻩ ﺑـﻪﺍﻓﺘﺨـﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬

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‫ﺗــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻫﺎﻧــﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻘــﺮ ﺧــﺪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐــﺰ ﺩﯾﻨــﯽ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺷــﺮﮐﺖ ﻧﺪﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ؛ ﺯﯾــﺮﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻏﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺠﺎﺋﺐ ﻫﻔﺘﮕﺎﻧﮥ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺫﮐﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۱۳‬ﭖﻡ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ )ﺳـﯿﻦ ﺷـﺎﺭ ﺍﯾـﺸﮑﻮﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﯾﺘﺨـﺖ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼﻧﻈـﺎﻣﯿﺶ ﻧﯿﻨـﻮﺍ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔــﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺑــﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﻣــﯽﮔﻮﯾــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﻭ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗــﺼﺮﻑ ﺷــﻬﺮ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺑــﻪﮐــﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪﻧﯿﻨﻮﺍ ﻟﺸﮑﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﺸﯿﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﺩﯾﮕـ ِﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻕ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥِ ﺑ‪‬ﺮﺩﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﯾﺨﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﺸﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﮐﻠﺪﺍﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣـﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺒـﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ـﺮ ﭘﯿﻮﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻧﯿـﺮﻭﯼ ﺍﻧـﺪﮐﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿـﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺍﺳـﺘﺤﮑﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻓـﺎﻋﯽ ﻧﯿﻨـﻮﺍ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﻭ ﻧﺒـﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ـﺮ ­ﻫﻤﺪﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻪ­ ﺑـﻪﻧﯿﻨـﻮﺍ ﻟـﺸﮑﺮ ﮐـﺸﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺎﺻـﺮﮤ ﺷـﻬﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺳﻨﮕﯽ ﺭﻭﯼﺁﻭﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﯾـﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﯾـﺎ ﺳـﯿﻦ ﺷـﺎﺭ ﺍﯾـﺸﮑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺘﻤﯽ ﺩﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﺥ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺍﻓﮑﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻧـﺪﺍﻥ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﻨﻮﺍ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥِ ﻗﺮﺑـﺎﻧﯽ ﺑـﻪﺧـﺪﺍ ﺗﻘـﺪﯾﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺧﺸﻢ ﺧﺪﺍ ﻓﺮﻭﻧﺸﯿﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﯾﺎﺑﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻘﯿﺪﮤ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﯿﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻼ ﻭ ﻣﺼﯿﺒﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺳﺮﺷﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺁﻣﺪ )ﺯﻟﺰﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﯿﻞ‪ ،‬ﺷﮑـﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨـﮓ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻤـﺎﺭﯼ( ﻧﺎﺷـﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺧﺸﻢ ﺧﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﻄﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺳﺮ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﻓﻌﺎﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ ﯾﺎ ﮔﺮﯾﺨﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﯿﻨـﻮﺍ ﺗـﺴﺨﯿﺮ ﺷـﺪ )ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩﻣـﺎﻩ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۱۲‬ﭖﻡ(‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻨــﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺷــﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﺳــﭙﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺑــﺎ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻬــﺎﺋﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻏﻨــﺎﯾﻢِ ﻧﯿﻨــﻮﺍ ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﺑــﻪﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻩ ﻧﯿﻨﻮﺍ ﺭﺍ ﻭﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﭙﮥ ﺧﺎﮎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺷـﮑﻮﻩ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩﺷـﺪﮤ ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺒـﺎ ﻭ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻤﻨـﺪِ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻧﯿﻨـﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺭﯾـﺸﻪﮐـﻦ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺍﺷــﺮﺍﻓﯿﺖِ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻓﻬــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻫــﺰﺍﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻧــﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻧﻌﻤــﺖ ﺯﯾــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑــﺮ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﻭﺳــﯿﻌﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬــﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻤــﺪﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﮔــﺎﺭ ﺑــﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺘﻢ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮔﻨﺞ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻨﺞ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺮﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺮﺛﯿﻪﻫـﺎﺋﯽ ﺳـﺮﻭﺩﻩ ﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﯽ ﻧـﺎﺑﻮﺩﯼ ﺍﯾـﻦﺩﻭ ﺷـﻬﺮ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻧﺒﯿـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻧﺒﯿـﺎﯼ ﯾﻬـﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤـﻪ ﻭ ﺑـﻪﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﯿـﺸﮕﻮﯾ ِ‬

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‫ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺘﮕﺮﺍﻥِ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯼ ﺁﻣـﺪ ﺑـﻪﻧﺤـﻮ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻏـﻢﺍﻧﮕﯿـﺰﯼ )ﮐـﻪ ﻓﻘـﻂ ﻣـﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺴﺖ ﺩﻟﻬـﺎﯼ ﭘـﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮐﯿﻨـﻪ ﻭ‬

‫ﻧﻔﺮﺕِ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﮐﯿﻨﻪﻭﺭﺯ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺮﺕﭘـﺮﺍﮐﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺎﺩ ﮐﻨـﺪ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻧﻮﺷـﺘﻪﻫـﺎ ﺑﯿـﺎﻥ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ١.‬ﺷـﺎﯾﺪ‬ ‫ﻏﻢﺍﻧﮕﯿﺰﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺮﺛﯿﮥ ﺗﺮﺍﮊﺩﯾﮏ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺳﺮﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪﺍﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻨﻮﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺍﺯﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﮑﻮﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﮐﮥ ﺁﺏ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﺶ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﯾﺰﻧﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﮓ ﻣﯽﺯﻧﻨـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺑﺎﯾـﺴﺘﯿﺪ ﮐـﺴﯽ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﺗﯽ ﻧﻤـﯽﻧﻤﺎﯾـﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻤـﺸﯿﺮﻫﺎ ﺑـﺮﻕ ﻣـﯽﺯﻧﻨـﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﺑﻨﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺭﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﺣﻮﻡ ﻧﺒﯽ ﻭ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺭﻣﯿﺎﺀ ﻧﺒﯽ‪) .‬ﻫﺮﺩﻭﯼ ﺍﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺒﯿﺎﯼ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﯾﻬﻮﺩﻧﺪ(‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻓـــﺴﺎﻧﻪﻫـــﺎﯼ ﯾﻬـــﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺗـــﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺷـــﺪ‪ .‬ﻧـــﺎﺑﻮﺩﯼ ﺍﯾـــﻦ ﺩﻭﺷـــﻬﺮ ﻭ ﻣـــﺬﻟﺘﯽ ﮐـــﻪ ﺑﺮﺳـــﺮ ﺧﺎﻧـــﺪﺍﻧﻬﺎﯼ‬


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‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻧﯿﺰﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺩﺭﺧﺸﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺍﺑﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻮﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪﻫﻢ ﻣـﯽﺧﻮﺭﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﮐـﺸﺘﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺯﺧﻤﯿـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻻﺷﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﻻﺷﻬﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻨــﻮﺍ! ﻫﺮﮐــﻪ ﺗــﻮ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺒﯿﻨــﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗــﻮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫــﺪ ﮔﺮﯾﺨــﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫــﺪ ﮔﻔــﺖ‪» :‬ﻧﯿﻨــﻮﺍ ﻭﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﺷــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ «.‬ﻧﯿﻨﻮﺍ ﺧﺎﻟﯽ ﻭ ﻭﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮐﯿـﺴﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺗـﻮ ﻣـﺎﺗﻢ ﺑﮕﯿـﺮﺩ؟ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐﺠﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯾﺖ ﻣﺮﺛﯿﻪﺧﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺠﻮﯾﻢ؟‬ ‫ﺍﯼ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ! ﺷــﺒﺎﻧﺎﻧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﯿــﺪﻩﺍﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣــﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺟﻨﮕﯿــﺖ ﻏﻨــﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺩﻣــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻮﻫﻬــﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺭﯼﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮐﺴﯽ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﮐﻪ ﺁﻭﺍﺯﮤ ﻣﺼﺎﯾﺐِ ﺗﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﯽﺷـﻨﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ ﺗﻮ ﺩﺳﺘﮏ ﻣﯽﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﮐﺴﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺗﻮ ﺭﻧﺠﻬﺎ ﻧﺪﯾﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗــﻮﺭﯼ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺑــﺎ ﺗﻤــﺎﻡ ﺧــﺸﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﯾﺶ ﺑــﻪﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺳــﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻧــﻮﯾﻨﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺁﻏــﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﺒﻮﻧِﻬﯿــﺪ )ﺁﺧــﺮﯾﻦ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺒﺮﺷــﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ( ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻨﺪﯼ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺒﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺘــﺎﺩﻥ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﺟــﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻩ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮒ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ( ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺪﯼ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻭﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺮﺩﻭﺥ )ﺧـﺪﺍﯼ ﺑـﺰﺭ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﯿﺮ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑــﻪﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺑــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣــﺮﺩﻭﺥ ﻣــﺪﺕ ‪ ۲۱‬ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺑــﺎ ﺧــﺸﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺯﯾــﺴﺖ ﺗــﺎ ﻭﻗﺘــﯽﮐــﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻤﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪﺩﺳـﺖ ﭘـﺴﺮﺵ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﻭﻣﺎﻥﻣﺎﻧﺪ )ﯾﻌﻨﯽ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ (‬ﺭﺍ ﯾﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﺒﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ﺮ‬ ‫ﮐــﺮﺩ؛ ﻭ ﺍﻭ )ﯾﻌﻨــﯽ ﻫﻮﺧــﺸﺘﺮ‪ (‬ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﯽﻧﻈﯿــﺮ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪﻓﺮﻣــﺎﻥ ﻣــﺮﺩﻭﺥ ﺑــﻪﮐﻤــﮏ ﻧﺒــﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ــﺮ‬ ‫ﺷــﺘﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑــﺎﻻ ﻭ ﭘــﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﭼــﭗ ﻣﺜــﻞ ﺳــﯿﻞ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﯾــﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺩﺷــﺎﻩ ﺍﻭﻣــﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧــﺪ ﺩﻟﯿــﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺧﺎﻧــﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺧــﺪﺍﯾﺎﻥ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﻬــﺪﻡ ﮐــﺮﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺑﺎﺩﯾﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﹶﮐﹼﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺿﺪ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﹶﮐﹼﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﺎﺭﯾﻬــﺎﯼ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺷــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷــﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻓﻠــﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻋــﻮﻥ ﻣــﺼﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘــﻪ‬ ‫ﺿﻤﯿﻤﮥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥ »ﻧِﺨﺎﺅ« ﺩﻭﻡ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻓـﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻧـﺪﺍﻥ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ‬

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‫ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥ ﻧِﺨﺎﺅ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﮏ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻡ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﮐﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻢﭘﯿﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﯼ ﮐﻤﮏ ﮐـﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯿﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﭘﺲ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﺑﻪﻧﻔﻊ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾـﺮﺍ ﻓﺮﻋـﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪﺍﻭ ﻗـﻮﻝ ﻣـﺴﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﭼﻨـﺪﻣﺎﻩ ﺑﻌـﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯾﺶ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﻣﺎﻫﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۱۱‬ﻭ ﻧﯿﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۱۰‬ﭖﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪‬‬ ‫ﻣ ـﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺭﻭ ﺑــﻪﺭﺍﻩ ﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﻭﺿــﺎﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺧــﺎﮎ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺿــﻤﯿﻤﮥ ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻧﺎﺣﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺏ ‪.۳­۲‬‬

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‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪﻧـﺎﻡ »ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﺑـﺎﻝﻟﯿـﺖ« ﺩﺭ ﺣ‪‬ـﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﻧﯿـﺮﻭ ﮔـﺮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺑﺮﺿـﺪ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺟﻨـﮓ ﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑـﺎ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧـﯽﻧـﺸﯿﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﺁﻥﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺯﯾـﺮ ﺳـﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﻪﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۱۰‬ﭖﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﺸﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪﻫﻢ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗــﺎ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﯾﮑــﺴﺮﻩ ﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﮐــﺎﺭ ﻣــﺪﻋﯽ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺑــﻪﺣــﺮﺍﻥ ﻟــﺸﮑﺮ ﺑﮑــﺸﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﺑــﺎﻝﻟﯿــﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮﯾﺎﻥِ ﯾﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﯼ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣ‪‬ـﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻫـﺎ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻪﻧﺎﺣﯿـﮥ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﻓﺮﺍﺕ ﮔﺮﯾﺨﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﮐﹶﺮﺧ‪‬ەﻣﯿﺶ ­ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺮﺍﻧﮥ ﻓﺮﺍﺕِ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻏـﺮﺏِ ﺣـﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ­ ﻣـﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺻـﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﯽ ﺣﻤﻠـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻏـﺎﺯ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻘﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﺣ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺳﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣـﻮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻏﻨـﺎﯾﻢ ﺣ‪‬ـﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪﺷـﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺣ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺶ ﺑﻪﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﮔـﺬﺍﺭ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﻬﺮ ﻧﯿﻨـﻮﺍ ﮐـﻪ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯿﻬـﺎ ﻭﯾـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﯾﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑـﻪﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﮔـﺬﺍﺭ ﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﮎ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺣ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻧ‪‬ﺼﯿﺒ‪‬ﯿﻦ ﺿﻤﯿﻤﮥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺯ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻓـﺮﺍﺕِ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧــﻪ ﺭﺳــﯿﺪ؛ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﻣﺘــﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕِ ﺳــﺎﺑﻖِ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨــﯽ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻏــﺮﺏ ﻓــﺮﺍﺕ ﺗــﺎ ﮐﺮﺍﻧــﻪﻫــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺼﺮ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺑﻪﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ ﻣـﺼﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﺟـﺰﻭ ﻣﺘـﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺸﻮﻧﺖﺁﻣﯿﺰﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﯾﻬـﺎﯼ ﻣﻐﻠـﻮﺏ ﻣـﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﯼﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺪﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺑـﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﯾــﺸﺎﻥ ﺁﺳــﯿﺐ ﻧﺮﺳــﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧــﺪﮔﯽ ﻣــﺮﺩﻡ ﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﯾﻬــﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺨﺘــﻞ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺘــﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺑﺎﺩﯾﻬـﺎﯼ ﺯﯾـﺮ ﺳـﻠﻄﮥ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﻋـﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﺮﮔـﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﺿـﺎﯾﺖ ﻣـﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧـﻪﺋـﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯﺁﻥﭘـﺲ ﻫـﯿﭻﮔـﺎﻩ ﺧﺒـ ِﺮ ﻫـﯿﭻ ﺁﺷـﻮﺏ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﺷـﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﮥ ﮐﺎﻫﻨﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺑـﺎﺑﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬـﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﺳـﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﯾـﮏ ﻗـﻮﻡ ﺑﯿﮕﺎﻧـﻪ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ‬

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‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺣﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﻬﺎﺩﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻭﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑـﻪﺯﻧـﺪﮔﯽﺷـﺎﻥ ﺍﺩﺍﻣـﻪ ﺩﻫﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺎ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺭﺿﺎﯾﺖ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﯼ ﮐـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﭘﺲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻧـﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪﻣﺮﺍﺗـﺐ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺳـﺒﮏﺗـﺮ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞﭘـﺬﯾﺮﺗﺮ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺭﻓﺘـﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻮﺍﺭﺍﻧـﻪﺋـﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑـﺎ ﻣـﺮﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪﮤ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﻠﻄﮥ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﮕﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺎ ‪ ۱۲۵۵‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺮﺏ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﺮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻠﺖ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﮔﯽ ﻧﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﮐـﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣـﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻭﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩﻥ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺩﻫﻬـﺎ ﻫـﺰﺍﺭ ﺗـﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻧـﺴﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳـﻮﻡِ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﮔـﺎﻥِ ﺑ‪‬ـﺮﺩﻩﺷـﺪﻩ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﮎ ﺧﺎﻟﺼﮥ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺧـﺪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ )ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺒـﺪ( ﺑﯿﮕـﺎﺭﯼ ﻣـﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﺗﺒـﺪﯾﻞ ﺑـﻪﺁﺯﺍﺩﮔـﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﯼ ﺍﻣﻼ ِ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﮏ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﮐـﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ؛ ﺯﯾـﺮﺍ ﮐﻠﯿـﮥ ﺍﻣـﻼﮎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﺼﮥ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺗﻤﻠﮏ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺑﺰﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﯼ ﻭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﯼ ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥِ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷﺪﻩ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﺳﻨﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨﻪﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﻫﻤﯿـﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﯽﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭ ﮐـﺮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﻧـﺼﻒ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـ ِﺪ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺧـﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺗﻌﻠـﻖ ﻣـﯽﮔﺮﻓـﺖ؛ ﻭ ﺍﯾـﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺿﻌﯽ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻧـﺪﮔﯽ ﻧـﺴﺒ ﹰﺔ ﺭﺿـﺎﯾﺖﺑﺨـﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐـﺮﺩ؛ ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑـﻪﺩﺭﺁﻣـﺪﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺒـﻮﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﯽﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯾﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺅﯾﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮﻧﺎﺷﺪﻧﯽ ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻣـﯽﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺳـﻤﯽ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﺮﺑﺎﺯ )ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥِ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮔﻔﺘﮕﻮﯾﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺑﻌﺪ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣـﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﮔــﺎﻥِ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑــﯽﺯﻣــﯿﻦ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺑــﺸﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﮐــﻪ ﻣــﺮﺩ ﺑــﯽﺯﻣﯿﻨــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻧﻤــﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺴﺘﻪ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﯼ ﮐـﺴﺐ ﮐﻨـﺪ ﺧﻮﯾـﺸﺘﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿـﺎﺭ ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣـﯿﻦﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـﯽﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻬﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺑﻪﺍﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﮐـﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﻧـﺼﻒ ﻣﺤـﺼﻮﻝ ﮐـﺎﺭِ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﺯﮐﺎﺭﺍﻓﺘــﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑــﯽﭘــﺴﺮ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿــﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔ ـﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺷــﺎﻥ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘــﯽ ﭘﯿﺮﻣــﺮﺩﺍ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﺷـــﺮﺍﻑ ﻗـــﺮﺍﺭ ﻣـــﯽﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤـــﻮﻻﹰ ﻧـــﻮﮐﺮ ﺧـــﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﻣـــﯽﺷـــﺪﻩﺍﻧـــﺪ ﻭ ﻧـــﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﮐـــﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓـــﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﮤ ﮐـﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﺍﻥ ﮔﻔﺘـﯿﻢ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﮤ ﭘﯿـﺸﻪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﮕﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﮔـﺎﻥِ ﺳـﺎﺑﻖ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﯼﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺻﺪﻕ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺁﻥ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﹰ ﻣﻠﮏ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﯾﻨﮏ ﺑﻪﺗﻤﻠﮏ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑﺨـﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭ ﻧﮕــﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺨــﺸﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﺑﺰﺭﮔــﺎﻥ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺗﻘــﺴﯿﻢ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐــﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾــﻦ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﺰﺩ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻧﯽِ ﺍﺳـﻨﺎﺩ ﯾﺎﻓـﺖﺷـﺪﻩ‬

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‫ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﯾــﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺧــﺸﯿﺎﺭﺷﺎ ﮐــﺎﺭ ﻣــﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧــﺪ ﺗﻮﺿــﯿﺢ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺑــﻪﻣــﺎ ﻣــﯽﺩﻫــﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺗــﺎ ﺣــﺪ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺁﺷـــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺭﺳـــﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﯾـــﺮ ﭼﺘـــﺮ ﺩﻭﻟـــﺖ ﻣـــﺎﺩ ﺯﻧـــﺪﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﺗـــﺸﺨﯿﺺ ﺩﻫـــﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧـــﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥِ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﮔـ ـ ِ‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎﯾﺘﺒﺨﺸﯽ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ ﺍﻣﯿﺪﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺴﻠﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺣﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺭﺷﯿﻮ ﺗﺨﺖ ﺟﻤﺸﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﻣـﺰﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺟـﺐ ﮐـﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺻـﻨﻌﺘﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭘﯿـﺸﻪﻭﺭﺍﻧـﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫‪ .۶‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮ‪‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﯿﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﻬﺎ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﺭﺍ »ﺍﻭﺭ ﺍﹶﺭﺗـﻮ« ﻣـﯽﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺗـﻮﺭﺍﺕ »ﺁﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ« ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﺑﺎﻝﻟﯿﺖ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥِ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻧ‪‬ﺨﺎﺅ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﻧﯿﺰ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺬﺍﮐﺮﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﯾﺎﻭﺭﯼ ﻃﻠﺒﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺪﺭﺕﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺖِ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﻪﺍﺵ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﯿﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﯾﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﻭ ﮔﺴﯿﻞ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺩﻧﯿﺎﯼ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ ﺑﻪﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﯾﺪ ﻫـﻢ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﺘﯿﻤـﺎﺗﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻﹰ ﺍﻋـﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮓ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﯾـﺎ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫـﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﮐﻨـﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺯﻫـﺎﯼ ﻏﺮﺑـﯽ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﯾﺠـﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﻪ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﻟـﺸﮑﺮ ﮐـﺸﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐـﺸﯽ ﺑـﻪﭘﯿـﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﻗـﺎﻃﻊ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑـﺮ ﺷـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﻭ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻕ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﺑـﻪﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﯿـﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪ ﻭ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﮐـﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﮔـﺎﺭﯼ ﯾـﮏ ﺍﻣﭙﺮﺍﺗـﻮﺭﯼ ﭘﺮﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪ ﯾـﮏ‬ ‫ﻦ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﯿﺮﻧﺸﯿ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦﭘﺲ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﺭﺍ ﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﻧﺎﻣﯿـﺪ؛ ﺯﯾـﺮﺍ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻧـﺎﻣﯽ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻦ ﺗﺎﺑ ِﻊ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﺟﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﭘﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻣﯿﺮﻧﺸﯿ ِ‬ ‫ﯽﻋ‪‬ﻬﺪ ﻧﺒﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ـﺮ(‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻪﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﯽ ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ )ﻭﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ ﻣﺼﺮﯼﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﹶﺮﺧ‪‬ەﻣﯿﺶ ﻟﺸﮑﺮ ﮐـﺸﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺤـﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﮑـﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻋـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧِﺨﺎﺅ ﺑﻪﺣ‪‬ﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻘﺐﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ )ﺍﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۰۵‬ﭖﻡ(‪ .‬ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﻪﺣﻤـﺎﺕ ﻟـﺸﮑﺮ ﮐـﺸﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥ ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﻧﺒـﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ـﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻪﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻧﺸـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺑـﻪﺷـﺎﻡ ﻟـﺸﮑﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺸﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﻧﺒﺮﺩ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﻪﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺼﺮﯼ ﺭﺍ ﻗـﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪﻗــﺪﻡ ﻋﻘــﺐ ﺭﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺿــﻤﻦ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻬـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣــﺖ ﺷــﻬﺮ ﺍﹶﺷـﮑﹶﻠﻮﻥ )ﺍﮐﻨــﻮﻥ ﻋــﺴﻘﻼﻥ( ﺩﺭ ﻓﻠــﺴﻄﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﺨﻦ ﺑﻪﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﮐـﺸﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺷـﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺒـﺪﯾﻞ‬

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‫ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺑﻪﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺭﺳﯿﺪ؛ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺷـﺪﯾﺪ ﻣـﺼﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺑـﻪﺭﻭ ﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﺎﺗﯽ ﻋﻘﺐﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ »ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑـﺎ ﻫﻤـﮥ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻫـﺎﯾﺶ ﺑﯿـﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻣـﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺮﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺪﯾﺪﯼ ﺩﺭﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﮐﺸﺘﮕﺎﻥ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﮐـﺎﺩ ﺑـﻪﺑﺎﺑـﻞ ﺑﺮﮔـﺸﺖ‪ «.‬ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻄﯿﻊ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﻋﺮﺑـﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐـﺸﯽ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺗـﺎ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺣﺠـﺎﺯ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺭﻓـﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫»ﻏﻨﺎﯾﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻋﺮﺑﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ «.‬ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐـﺸﯽ ﺑﻌـﺪﯼ ﺍﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭ ﮐﻮﭼـﮏ »ﯾﹶﻬـﻮﺩﺍ« )ﻭﺭﺷـﻠﯿﻢ( ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﯾﻬﻮﺩﺍ )ﻧﺎﻣﺶ ﯾﹶﻬﻮﯾﺎﻗﯿﻢ( ﻭ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﻧـﺪﺍﻥ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﺍﺳـﺎﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻏﻨـﺎﯾﻢ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ‬

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‫ﺑﻪ ﺗﭙﮥ ﺧﺎﮎ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﺮﻑ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺷـﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻓﻠـﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۰۱‬ﭖﻡ ﻭﻗـﺖ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬


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‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺧــﺰﺍﯾﻦ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﺍﻭﺭﺷــﻠﯿﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﺎ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺑــﻪﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﺑــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷــﺮﺡ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺭﺧــﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ــﺪ ﻧ‪‬ـﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺑــﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ »ﺳﺎﻝﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﻧﺒﻮ ﭘﻮﻻﺻ‪‬ﺮ« ﻣﻌـﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗـﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺷـﺮﺡ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺼﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﺎﯾﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺿﺪﺑﺸﺮﯼ ﻧﺒﻮﺧﺬ ﻧﺼﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﺑ‪‬ﺨـﺖ‪‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‪‬ﺼ ِﺮ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺗﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺴﯿﺤﯿﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﻪﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۷‬ﺟﻨﮓ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﯿﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﮔـﻮﻡﻣِـﺮﯼ ﺭﺍﻫـﯽ ﺍﻧـﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻣـﺎﻧﯽﮐـﻪ ﺁﺭﻣﻨـﯿﹼە ﺑـﻪﺗـﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﭼﮥ ﻭﺍﻥ ﮔـﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﯾﺎﻓـﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺣﯿـﻪﺋـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻏـﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﯾﺎﭼ ـﮥ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺗــﺎ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻫــﺎﻟﯿﺲ )ﻗــﺰﻝ ﺍﯾﺮﻣــﺎﻕ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ( ﺟــﺎﮔﯿﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧ ـﮥ ﻣﺰﺑــﻮﺭ ﻣــﺮﺯ ﺷــﺮﻗﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﻣﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺗﺶ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺮﺍﻧﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﻏﺮﺑـﯽ ﺍﻧـﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ‬

‫ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ ١.‬ﮔــﻮﻡﻣِﺮﯾﻬــﺎ ﭘــﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﮐﻮﺷــﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻟﯿ ـ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺭﺧﻨــﻪ ﮐﻨﻨــﺪ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﻧﺎﮐــﺎﻡ ﻣﺎﻧــﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﺑﺮﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺗﺒـﺪﯾﻞ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﯼ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻬــﺎﯼ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﭼــﻪ ﺟﻬﺘﮕﯿــﺮﯼﺋــﯽ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺭﺧــﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒــﺎﻁ ﺑــﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻡﻣﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺗﯽ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻧﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ ﻭ ﺷﻌﻠﻪﻭﺭ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺟﻨـﮓ‬ ‫ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﻟﯿ ـ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﻭ ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿــﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﻭﻟﯿــﮥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿــﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻟﯿ ـﺪِﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟــﺎﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑــﯽ ﺁﻧﮑــﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮔﺮﻓــﺖ ﻭ ﺑــﻪ ﺷﮑــﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻓــﺮﺍﺭ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻟﯿ ـ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿــﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻘﯿــﺐ ﮐــﺮﺩ؛ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻟﯿ ـ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿــﻌﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﻣــﺴﺘﺤﮑﻢ ﻣــﯽﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷــﺖ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠــﻪ ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺳــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣــﺎﻧﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻫﻮﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﮥ ﭘﯿﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﯿﺪﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ ﺭﺥ ﺩﺍﺩ )ﺧﺮﺩﺍﺩﻣﺎﻩ ‪ ۵۸۵‬ﭖﻡ(‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺭﺷـﯿﺪﮔﺮﻓﺘﮕﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒﺗـﺮﯾﻦ ﺑـﻼﯼ ﺁﺳـﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺑـﻪﺷـﻤﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﺭﻓـﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨـﺎﯾﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﯾـﻮﺍﻥِ ﻇﻠﻤـﺖ ﺑـﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍﯼ ﻧـﻮﺭ ﭘﯿـﺮﻭﺯ ﺷـﺪﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺟﻬـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺁﺧـﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺭﺳـﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺒـﺮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻮﻗـﻒ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷـﺎﻩ‬

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‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺭﺳـﻤﯿﺖ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻃﺒـﻖ ﻣـﺬﺍﮐﺮﺍﺕ ﺻـﻠﺢ ﺩﻭﻃـﺮﻑ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﻭﺳـﺎﻃﺖ ﺷـﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻠﯿﮑــﯿە ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺩ ﻫــﺎﻟﯿﺲ )ﻗــﺰﻝ ﺍﯾﺮﻣــﺎﻕِ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ( ﻣــﺮﺯ ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻟﯿــ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﻟﯿﺪِﯾﹶە ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺳﺪﮤ ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺁﺭﯾـﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻏـﺮﺏ ﺍﻧـﺎﺗﻮﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﮤ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﻪﺋـﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﮐﻨـﻮﻥ‬ ‫»ﺑﻮﯾﻮﮎ ﻣﻨﺪﺭﺱ« ﻭ »ﮔﯿﺪﯾﺰ« ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﮑﻞ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﻤﮥ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺳﺪﮤ ﺷـﺸﻢ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻕ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽﻧﺸﯿﻦ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﮋﻩ ﻭ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻏـﺮﺏ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧـﮥ ﻗـﺰﻝ ﺍﯾﺮﻣـﺎﻕ ﺑـﻪﺍﻭﺝ ﻋﻈﻤـﺖ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﯾﺘﺨﺖ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﺭﺩﯾﺲ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯿﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﺯﻣﯿﺮ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﯼ ﻣﺬﺍﮐﺮﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺳـﺘﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﺑـﻪﺻـﻠﺢ ﭘﺎﯾـﺪﺍﺭ ﮐـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘـﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﻣﺮﺯﻫـﺎﯼ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﯼ ﺷـﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻟﯿـ ِﺪﯾﹶە‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﺭﯾـﺎﻧ‪‬ە ﺩﺧﺘـﺮ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻟﯿـ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺻـﻠﺢ ﺍﺑـﺪ ِ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺩﻭﺳـﺘﯽ ﺍﺳـﺘﻮﺍﺭﯼ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﯽﻋ‪‬ﻬﺪﺵ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺧﻮﺍﺳـﺘﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻭﺻـﻠ ‪‬‬ ‫ﭘﺴﺮ ﻭ ﻭﻟ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۸‬ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮ‪‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯِ ﺳﺪﮤ ﺷﺸﻢ ﭖﻡ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﯿﺎﻧﮥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﺗﻘـﺴﯿﻢ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ ﻓـﺮﺍﺕِ ﻣﯿـﺎﻧﯽ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﯿﻤـﮥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﯿﺮﻭﻣﻨﺪﺗﺮ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻭﺭﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻣﻮﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﺗـﺎ ﮐﺮﺍﻧـﮥ ﻏﺮﺑـ ِ‬ ‫ﺷــﻤﺎﻟﯽِ ﻋــﺮﺍﻕِ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺗــﺎ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻗــﺰﻝ ﺍﯾﺮﻣــﺎﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﯿــﮥ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ ﺑــﻮﺩ؛ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﮐــﻪ ﻧﯿﻤــﮥ ﺟﻨــﻮﺑﯽِ ﻋــﺮﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺳﻮﺭﯾﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻄﯿﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺋﯿﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺩﻥِ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ؛ ﻣـﺼﺮ ﮐـﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﯽ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﻭ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﮐﻪ ﻧﯿﻤﮥ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﮥ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭ ﻧﯿﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺩﺍﻥِ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻟﯿﺒ ِ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﭼﻬــﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺑﺮﻗــﺪﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﻗﻌــﯽ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐــﺸﻮﺭﯼ ﺑــﻪﻧــﺎﻡ ﯾﻮﻧــﺎﻥ ﻫﻨــﻮﺯ ﺑــﺮ ﺻــﺤﻨﮥ‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﯿﺎﯼ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎﯼ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺍﮐﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﻭ ﻋﻘـﺐﻣﺎﻧـﺪﮔﯽِ ﻭﺍﻗﻌـﯽ ﺩﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﺩﺭﯾـﺎﯼ ﻣﺪﯾﺘﺮﺍﻧـﻪ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﭘﺎﺩﺷـﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﻭ ﭘﺎ ﻣﯽﺯﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺑﯿﺎﻥِ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪﯾـ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺘــﺪﺭ ﺗﻘــﺴﯿﻢ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﯾﮑــﯽ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﺑــﺎ ﭘــﺸﺘﻮﺍﻧﮥ ﺗﻤــﺪﻧﯽ ﭼﻨﺪﻫﺰﺍﺭﺳــﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺠــﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷـــﻤﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠـــﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻓﻨـــﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻫـــﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ؛ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕـــﺮﯼ ﺩﻭﻟـــﺖ ﻣـــﺎﺩ ﮐـــﻪ ﺍﯾﻨـــﮏ ﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﺛﺮﻭﺗﻬـــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺑـﻪﺧـﺪﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻈﯿﻤﯽ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﮐﻠﯿﮥ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺗﻤﺪﻧ ِ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﯾﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﮔـﺎﺭ ﻣﻬـﺪ ﺗﻤـﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ ﻋﻠـﻢ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﺑـﻪﺷـﻤﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﺭﻓـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻠﮏ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﻫﯿـﺄﺕ ﻭ ﺭﯾﺎﺿـﯿﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷـﮑﯽ ﻭ ﻓﻨـﻮﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﺳـﺎﺯﯼ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤـﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺑـﻞ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺍﻭﺝ ﺷــﮑﻮﻓﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺳــﯿﺪﻩ ﺣﮑﻤــﺖ ﻭ ﻓﻠــﺴﻔﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﯾــﺖ ﺗﻌــﺎﻟﯽ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻫــﺎﯼ ﻧﻘﺎﺷــﯽ ﻭ ﭘﯿﮑــﺮﻩﺳــﺎﺯﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺣﺪ ﮐﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﺧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺑﺪ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﮥ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ )ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣـﺼﺮ( ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺷـﮑﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺯﯾﺒـﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺘﺎ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻧ‪‬ﺒﻮﺧ‪‬ﺪ ﻧ‪‬ﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺙ ﻫﻤـﮥ ﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬـﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺮﺳـﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻏـﺮﺏ ﻓـﺮﺍﺕ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬

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‫ﯾﻬﻮﺩﺍ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﯽﺭﺣﻤﺎﻧـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﻢ ﮐـﻮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷـﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐـﻮﭺ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﺑﻮﻣﯿـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﻣﯿـﺎﻥﺭﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻨﯿﺘﯽ ﮔﻮﺭﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫ‪‬ﻨﮕﻤ‪‬ﺘﺎﻧ‪‬ە )ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ( ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺑـﻪﺗﻘﻠﯿـﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑــﻞ ﻭ ﺑــﺎﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺧــﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺻــﻨﻌﺘﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤــﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨــﺪﺍﻥِ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯼ ﻭ ﻣــﺎﻥﻧــﺎﯾﯽ‪ ،‬ﺑــﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺮﺍﺷــﺘﻦ ﮐﺎﺧﻬــﺎﯼ ﻣﺠﻠــﻞ ﻭ ﮐــﺸﯿﺪﻥ ﺧﯿﺎﺑﺎﻧﻬــﺎﯼ ﻭﺳــﯿﻊ ﻭ ﺍﯾﺠــﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻏﻬــﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺷــﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﯼ ﺯﯾﺒــﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪﯾﮏ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺷﮑﻮﻩ ﻣﺒﺪﻝ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﺍﺑﻬـﺖ ﺑـﻪﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬

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‫ﺍﻧﺪﮎﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﺎﺭﺿﺎﯾﺘﯿﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﯽ ﺍﻣﯿﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﺣﻠﺐ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺻﯿﺪﺍ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺩﻣـﺸﻖ ﻭ ﮐﻨﻌـﺎﻥ ﻭ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑــﻪﺭﻭﺍﻝ ﺷــﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﯾــﮏ ﺍﺭﺗــﺶ ﻣــﻨﻈﻢ ﺑــﺎ ﻟﺒــﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟــﺸﮑﻞ ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﻓــﺮﺍﺩﺵ‬ ‫ﺭﺧﺖ ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﺗـﻦ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮﯾﻦ ﺟﻨـﮓﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫـﺎﯼ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﺮﺧـﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭﺵ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﯾﮏ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺯﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﺻﺪﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﮥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺑﻪﺁﻣﻮﺩﺭﯾﺎ )ﺭﻭﺩ ﺟﯿﺤﻮﻥ( ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﯾﺶ ﻭﻗﺎﯾﻊ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺁﻣﯿﺨﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕِ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽِ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﯾﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﯽﻧﻮﯾﺴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﮐـﺎﺧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺮﺍﺷﺖ ﺣـﺼﺎﺭﻫﺎﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣـﻮﻥ ﺁﻥ ﮐـﺸﯿﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻣـﺎ ﹾ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺧﺎﻧـﻪﻫﺎﯾـﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺣــﺼﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺮﺍﺯﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﻫــﯿﭻﮐــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣــﺮﺩﻡ ﻋــﺎﺩﯼ ﻧﺒﺎﯾــﺪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﮐــﺎﺥ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮐﻪ ﻋﺮﯾﻀﻪﺋﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﭘﯿﮑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﮐﺎﺥ ﺍﻓﮑﻨﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺍﻭ ﮐﺴﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺨﻨﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﮐﺴﯽ ﻧﺒﺎﯾﺪ ﺁﺏ ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺍﯾﻨﻬـﺎ ﺑـﯽﺍﺩﺑـﯽ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﺎﯾﺘﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﻣـﯽﻧﻮﺷـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﯽﻓﺮﺳـﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﯽِ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺰﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺰﻫﮑﺎﺭ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﯽ ﺑﻪﺍﻭ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﯿﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭ ﻣـﯽﺩﺍﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺑﺰﻫﮑـﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺣــﻀﻮﺭ ﻭﯼ ﺑﺒﺮﻧــﺪ؛ ﻭ ﻫــﺮﮐﺲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑــﺎ ﺑﺰﻫــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻣﺮﺗﮑــﺐ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﮐﯿﻔــﺮ ﻣــﯽﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﺵ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﯿﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺒﺮﺭﺳﺎﻧﺎﻥ ﮔﻤﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﮥ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻧﻈــﺎﻡ ﺳﯿﺎﺳــﯽﺋــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻫﻮﺧــﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ ﯾــﮏ ﻧﻈــﺎﻡ ﺷــﺒﻪ ﻓــﺪﺭﺍﻟﯽ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﯾــﺮﺍ ﻫﺮﮐــﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮐــﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﺋﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾــﮥ ﭘﺎﺩﺷــﺎﻫﯽ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺧــﻮﯾﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤــﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧــﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺧـﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﺧـﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺳ‪‬ـﮑﹶەﺷـﯿﺎﻥ )ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﮑﹶەﻫﺎﯼ ﺗﯿﺰﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺱ( ﺷﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﮐﹶﺖﭘ‪‬ﺘﻮﮐﹶە ﺷﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷـﺖ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻭﺭِ ﻣﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‬

‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ٢،‬ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ »ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﯿﺎﺭِ ﻭﯼ« ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺿﻌﯿﺖ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﺧﺎﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﮐﻠﯽ‬

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‫ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ »ﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪‬ﭘﺎﻭ« )ﺷـﻬﺮﺑﺎﻥ( ﺍﺑـﺪﺍﻉ ﺷـﺪ؛‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺣــﺎﮐﻤﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧــﺪﺍﻥ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺑــﺮ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﻣﻨــﺼﻮﺏ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿــﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐــﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺗــﺎﺑﻊ ﺷﺎﻫﻨــﺸﺎﻫﯽ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘــﻂ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘــﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺷــﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﺮﮐــﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﮐــﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﮑﻠﻒ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﯽ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭِ ﺷﺎﻫﻨـﺸﺎﻩ ﺑﻔﺮﺳـﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑـﻪﻋـﻼﻭﻩ‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‪.۱۰۰ ­۹۹ /۱ :‬‬ ‫‪ ­2‬ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‪.۱۳۴ /۱ :‬‬

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‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﯿﻠﮥ ﺍﻣﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﯽﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﮤ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑــﻪﻫﻨﮕــﺎﻡ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐــﺸﯿﻬﺎ ﺳــﭙﺎﻫﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿــﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗــﺶ ﺷﺎﻫﻨــﺸﺎﻩ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺧــﻮﺩِ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﺎﻥِ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺳﭙﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻮﺗـﻪﺳـﺨﻦ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﮑــﻪ ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﭼﻨــﺪﯾﻦ ﺷــﺎﻩِ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘــﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺷــﺎﻩِ ﺷــﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫­ﺁﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﻮﺵ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ­ ﻟﻘﺐ »ﺧﺸ‪‬ﯿﺘِﯿﺎﻥﺀَ ﺧﺸ‪‬ﯿﺘِﯽ« ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺗﯿﺎﻥ »ﺷﺎﻫﺎﻥﺷﺎﻩ« ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘــﺎﺭﯼ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﻣــﺮﮒ ﻫﻮﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨــﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪ (۱ :‬ﺍﻣﯿﺮﻧـﺸﯿ ِ‬ ‫ﻦ ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯿﻢ؛ ‪ (۲‬ﺳﮑﹶەﺷﯿﺎﻧ‪‬ە ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺱ ﺗـﺎ ﮐﻮﻫﻬـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻗﻔﻘــﺎﺯ؛ ‪ (۳‬ﺁﺭﻣﻨ ـﯿﹼە‪ ،‬ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺭﻣﻨــﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺨــﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺗﺮﮐﯿــﻪ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻞﺩﻫﻨــﺪﮤ‬ ‫ﮐــﺖﭘ‪‬ﺘــﻮﮐﹶە ﻭﺍﻗــﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻫــﺎﻟﯿﺲ )ﻗــﺰﻝ ﺍﯾﺮﻣــﺎﻕ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ( ﺗــﺎ ﻣﺮﺯﻫــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﻣﻨ ـﯿﹼە ﻗــﺪﯾﻢ ﺑــﻮﺩ؛ ‪ (۴‬ﹶ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮐﻮﻫﻬﺎﯼ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻥ )ﺍﯾﻨﺠـﺎ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘـﺎﺭِ ﺳـﮑﹶەﻫـﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧـﯽ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ(؛ ‪ (۵‬ﺭ‪‬ﻏﹶە )ﺭﯼ( ﺍﺯ ﻧــﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﻏﺮﺑــﯽ ﻗــﺰﻭﯾﻦ ﺗــﺎ ﺩﻣﺎﻭﻧ ـﺪِ ﮐﻨــﻮﻧﯽ ﺑــﻪﺳــﻮﯼ ﺟﻨــﻮﺏ ﺗــﺎ ﻣﺮﺯﻫــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﭙ‪‬ەﺩﺍﻧ‪‬ە؛ ‪ (۶‬ﺍﹶﺳــﭙ‪‬ەﺩﺍﻧ‪‬ە )ﺍﺳـــﭙﻬﺎﻥ( ﻭﺍﻗـــﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨـــﻮﺏ ﺭ‪‬ﻏﹶە ﻭ ﺷـــﻤﺎﻝ ﭘـــﺎﺭﺱ؛ ‪ (۷‬ﺍﻟـــﯽﭘـــﯽ‪ ،‬ﺷـــﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﻣﺮﺯﻫـﺎﯼ ﻋـﯿﻼﻡِ ﻗـﺪﯾﻢ؛ ‪ (۸‬ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺯﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﯾﺰﺩ ﺗﺎ ﮐﺮﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ؛ ‪ (۹‬ﺩِﺭ‪‬ﻧﮕﯿﺎﻧ‪‬ە‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﭼﮥ ﻫـﺎﻣﻮﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺩ ﻫﯿﺮﻣﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﺎﻥِ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‪) .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺩﺭﻧﮕﯿﺎﻧە ﺍﮐﻨـﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧـﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ(؛‬ ‫‪ (۱۰‬ﻫ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﯾﻮ‪) ‬ﻫﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﺰ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﯾﮑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ(؛ ‪(۱۱‬‬ ‫ﻣ‪‬ﺮﻏِﯿﺎﻧ‪‬ە )ﻣﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﻤـﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ(؛ ‪ (۱۲‬ﭘ‪‬ﺮ‪‬ﺗ‪‬ـﻮ‪) ‬ﭘـﺎﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﮐـﻪ ﺍﮐﻨـﻮﻥ ﺑﺨـﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﻤﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﮐﻮﭼﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ(؛ ‪ (۱۳‬ﻫﯿﺮ‪‬ﮐﺎ ِﻧﯿﹶە )ﮔﺮﮔـﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐــﻪ ﺍﮐﻨــﻮﻥ ﻧﯿﻤــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﮐﻤﻨــﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ(‪ .‬ﻭﺳــﻌﺖ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘــﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﯽ ﮐﻠــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺑــﻞِ ﺁﻥﻫﻨﮕــﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﯽ ﭘﺎﺩﺷــﺎﻫﯽِ ﺳــﺎﺑﻖِ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﯿﻦ ﺧــﺎﮎِ ﺍﺻــﻠ ِ‬ ‫ﻭﺳــﻌﺖ ﺧــﺎﮎ ﺍﺻــﻠ ِ‬

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‫ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥِ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖِ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﭼﻨـﺪﺍﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺗـﺎ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦِ ﺟﻬــﺎﻥ ﺳــﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻧﺪﺍﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬــﺎ ﺍﻗــﻮﺍﻡ ﻏﯿــﺮ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻗﻠﻤــﺮﻭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺷﺎﻫﻨــﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻭﺍﻗــﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻗﻮﻡ ﮐﻮﭼﮏِ ﺧـﻮﺯﯼ ) ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﻋﯿﻼﻣـﯽ ﻣـﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳـﯿﻢ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣــﺮﺩﻡ ﺁﺭﻣﻨ ـﯿﹼە ﻧﯿــﺰ ﻫﺮﭼﻨــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧــﺪ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺁﺭﯾــﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺯﻧﻈ ـﺮِ ﻧــﮋﺍﺩﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﺯﺍﺩﮔــﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿــﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻘﯿﮥ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﻡ ﻫﻤﮕﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ )ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥﺯﻣـﯿﻦ(‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺪﻩ ﭘﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﺍﹶﯾﺮﺍﻥ« ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﯾﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ‬

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‫ﺑﻪﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﺸﺎﻥ »ﺍﹶﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﺋﯽﺟﺎ« ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﯾﮕــﺮ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽﻧــﺸﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﺳــﻐﺪ ﻭ ﺧــﻮﺍﺭﺯﻡ )ﮐــﻪ ﺍﮐﻨــﻮﻥ ﺍﺯﺑﮑــﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮﯾﹶە )ﺑﻠﺦ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺟﯿﮑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﻓﻐﺎﻧﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﻣ‪‬ﮑﹶە )ﻣ‪‬ﮏﮐﹸﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐـﻪ ﺍﮐﻨـﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻮﭼـﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑــﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻧﯿﻤــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ ﭘﺎﮐــﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪﻋــﻼﻭﻩ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽﻧــﺸﯿ ِ‬ ‫ﺳ‪‬ﮑﹶەﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻘﺎﯾﺎﯼ ﺗﻮﺭﺍﻥِ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ )ﺩﺭ ﮐﺮﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺳـﯿﺮﺩﺭﯾﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﺍﺯﺑﮑـﺴﺘﺎﻥِ ﮐﻨـﻮﻧﯽ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻦ ﮔﯿﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺿﻤﯿﻤﮥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽﻧﺸﯿ ِ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﺯﻧﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺿﻤﯿﻤﮥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﻧﻮﯾﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺸﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﮐﺴﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺗـﺎﺭﯾﺦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﭘــﻮﻝ ﺑـﻪﺷــﮑﻞ ﺳــﮑﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﻃــﻼ ﻭ ﻧﻘــﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺑـﺪﺍﻉ ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﺯﻧﻬــﺎﯼ ﻣﺸﺨـﺼﯽ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺳــﮑﻪﻫــﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﺑﻬـﺎﯼ ﻣـﺸﺨﺺ ﻭ ﻣﻌﯿﻨـﯽ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﮐـﺎﻻ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮﻧــﺪ‪ ١.‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﺘﺪ ﺑــﺎ ﻧﻘــﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻃــﻼ ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﻣــﯽﮔﺮﻓــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺳــﮑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ‬

‫ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﻃﻼ ﯾﺎ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻﹰ ﺑﻪﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘـﺎﺭﻩﻫـﺎﯼ ﺭﯾﺨﺘـﻪﺷـﺪﻩ )ﻧـﻮﻋﯽ ﺷـﻤﺶ( ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﺶ‬ ‫ﺳ ـ ِﺮ ﻋِــﺸﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣــﯽﺷﮑــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣــﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺑــﻪﻫﻨﮕــﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﺘﺪ ﺗﺤﻮﯾــﻞ ﻣــﯽﺩﺍﺩﻧــﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﯾﺘﻬــﺎﯼ ﯾﻮﻧــﺎﻧﯽ ﻣــﯽﮔﻮﯾﻨــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻟﯿ ـ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺨــﺴﺘﯿﻦﺑــﺎﺭ ﺳــﮑﮥ ﻃــﻼ ﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺭﻭﺍﯾــﺖ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻧﺎﭼـﺎﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻭﯾﺞ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺗﻘﻠﯿـﺪ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳـﮑﻪ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗـﺎﺭﯾﺦﻧﮕـﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﯾﻮﻧــﺎﻧﯽ ﻋــﺎﺩﺕ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪﺍﻧــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻫﺮﭼــﻪ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻧﺨــﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑــﺎﺭ ﺧﺒــﺮﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻣــﯽﺷــﻨﯿﺪﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﯾــﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﺭﺍ »ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ« ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻣﯽﻧﻮﯾﺴﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺳﻮﺍﺭﻩﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻭ ﭘﯿـﺎﺩﻩﻧﻈـﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻧﯿـﺰﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺸﯿﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﮐﺲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺍﻟﺸﮑﻞ )ﯾﻮﻧﯿﻔﻮﺭﻡ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﻬﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ ﻧﻈـﺎﻣﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‬

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‫ﻥ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺜـﻞ ﺑﻘﯿـﮥ »ﻧﺨـﺴﺘﯿﻦﺑـﺎﺭ«ﻫﺎﯾـﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺑﯿﻨﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﯾﮑﯽ ﻫﻢ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺳﮑﻪ ﺯﺩ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤــﺎﻝ ﺍﯾﻨﮑــﻪ ﺳــﮑﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻟﯿــ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪» ­1‬ﭘﻮﻝ« ﺩﺭﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﯿﺰ ﮔـﺮ ِﺩ ﻣ‪‬ـﺪ‪‬ﻭ‪ِ ‬ﺭ ﻣـﺴﻄﺢ ﮐـﻪ ﻗﻄـﺮ ﺍﻧـﺪﮐﯽ ﺩﺍﺷـﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﮔﻮﯾﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻫـﺮ ﺳـﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ »ﭘﻮﻝ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﭘﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺍﮊﮤ ﺑﻪﺷـﮑﻞ ﺍﺻـﻠﯿﺶ ﻓﻘـﻂ‬ ‫»ﭘﻮﻟﮏ« ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﯾﻌﻨﯽ »ﭘﻮﻝ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ«‪ .‬ﺳﮑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻟﻔـﻆ ﻋﺮﺑـﯽ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻝ ﺯﺭ« ﻣﯽﮔﻔﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺳﮑﮥ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ »ﭘﻮﻝ ﺳﯿﻢ«‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﺳﮑﮥ ﻃﻼ »ﭘﻮ ِ‬

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‫ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉِ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ »ﻧﺨﺴﺘﯿﻦﺑﺎﺭ«ﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺎﻥ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻥ ﺳﮑﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺣـﺴﺎﺱ ﻧﻤـﯽﺷـﺪﻩ ﺗـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻭ ﮐﻢﺍﻫﻤﯿﺘﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕِ ﺯﺩ ِ‬ ‫ﻟﯿـ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﻧﺨــﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺯﻧﻨــﺪﮤ ﺳــﮑﻪ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺳــﮑﻪ ﻃــﻼ ﻭ ﻧﻘــﺮﻩ ﺑــﻪﻭﻓــﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻨﺞﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﯽ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﮔﻨﺞﺧﺎﻧﮥ ﻣﻌﺒﺪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﯼ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ )ﺧﺎﻧـﮥ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ( ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺰ ﮐﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﻼ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻗــﻮﺍﻡ ﮔﻮﻧــﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻌــﺪﺩِ ﺗﺎﺑﻌــﻪ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺑﻬﺘــﺮﯾﻦ ﭼــﺎﺭﻩ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﻬـﺎﺋﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻫﺮﮐـﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘـﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﺑﺎﯾـﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﭙــﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗــﺮﻭﯾﺞ ﺳــﮑﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻃــﻼ ﻭ ﻧﻘــﺮﻩ ﺩﯾــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺍﺑــﺪﺍﻉ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺳــﮑﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻃــﻼﯼ‬ ‫ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﮐﻪ »ﺯﺭﯾﮓ« ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﮥ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﺳـﮑﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﮐـﻪ ﺷـﮑﻞ ﻧـﻮﯾﻨﯽ ﺑـﻪﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۹‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮ‪‬‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧـﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟـﺖِ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩﺷـﺪﮤ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺩﯾـﻦ ﺭﺳـﻤﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻦِ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺭﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕِ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻭﺣـﺪﺕ ﺩﯾﻨـﯽ ﻭ ﻋﻘﯿـﺪﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻣـﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﻫﻤـﻪﮔﯿـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻥ ﺩﯾـﻦ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻦ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﯿـﺮ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌـﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﺗـﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﯾﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﮐﻬﻦ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧـﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﯾـ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻋﻈﻢ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧـﯽ ﺭﺳـﻮﺥ ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻬـﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳـﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌـﺎﻟﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ )ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﻓﺮ‪‬ﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ (‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺗﻌـﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺗـﺎ ﺳـﺪﮤ ﻫـﺸﺘﻢ ﭖﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﯾﺸﻪ ﺩﻭﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﺑﻪﯾﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺪﺭِ ﺩﯾﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﺶ ﻓﺮﻭ‪‬ﺭﺗﯿﺶ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﻭﮮ ﺧـﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺷـﺘﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﯾـﺪﯾﻢ‪ (.‬ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﯾـﻦ ﺭﺳـﻤﯽ ﻭ ﺗـﺮﻭﯾﺞ ﺁﻥ ﻧﯿـﺰ‬

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‫ﻣﺮﺟﻊِ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﯼ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺍﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺟﺒـﺎﺕ ﮐـﺸﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻣـﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﯿـﺮﻭﯼ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺣﮑﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺗﯽ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ‪ ۲۵۸‬ﺳـﺎﻝ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﮑﻨﺪﺭ ﻣﻘـﺪﻭﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺍﻭﺭﻣﯿﹼﻪ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ؛ ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎﯼ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳـﭙﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﻦﮐﺮﺩ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺧﻼﻓـﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺳـﯽ ﺍﯾـﻦﺭﺍ ﺗﮑـﺮﺍﺭ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘـﯽ ‪ ۲۵۸‬ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ‪۳۳۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻔــﺰﺍﺋﯿﻢ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ۵۸۰‬ﭖﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣــﯽﺁﻭﺭﯾــﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﮔــﺮ ﻓــﺮﺽ ﮐﻨــﯿﻢ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺳــﺨﻦ ﻧــﻪ ﯾــﮏ ﺩﺭﻭﻍ‬

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‫ﻣﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ­ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻤﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬


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‫ﺑﯽﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻠﮑـﻪ ﻧﺎﺷـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾﺎﺩﻫـﺎﯼ ﺟﻤﻌـﯽﺋـﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﮔـﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺽ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺩﻭﺩﻫﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺷﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺎﺯ ﻫـﻢ ﻣـﯽﺑﯿﻨـﯿﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﯾـﺖ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥِ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸﺘﺮ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻧـﻪ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯﺁﻥ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺘـﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﮤ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﻧﻤـﯽﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯾـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﮤ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﺑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﯽ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺍﻭﺳـﺘﺎ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ )ﺑـﺎﺧﺘﺮﯾﹶە ﻭ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻭﯾـﺸﺖﺍﹶﺳـﭙ‪‬ە ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺎﻧﯽ‪،‬‬ ‫ﮐــﺎﻭﮮﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﮐــﺮﭘﻦﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺳــﯿﺞﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻫﻤﺎﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﻮﺭ‪‬ﯾــﺎ‪ /‬ﺗــﻮﺭﺍﻥ(‪ .‬ﻟــﺬﺍ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺣــﻞ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣــﺸﮑﻞ ﮐــﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎﻥ ﮐﺠﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺮﯾﹼە ﮐﺠﺎ؟ ﻣﯽﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺳـﭙﺲ ﺑـﻪ ﺑـﺎﺧﺘﺮﯾﹶە ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﯾﺸﺖﺍﹶﺳﭙ‪‬ە ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯽ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﮔـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺷـﺎﯾﺪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑـﻪﺟـﺎﺋﯽ ﺑﺒـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺘﻨـﯽ ﺑـﺮ ﯾﺎﺩﻫـﺎﯼ ﻣـﺒﻬﻢِ ﺟﻤﻌـ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺭﺳﻤﯽ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯾﺶ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﯾﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﺳﺪﻩ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨﻪﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑــﻪﺗﻮﺿــﯿﺢ ﻧﯿــﺴﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻣــﺎﺕ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ )ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠــﻪ ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﺩﯾﻨــﯽ( ﺩﺭ ﻣــﺎﻥﻧــﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺳــﺎﺑﻘﮥ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻻﻧﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﺋﯽ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺍﻥِ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻣﯽﺩﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺍﺛﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻣﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﮥ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮏ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯼ ﺧﺒ ِﺮ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺳﺘﻮﻥ ﯾﺎﺩﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎ ﺑـﻪﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﺮ ﺭﻭﯾـﺶ ﻣﻄـﺎﻟﺒﯽ )ﻣـﺜﻼ ﺳـﻮﮔﻨﺪﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﭘﺎﺑﻨـﺪﯼ ﺑـﻪﻋﻬـﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭِ ﺷﺎﻩ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺪﺍﯼ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ( ﻧﮕـﺎﺭﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼﺕ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺍﻥِ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﮐـﻪ ﭼـﻪ ﺑـﺴﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﯾﺎ ﺁﺭﻣﻨﯿﹼە ﺁﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕِ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷﺎﻫﻨـﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺳــﻮﺍﺩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭﻣﯿــﺎﻥ ﺍﻓــﺮﺍﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍﺑــﺴﺘﮕﺎﻥ ﺑــﻪﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭِ ﻣــﺎﻥﻧــﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﭘــﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺩﯾــﺪﯾﻢ ﮐــﻪ‬

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‫ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﯾـﻒ ﺷـﻮﺩ؛ ﺯﯾـﺮﺍ ﻫﺮﭼﻨـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎ ﺍﺯﻧﻈـﺮ ﺗﻤـﺪﻧﯽ ﭼﻨـﺪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺩﯾـﻦ ﻫـﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﯽﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﯽ ﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎ ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ِ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻭﮮﻫﺎ ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪﺗﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘ ِ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺑﯿﺮﺍﻧـﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻﹰ ﺗﻌـﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭ ﺷـﺎﻫﯽ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺗـﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻣﺮﺩﻣـﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﯽ ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﯽ ﻣﺎﻥﻧـﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺷـﺘﻦ ﻣـﯽﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻫﺒـﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﯾﻨـ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﯿﻠﮥ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﺮﺽ‪ ‬ﺩﻻﯾﻠﯽ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺒﯿﺮﮔـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺩﻣـﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﮔـﺎﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤــﯿﻦ ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ ﻣــﺎﻥﻧــﺎ ﻣــﯽﺯﯾــﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺯﺭﺗــﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘــﺴﺐ ﺑــﻪ ﻗﺒﯿﻠــﮥ ﺧﻮﺩﺷــﺎﻥ ﻣــﯽﺩﺍﻧــﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ‬

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‫ﮐــﺎﻭﮮﻫــﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻗﺒــﻞ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﻫــﻢ ﺍﻣﯿــﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﻫــﻢ ﺭﻫﺒــﺮ ﺩﯾﻨــﯽ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻧــﺪﺍﻥ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣــﺎﻥﻧــﺎ ﻧﯿــﺰ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣـﯽﮐﺮﺩﻧـﺪ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥﺟـﺎﺋﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺭﻭﺯﮔـﺎﺭﯼ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎﻥﻧــﺎ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓــﺴﺎﻧﻪﺋــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ ﺯﺭﺗــﺸﺖ ﺑﺮﺁﻣــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﭼــﮥ ﺍﻭﺭﻣﯿــﻪ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺮﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺴﺨﮥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﭼﮥ ﺍﻭﺭﻣﯿﻪ ﺑﺮﻭﯾﹶﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤـﺼﺮ ﮐـﺮﺩﻥ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻧﺒﯿﺮﮔـﺎﻥِ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺳـﺎﻧﯽ ﺑـﻪ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻫﻮﺧــﺸﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿﻮﻧــﺪ ﺑــﺎ ﺁﻏــﺎﺯ ﺭﺳــﻤﯿﺖ ﯾــﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺩﯾــﻦ ﺯﺭﺗــﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭ ﻣــﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ؛ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﯾﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻭﻟﯽ ﻫﻤﮥ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺁﺩﺍﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﯾﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﮐﻬﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـــﻪ ﮔﺮﻓﺘـــﻪ ﺑـــﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠـــﻪ ﺗﻘـــﺪﺱ ﺁﺫﺭ ﮐـــﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـــﻂ ﻫﻤـــﯿﻦ ﺗـــﺪﻭﯾﻦﮐﻨﻨـــﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻌـــﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺯﺭﺗـــﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪﺱ ﺁﺫﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﺳﻤﯿﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﮓﻧﮕﺎﺭﻩﺋﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔــﻮﺭﯼ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤــﺎﻻ ﺍﺯﺁﻥِ ﻫﻮﺧ ـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ ﻧــﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﮐــﻪ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑــﺮ ﺁﺫﺭ ﺍﯾــﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻣــﺸﻐﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﯼ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺁﺫﺭ ﺍﯾﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﻣﺖ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺑـﻪﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻧ‪‬ﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ »ﺩ‪‬ﯾﻦ‪ ‬ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺩﺍﯾﹶﺴﻨﯿﺶ« )ﺩﯾـ ِ‬ ‫ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺩﺍﭘﺮﺳـﺘﯽ( ﺍﺑــﺪﺍﻉ ﺷــﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺋﯿﻨــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﯾﻨــﮏ ﺭﺳــﻤﯿﺖ ﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻪ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺮﯾــﻒ ﺩﻗﯿﻘــﯽ ﺑــﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﯾﻨﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺶ ﺁﻓﺮﯾﺪﮔﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺩﮔﺎﺭِ ﯾﮑﺘﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺩﯾﺪﮤ ﻭﺻﻒﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻓﺮﺿـﯿﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺳـﯿﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨـﺪ ﻣـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻗـﺎﻧﻊ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣـﯽﺑﺎﯾـﺴﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎﯾﯽ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺑﺮﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨﮥ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺷـﻤﺎﻝﻏﺮﺑـ ِ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥِ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺛﻐﻮ ِﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﯾﻦ ﻃﺒﯿﻌ ِ‬ ‫ﻓﻼﺕِ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧـﺎﻡِ ﺩﯾﮕـﺮﺵ »ﺩﯾـﻦ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ« ﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑـﻪ ﻫﻤـﮥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺧﺎﻥ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ »ﺩﯾﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﻥ« ﻣﯽﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺣﺘﯽ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻎ ﻣﯽﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺳـﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﮔـﺎﺗ‪‬ەﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﯾﹶـﺴﻨ‪‬ەﻫﻔﺖﺑﻨـﺪﯼ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺨـﺸﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﺍﺯ ﯾـﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑ‪‬ﻦﺩﻫﺸﻦ ﻭ ﻭﻧﺪﯾﺪﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﯾﮋﻩ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﺳﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺎﻃﯿﺮﯼِ ﻧﯿﻤﮥ ﺷﺮﻗﯽ ﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻦ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﯾﻘﯿﻨﺎﹰ ﺳﺮﻭﺩﻩﻫﺎﯼ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﯿﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺆﻣﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻪﺩﯾ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔــﻮﻅ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺗــﺼﻮﺭ ﻣــﯽﺭﻭﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﺗﻌــﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﻭ ﺁﻧﭽــﻪ ﺑﺨــﺸﻬﺎﯼ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻬــﻦ ﺍﻭﺳــﺘﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﯿــﺪﻩ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻐﺎﻥِ ﺑﯽﺧﺒﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﮥ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﮐﻠﯽ ﻧﺎﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﯼ ﺟﺎﯾﻬﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨـﻪ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﯾﮕـﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪﺩﺳـﺘﻮﺭ ﺷـﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣــﺎﺩ ﻣﺘــﺼﺪﯼ ﮔــﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺗــﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﺗﻌــﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺯﺭﺗــﺸﺖ ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗــﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻗــﻮﻡ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﻧﯿــﺰ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﭘﯿﺪﺍ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﻗـﺪﻣﺖ ﺗـﺎﺭﯾﺨﯽ ﺷﺎﻫﻨـﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫـﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤـﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﮐـﻪ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﻠﺪﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﻣﺪﻭﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﻫﺰﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺁﻥ ﻣﯽﺑﺎﻟﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﻣـﯽﺑﺎﯾـﺴﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﻣــﺪﻭﻥ ﺷــﻮﺩ؛ ﻭ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻧﯿــﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣــﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﺷﺎﻫﻨــﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗــﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﮑــﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﯾﺘﮕــﺮﺍﻥ‬

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‫ﻣـﯽﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗــﺎ ﺁﻥﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﺑــﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺮﺍﮐﻨــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺧـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨــﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﯿﻤــﮥ ﺷــﺮﻗﯽ ﻓــﻼﺕ ﻣــﺪﻭﻥ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺩﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺣﻤﺎﺳـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰ ﻭ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﻓـﻼﺕ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻋـﻮﺕ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺩﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﯾـﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﯿـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺧﺮﺩﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﻧﯿﺎﮐﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﺗﻤـﺪﻧﯽﺷـﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻬـﺎﺋﯽ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎﯼ ﭘﯿﺮﻭﺯﻣﻨﺪﺍﻧﻪﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﯿﮕﺎﻧﮕﺎﻥِ ﺍﺷـﻐﺎﻟﮕﺮ )ﺍﮊﺩﻫـﺎﮒ ﺑﯿﻮ‪‬ﺭﺍﹶﺳـﭗ( ﻭ ﺗـﺸﮑﯿ ِ‬ ‫ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﭘﻬﻨـﺎﻭﺭِ ﺟﻤـﺸﯿﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﯾــﺪﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﯾـﺮﺝ ﻭ ﮐـﮯﮐـﺎﻭﻭﺱ ﻭ ﮐــﮯﺧـﺴﺮﻭ ﻭ ﮐـﮯﮐﹸـﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻬﺮﺍﺳــﭗ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﺳﭗ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪﯾﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﺍﻧﯿﻬﺎﯼ ﻧﺮﯾﻤـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺭﺳـﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺳـﻬﺮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺍﺳـﭙﻨﺪﯾﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺜـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿـﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻭﺳـﺘﺎ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﭘﺮﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪﻋﻨـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮ ﻫﻮﯾـﺖِ ﻣﻠـ ِ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﻡِ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨﮥ ﺩﯾﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺨﯽ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻪ ﻭ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﯽﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺩﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺑـﻪﻣﺜﺎﺑـﮥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﻨﺎﻣﮥ ﻣﻠـﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩﻣﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﯼﺟﺎﯼ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﯾﺘﮕﺮﺍﻥِ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﺳﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﺷﻨﯿﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺷـﻨﯿﺪﻥ ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷـﺖ ﭘﯿﺮﻭﺯﻣﻨﺪﺍﻧـﮥ ﻧﯿﺎﮐـﺎﻥ ﺧـﻮﯾﺶ ﻣﺎﻻﻣـﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻏـﺮﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻋـﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺲ ﺳﻠﺤﺸﻮﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻭﺝ ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﺑﯿـﺸﺘﺮ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﻈﻬـﺮ ﻭﺣـﺪﺕ ﻭ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺷـﮑﻮﻩ ﻣﻠـﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﻔـﺸﺎﻧﯽ ﮐﻨﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﭙﻬﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﻣﯽﺷﻨﯿﺪﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺑـﺎﺯﻭ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻈﻤـﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺮﻭﯼ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻣ‪‬ﺮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻝ ﻭ ﺟـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺪﻣﺖ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫـﺪﻓﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺷـﺎﻥ ﺑﮑﻮﺷـﻨﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﯾـﺸﺘﻦ ﻧـﺴﺨﮥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺳﺘﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺴﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻝ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﺷﺎﻫﻨـﺸﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﺍﺟـﺮﺍ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ )ﺍﺳﺎﻃﯿﺮ( ﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺧﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺟـﻪ ﻣـﯽﺷـﻮﯾﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷـﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﻧﯿﺎﮐـﺎﻥِ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﺳـﺮ ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﻭ ﻏـﺮﺏ ﻭ ﺷــﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺟﻨــﻮﺏ ﺑــﻪﻧﺤـﻮ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺒــﺎﯾﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﺩﻏــﺎﻡ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻭﺍﺣــﺪ ﻭ ﻣــﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻧــﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿــﺎﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﺳــﺮ ﻓــﻼﺕ ﺭﺍ ﯾــﮏ ﻗــﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪِ ﺑــﻪﻫــﻢﭘﯿﻮﺳــﺘﮥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﯼ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷ ـ ِ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﺪﻩ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﮐـﺎﺭ ﻧﺒـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠـﺎ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﯾﺘﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑـﻪﻃـﻮﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺑـﻪﺧـﻮﺩﯼ ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺯﺍﺋﯿـﮏ ﺯﯾﺒـﺎﺋﯽ‬

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‫ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺘﺎﹰ ﺗـﺪﻭﯾﻦﮐﻨﻨـﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺗﻌـﺎﻟﯿﻢ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﯿـﺎﻥ ﺩﯾـﻦ ﺭﺳـﻤﯽ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﺨـﺴﺘﯿﻦ ﺑـﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻃﺒﻘﮥ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﯿﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﻦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺶ ﻣﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﮥ ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﯿﻠﮥ ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﯾﮑـﯽ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻣـﺎﻥﻧـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﻣـﯽﺩﺍﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﭽـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞﺩﻫﻨﺪﮤ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾﻪﺋﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﭘﯿـﺸﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨ ِ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﺳﺪﻩ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﯼ ﺍﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻋـﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺨﯽِ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺖِ ﺩﯾﻦ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮐﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﯾﺰﺩﺍﻥِ ﻣﻄﺮﻭ ِﺩ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺑﻪﺁﺋﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﺑـﻪﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﭘﺮﺳـﺘﺶ »ﺁﺫﺭ« ﻭ »ﻣﯿﺘـﺮ‪ «‬ﻭ‬

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‫ﺍﯾﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺗﻘﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﻦ ﺭﺳﻤ ِ‬ ‫»ﺍﹶﻧﺎﻫﯿﺘ‪‬ە« ﺭﺍ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﻥِ ﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦﮐﻨﻨﺪﮤ ﺩﯾ ِ‬ ‫ﻭ ﭘﺮﺳﺘﺶ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﯾﺰﺩﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻬـﺎﯼ ﻣﺘـﺄﺧﺮﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﯾـﻦ ﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺩﺷـﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭﻟـﯽ ﺗﻌﻤـﯿﻢ ﭘﺮﺳـﺘﺶ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﮐـﻪ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ ﺗـﺮﻭﯾﺞ ﻣـﯽﺷـﺪ ﺑـﻪﮐﻨـﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻓـﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﮔﻮﻧﻪﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺧﺸﯿﺎﺭﺷﺎ ﺑﻪﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻌﻤـﯿﻢﯾـﺎﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺩﺷــﯿﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﭘﺮﺳــﺘﺶ ﻣﯿﺘ ـﺮ‪ ‬ﻭ ﺍﹶﻧــﺎﻫﯿﺘ‪‬ە ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨــﺎﺭ ﺍﻫــﻮﺭ‪‬ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺩﺍ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﯾﺎﻓــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﺮﺳــﺘﺶ‬ ‫ﻥ ﮐﻬـﻦ ﺁﺭﯾــﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺗـﺎ ﭘﺎﯾــﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨـﺸﯽ ﻫﻤـﻪﮔﯿـﺮ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺳـﻢ ﻗﺮﺑـﺎﻧﯽ ﺣﯿﻮﺍﻧــﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﯾﮕـﺮ ﺍﯾـﺰﺩﺍ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﺸﻨﻮﺩﯼ ﺧﺪﺍ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﯿﺪﻥ ﻫﻮﻣ‪‬ە ﮐﻪ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺻﺮﯾﺤ ﹰﺎ ﻣﻤﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ ﺗﺒـﺪﯾﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺨـﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺍﺳـﻢِ ﺁﺋﯿﻨـﯽ )ﻃﻘـﻮﺱ( ﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨـﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺳـﺘﺎﯼ ﺗـﺪﻭﯾﻦﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻓــﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺯﺑــﺎﻥ ﺯﺭﺗــﺸﺖ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟــﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺳ ـﻢِ ﺁﺋﯿﻨــﯽ ﺍﺣﮑــﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻘــﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺩﺍﺑﯽ ﻭﺿﻊ ﮔﺮﺩﯾﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎ ﺟﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﻣ‪‬ە ﺑﻪﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾـﺖِ ﻣﻘﺪﺳـﯽ ﺗﺒـﺪﯾﻞ ﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﻫـﻮﺭ‪‬ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺩﺍ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺁﻓﺮﯾـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻣ‪‬ﺰﺩﺍﯾﹶﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺷﺎﺩﯼﺁﻓﺮﯾﻦ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣ ِ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺧﻼﻑ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺍﺩﯾﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﯿﺎﻧـﻪﯾـﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﺗـﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﮐﺘـﺎﺏ ﺩﯾﻨـﯽﺷـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺑـﺮﺩﻩﮔﯿـﺮﯼ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺩﻩ ﻓﺮﻭﺷــﯽ ﻭ ﺑــﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑــﻪﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﯾﮑــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣــﺴﺘﻠﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌــﮥ ﺩﯾﻨــﯽ ﻧﮕﺮﯾــﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺣﮑــﺎﻣﯽ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺑﺮﺩﮔﯽ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﮤ ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻮﺩﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﻧـﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺿـﻊ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯﺟﺎﻧـﺐِ‬ ‫ﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺎﯾـﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻫﻨـﺸﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﺍﯾﺸﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﮥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﻨ ِ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﯽ ﭼﻨﺪﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺪﻭﯾﻦ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﯿﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺣﮑـﺎﻡ ﺩﯾﻨـﯽ ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩﺋـﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺁﻥ ﻧﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺮﺩﻩﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺧﺮﯾـﺪ ﻭ ﻓـﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﻧـﺴﺎﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﯾـﺮﺍ ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧـﯽ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺸﻮﺩ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﭘﺎﯾﮥ ﺣﯿﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﭘﺎﺋﯿﻦ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺮﯾـﺪ ﻭ ﻓـﺮﻭﺵ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘـﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺧﺒﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﯾﻨﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺻ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻬﺎﯼ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺮ ﺣﯿﻮﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﺗﻤﻠﮏ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺮ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻭ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺳـﻔﻨﺪ ﺑـﻪﻣﻌـﺮﺽ ﻓـﺮﻭﺵ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﯾـﻦ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ‬

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‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﮕﺮﺵِ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻏـﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻫـﺎ ﺗـﺎ ﭘﺎﯾـﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺳـﺎﻧﯽ ﻫـﯿﭻﮔـﺎﻩ ﺑـﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣـﻊ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧـﯽ ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﻧﯿﺎﻓـﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻬـﺎ ﮐﺘـﺎﺏ ﺩﯾﻨـﯽ ﺟﻬـﺎﻥ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﯾﯿﺪ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻭﺳﺘﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﻫﺮ ﺭﻫﺒـﺮ ﺩﯾﻨـﯽ ﯾـﮏ ﻣـﻎ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﯽ ﻫـﺮ ﻣﻐـﯽ )ﯾﻌﻨـﯽ ﻫـﺮ ﻋـﻀﻮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻠـﮥ‬ ‫ﻣﻐــﺎﻥ( ﻣﻨــﺼﺐ ﺩﯾﻨــﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺷــﺖ ﺑﻠﮑــﻪ ﻫــﺮ ﻣﻐــﯽ ﻣــﺮﺩﯼ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﯿﻠــﮥ ﺑــﺰﺭﮒ ﻣﻐــﺎﻥ ﺑــﻮﺩ؛ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑــﻪ ­ﻣــﺜﻼ­‬ ‫ﮔﺎﺅﻣﺎﺗ‪‬ە ﮐﻪ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﻮﺵ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﯾـﮏ ﻣـ ِﻎ ﺑﺮﺟـﺴﺘﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﺑﺮﺩﻩﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ »ﻋﺪﻡ« ﻧﮕﺮﯾﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻄﻠﻘ ﹰﺎ ﺳﮑﻮﺕ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪﺧـﺎﻃﺮ‬


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‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻭﻟﯽ ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺩﯾﻨﯽ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺎ ﺳﺪﮤ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣـﺴﯿﺤﯽ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﭘـﺎﺭﺗﯽ ﻭﺍﮊﮤ »ﻣـﻎ« ﮐـﺴﺐ ﺗﻘـﺪﺱ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺳـﺎﻧﯽ »ﻣـﻎ« ﻭ »ﻣﺘـﻮﻟﯽ ﺩﯾـﻦ« ﻣﺘـﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﯾﮑـﺪﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻗﺒﯿﻠـﮥ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕــﺎﻫﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺧــﻮﺩِ ﻣﻐــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻃــﻮﻝ ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺷــﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﯾــﻒ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ ﻗﺒﯿﻠــﮥ ﻣﻘﺪﺳــﯽ‬ ‫ﻞ ﺑﯿـﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ(‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﮥ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﺵ ﺑـﻪﺯﺭﺗـﺸﺖ ﻣﻨـﺴﻮﺏ ﻣـﯽﺷـﺪﻧﺪ )ﺳـﺎﺩﺍﺕِ ﺍﻫـ ِ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﯿﻠﻪ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺩﻏﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮﭼﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥِ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﯾــﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﯾــﻮﺵ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨــﻪﺷــﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟــﯽ ﯾــﮏ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺩﯾﻨــﯽ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺳﺎﺳـﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﻭﺷـﺎﺩﻭﺵ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺩﻧﯿـﺎﯾ ِ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺗﯿﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺯﯾﺎﺩﯼ ﺑﻪﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .۱۰‬ﹶﺍﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻟﯿ ِﺪﯾﹶە ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﭘﯿﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺳـﺘﯽ ﺷـﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﯾــﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻟﯿــﺪﯾە‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷــﺖ ﻭ ﭘــﺴﺮﺵ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺑــﻪﺟــﺎﯼ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺎﺩﺷــﺎﻩ ﺷــﺪ )ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ۵۸۵‬ﭖﻡ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯿﻬﺎ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﭘﺎﺩﺷـﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ »ﺍﯾـﺸﺘﻮﻭﯾﮕﻮ« ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗـﺎﺭﯾﺦﻧﮕـﺎﺭﺍﻥِ ﯾﻮﻧـﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨـﺸﯽ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫»ﺍﹶﺳﺘِﯿﺎﮒ« ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﻤﮥ » ﹶﺍﺷ‪‬ە« ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﮐﺎﻭﺷﻬﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﮥ ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻋﻮﻥ ﺍﹶﺧِﻦﺁﺗﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪﺩﺳـﺖ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ ﮐـﻪ ﺧﻄـﺎﺏ ﺑـﻪﺷـﺎﻫﺎﻥِ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻣﻬﺎﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﺁﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩِ ﻧﻈ ِﺮ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﺎﻡِ »ﺍﺷ‪‬ەﺩﺍﺗ‪‬ە« ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﻣﺼﺮﯼ »ﯾﺎﺷـﺎﺩﺍﺗ‪‬ە« ﺫﮐـﺮ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺷ‪‬ە ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥِ ﺁﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍﹰ ﻟﻔﻆ »ﺁﺳﻤﺎﻥ« ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒـﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﮐﻠﻤ ـﮥ »ﺍﺷ ـە« ﻭ »ﻣــﺎﻥ«‪ .‬ﻣــﯽﺩﺍﻧــﯿﻢ ﮐــﻪ »ﻣــﺎﻥ« ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑــﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧــﯽ ﺑــﻪﻣﻌﻨــﺎﯼ »ﺟﺎﯾﮕــﺎﻩ« ﻭ‬ ‫»ﻣﺴﮑﻦ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺗﺎ ﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﭘﺴﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ »ﺧﺎﻥ« ﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﮐﻠﻤـﮥ »ﺧﺎﻧﻤـﺎﻥ«‬ ‫ﺖ ﻧﺎﻡِ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺑﯽ ﻫـﯿﭻ ﺗﺮﺩﯾـﺪﯼ »ﺍﺷ‪‬ـە« ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺩﯾﮕـﺮﺵ »ﺩﺍﺗ‪‬ە«‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﯾﻢ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺑﺨﺶِ ﻧﺨﺴ ِ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺑـﻪﻫﻤـﯿﻦ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﺑـﻪﮐـﺎﺭ ﻣـﯽﺭﻭﺩ‪» .‬ﺁﮔﻨـﯽ« )ﻣﺆﻧـﺚ ﺁﮒ( ﯾﮑـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺪﺍﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻬﻦ ﺁﺭﯾﺎﯾﯿﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﺭﺳﺖِ ﻧـﺎﻡِ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ »ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـەﺩﺍﺗ‪‬ەﺁﮒ« ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﮐــﻪ ﺷــﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺘــﻮﺍﻥ »ﻓــﺮﻭﻍ ﻋــﺪﺍﻟﺖ ﺁﺳــﻤﺎﻧﯽ« ﻣﻌﻨــﺎ ﮐــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﹶﺳ ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﮐــﻪ ﻫــﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻧﻮﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑــﻪﺩﺭﺳــﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮏ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﻬﺎ »ﺷﯿﻦ« ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ »ﺳﯿﻦ« ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﮐـﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﻨﺎﺩ ﺑـﺎﺑﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﻮﻭﯾﮕﻮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ەﺩﺍﺗ‪‬ەﺁﮒ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ‪۲۹‬ﺳﺎﻟﮥ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﻫﯿﭻ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷـﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ ﺟـﺰ ﺭﺧـﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﯼ ﺁﺧـﺮﯾﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻪﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺁﺧﺮﺵ »ﺁﮒ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪» .‬ﺁﮒ« ﺩﺭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺁﺭﯾﺎﯾﯽ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻣﻬـﺎﯼ ﺁﺗـﺶ‬


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‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﺮﺵ ﮐﻪ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﺑﻪﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺷﮑـﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﺑﻮﺩﯼ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩﻥ ﭘﺎﺩﺷـﺎﻫﯽ ﻣـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺖ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨـﺎﻥ ﯾﮑﭙـﺎﺭﭼﮕﯽ ﺧـﻮﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺣﻔـﻆ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﯽ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺁﯾﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺟﺪﯾﺪﯼ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻫﺎﺋﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـﻪﻗﻠﻤـﺮﻭ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺍﻓـﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮﯼ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻮﻓـﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺳـﺖ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻣـﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﻣﻨـﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺿـﺪ ﻣـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺭﯾﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯽ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺳﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽ ﺑﻪﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﻣـﯽﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺍﺭﻣﻨﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺩﺭﺻﺪﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﺍﺳـﺘﻘﻼﻝ ﺧـﻮﯾﺶ ﺑﺮﺁﻣـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﯽ ﺷـﻮﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺗــﺪﺑﯿ ِﺮ ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧــﺪﻩ ﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﻣﻨــﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻨــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺎﻋــﺖ ﻣﺎﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻮﻓــﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻﹰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺷــﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺭﺧــﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﻧﻤــﯽﺩﻫــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨــﺶ ﺑﻌــﺪﯼ ﺿــﻤﻦ ﺳــﺨﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺨــﺼﯿﺖِ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻪﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺷﻮﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻫﯿﻢ ﮔﺸﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎﯼ ﻓﺮﺍﻣـﺮﺯﯼ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﮕﺮﻓـﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﯿﻌـﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺮﯾﺾ ﻭ ﻃﻮﯾﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫـﺎﯾﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﯿـﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﯿـﺎﺕ ﺑـﺮ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿـﺎﻥ ﺗـﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻨـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﺍﻧـﺪﮐﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﺷـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﮐـﺎﻭﮮﻫـﺎ ﻣـﯽﺩﺍﺩﻧـﺪ ﺍﯾﻨـﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎﯼ ﭘﺮﺗﺠﻤﻞ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﻭ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺍﻣـﺮ ﺑـﻪﻃـﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﯿﻌـﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﺭﺿـﺎﯾﺘﯽ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻧـﺴﺒﺖ ﺑـﻪﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﯿﺨﺘـﻪ ﮔـﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﻩ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣـﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﯾـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺿـــﻌﯿﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻨـــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫـــﺎﯼ ﺳـــﺨﺘﮕﯿﺮﺍﻧﮥ ﺍﺷ‪‬ـــﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺑـــﺎ ﮐـــﺎﺭﮔﺰﺍﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﻧﯿـــﺰ ﺩﺍﺳـــﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻥ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﯽ ﻣـﻦ ﭘـﺎﺋﯿﻦﺗـﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﺋﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗـــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﮐـــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑـــﻮﺩ ﮐـــﻪ ﺍﯾـــﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـــﻪﺗﻨﻬـــﺎ ﺍﺑﺮﻗـــﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﻧﯿـــﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺳـــﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷـــﮑﻮﻫﻤﻨﺪﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﻨـــﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺗـــﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﮔـــﺬﺍﺭﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻤـــﺪﻥ ﺟﻬـــﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺒـــﺪﯾﻞ ﺷـــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾـــﻦ ﻭﻇﯿﻔـــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻬـــﺪﮤ ﺷـــﺎﻩِ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺥﭘﺮﻭﺭﺩﯼ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘﯿﺎﮒ ﺑﺮﻧﻤﯽﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾـﮥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﻣـﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﻓـﻼﺕ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾـﮥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺗــﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎﻻﺗﺮ ﮔﻔﺘــﯿﻢ ﮐــﻪ ﺷ‪‬ــﻠﻢ‪‬ﻧ‪ ‬ـﺼ‪‬ﺮ ﺳــﻮﻡ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﻤــﮥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺳــﺪﮤ ﻧﻬــﻢ ﭖﻡ ﺑــﻪﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺱﻭﺍﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻮﺏِ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﺳﺘﺎﻥِ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﻋﺮﺍﻕ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﮐـﺮﺩ ﻭ ‪ ۲۷‬ﺗـﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﺍﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳـﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺟﮕﺰﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯼ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱﻭﺍﺋـﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺿـﻤﯿﻤﮥ‬ ‫ﮐــﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﯾــﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺳــﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷــﺪ‪» .‬ﭘــﺎﺭﺱﻭﺍﺋــﯽ« ﺑــﻪﻣﻌﻨــﺎﯼ ﻧــﺸﯿﻤﻦﮔــﺎﻩِ‬ ‫ﭘــﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻠــﻮﻡ ﻧﯿــﺴﺖﮐــﻪ ﺁﯾــﺎ ﺍﯾــﻦ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱﻭﺍﺋــﯽ ﺑــﺎ ﻗﺒﺎﯾــﻞ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨــﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﻫﻬــﺎﯼ‬

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‫‪ .۱۱‬ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺟﺎ ِﻡ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ‬


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‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺨﺘﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ ﺍﺳﮑﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺳ‪‬ە ﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻫﻤﺮﯾﺸﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻢﺗﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﯾـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﮏ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻟﻔﻈﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ!‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦﻧﮕﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﯽ ­ﺑﯽﻫﯿﭻ ﺩﻟﯿﻠﯽ­ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪﻣـﺎ ﺑﻘﺒﻮﻻﻧﻨـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞِ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻓـﻼﺕ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳـﯿﺎﯼ ﻣﯿﺎﻧـﻪ ­ﻣـﺜﻼ ﺍﺯﺑﮑـﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﮐﻨـﻮﻧﯽ­ ﺁﻣـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺮﺳﯿﺪﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺩﻟﯿﻞ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ ﭼﯿﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭼﻨـﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﯿﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﯽﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻪﺭﻏﻢِ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺑﻪﻫﯿﭻ ﺳﻨﺪﯼ ﺗﮑﯿـﻪ ﻧـﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑﺮﺧـﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗـﺎﺭﯾﺦﻧﮕـﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯽﻧﮕﺎﺭ ﻧﯿﺰ ­ﮐﻪ ﻣﯽﭘﻨﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﮔﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﺮﺑﯽﻫﺎ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ­ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑـــﺎﺭﮤ ﺍﯾﻨﮑـــﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺳـــﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﮔـــﺮ ﺑﻮﻣﯿـــﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـــﻪ ﻧﺒـــﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧـــﺪ ﭘـــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺠـــﺎﯼ ﺍﯾـــﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـــﻪ ﭘـــﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﭼﯿﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﯿﭻﮐﺲ ﺟﺮﺃﺕ ﻧﮑﺮﺩﻩ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻟﯽ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ؛ ﺯﯾﺮﺍ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﮥ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥِ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯿﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﺮﻭﻥِ ﻓﻼﺕِ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺑـﯽﺑﻨﯿـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺣﺘـﯽ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥِ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱﻭﺍﺋﯿﻬـﺎ ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﺳـﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺟﺎﮔﯿﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﺛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟـﯽ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻫﻤـﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﻫﻢ ﮔﻤﺎﻥ ﮐﻨﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺱﻭﺍﺋﯿﻬﺎ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﮐـﺮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﮐﺮﻣـﺎﻥ ﯾــﺎ ﺟﺎﻫـﺎﺋﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨــﻮﺏ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱ ﺑـﻪﺁﻥﻣﻨﻄﻘــﻪ ﺭﺳـﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺗـﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮﺕِ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﯾﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺁﺫﺭﺑﺎﯾﺠﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺁﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺧﺮﺩﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﯾـﺎ ﻣـﯽﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﭘـﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺖِ ﺑﺰﺭﮒِ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﭘﺮﺁﺏ ﻭ ﮔﯿﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺩﺳﯿﺮ ﺑﻪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻥِ ﺧﺸ ِ‬ ‫ﮐﻢﺭﻭﺯﯼ ﺑﮑﻮﭼﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺟﺎﮔﯿﺮ ﺷﻮﺩ؟ ﻫﺮﮐﺲ ﺑﻪﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻫﺠـﺮﺕ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﺁﺷـﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺶ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻧﻔﯽ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﯾـﺎ ﻧﻤـﯽﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮﺗﯽ ﺧـﻼﻑ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻣـﺴﯿﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻓـﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳ ‪‬‬ ‫ﮐــﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱﻭﺍﺋــﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪﺯﯾ ـ ِﺮ ﺳــﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺁﻣــﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺨــﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺒﺎﯾــﻞ ﻣﻬــﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺮﻣــﺎﻥ ﯾــﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﻤﺎﻝ ﭘﻨﺪﺍﺷـﺖ؟ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺑـﺎﺯ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﭘﺮﺳـﺶ ﭘـﯿﺶ ﻣــﯽﺁﯾـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﯾـﮏ ﻗﺒﯿﻠـﮥ ﺑــﺰﺭﮒ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﭼﺮﺍ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺋﯽ ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻭ ﮐﻢﺭﻭﺯﯼ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺷﻬﺮﺯﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎﻧﯿﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺟﺎﮔﯿﺮﺷﺪﻧﺶ‬

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‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﻫﻤﯿﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬـﺎﺟﺮ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻧﯿـﺰ ﻧﻔـﯽ ﻣـﯽﺷـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺯﯾـﺮﺍ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﮐــﻪ ﭼﻨــﺪﺍﻥ ﮐﺸــﺸﯽ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﭘــﺬﯾﺮﯼ ﻧﺪﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗــﺎ ﻗﺒــﺎﯾﻠﯽ ﺑــﻪﺍﯾــﻦ ﺑﺰﺭﮔــﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺟــﺎﯼ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺩﺳــﺘﯽ ﺑﮑﻮﭼﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﯿﺎﯾﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﯿﺎﯾﻨــﺪ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨــﺎﻥ ﺟــﺎﺋﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﻧــﻪ ﭘــﺮﺁﺏ ﻭﮔﯿــﺎﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﻧــﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺟﺎﮔﯿﺮ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﻣـﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺴﺘﻪ ﯾـﮏ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﻓﺮﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺟﺬﺏﮐﻨﻨﺪﮤ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻠﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺵﺁﺏﻭﻫﻮﺍﺗﺮِ ﻓﻼﺕ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﮐﻮﭼﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺧﺮﺩﭘﺬﯾﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭﻟـﯽ ﺧـﻼﻑ ﺁﻥ ﻧـﻪ‪ .‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺑﻬﺘـﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬

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‫ﺶ ﺭﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ؟‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﯽﮐﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﺁﻥ ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻭﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﭘﯿ ِ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﺍﺻﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥِ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯿﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﻣﯿـﺎﻥِ ﺩﯾﺮﯾﻨـﮥ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﺑـﺪﺍﻧﯿﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﮔـﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺴﯽ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﯼ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺑِﺎﯾﺴﺘﺪ ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﺍﺻﻠﯽ ﻭ ﮐﻮﭺﮔﺎﻩِ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺣﻮﺵ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻫﯿﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺋﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺍﮐﻨﻮﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﯿـﺪﻩ ﻣـﯽﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﺁﻥﺳﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺳﯿﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﻫﯿﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺳﻮﯼ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺨــﺸﯽ ﺑــﻪﺳــﻮﯼ ﻏــﺮﺏ ﺑــﻪﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻧــﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﺑــﻪ ﺩﺷــﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨــﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﻫﻬــﺎﯼ ﺑﺨﺘﯿــﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯿﻬﺎﯼ ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﺭﺳﯿﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﯿﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺷﺎﺧﮥ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮔﻤﺎﻧـﻪ ﻗـﺎﻧﻊﮐﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑـﻮﻣﯽ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﮔﻤﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻣﯽﭼﺮﺑﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒــﺎﯾﻠﯽ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻨﻬﺎﯼ ﭘﻬﻨــﺎﻭﺭِ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻣــﺎﻥ ﺟــﺎﮔﯿﺮ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧــﺪ ﯾــﮏ ﺭﯾــﺸﻪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪﺍﻧــﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﯽ ﺟـﺰ ﻧـﺎﻡ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺳـﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻧﯿـﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺜــﻞ ﻣــﺮﺩﻡ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻫﻨــﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨــﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘــﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑــﺎﺝ ﻭ ﺧــﺮﺍﺝ ﻣﻌــﺎﻑ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾــﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺳﺎﮐﻦ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺮﻣـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﺯ ﯾـﮏ ﺭﯾـﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺒـﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻮﯾـﺸﺎﻭﻧﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﯽﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﮥ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻥﭘـﺬﯾﺮ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺳـﺨﻨﯽ ﮔﻔﺘـﻪﺍﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺗﮑـﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺗﺶ ﺑﻪﻫﯿﭻﻭﺟﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽــﻪ ﺑﻨــﺎ ﺑــﺮ ﻧﻮﺷــﺘﻪﻫــﺎﯼ ﻫــﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻣــﯽﺩﺍﻧــﯿﻢ ﺁﻧــﺴﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺳــﯿﺎﻥ ﺩﻩ ﻗﺒﯿﻠــﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﺍﯾـــﻞ ﻫـــﺰﺍﺭﮤ ﭖﻡ ﺩﺭ ﭘـــﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻣـــﺎﻥ ﮐﻨـــﻮﻧﯽ ﻭ ﺑﺨـــﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺯﺳـــﺘﺎﻥِ ﮐﻨـــﻮﻧﯽ ﺟـــﺎﮔﯿﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـــﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﮐﻮﭼﮏِ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺪﮤ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ﭖﻡ ﺩﻭﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﻬﺎﯼ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯿﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺩﻗـﺖ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ :‬ﯾﮑﯽ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰﺵ ﭘﺎﺳﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﯾﮕـﺮ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﺮﮐـﺰﺵ ﺍﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﮥ ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮِ ﮐﻨﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻗﺒﯿﻠـﮥ ﺑـﺰﺭﮒ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨـﺸﯽ ﺗـﺸﮑﯿﻞ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺮﺩﻭ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺟﮕﺰﺍﺭ ﻋﯿﻼﻡ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﭘﺎﺳﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ »ﭘﺎﺭﺳ‪‬ـەﮔِـﺮﺩ« ﯾـﺎ‬

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‫ﻧﺎﻣﺪﺍﺭﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﺋﯿﺲ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾﮥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﯿﻤـﻪﻫـﺎﯼ ﺳـﺪﮤ ﻫﻔـﺘﻢ ﭖﻡ »ﭼـﯿﺶﭘـﯿﺶ« ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﯽ ﭼــﯽﺍﹶﺳــﭙﯿﺶ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﭼــﯿﺶﭘــﯿﺶ ﭘــﺴﺮ ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﭘــﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﭼــﯿﺶﭘــﯿﺶ ﺣﺘﻤ ـﺎﹰ ﺗﻠﻔ ـﻆِ ﻋﯿﻼﻣ ـ ِ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻡﺑﻮﺟﯿە ﭘﺴﺮ ﭼﯿﺶﭘﯿﺶ ﭘﺴﺮ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺶ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﮐـﻪ ﭘـﺸﺖﺍﻧﺪﺭﭘـﺸﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﻫﺨـﺎﻣﻨﺶ ﺭﺅﺳـﺎﯼ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻧـﺴﻠﻬﺎ ﻣـﯽﺗـﻮﺍﻥ ﮔﻔـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﻫﺨـﺎﻣﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ ﺳـﺪﮤ ﻧﻬـﻢ‬ ‫ﭖﻡ ﻣﯽﺯﯾﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺶ ﺗـﺎ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﭼـﯿﺶﭘـﯿﺶ ﭼﯿـﺰﯼ‬ ‫ﻧﻤــﯽﺩﺍﻧــﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﯾــﺪ ﮐﺎﻭﺷــﻬﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﯽ ﺑــﻪﯾــﺎﺭﯼﻣــﺎﻥ ﺑﯿﺎﯾــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷــﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﮔــﺮ ﺭﻭﺯﯼ ﺩﻭﻟﺘــﯽ‬

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‫ﯼ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﻭﻣﯽ ﺑﻪﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﺍﺭﮒ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ(‪.‬‬ ‫»ﭘﺎﺭﺳ‪‬ەﺍﹶﺭﮔﺎﺩ« ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﻪﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﺁﺑﺎﺩ ِ‬


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‫ﭘﯿﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥﻧﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺩﻟﺴﻮﺯ ﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﻪﻣﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺳ ِﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺁﯾﺪ ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺨﻦ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻋﯿﻼﻡ )ﺧ‪‬ﻮﺟِﯿﹶە( ﮔﻔﺘﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﯽﭘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۶۴۰‬ﭖﻡ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻋـﯿﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻧــﺪﺍﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤــﺎﻥ ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ ﻋــﯿﻼﻡ ﺗﺤــﺖ ﺗــﺼﺮﻑ ﭼــﯿﺶﭘــﯿﺶ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺳﯿﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻋﯿﻼﻣﯿﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯾﻬﺎ »ﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ« ﻣـﯽﻧﺎﻣﯿﺪﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﻧـﺎﻣﯽ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺑـﻪﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺍﹰ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﯾﺎﻥ ﺣﻤﻠﮥ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﯽﭘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﺷﻮﺵ ﭘﺎﺭﺳـﯽﻫـﺎ ﻃﺒـﻖ ﯾـﮏ ﭘﯿﻤـﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧـﻪ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺑﯽﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺷـﻮﺵِ ﺗـﺎﺭﺍﺝ ﻭ ﻭﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ﺷـﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺭﻫﺎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﯿﻦﺳﺎﻝ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﭼﯿﺶﭘﯿﺶ‪ ،‬ﮐﻪ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﭘـﺴﺮﺵ‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺁﺭﯾﺎﺭ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ە ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻮﺵ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗـﻀﻤﯿﻦِ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩِ ﺍﻃﺎﻋـﺖ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﯽﭘﺎﻝ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡ »ﺁﺭﯾﺎﺋﻮﮐﻮ« ﺭﺍ ­ﺑﻨﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﯼ­ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﮔـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺷــﻮﺭ ﺑــﺎﻧﯽﭘــﺎﻝ ﺳــﭙﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳــﭙﺮﺩﻥ ﭼﻨــﯿﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﮔــﺎﻧﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺯﻣــﺎﻥ ﺑــﻪﻣﻔﻬــﻮﻡ ﺗــﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﻭﺍﺑــﺴﺘﮕﯽ ﯾــﮏ‬ ‫ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﻣﺨﺘــﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻠــﯽ ﺑــﻪ ﯾــﮏ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘــﺮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﯿــﺮ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ؛ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻨــﺎﯼ ﺩﯾﮕــﺮﺵ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺗﺎﺑﻌﯿـﺖ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟـﯽ ﺁﺭﯾـﺎﺭ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ە ﮐـﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺳﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻡ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯿـﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘـﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨـﮥ ﺳـﻠﻄﮥ ﺁﺷـﻮﺭﯾﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﯿﭻﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﻪﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻧﺮﺳﯿﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪ ﺍﻋﻼﯼ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺁﺭﯾﺎﺭ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ە ﺟﺪ ﺍﻋﻼﯼ ﺩﺍﺭﯾﻮﺵ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺳﺪﮤ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ ﭖﻡ ﺑﻪﻋﻠﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ ﻓﺮﺯﻧـﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺭﯾـﺎﺭ‪‬ﻣﻨ‪‬ە ﺍﺯ ﻗـﺪﺭﺕ ﮐﻨـﺎﺭ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺟﮥ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥﺭﻭﺍﯾﺎﻥ ﺍﺗﺤﺎﺩﯾﮥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺸﻮﺭ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ­ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺯﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ­ ﺩﻗﯿﻘـﺎﹰ ﺩﺭ ﭼـﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻟﯽ ﺿﻤﯿﻤﮥ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۵۸۵‬ﭖﻡ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻮﺧـﺸﺘﺮ‪‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﮐﺎﻡﺑﻮﺟﯿە ﺩﻭﻡ ﭘﺴﺮ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﻭﻡ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻩ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺗـﺎﺑﻊ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﮤ ﺍﻭﺿـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺩﺭﺳـﺘﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷـﻬﺎﺋﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﻭ ﮔﺰﯾﻨﻮﻓـﻮﻥ‬

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‫ﻣﯽﺭﺳﺪ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﻪﺣﻘﯿﻘﺘﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﺑﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﯽ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﯽﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﯿﺠـﻪ ﮔﺮﻓـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﹰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮِ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻫﻮﺧﺸ‪‬ﺘﺮ‪ ‬ﺑﻪﺗﺼﺮ ِ‬ ‫ﻑ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﺪﺍﻥِ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺯﯾ ِﺮ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺝﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪﯼ ﮐﺎﻡﺑـﻮﺟﯿە ﺩﺧﺘـﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘﯿﺎﮒ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺶ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﻪﺯﻧﯽ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺑﻪﺩﻧﯿـﺎ ﺁﻣـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣ‪‬ﻨـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺧﺎﻥ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ »ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﺎ« ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﻮﻡ ﭘﺴﺮ ﮐﺎﻡﺑﻮﺟﯿە ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﯽ ‪ ۵۵۵‬ﭖﻡ ﯾﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﮐﯽ ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﺟـﺎﯼ‬

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‫ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭﮤ ﺭﻭﺍﺑــﻂ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﻭ ﮐــﺎﻡﺑــﻮﺟﯿە ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑــﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣــﯽﺩﻫﻨــﺪ ﺑﯿــﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﻓــﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺑــﻪﻧﻈــﺮ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺷﺎﻩ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﻓﺮﺟﺎﻡ ﮐﺎﻡﺑﻮﺟﯿە ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻧﯿـﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻣـﺎ ﻧﻤـﯽﺩﺍﻧـﯿﻢ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﯾــﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺑــﻪﻣــﺮﮒ ﻃﺒﯿﻌــﯽ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷــﺘﻪ ﯾــﺎ ﺑﺮﺿــﺪ ﭘــﺪﺭﺯﻧﺶ ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺷــﻮﺭﯾﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨــﮓ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﮐﺸﺘﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﯾـﺎ ﺍﯾﻨﮑـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮕﻬـﺎﯼ ﮐﺸﻮﺭﮔـﺸﺎﯾﺎﻧﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺩﯾﮕـﺮ ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻓـﻼﺕ ﺍﯾـﺮﺍﻥ ­ﻣـﺜﻼﹰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺣﯽ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮﻭ­ ﮐﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪﺋﯽ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﮤ ﭘﯿـﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﻭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﺳـﺮﺍﺭﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩ ﮐـﻪ ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﺷﻮﺩ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻧﺤﻮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻠﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻧﺎﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎﹰ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻪﺣﺪﯼ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﮔـﺎﻩ ﯾـﮏ‬ ‫ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺳﻪ ﻗﻮﻡ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﭼﻨﺪﯾﻦ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻠـﯽ ﺑـﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬـﺎﯼ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯﻫـﻢ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﻣـﯽﺷـﻮﺩ‬ ‫)ﻣﺜﻼ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺳﺎﺭﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﮐﹼﺎﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺩِ ﺳﺎﺭﮔﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺪﮤ ﺍﺧﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺒﯿﺎﯼ ﯾﻬﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﺳﺎﺯﯼ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﮐـﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧـﺪ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﯽ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﺑﻪﻧﻈـﺮ ﻣـﯽﺭﺳـﺪ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﻓـﺴﺎﻧﮥ ﭘﯿـﺪﺍﯾﺶ ﻭ ﭘـﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﺍﺳـﺮﺍﺭﺁﻣﯿﺰ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺩﺭﺑـﺎﺭﮤ‬ ‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﻨﯿﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺑﻠﮑﻪ ﺑﻪﮔﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﯾـﺪﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻗﯿـﺎﻣﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟـﺎﺋﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿــﺎﻥ ﺷــﻨﯿﺪﻩ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺧــﻮﺵ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﺷــﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﮐــﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﻟــﺐ ﮐﺘــﺎﺑﺶ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ‬

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻓـﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﺑـﺎ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻔـﺼﯿﻞ ﺑـﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﻧﮕﺎﺷـﺘﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ؛‪ ١‬ﻭ ﻣـﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻨﺠـﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩﺋﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﻣﯽﺁﻭﺭﻡ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺩﻭﺑــﺎﺭ ﺭﺅﯾﺎﻫــﺎﺋﯽ ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭﮤ ﺩﺧﺘــﺮﺵ ﻣ‪‬ﻨ ـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺯﻥِ ﮐــﺎﻡﺑــﻮﺟﯿە ﺩﯾــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻭﯼﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺷــﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺸﺖﺯﺩﻩ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﯾﺶ ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﭘﺴﺮﯼ ﺑﻪﺩﻧﯿﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪﺟـﺎﯼ ﺍﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺁﺳﯿﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪﻓﮑﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﻭﻗﺘـﯽ ﺟﻨـﯿﻦِ ﻣ‪‬ﻨـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﻣﺘﻮﻟـﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺩ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩ ﺳﺮﺑﻪﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺑـﻪﺍﯾـﻦ ﻫـﺪﻑ‪ ،‬ﭘـﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﮑـﻪ ﻫﻨﮕـﺎﻡ ﻭﺿـﻊ ﺣﻤـﻞ ﻣ‪‬ﻨـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺑـﺸﻮﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺟﻨـﯿﻦ ﺯﺍﺋﯿـﺪﻩ ﺷـﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﻭﺯﯾـﺮﺵ ﻫﺎﺭﭘـﺎﮔﹶە )ﮐـﻪ ﺷـﺎﯾﺪ ﺷـﮑﻞ ﺩﺭﺳـﺘﺶ‬

‫ﻫ‪‬ﺌﻮﺭﺑ‪‬ﮕﹶە ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ (٢‬ﺳﭙﺮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﮑﺸﺪﺵ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺭﭘﺎﮔﹶە ﺍﺯ ﺑﯿﻢ ﺁﻧﮑﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻣ‪‬ﻨـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬

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‫ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﻫﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻤﯿﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻣ‪‬ﺮﺩ ﺑﻪﺍﻭ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺳـﻢ ﻣـﺮ ِﺩ ﮔﺎﻭﺑـﺎﻥ ﻣﯿﺘـﺮ‪‬ﺩﺍﺗ‪‬ە ﻭ ﺍﺳـﻢ ﺯﻧـﺶ‬ ‫»ﺍﹶﺳﭙ‪‬ەﮐﺎﯾﹶە« ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯﻗﻀﺎ ﺯﻥ ﮔﺎﻭﺑـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤـﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺯﻫـﺎ ﮐـﻮﺩﮐﯽ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ ﺯﺍﺋﯿـﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻭﺑـﺎﻥﹾ ﮐـﻮﺩﮎ ﻣـﺮﺩﮤ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﻬـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪﻫﺎﺭﭘـﺎﮔﹶە ﺧﺒـﺮ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﮐـﻮﺩﮐﯽ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪﺍﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﯾـﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺭﭘـﺎﮔﹶە ﮐــﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﻓﺮﺳـﺘﺎﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﻻﺷــﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻓـﻨﺶ ﮐﺮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﻧـﻮﺯﺍﺩِ ﻣ‪‬ﻨـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺭﺍ ﺯﻥ ﮔﺎﻭﺑــﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ ­1‬ﻫﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ‪.۱۳۰ ­۱۰۷ /۱ :‬‬ ‫‪» ­2‬ﻫ‪‬ﺌﻮﺭ« ﺗﻠﻔﻆ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ »ﺍﺑﺮ« ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻌﻨﺎﯼ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺷــﻮﺩ ﮐــﻮﺩﮎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺨﻔﯿﺎﻧــﻪ ﺑــﻪﻣــﺮﺩ ﮔﺎﻭﺑــﺎﻧﯽ ﺳــﭙﺮﺩ )ﮔﺎﻭﺑــﺎﻥِ ﺷــﺎﻩ( ﻭ ﺑــﻪﺍﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﻭﯼﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﻪﺟﺎﯼ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩِ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﮐﻮﺩﮎ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵِ ﺁﯾﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﻗﺘـﯽ ﺑـﻪﺩﻫـﺴﺎﻟﮕﯽ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺳـﺘﺎﺋﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑـﯽ ﻫﻤـﺪﺍﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﮐﻮﺩﮐـﺎﻥ ﻫﻤـﺴﺎﻟﺶ ﺑـﺎﺯﯼ ﻣـﯽﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑـﺎﺯﯼ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﯼ »ﺷﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻭﺯﯾﺮ« ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﻫﺮﮐﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺼﺒﯽ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺴﺮ ﯾﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺎﺭﮔﺰﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﭘﺎﯾﮥ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﺑـﺎﺯﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟـﺮﺍﯼ ﻓﺮﻣـﺎﻥ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺳـﺴﺘﯽ ﻧﻤـﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐـــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺳـــﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺷـــﺖ ﮐﺮﺩﻧـــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻭﯼﺭﺍ ﺑـــﻪﺳـــﺨﺘﯽ ﺗﻨﺒﯿـــﻪ ﮐـــﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﮐـــﻮﺩﮎ ﺷـــﮑﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﭘــﺪﺭﺵ ﺑــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘــﺪﺭﺵ ﺷــﮑﺎﯾﺖ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺑــﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺭ ﺷــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﭘــﺴﺮ ﮔﺎﻭﺑــﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﮐــﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺃﺗﻤﻨﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﺁﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺴﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻨﺒﯿﻪ ﮐﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﮔﺎﻭﺑـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮐـﻮﺩﮎ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻠﺒﯿـﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻤﮕﯿﻨﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪﮔﺎﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ‪» :‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﭘﺴﺮﺕ ﺍﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺴﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؟« ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺖ‪» :‬ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺯﯼ ﮐﺮﺩﯾﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻧﻢ ﻣﺮﺍ ﺷﺎﻩ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﭽﻪ ﻭﻇﯿﻔﮥ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻧـﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻨﺒﯿﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﯼ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﮐﺮﺩﻡ ﯾﮏ ﮐﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻻﻧﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻩ ﻓﮑـﺮ ﻣـﯽﮐﻨـﺪ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﮎ‬ ‫ﻦ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﮐـﻮﺩ ِ‬ ‫ﮐﺎﺭﻡ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻣـﺎﺩﻩﺍﻡ‪ «.‬ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤـﻦ ﺳـﺨ ِ‬ ‫ﺩﻫــﺴﺎﻟﮥ ﮐﻮﻫﻨــﺸﯿﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﮕﻔﺖ ﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭼــﻮﻥ ﺧﯿــﺮﻩ ﺑــﻪﺍﻭ ﻣــﯽﻧﮕﺮﯾــﺴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺳــﯿﻤﺎﺋﯽ ﺭﺍ ﯾﺎﻓــﺖ ﮐــﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪﮐﻮﺩﮐﯽ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﯽﺩﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻪﯾﺎﺩ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩِ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﺵ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺍﻓﺘـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻦ »ﭘـﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻭﺑﺎﻥ« ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﯾﺎﻓـﺖ ﮐـﻪ ﺑﭽـﮥ ﻣ‪‬ﻨـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺍﮔـﺮ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﺑﺎﯾـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ ﺳـﻦ ﺑـﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﯿﺶ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﯾﺸﯿﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﭽﮥ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﮐﺸﺘﻪ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﭼـﻪ ﺑـﺴﺎ ﮐـﻪ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ ﺑﭽـﻪ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺎﻭﺑـﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺳـﯿﺪ‪» :‬ﺭﺍﺳـﺖ ﺑﮕـﻮ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﯾـﻦ ﮐـﻮﺩﮎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﮐﺠـﺎ ﯾﺎﻓﺘـﻪﺍﯼ؟« ﮔﺎﻭﺑـﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺴﺮ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﻫﻢ ﺯﻧﺪﻩﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣـﺎﺩﺭﺵ ﺑﯿﺎﯾـﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﺧﻨﺠﺮﺩﺍﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺍﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﮔﺎﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﮔﻔﺖ‪» :‬ﺟﺰ ﺭﺍﺳـﺖﮔـﻮﯾﯽ ﻧﺠـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺕﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ «.‬ﮔﺎﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﭘـﺎﮔﹶە‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻃﻠﺒﯿــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺮﺳــﯿﺪ‪» :‬ﺁﯾــﺎ ﻧــﻮﺯﺍﺩ ﻣ‪‬ﻨـﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺭﺍ ﮐــﻪ ﺑــﻪﺗــﻮ ﺳــﭙﺮﺩﻡ ﮐــﺸﺘﯽ؟« ﻫﺎﺭﭘــﺎﮔﹶە ﮔﻔــﺖ‪» :‬ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺩﺳــﺖ ﺧــﻮﺩﻡ ﻧﮑــﺸﺘﻢ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺑــﻪﺍﯾــﻦ ﮔﺎﻭﺑــﺎﻥ ﺳــﭙﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﻭﯼﺭﺍ ﮐــﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻻﺷــﻪﺍﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺍﻓــﺮﺍﺩ ﻣــﻦ‬

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‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺗـﻮ ﺍﯾـﺴﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﮐﻨـﻮﻥ ﺑـﻪﺷـﮑﺮﺍﻧﮥ ﺁﻧﮑـﻪ ﺧـﺪﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺮﮒ ﺭﻫﺎﻧـﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺟﺸﻨﯽ ﺑﺮﭘﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﻭ ﭘﺴﺮﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻧﺰﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺖ‪«.‬‬ ‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﭘﺴﺮ ﻫﺎﺭﭘﺎﮔﹶە ﺑﻪﮐﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺨﻔﯿﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﯼﺭﺍ ﺳـﺮﺑﺮﯾﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺷـﺘﺶ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮐﺒﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﮐﺒﺎﺏ ﭘﺴﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻠـﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﭘـﺎﮔﹶە ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘـﯽ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﻪﻧﻮﮐﺮﺍﻧﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺒﺪﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺳـﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﭘـﺎﯼ ﭘـﺴﺮ ﻫﺎﺭﭘـﺎﮔﹶە ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺟﻠـﻮ ﻫﺎﺭﭘــﺎﮔﹶە ﺑﮕﺬﺍﺭﻧـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺎﺭﭘــﺎﮔﹶە ﺧﻮﺍﺳـﺖ ﮐــﻪ ﺳـﺮ ﺳــﺒﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﮕـﺸﺎﯾﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺭﭘــﺎﮔﹶە ﺗـﺎ ﺳــﺮ ﺳــﺒﺪ ﺭﺍ‬

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‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻡ ﺩﻓﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﻡ‪ «.‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﮔﻔﺖ‪» :‬ﮐﻮﺩﮎ ﻣ‪‬ﻨﺪ‪‬ﻧ‪‬ە ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻫﻤـﯿﻦ‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﮐﺒﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﭘﺴﺮﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﻐـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺭﺅﯾﺎﻫﺎﯼ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪﺍﺵ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺕ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻐﺎﻥ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﻧـﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﻥ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﯿﺪﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﺍﻭ ﮔﻔﺘﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺭﺅﯾﺎﯼ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﮐﻮﺩﮐﺎﻧﻪﺍﺵ ﺷﺎﻫﯽ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﯾـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮ ﻭ ﻧﻬﯽ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦﭘﺲ ﻫﯿﭻ ﺧﻄﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧ ِ‬ ‫ﺑــﻮﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺧــﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺍﺯ ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﺳــﻮﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﭘــﺎﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﺯﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﺗــﺎ ﻧــﺰﺩ ﭘــﺪﺭ ﻭ ﻣــﺎﺩﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺪﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﺪ ﮐﻪ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑـﻪﺳـﻦ ﻣـﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺭﺳـﯿﺪ ﻫﺎﺭﭘـﺎﮔﹶە ﻧﻘـﺸﮥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﮐــﺸﯿﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧــﻪ ﺑــﻪﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﯿﻐــﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺯﻣﯿﻨــﮥ ﺷــﻮﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﺿــﺪ ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺭﺍ ﻓــﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺳــﺎﺯﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﮐﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺧﻮﺍﻧﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺩﯾﺪﻥ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﮤ ﺩﺧﺘـﺮﺵ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﯾﺪ ﭼﯿﺰﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﯿﻪﺍﺵ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﯾﺪﻭﻥ ﻭ ﯾﮏ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﮥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿــﺎﻥ ﺑــﺮﺍﯼ ﻫــﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﮔﻔﺘــﻪ ﺑــﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧــﺪ )ﺩﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﯾــﺪﻭﻥِ ﮔــﺎﻭﭘﺮﻭﺭﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺳــﺘﺎ ﺁﻣــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺩﯾﮕﺮﯼ ﮐﻪ ﯾﮏ ﭘﺎﺩﺷـﺎﻫﯽ ﮔﻮﺷـﺖ ﮐﺒـﺎﺏﺷـﺪﮤ ﭘـﺴﺮ ﻭﺯﯾـﺮﺵ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻭﺯﯾﺮﺵ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺷـﻤﻦ ﺳـﭙﺮﺩ­ ﺷـﺎﯾﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻋـﯿﻼﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫـﺮﻭﺩﻭﺕ ﭼﻨﺎﻧﮑـﻪ ﮔﻔـﺘﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑـﺮﺍﯼ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﺶ ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯿﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺖ ﮐﻢ ﯾﮏ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺁﻥ ﺑـﻪﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﻭ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻔـﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ؛ ﻭ ﺁﻥ ﮐﺸﺘﻦ ﻭ ﮐﺒﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﺴﺮ ﻧﻮﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﺭﭘﺎﮔﹶە ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﯿﻢ ﮐـﻪ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺁﺗـﺶ‬ ‫ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﯽﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻨﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﮐﺒﯿﺮﻩ ﻣﯽﺩﺍﻧﺴﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺤـﺎﻝ ﺍﺳـﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻣﺮﺗﮑﺐ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﮔﻨﺎﻩ ﮐﺒﯿـﺮﻩﺋـﯽ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺷـﺖ ﯾـﮏ ﺍﻧـﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﺗﺶ ﮐﺒﺎﺏ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﺰﺩ ﮔﺎﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﯿﺰ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﮥ ﻓﺮﯾﺪﻭﻥِ ﮔﺎﻭﭘﺮﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺑﻄﯽ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺍﺷﺘﯿﺎﮒ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯﺍﯾﻦ ﺍﻓﺴﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﮕﺬﺭﯾﻢ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺁﻧﮑـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪ ۵۵۳‬ﭖﻡ ﺟﻨﮕﻬـﺎﯼ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ‬

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‫ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﯾﻦﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﻪﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﻟـﺸﮑﺮ ﮐـﺸﯿﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﮕﻬـﺎﯼ ﻣﺘـﻮﺍﻟﯽ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﭘـﺎﺭﺱ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﺳـﻪ ﺳـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﻣــﻪ ﯾﺎﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﭼﻨــﺪ ﺷﮑــﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﯾﺎﻓــﺖ ﻭﻟــﯽ ﺣﺎﺿــﺮ ﺑــﻪ ﺗــﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻧﺒــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﯾﮑــﯽ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺮﺩﻫــﺎ ﮐــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨــﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﺳــﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﮔﺮﻓــﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻫــﺎ ﭼﻨــﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﺎﻧــﻪ ﺟﻨﮕﯿﺪﻧــﺪ ﮐــﻪ ﻧﺰﺩﯾــﮏ ﺑــﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺟــﺎﻡِ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﮓ ﺑﻪﭘﯿـﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﮐﺎﻣـﻞِ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﻭ ﺗـﺼﺮﻑ ﭘﺎﺳـﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣ‪‬ـﺪ؛ ﻭﻟـﯽ ﺯﻧـﺎﻥ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨـﺸﯽ ﺑﺮﻫﻨـﻪﺳـﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﮐﯿﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﯾﺒـﺎﻥ ﺑﯿـﺮﻭﻥ ﺁﻣﺪﻧـﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻧـﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﻧﺒـﺮﺩ ﺗـﺎ ﭘﯿـﺮﻭﺯﯼ ﯾـﺎ ﮐـﺸﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻥِ ﻫﻤﮕـﺎﻧﯽ ﺗـﺸﻮﯾﻖ‬ ‫ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻋﻘﺐ ﺑﺰﻧﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎﺝ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺑـﺎﺝ ﺳـﺮ ﺑـﺎﺯ ﻣـﯽﺯﺩ‪.‬‬


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‫ﻫﻮﺧﺸﺘﺮﻩ ﺑﻨﯿﺎﻧﮕﺬﺍﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﯽ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺟﮕﻬــﺎﯼ ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺟﻨﮕﻬــﺎﯼ ﺩﻓــﺎﻋﯽِ ﻣﺤــﺾ ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻣﺘﺠــﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﯽﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺝﮔﯿﺮﯼ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﺳـﯿﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺧﺘـﻪ ﺑـﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻗﺒﺎﯾـﻞ ﭘـﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻫﯿﺮ‪‬ﮐـﺎ ِﻧﯿﹶە ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻧﮕﯿﺎﻧە ﭘﯿﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﯿﻤﺎﻧﻬـﺎﯼ ﺍﺗﺤـﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺳـﺘﯽ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻠـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﯾﻦ ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻨﺎﺭ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﯾـﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧـﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻧﺪ! ﺍﺩﺍﻣﮥ ﺟﻨﮕﻬﺎﯼ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﮐـﻪ ﺑـﻪﮐـﺸﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻥِ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯿـﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳـﻮ ﻣـﯽﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﯿـﺪ ﺩﺭﻣﯿـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﯾﻞ ﻣﺎﺩ ﻧﯿﺰ ﻧﺎﺭﺿﺎﯾﺘﯽ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﭘﺪﯾـﺪ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﭘـﺴﺮ ﻧﺪﺍﺷـﺖ‪ .‬ﭼـﻪ ﺑـﺴﺎ ﮐـﻪ‬ ‫ﯽ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺯﯾﺮ ﭘﺮﺩﻩ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑـﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻣﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺧﺎﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﯽ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﺳﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻨ ِ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﻦ ﻓﮑﺮ ﺍﻓﮑﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﭼﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﻧﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺧﺘﺮﺯﺍﺩﮤ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣـﯽﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺴﺖ ﻣﯿـﺮﺍﺙﺑـ ِﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﺮﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ۵۵۱‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺰﺩﯾﮑﯽ ﭘﺎﺳﺎﺭﮔﺎﺩ ﻣﯿـﺎﻥ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﻭ ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﮔﺮﻓـﺖ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻫﻤـﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﮔـﺸﺖ‪ .‬ﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺗـﺎ ﻫﻤـﺪﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﻘﯿـﺐ ﮐـﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﻤـﺪﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ‪۵۵۰‬‬ ‫ﭖﻡ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﯿﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﻪﻋﻤﺮ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺎﺩ ﺧﺎﺗﻤﻪ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﯾﻦ ﺭﺧﺪﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺳﻨﺪﯼ ﺑﺎﺑﻠﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ »ﺗﺎﺭﯾﺦ ﮔِﺪ« ﺑﻪﺁﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺎﻥ ﮐﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺸﻤﯿﻦ ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺖ ﻧﺒﻮﻧِﻬﯿــﺪ )ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ۵۵۰‬ﭖﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻣــﺎﺩ ﺳــﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻧﺶ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻣــﺎﺩﻩ ﮐــﺮﺩﻩ ﺑــﻪﺍﻧــﺸﺎﻥ )ﯾﻌﻨــﯽ ﭘــﺎﺭﺱ( ﻟــﺸﮑﺮ ﮐــﺸﯿﺪ ﺗــﺎ ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺳــﺘﮕﯿﺮ ﮐﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟــﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺎﻫﯿﺎﻥ ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺑـﻪﺿـ ِﺪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳـﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﹶﺷ‪‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﯿﺮ ﺷـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬـﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪﮐـﻮﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﮐﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻫ‪‬ﻨﮕﻤ‪‬ﺘﺎﻧ‪‬ە ﻟﺸﮑﺮ ﮐﺸﯿﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫ‪‬ﻨﮕﻤ‪‬ﺘﺎﻧ‪‬ە ﺭﺍ ﺗـﺴﺨﯿﺮ ﮐـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺳـﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺯﺭ ﻭ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﺧــﻮﻥ ﭘــﺪﺭ ﺑــﺰﺭﮒ ﺧــﻮﯾﺶ ­ﺍﹶﺷ‪ ‬ـﺘِﯿﺎﮒ­ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑــﻪﺷــﻮﺵ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮐﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﻼﻥ ﻋﻔﻮ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﮐﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﮥ ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔـﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻣـﺎﺩ ﺍﻣـﺎﻥﻧﺎﻣـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺴﯿﺎﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﻬﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺸﺎﻥ ﺍﺑﻘﺎ ﮐﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺭﻭﮐﺮﺍﺳﯽ ﺩﻭﻟـﺖ ﻣـﺎﺩ‬

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‫ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻮﺭﺍﻧــﮥ ﮐـــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻬﺎﯾـــﺖ ﺭﺿـــﺎﯾﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷـــﺖ ﺗﺤـــﺖ ﻓﺮﻣـــﺎﻥ ﮐـــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـــﺪ ﺗـــﺎ ﺗﺠـــﺎﺭﺑﺶ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑــﻪﺧــﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻫــﺪﺍﻑ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯﺍﻧــﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧــﺴﺎﻥﺩﻭﺳــﺘﺎﻧﮥ ﮐــﻮﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﮐــﻪ ﻧﻘــﺸﻪﺋــﯽ ﺑــﺴﯿﺎﺭ ﺩﻗﯿــﻖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﮑﻮﻩ ﺑﺨﺸﯿﺪﻥ ﺑﻪﺍﯾﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺩﺭﺳﺮ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﯿﺮﺣﺴﯿﻦ ﺧ‪‬ﻨﺠﯽ ­ ‪www.irantarikh.com‬‬ ‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬

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‫ﺩﺳﺖﻧﺨﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻬﻢ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﯾﺮﺍﻧﯽ ﺍﯾﻔﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺗﺶ ﻣﺎﺩ ﮐﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬


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