9-30-1962 Who Wants Nkrumah Killed?

Unite! Produce Own Needs!

By

The

Elijah

Messenger Muhammad

Do you say that we cannot unite and produce our own necessities? We are 20,000,000 or more people depending on the white American citizens to produce food, clothes, shelter, transportation, employment and our educational trainings.

Dedicated to Freedom, Juttice and Equality for the so-called Negro.

The Earth Belongs to Allah

And if they (white Americans) do not share equally with us, we charge them with discriminating; some of us will go to the extreme of disregarding ourselves in trying to force the white American citizens to give equal respect.

The love of self and self respect along with the will to do something for self, if given a chance, will get you the respect

of all civilized nations.

It is a shame and disgrace to intelligence of any people to lay at the feet and doorsteps of an| other nation, asking, praying to ! be cared for. Love and unity of self and kinJ is the key to our salvation.

If you say we C A N N O T unite, Y O U A R E WRONG. We csn unite! Before your very eyes you see *hc Believers in

Allah (God) and His religion, Islam, uniting, and this Divine power from Allah working among us, uniting us into a nation of brotherly love, disapproves the lie of that "old saying" that the Negroes cannot unite.

I agree with y o u w h o are in the Christian churches, lovers and followers of white (Continued On Page &>

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V O L . 2 NO. 1

10c — O U T S I D E C H I C A G O 15c

C H I C A G O , I L L I N O I S — S E P T E M B E R 30. 1962

PRESIDENT N K R U M A H ,

with

f r i e n d s , M i n i s t e r M a l c o l m X and Charles Stone i n H a r l e m a f t e r last U . N . session.

NKRUM KILLED? P a k i s t a n i

MR. MUHAMMAD

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See Page 3

MUHAMMAD

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A t t a c k s

M o t h e r ' s

W r o n g

P i s t o l

S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962

SPEAKS

H o u s e

R o c k s

G e o r g i a

P o l i t i c s

Blazing G u n Ends Terrorist

Raids

D A L L A S , Ga.—The lithe young Negro mother who stopped a K u - K l u x - K l s n raid on her home by killing one masked terroist and wounding another, left town this week — but ber memory lingers on.

Twenty-one-year-old Mrs. Rebecca Wilson's unexpected heroism may never go down in history, but her defense of family and children is credited with preventing ex-Governor Marvin Griffin from making it back to the Governor's mansion.

Political observers say she shot Griffin right out of the Governor's mansion.

Griffin's hope of regaining political power in Georgia died at the polls only a few days after one of his "political workers" died in a gulley from a pistol bullet fired by the woman who dared to shoot back at Klansmen.

SANDER'S MEN Observers say Carl Sanders, the Augusta state senator who won the election, should be forever thankful to little Mrs. Wilson. The shocking story spread throughout the state and helped undermine the faith of many white voters in Marvin's u <£j\ods and wisdom.

Leroy Parks, together with six other men, drove up to the home of Mrs. Kate Philpot in a car decorated with "Griffin For Governor" stickers. The house was occupied only by Mrs. Philpot, her daughter, Mrs. Wilson, and nine children.

OTHER ATTEMPTS They banged on the door, demanding entrance to "sell a little politics" and to leave a "calling card." Earlier the Philpot home had received a K K K "calling card" in the form of bullets and a cross burned on the lawn. Again and again masked K K K "night raiders" had blasted the panes out of her windows with gunshots. A few weeks previous, Mrs. Philpot had been abducted in a car by a white man who attempted to rape her. She only managed to escape by jumping from the moving car.

"NO T H A N K S " "No thank you. we don't want any," Mrs. Wilson's pregnant sister, Mrs. Marie William, 18, cried out to the night raiders. But the banging on the door persisted and- when Mrs. Wilson went to peer out she saw seven men "with rags over their faces." A shotgun barrel was thrust inside the door.

Mrs. Wilson struggled to close the door but one of the men aimed directly at Mrs. Philpot and began firing as the children screamed and cried.

BRINGS F A M I L Y GUN At this point Mrs. Philpot's son, Robert, brought up the family gun, a .22 calibre pistol. As the guns from the masked men blazed, her pregnant younger sister cried, "Shoot! Shoot!"

GUN JAMMED Mrs. Wilson stuck the pistol outside the door and kept firing until the gun jammed. Then she passed it to her brother, and asked him to reload it. Suddenly, however, she heard the white men running.

When the smoke cleared, L e Roy Parks, 25, lay dead with a pistol bullet through his heart and Gene Abies, 30, a clerk for the City of Dallas, was wounded in the arm. The other men were identified as Franklin Parker, 26, son of the owner of the Dallas New Era; Hoyt Prather, 25, an automobile mechanic; M. A. Nichols, 40, an automobile manufacturing plant worker and Jimmy Humphreys, 19, and Billy Gamel, 18, all of Paulding County.

Confession Implicates Others The authorities apprehended

A

B E L E A G U R E D OWNER of the haoat in Dallas, Ga., Mrs. Kate Philpot, poses with two of her younger children. She and the children miraculously escaped injury when masked white man

fired through partly-opened door — raking the inside of file heme with shotgun pellets. Mrs. Philpot, fearing for her children's and her own life, is now living with relatives. Casualty list for mask-

ed terrorist: one dead, one wounded, five captured, with six survivors being charged with assault with intent to murder and violation of Georgia's anti-mask law.

H

EPITAPH FOR A MASKED TERRORIST — This home, reflecting the impoverished circumstances of Mrs. Kate Philpot and her children, was the scene of the masked terrorist attack on

a highway in Dallas, Ga., M r s .

Philpot's oldest daughter, who was living in the home while her husband sought work in Indianapolis, Ind.. killed one of the masked men and wounded another.

The others fled. They were soon rounded up by Sheriff Jerome Clay. The home previously had windows shot out by terrorists.

which fiiey and several other members of the family, expepienced at the hands of' masked white raiders. Family had been subjected to previous terrorism

by white hooligans of the area, Fortunately, family m^mbejs survived shotgun Blasts that peppered walls and blasted out Windows in the home.

(Continued from Page 2)

MRS. REBECCA WILSON

INDEX TO FEATURES Albany, Ga. Baptist Meet . . . ....

Book Reviews East of West Entertainment Frederick Douglass Lazz Mae Mallory Muhammad Speaks

5-6 20 9 19 21 7 23 ,4 9

Nkrumah II Open Forum 15 Pakistan Muslim 3 Prayer in Islam 8 Shoots K K K . .2 THREATENED FAMILY — Nine U N Report , 10 voungsters gather around their "^randinofiier, Mrs.'Sarah Poole, Women's 'News I'.' . ' 7 . . 17 Classified Ads 22 in the Philpot home m Dallas, Ga. Expressions mirror terror

MUHAMMAD

S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962

Info

Darkest

Georgia

With George

SPEAKS

Beatty

A l b a n y Fighters U n m o v e d B y Arrests

By G E O R G E B E A T T Y , Cops Cut Prayers Short I saw the ministers stand in Photographer-Reporter (As told to Muhammad Speaks) prayer in the hot Georgia sun.

I saw the Albany police cut I rode the bus down into A l - those prayers short and crowd bany, Ga., with those 44 cler- them into filthy, common jail gymen and laymen — deep into cells as though they had comthe heart of the South's "Bible mitted the worst of crimes.

Belt" I saw the naked, vulgar haI went with the Protestant, tred on the face of the white Baptist, Catholic and Jewish leaders who were called down KKK-recruits and bitter segreto demonstrate their faith and gationists as they watched those support of the equality strug- they call "nigger lovers" and gle of the Southern Negro by "outside agitators" stand up for an end to age-old justice against Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I'm a photographer, and I Negro citizens, and I saw them wanted to record how each one bend every effort to humiliate those clergymen. answered that call.

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town

SLOGAN ON SIGN proves less than truthful for interracial and interreligious pilgrimage on way to back up Negroes' fight in A l bany against white supramacy.

In a restaurant in Madisonville,

on I

Ky.. the group h e a r d for the first time since it left Chicago the words, "We don't serve niggers here." Whites in group could have eaten, but refused.

Entire group went elsewhere.

But I also saw a sight as moving as it was glorious: the handsome and valiant Negro youths, with confidence and unflagging courage, fighting back, singing and working, day in and day out, to bring an end to the old system.

Exhibit Confidence I saw them demonstrate with a fervor and confidence which comes only to those who know they are right.

An African statesman once said of Africa, "No power can stop this change." I could say the same thing of Albany.

Aloany is another step in mankind's uphill climb to freedom, and, as a photographer. I want to have it on record. It is a memorable and moving sight to see the vast nunmers of Negroes involved in a demonstration on behalf of their rights.

The trip began in the headquarters of the Church Federation of Greater Chicago, 116 S. Michigan ave., where those invited were given a briefing session by the Rev. Douglas M. Still of the Church Federation; George Murphy, a Catholic layman; the Rev. Howard W. Stephens, Sr., Robbins, 111., and Stephen C. Rose, director, Exploratory Program in Journalism of the Chicago City Missionary Society.

Face 2 Month Jail Term All knew that the penalty probably would be two months in jail or $200 bail. All understood that those arrested were to plead "not guilty." So frank was the discussion that some decided on the spot not to make the trip and quietly withdrew.

The Reverend Still called for a show of hands from all who were willing to be arrested and, if necessary, go to jail. I was file only one who did not raise his hand.

"I'm a photographer," I explained. "What good is a photographer in jail without a camera?"

There was general laughter and my excuse was accepted.

Southerner Invites Group A white Texan, Fred Buss, told us: "As a person who has lived in the South, I invite you to come to Albany. The idea that we

outside agitators are geographical ly, constitutionally and theologically wrong. Albany is a national problem. As a southerner, I invite you to be my guest." Buss was right Some of us were destined to be his "guest"—in the same jail.

The major purpose of the movement was to present to A l bany and the nation a visible demonstration of support for the Negroes in Albany struggling for the elimination of injustice and support for the principles and objectives of the Albany Movement By the time the bus arrived in the Georgia town, there was not a single minister or laymen who did not thoroughly understand the nature of the trip — and its dangers. All those who had bail money—$200 each—registered it with one minister, the Reverend Still.

Spirits High On Trip We rode toward Albany in a bus that experienced several breakdowns to and from Albany, but none failed to dampen the high spirits of the group which sang Eind conversed throughout the drive.

Our first encounter with the "South" came just as we entered Madisonville, Ky., where I photographed a big sign which read, "Welcome To The Best Town on Earth."

"The Best Town On Earth" turned out to be the first place where a sweet-voiced waitress told us: "We don't serve niggers here." However, she made a gesture of welcome to the whites.

'Rules' For Service The whites refused and we all rode until we came to the "Imperial Restaurant." The Revrend Still went in to negotiate and came back with a set of rules. The owner said he would make an execution in his usually rigid Jim Crow regulations provided we:

PRESIDENT O F the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and guiding spirit back of the Albany demonstrators for equal rights is the internationally-famous civil rights leader, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Himself thrown into Albany jails on three occasions, Dr. King sits in shirtsleeves on hot day before microphone in Albany and tells reporters the arrests of peaceful and prayerful demonstrators is a "disgrace to the South."

(Continued on Page 6)

POINTING UP the sorry state of police affairs in Albany is Mrs. Mary Lee, who, though obviously pregnant, was thrown into jail, and was released (above) only after Albany movements officials learned the birth of her child was imminent. Case also symbolizes the determination of Negroes in the South to win struggle for equal rights. Mrs. Lewis was taken to hospital minutes after this picture was time.

"WE S H A L L OVERCOME" — Song leaders in Albany Negro church direct the singing of inspirational songs before Negro and white Northern demonstrators went out to participate in a prayer vigil in front of the A l -

bany City Hall. They had been briefed on what to expect before leaving the North. They were not surprised when they were arrested, thrown into jail and subjected to taunts and antics designed to humiliate them.

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MUHAMMAD S P E A K S

c

Spirit O f Y o u t h In A l b a n y

Drive

came forward, Pritchett again asked the same question. The * Enter through the rear door minister told him: * Eat in the rear room "I only want to say my * Settle for the same meal prayers." * Leave by the rear door Lock Them Up The rest of our trip to Albany When nobody moved, the chief was spent talking about a va- told his officers: "All right, lock riety of subjects. Mention of the them up. Don't let any of them burning of two Negro churches get away!" because voter registration meetWe learned that a pregnant ings had been held in them, girl, Mrs. Mary Lee, who had brought out the fact that two been locked up for demonstrating Chicago girls in the delegation was having labor pains in jaiL had canvassed in Albany to get Through one of the Chicago demNegroes to register. Ruby Car- onstrators, Barbara Farnandis of ter, a Catholic lay person, and Holy Cross Episcopal church, the Janet La Verne Davis of the Holy girl's predicament was relayed to Cross Episcopal church were the the Albany movement headonly voter registration workers quarters. Mrs. Lee was released not jailed at the time. and taken directly to a hospital where her baby was born.

Police Meet Bus Our bus chugged into the A l - | Charges against the Northern were "unlawful bany's city limits on a pitch dark demonstrators night. We were picked up by assembly, disobeying an officer Police Chief Laurie Pritchett's and disorderly conduct." squad cars, which apparently had How did I get around so well? been "waiting up" for us.

Frankly I found it convenient to They checked our identy and "pass" for white. I went everyremained with us, exhibiting a where white photographers went cautious hostility and coldness, and sat and listened to their until we reached the home of crude comments on the Albany Dr. W. G. Anderson, president of struggle. the Albany Movement.

In fact, I said playfully to some Whatever strain the members Negroes that I was "from Rusof the delegation had been under sia" and thereby they began callwas relieved by the warmth and ing me "Kruschev." enthusiasm ,of the welcome they Only when I left did I tell some received from the waiting Ne- that I was actually from Chicagroes. Miss Lillian Gilbertson, an go and they seemed disaspointed. observer for the delegation, said: They had hoped I was from a "Most of us had never been foreign country and would go greeted anywhere with such back and reveal the truth about warmth." conditions in the U.S.A. Efficiency Impresses Otherwise being "white" when We were fed delicious meals I wanted to be and being "black" and escorted to pre-arranged when I wanted to be gave me homes. The efficiency and able- certain advantages which I didn't ness of the Negroes in Albany overlook. were most impressive.

I asked a clerk in the office A white woman reporter from what happened to the city the' Chicago Daily News, who transportation. had been with us all the way, "These niggers have ruined suddenly turned and headed for the transportation around here," a white hotel.

"I'm a white woman!" she he said. "White folks don't need once rebuked me as I tried to re- the busses and the niggers boylay a message from Rev. Stille. cotted them. Now the bus comShe remained a "white wo- pany wants to sue the city."

Store Boycott Hurts man," presumbably until she reI learned, too, that the Negroes' turned to Chicago. boycott of downtown stores had "Grim Work Ahead" had upset the normal patterns After my first restful sleep of shopping here. In fact,- the since I left Chicago, I joined the store owners had been hit where delegation at Shiloh Baptist it hurt most. church for breakfast. DelegaOne owner pointed out the diftions from other Northern cities also were there. They, too, were ference now and a year ago in interracial and interreligious in the downtown area: Last year, composition. All we prepared for scads of people shopping. This the grim work ahead — demon- year, virtually nobody.

However, for Negro-owned en_ stration and jail. terprises, business is booming.

We rode in a motorcade to This fact shows in the faces of within a block of the City Hall, owners of these establishments. then walked the remaining disNegro and white owners down tance. There was a line of police here eye the coming holiday officers at City Hall, blocking seasons from different points of our way. The demonstrators lin- view. The white owner is uncered up beside the policemen. When tain. The Negro is hopeful. the line of demonstrators conTime To Return tinued to grow, the police then When it was time to return to marched off. The demonstrators moved into the places vacated by Chicago, my heart went out to the police.

DANIEL says A rabbi was leading the prayers when Police Chief Pritchett stepped up and wanted to know who was the leader for the group. There was no reply. The rabbi continued to pray. When he was through, another clergyman (Continued from Page 5)

General Basement CLEANING & HAULING

STANDING S I D E - B Y - S I D E on the sidewalk before Albany (Ga.) City Hall, Northern ministers hold peaceful prayer demonstration in support of Negroes' ef-

forts to gain equal rights in Georgia town. Moments later the ministers' prayers were interrupted when police moved in and herded them off to dingy, over-

the 11 ministers from our Chica go group who had decided to stay in the Albany jail.

As we boarded the bus, Reverend Still warned us of the high tension in Albany. He said that if there is any shooting, we should fall to the floor of the bus.

Fortunately, there were no shots. On the way home the delegation compared notes on each other's experiences. Few had the kind of experiences of the Rev. William L . Lambert, of Chicago.

In "frisking" Reverend Lambert, the guards found he had money in every pocket.

Money Everywhere!

"This nigger's got money everywhere!" one of the guards said in unconcealed amazement.

"Take off your shoes and socks."

When there was money concealed h e r e , to, the guard looked wonderingly at the Chicago minister.

"What kind of nigger is this?"

But I kept seeing again the picture of those we left behind in explosive Albany. I am not only talking about the members of the Northern delegations, but all the Negroes and whites still personally involved in the fierce struggle for equal justice and the birth of true ail-American democracy.

I did not meet a single young Negro in Albany who had not participated in the demonstrations. I did not meet a single one who had not been jailed at least once.

Responds To Call Stephen C. Rose, in the "Albany Retort," summed up the case for the Northern delegations: "Northern religious leaders responded to the call and brought

rge would be a group willing hope that the despairing man' feels when the concern of an- to make the sacrifices in Chicaother breaks through." go that they have made in A l Of the Chicago delegation, he bany." noted that Rev. Douglas B. Still "expresed the hope that the interracial ties forged on the trip to Albany will lead to concerted action to end Chicago's Waterman Fulline racial problems. Perhaps the most significant thing that could OFFICE

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Police chief admonished his offleers: "Don't let any get away."

Ministers were part of interncial and interreligious pilgrimmage from Northern cities.

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L e a d e r

Frederick Douglass, (1817-1819) was one of America's most profound and prolific writers as well as statesman, educator and orator. His topics include the major problems affecting man's relationship with his fellow man. The following quotations were selected from some of his earlier writings.

Let me give you a word of the philosophy of reforms. The whole history of the progress of human liberty shows that all concessions, yet made to her august claims, have been born of earnest struggle.

The conflict has been exciting, agitating, all-absorbing, and for the time being putting all other tumults to silence. It must do this or it does nothing.

If there is no struggle, there is no progress. Those who profess to favor freedom, and yet depreciate agitation, are men who want crops without plowing up the ground. They want rain without thunder and lightning.. They want the ocean without the awful roar of its many waters. This struggle may be a real moral one; or it may be a physical one; or it may be both moral and physical; but it must be a struggle.

Power concedes nothing without a demand. It never did, and it never will.

Find out just what people will submit to, and you have found out the exact amount of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them; and these will continue till they are resisted with words or blows, or with both. The limits of tyrants are prescribed by the endurance of those whom they oppress.

Douglass N o

P r o g r e s s

W i t h o u t

W A S H I N G T O N â&#x20AC;&#x201D; The 2nd United States President since Abraham Lincoln to officially recognize Frederick Douglass, the ex-slave and intellectual leader whose amazing contribu~4ions to American democracy are as yet unmeasured, signed a bill last week making his home a national shrine.

President Kennedy signed the legislation making the Douglass was six years old. home in the Anacostia section of At the age of ten he obtained southwest Washington a part of books and maneuvered to have the park system of the Capital. the children of slave-masters The last United States Presi- teach him to read, although such dent to recognize the genius of training for slaves was outlawed.

Douglass was Lincoln, who relied "Knowledge unfits a child to heavily upon the sage advise of be a slave," he later wrote the militant abolitionists and took when reflecting upon this period those steps which eventually lead of his life, ". . . and from that â&#x20AC;˘ a Northern victory over the moment I understood the direct slave-holding states. pathway from slavery to freeOutstanding dom."

In signing the bill, Mr. KenneWhen his master turned him dy called Douglass "an outstanding leader of the movement for over to a cruel "slave-breaker" the abolition of slavery and an to be "broken" in, Douglass whiparticulate spokesman for racial ped the slave-breaker within an inch of his life, and of this he equality."

Douglass, however, was all that later said, "I had reached the and considerably more. He was point at which I was not afraid to born in Talbot County, Eastern die. This spirit made me a freeShore, Maryland, in the month of man. . ."

February, (the exact year is unWhen Douglass escaped he known although it is believed to went to work for the abolitionbe 1817.) ist movement, studied until he His father he never knew and became the most euridite and his mother he saw but seldom, well-read, traveled extensively since she worked as a slave on and rapidly rose to become the a plantation twelve miles from keyleader in the anti-slavery her six "children. He was cared struggle. He was editor of a numfor by his grandmother until he ber of militant newspapers and

S t r u g g l e

In the light of these ideas, Negroes will be hunted at the North, and held and flogged at the South, so long as they submit to those devilish outrages, and make no resistance, either moral or physical.

Nigeria In Bid To Improve Ghana Ties*

Men may not get all they pay for in this world; but they must certainly pay for all they get If we ever get free from all the oppressions and wrongs heaped upon us, we must pay LAGOS, Nigeria â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Two unity- for their removal. We must do this by labor, by suffering, by conscious African states are now sacrifice, and, if need be, by our lives, and the lives of others. * ** taking formal steps to "improve relations" after what seemed a I would unite with anybody to do right, and with nobody deep schism following charges to do wrong. and counter charges. * ** The two are Ghana and Ni". . .

Though I am more closely connected and identified geria, the latter often regarded as with one class of outraged, oppressed and enslaved people, I "neutral" in favor of the East.

Relations reached a low point cannot allow myself to be insensible to the wrongs and sufwhen Jaja Wachuku, minister of fering of any part of the great family of man. I am not only foreign affairs for 40-million- an American slave, but a man, and as such, am bound to use population Nigeria charged that my powers or the welfare of the whole human brother-hood. . .

7-million population Ghana was engaged in "subversive" activity I believe that the sooner the wrongs of the whole human against Nigerian interest family are made known, the sooner those wrongs will bo reached." his editorial writings cover more * ** than six volumes. A close assoI have found it difficult to speak on this matter without ciate of the intrepid John Brown, vf Wendell Phillips and William persons coming forward and saying, "Douglass, are you not Lloyd Garrison, he was the most afraid of injuring the cause of Christ?" I love that religion that effective fighter for the uncon- is based upon the glorious principle, of love to God and love to ditional equality for black peo- man; which makes its followers do unto others as they, themple during both civil war and selves would be done by. post-civil war periods.

I* you demand liberty to yourself, it says, grant it to your Although his letters and writings form perhaps the most re- neigJ ors. If you claim a right to think for yourself, it says, vealing picture of the events of allot your neighbors the same right.

American history during his era, If you claim to act for yourself, it says, allow your neighDouglass' works have had only a scattered circulation within the bors the same right. It is because I love this religion that I hate the slaveholding, the woman-whipping, the mind-darkening, the United States. soul destroying religion that exists in the southern states of America.

It is because I regard the one as good, and pure, and holy, that I cannot but regard the other as bad, corrupt, and wicked.

Loving the one I must hate the other; hold'ng to the one I must reject the other.

No class of men can, without insulting their own nature, be content with any deprivation of their rights. We want it again, as a means of educating our race. Men are so constituted that they derive their conviction of their own possibilities largely from the estimate formed of them by others. If nothing is expected of a people, that people will find it difficult to contradict that expression.

When a great truth once gets abroad in the world, no power on earth can imprison it, or prescribe its limits, or suppress i t It is prescribed upon all the powers and faculties of her souL

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MRS. REBECCA WltSOKS COURAGEOUS EXAMPLE OF

The Prayer Service In Islam

W

SELF PEFENSE

By M E S S E N G E R E L I J A H M U H A M M A D THE PREPARATIONS 1.

The washing and cleansing of all exposed parts of the body of filth and uncleanness to stand and bow before the Lord of the Worlds.

2.

The rinsing out of the mouth (the impure and evil

£Ur-FWE

speaking that the mouth is guilty of speaking).

3.

The washing of the hands that are subject to the handling of clean and unclean things. They are cleansed to be spreaded before Allah, the Lord of the Worlds.

The Holy Qur-an says: That our hands will bear witness against the evil doers on the Day of Resurrection. "They will say; O hands why has thou beared witness against me? The hands will say: As Allah makes everything to bear witness, so has He made us to bear witness. Whatever we do, every member of our body plays a part in i t 4.

The feet are washed up to the ankles if they were exposed. The feet should be washed once everyday, even though one wears shoes.

4.

1

A total bath should be taken if there were sexual relations.

He is now ready for prayer. He stands erect with his face and body towards the rising of the sun (the East) and lifts his hands, with the palms open towards the East, and the thumbs pointing towards the lobes of the ears and repeats twice: "Allahu-Akbar" (Allah is the Greatest). He bears witness that there is no God but Allah, and nothing deserves to be served besides Allah and Muhammad is His last Apostle.

N E X T ISSUE: THE MEANINGS AND THE WHYS HtiiHtiiiiiiiiiutifiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiitiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiitiMiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiuiiiiiuiHUfiitiiiiittimni

G U E S T

E D I T O R I A L

President Kennedy chose well in nominating the able Arthur J . Goldberg as an associate justice of the Supreme Court to succeed retiring Justice Felix Frankfurter.

We,are of the opinion that it is more than coincidence that both are of the Jewish faith.

So frequently when we ask for appointments to public office, we get the reply from those in authority that they don't believe in appointments on the basis of race — that they are interested only in getting the very best man.

In the Supreme Court one Jew is succeeded by another and we think it inconceivable that we could have a Supreme Court in the United States upon which a Catholic is not seated.

With 20 million citizens of color, we submit that it's time we had representation on the nation's highest tribunal and all this hooey about not appointing a person because he is of a certain religion ought to go down the sewer.

—From The Afro-American

U N I T E

A n d

(Continued From Page 1) Christians, that you cannot enjoy love and unity among yourselves- The basic aim and purposes of the religion, Christianity, Was to deceive other races; namely, the Black, Brown, Yellow and Red, to make an easy prey for the white race.

But today, you and I both see the powerless forces of Christianity unable to bring about peace among those who profess it.

Since Christian Europe and America cannot bring peace to their troubled world with all their satelite nations as helpers, what kind of peace can they make for us?

Their religion divides one against the other. This I am sure we all can agree upon.

We must know self to gain selfrespect; this will remove that old slave idea that the so-called Negroes cannot unite and build an independent nation on some of this good earth that we can call our own. Stop looking for

P R O D U C E others to help you in that which you can help yourself.

The white man has made the black man lazy that he may rule and enslave him by producing and selling him that which he can produce himself.

But the white man knows that he has destroyed the black man's unity and as long as the black man thinks he cannot love and unite with black, the white mar. knows that he has a permanent slave.

Come and let us unite under the crescent and do something for ourselves in the way of supporting our own needs; go after some of this earth for our nation of 20,000,000 here in North America. If it cannot be had here, there is plenty of earth elsewhere.

We want nothing short of a home on this earth that we can call our own —not servants and slaves for other free nations.

Let us capture the market of our people by producing their needs. We cannot produce our needs on the soil of another's.

"I

thought these Nigras was s'pose to turn the other cheek!"

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR W a n t s

B a n

Dear Sir:—In the issue of Muhammad Speaks for July 31, 1962, there is an article about the Quaker vigil against A-Bomb testing. Since tne Muslims are the most militant organization in the Negro s t r u g g l e , we feel they, of all groups, should be aware that a number of people are beginning to realize that the fight for justice and the protest against the bomb, go hand-in hand.

We in Detroit have organized the Independent Negro Committee to end racism and Ban the Bomb (Inc.). The INC has participated in the major peace demonstrations in Detroit and have demonstrated in Washington, D. C. and Niagara Falls. Our president, Mrs. Gwendolyn Mallett, has just returned from Russia as a guest of the Soviet Women's Committee where she discussed the American and Russian people and peace. She was one of the two Negro Women in the delegation of 12 who were sponsored by the Women's International Strike for Peace.

Although our slogan reads "Integration Not Discrimination," we support the Muslims in their desire for Justice and reparation.

We feel t h a t MUHAMMAD SPEAKS, as a voice of the Muslim movement should be in the forefront in establishing the connection between A L L important elements of society and the Negro struggle for justice.

I have also read your issue of August 15, and the speech by Kwame Nkrumah on Peace and Colonialism. We think this is a fine first step in the direction our letter has outlined. Congratulations.

REGINALD WILSON For the Independent Negro Committee to End Racism and Ban the Bomb

SPOKESMAN In the U.N. , Dear Editor: In the year 1946 in San Francisco, the major nations of the world got together to form the

O n

A - B o m b ,

United Nations. It was supposedly organized to prevent future wars, abolish imperialist aggression and crush colonialism. It was also supposed to air just grievances and disagreements be-

R a c i s m

tween nations, great and small with a view towards seeking peaceful solutions of these problems.

Within the past few years most of the emerging African and Asian nations, have been admitted to membership, and in fact, they plan a strategically important role in the affairs of the U.N. However, when we examine the membership, we find no trace cf proper representation of the American so-called Negro, a people whose population exceeds 20 million. "A nation Within A Nation," and yet we cannot command a voice to speak out in our behalf, before this August body, (By M U H A M M A D S P E A K S of Nations. Also, the fact is pretty plain and evident for everyCARIBBEAN one to see, that no one else, from CORRESPONDENT) among this group seems concernP O R T - O F - S P A I N (Trinidad) ed with allowing our just de— Where once the British flag mands be heard. stood, today a proud red, black This is indeed a pathetic sitand white flag flutters, remind- uation and one that every so-calling the inhabitants of Trinidad- ed Negro should be deeply disTobago of the precious jewel turbed about. The U.N. is in that was once theirs— Freedor grave trouble and it is going to — a"^ which has been returned get worse. This is because its program has not been geared to to t m!

T i lovely Caribbean islands considering the problems and achieved Sovereignty August 30 plight of the masses of the black —just three weeks after Jamai- people here in America.

The acclaimed leader of the 20 cans had become free people.

In the words of Premier Sir million black people in America, Eric Williams (who, incidentally, is the Hon. Elijah Muhammad, once taught politics at Howard and the U.N. would be wise to University in Washington, D. C , acknowledge him, and listen to ". . . The people of Trinidad and his powerfully dynamic plan for Tobago have (at least) come into the"upliftment of his.people. their own and are (now) ready Brother Herbert 9 X to march boldly forward into the Muhammad's Mosque future—united, courageous, deNo. 7 termined."

New York City New Strides Ahead Both Trinidad and Tobago, In the Fires of Hope and Prayer, rich in oil, ashpalt and native With boundless Faith in our cultures—or tourist attractions — Destiny, already possess one of the highest We solemnly declare: living standards in the Western Side by side we stand, _ Hemisphere. As an independent Islands of the Blue Caribbean nation, its people are bound to Sea. make great new strides in the This our native land, economic field.

We pledge our lives to Thee The ultimate hopes and aspi- Here every creed and race ration of the islands' 850,000 peo- Find an equal place, ple, however, are expressed in And may God bless our Nation^the new nation's National An- Here every creed and race them: Find an equal place, Forged from the Love of Liberty, And may God bless our Nation!

Freedom Comes to Trinidad

S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962

MU

Mr. Muhammad Speaks

NEGRO

Of Land And A Nation What we must understand today is the importance of acquiring land of our own. We are no longer a mere handful of ^people. We are a little better in population than 20,000,000 and still increasing.

HAMMAD

S P E A K S

9

UNITY

Boycott Jolts Albany

We cannot forever continue to depend upon America to give us a job, send us to school, build our houses, sell us her food and give nothing in return.

America was not established A L B A N Y . Ga. — Aroused, and chartered with constitu- determined Negroes here have tional guarantees for the Black jolted white citizens with more than prayers. A n effective boyman, but for the white man. cott of downtown businesses America was not founded to has turned a bustling shopping guarantee the freedom and equ- area into a virtual "ghost town."

An unhappy store owner reality of the Black man and woman and indeed, she is not seek- called that in 1961 the main business street here "was so full of ing to grant these privileges to people you could hardly get through the crowd. Today, I our people today. could fire a cannon down the In what other country on this street and not hit anyone."

Negroes starting boycotting — earth will you find 20,000,000 the official designation is "selecpeople within the framework of tive buying"—in December, and another people's government sales in this one owner's store seeking to become qualified cit- tumbled 40 per cent below yearearlier levels. izens joyofisly singing the song Feeling Impact MR. M U H A M M A D o f integration? Our people are Downtown stores, where boythe fools of the nations. Integration means self-destruction and cott and store picketing camthe means to this end is exactly that — death and nothing less. paigns have centered, are feeling the impact the hardest. But The Black people throughout the earth are seeking inde- operators of service establishpendence for their own, not integration into white society. What ments, property owners, wholesalers and other store suppliers do we look like trying to integrate with our 400-year-old ene- also are fretting. On the other mies? The average so-called Negro wants to change his own hand, Negro-owned businesses are gaining a larger role in sellflesh color and blood for a strange blood and flesh. ing to other Negroes, and suIn order to build a nation you must first have some land. burban shopping centers have won many custormers seeking to From our first generation of slaves to the present generation avoid involvement in downtown of our people, we have been unable to unite and acquire some demonstrations.

Indications are that the rearland of our own due to the mental poisoning of our former slave ranged trade patterns often remasters who destroyed in us the desire to think and do for self main long, after, the. protest and kind. marches, boycotts and sit-in demonstrations are over. A shopDo you as educated and professional men and women desire keeper here observed: "Even if to be recognized forever as the mental slaves, beggars of white the boycott were to end tomorrow, it would take at least a year America? to bring business back to norToday, the international conception of honor, pride, and mal."

In some instances the demondignity is not concerned with individuals within a country, but is rather concerned with your work and value as a part of an strated disruptive effects of store boycotts have strengthened the established nqtion. hands of Negroes in seeking further civil rights gains.

In order to be recognized today you must represent your A department store executive nation. We must understand the importance of land to our in Nashville, Tenn., admits that lunch-counter "trouble" o v e r nation. segregation in 1960 caused his The first and most important reason that the individual store "to start hiring Negro sales countries of Europe, Africa and Asia are recognized as nations clerks."

Boycotts Gain is because they occupy a specific area of the earth. Second, they Increasingly, trade - diverting are recognized because of the effectiveness of their internal boycotts are replacing earlier unity and policies and then by their enactment of international Negro pressure tactics, notably policies and agreements with other established nations. The lunch counter sit-ins. The Albany boycott is only one of a score or black man has been actually worthless when it comes to exer- more "selective buying" camcising the rights as human being in an ever-advancing civiliza- paigns staged within the past according to the National tion. So remember, we cannot demand recognition until we year, Association for the Advancement have some land that we can call our own. of Colored People. "The outlook is for more of the same," says You may argue that this is impossible, but I say to you: Mrs. Ruby Hurley, the NAACP's with Almighty Allah (God) on my side this is not only possible, Southeastern regional director. but is in the working for our people and will manifest itself soon! "The cash register has a way of talking to the Southern businessman that beats anything I know H U R R Y A N D J O I N ONTO Y O U R O W N K I N D . T H E of."

TIME O F THIS WORLD I S A T HAND. A newly formed Albany Negro Chamber of Commerce counts at least a half dozen businesses set W R I T E TO: up since the boycott began. One such venture is the Harlem BakM U H A M M A D ' S M O S Q U E NO. 2 ery, opened last March by a form5335 South Greenwood Avenue er $50-a-week baker's selper at Chicago 15, Illinois one of the city's white-owned Messenger of Allah bakeries. "I'd been dreaming of starting out on my own for 10 B E S U R E T O L I S T E N T O "MUHAMMAD S P E A K S " years," says the baker, James Lawrence, "but I wouldn't have E A C H S U N D A Y N I T E A T 7:00 P . M. over station W E A W found the nerve to do it without (105) F . M . Also, each Sunday at 6:30 p. m. over station the Albany movement." Lawrence figures his profit is a bout $100 a week, or twice his former pay.

X E R F (1570) A . M .

By John Hendrix Clark For the Associated Negro Press EDITOR'S NOTE: John Hendrix Clarke, associate editor of the new magazine— FREEDOM WAYS—is staff lecturer on African subjects at the Center for African Studies, New School for Social Research in New York City.

BANTA PROPHETS IN SOUTH AFRICA

By B. G. M. Sundlker Oxford University Press New York, 1961, 381 pp.

This is another book in the excellent series prepared for the International African Institute.

This study of independent Zulu Churches in South Africa was first published in 1948, and has now been reissued. This is the most extensive study ever made of an independent African Christian movement.

Dr. Sundlker, the author of this book, is Director of the Swedish Institute of Missionary Research. It is important to emphasize that he is from a country that has never had colonies in Africa.

Therefore, in making this evaluation of the impact of Christianity upon an African tribe, noted for their skill in warfare, he does not feel called upon to engage in the pro-colonial polemics usually so prevalent in books of this nature. This study of an African separatist Christian movement speaks volumes for both the success and the failure of Christianity in Africa.

A f r i c a n MR.

The religious African usually takes his faith literally and many times he finds the Europeans to be poor examples of whatsoever religion they profess to believe.

No European can escape the fact that their conquest and domination of Africa is a contradiction of Christian teachings.

In this study, Dr. Sundlker shows that nationaism plays a great part in the African separatist church organization. His book deserves your attention.

AFRICAN BOOKS B R I E F L Y NOTED Politics in Africa. Prospects South of the Sahara

By Herbert J . Spiro 183 pp., Paperback, $1.95 Another analysis of the problems of the new African states and their relation to the changing power structure of the world.

Professor Spiro attempts to show how the nation of the West have misjudged the intentions of African Nations in relating them to their Cold War policy.

Portugal's Stand in Africa

By Adriano Moreira University Publishers, Inc., N. Y .

265 pp. $3.95 Portugal's minister of Overseas Affairs makes a spirited and unconvincing defense of his country's colonial policy in Africa.

Dr. Moreira makes it clear that his country feels no guilt for bringing what he calls "Christian civilization" to Angola and Mozambique. This is an old story and most of the world's people know that it is a false one. ant messages of the Honorable

V i e w p o i n t s

JOMO K E N Y A T T A , Minister of State, K E N Y A : "Kenya is now entering a new era which might be called the building era. Soon Kenya will be ruled by Africans through the convention (The Kenya We Want) can learn what is required to establish this State. This new era must be economically prosperous and must provide opportunities for all sections of the population. . ."

MR. B E N B E L L A , Leader of the Political Bureau, Algeria: "We will have one big party, because having a set of parties is a disease of the rich, and we are poor. One big party, that's democracy . . . " MR. F A T H Y T A H A , Director-General, M E T E R O L O G I C A L S E R V I C E S , UAR: "The U A R will become the fourth world power to make use of rockets for the peaceful exploration of space, when its preparations are completed before the end of next year . . ."

MR. H E N R I E F F A , Assistant Scretary of Publicity, Executive Bureau, Cameroun Union: "The future of a nation depends largely on the future which is offered to its youth . .

P R E S I D E N T F R A N C O I S T O M B A L B A Y E , Chad Republic: "We hope the U A M (Afro-Malagasy Union) will play an important role in the question of African unity. Chad, for its part, because of its geographical position, welcomes such a policy. . ."

P R E M I E R Sir ROY W E L E N S K Y , Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland: "If Africa nationalists go on encouraging their people in the belief that violence and intimidation is going to pay, then they are in for a rude shock. There are limits, definite limits, beyond which a white man will not be pushed. We will share, but we will not surrender. . ."

C H I E F A L B E R T L U T H U L I , banned President, South African National Congress: "We painfully encourage the world to ostracize South Africa so long as she is unrepentant, and on our part, we must be ever diligent in exposing the implications and effects of apartheid. . ."

P R E S I D E N T K W A M E N K R U M A H , Ghana: . . . . "The Common Market and the Common represent a direct menace against Africa and the whole underdeveloped world.

It is clear that Great Britain and the rest of the E F T A group will sooner or leater join the Common Market in Europe, and so will the U . S. and Canada, to form one economic body.

M u h a m m a d

10

U . S .

R a c i s m

D e m a n d s

M

F o r

a U

y

s p e a k s

B r i n g C h a n g e

By C H A R L E S P. H O W A R D , SR. U N Correspondent

S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962 tee on the Situation in Northern Rhodesia; the Committee on Portuguese Territories in Africa; Information from Non-Self Governing Territories; the Draft Resolutions on Manifestations of Racial Prejudice and National and Religious Intolerance; the Question of Southern Rhodesia; the Question of Race Conflict in South Africa; the Treatment of People of Indian and Indo-Pakistan Origin in the Republic of South Africa, are all problems that informed observers here predict will take up the greater amount of the time of the Assembly.

Scholarships A v a i l a b l e Because the need is great and the cost of medical education ranges from $5,580 to $7,832 for the four years, scholarships are available for Negroes desiring to study medicine.

—(ANP)

PLASTIC NAMEPLATES Mr. Allan 12X (Smith TOR Mrs.Marylyn 4X(Smith) DOORBELLS. DOORS & MAILBOXES Henry Jones 2 LINES: June Jones $1.25

It was significant to note that NEW Y O R K — When the 17th regular session of the Genup to this time, no item calling I LINE: eral Assembly of the United Nations opens here Sept 18 it for the seating of Comunist China Mr.&Mrs. Henry Jones will be called upon to consider 89 items — but one item not $1.00 in the United Nations has yet on the list but likely to crop up is the moving of the U N to a COLORS: BLACK, BLUE, & CLEAR been tabled.

To date there has state where racial discrimination does not exist been no informed prediction as We send 2 plates per order. Act now — African delegates are prepared Send Money Order or Check with order to spearhead a move to remove to whether or not one would be The organization of the GenTo: PLASTIC FRAME WORKS. UN headquarter^ from the Unit- eral Assembly will require the tabled.

P.O. 60I3, Chicago 80, III. ed States to some country in Asia election of 13 Vice-Presidents and or Africa. the election of officers of the Unnecessary seven main committees, namely: Many of these delegates have The First (Political and Security) REO MOVERS & VAN S E R V I C E , INC. suffered brutally and humiliat- the Special Political Committee; LOCAL OR LONG DISTANCE ingly from racial discrimination the Second (Economic and F i FREE ESTIMATES - CALL NOW! - Midway 3-0974 and they consider it "utterly un- nancial); the Third (Social, Hunecessary and unbearable" to any manitarian and Cultural); the 415 EAST 63rd STREET CHICAGO, ILLINOIS longer undergo the humiliation! Fourth (Trusteeship and InforOne African country has al- mation on Non-Self Governing ready offered quarters and ade- Territories); the Fifth (Adminisquate facilities, including "no in- trative and Budgetary); and the sults" to members because of Sixth (Legal Committee). A l l their race or color. One plan un- 104 member nations are repreAUTO DRIVERS: der consideration is to temporari- sented on each of the main comSTOP IN HAVE YOUR BRAKES & FLUID CHECKED CHARLES HOWARD ly move the United Nations mittees, to which are referred Headquarters to Geneva, pending items falling within their fields problems. However, these figures the construction of adequate of competence. quarters in a country yet to be The chairman of each of the hardly depict the amount of time selected. main committees are elected in the General Assembly is expectRHODES GARAGE & S E R V I C E STATION quick succession in the Assembly ed to address African problems.

The Agenda CARS W A S H E D A N D GREASED FULL-STOCK TIRES «. BATTERIES So bitter are some of the Af- Hall for this special purpose The report of the Committee of STORAGE 2 4 H O U R SERVICE rican delegates that they do not without the Assembly delegates 17 and its various Sub-Commit514-526 E. 63rd STREET CHICAGO 37, ILLNOIS leaving their seats. wish to spend "even another tees, to wit: The Committee on Telephones: NOrmal 7-0094 — MUseum 4-2655 year" as they put it "under UnitElections of the vice-chairman South West Africa; the Commited States hatred of black people." and rapporteurs take place at In addition to the Agenda items subsequent meetings of the comand the Secretary-General's re- mittees, usually the second meetport there will be reports from ing.

17 On Africa the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, and the Of the 89 items presently apInternational Atomic E n e r g y pearing on the agenda— 17 are TO SERVE YOU BETTER! Agency. specifically addressed to African

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S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962

MUHAMMAD

S P E A K S

WHY I s

N

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A

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By C H A R L E S P. H O W A R D , Sr. (Special to Muhammad Speaks)

who first came to Toure's defense when France shut off all credit to its former colony in punishment for Guinea's voting itself out of the French bloc Both Toure and Nkrumah are participants of the strong Cas-

STRONG FRIENDSHIP between Ghana's President Nkrumah and Guinea's Sekou Toure is reflected in this embrace on the hitter's arrival in Guinea to cement a joint economic and military pact. It was Nkrumah

N k r u m a h A g a i n s t

W a r n s W

Sends Six - Point

e

a

k

ablanca grouping, who have announced their determination to rid Africa of all forms of colonialism and to strive for a unified continent Like Nkrumah, an attempt has been made on the life of Guinea's Toure

C o n g o

U N I T E D NATIONS, N.Y. (HNS) — Who is trying to kill Ghana's President Kwame Nkrumah — and why?

What is behind two murderous bomb attacks within 30 days against the life of the militant African leader, attacks in which seven Ghanians have already died?

The African leader, for whom the entire Uhited Nations rose to their feet and cheered during the last .session — just as they rose to their feet for the leaders of the Big Powers — and who has become one of the most dynamic and influential figures in world politics, is apparently as plainly marked for death and assassination as was the former Premier of the Congo, Patrice Lumumba.

It is no secret in international circles that Nkrumah is held

by Western nations as the most dangerous black leader to arise in Africa since the days of Hannibal.

Nkrumah who knows and understands life in the U.S. as well as any American Negro — who although born in Africa, was trained in America's "black belts," walked the streets of the Southside and Harlem, rode Jim Crow cars in the South, worked as bell-hop and bus-boy in American cafes despite his college degree obtained in an all-Negro college, and who espouses Pan-Africanism just as has Nasser of Egypt and Ben Bella of Algeria, has never been a favorite of American political leaders.

Is Nkrumah marked for death because Accra, capital of Ghana, is headquarters for the formation of an All-African army, headed by an Egyptian general to develop a military army to drive out the remaining White Supremacy powers in Angola,

P r e m i e r

C o n s t i t u t i o n

Message

Against "Backward Move" A C C R A — The sweeping pro-African positions taken by President Nkrumah on issues affecting the unity of the black natiotfjiappeared here again as Ghana's leader warned the Congo's Prime Minister that splitting up the Congo would be a "backward move."

In a six-point message to Prime Minister Adoula, Nkrumah blasted the so-called United Nations "experts" who are in the process of drawing up a new constitution for the Congo.

Nkrumah said that to repair effectively and quickly serious damage done to Africa, as a result of imperialism and colonialism, emergent African states needed strong unitary governments capable of exercising a central authority to mobilize the national effort and co-ordination of reconstruction and progress.

KATANGA EXAMPLE He condemned the present Congo constitution, which is semi-federal and which, he said, "enabled Katanga to attempt to secede and had actually created difficulties for the Republic of the Congo which otherwise by now would have found its feet firmly placed on the road to progress and stability." " I entreat you in the name of Africa," Nkrumah said, "to set your face resolutely against any imposition on your country of a federal constitution which would act as a permanent bar to the unity of the Congo and militate severely against all stability, progress and prosperity."

But Nigeria To Help Draft Congo's New Constitution

LAGOS, (Nigeria) — The wide difference in outlook between the leaders of Ghana and Nigeria was brought into sharp focus last week when Nigeria announced the nomination of Hon. T. O. E'ias, attorney-general and Minister of Justice, to serve as bead of the United Nations Committee for the drafting of a new Federal Constitution for toe Congo.

Ghana's Nkrumah has bitterly opposed the new constitution on the basis that it would only further subdivide an already fractienized nation.

An early UN announcement had stated that either Jaja Wachuku, Foreign Minister of Nigeria or Chief Hezekiah Davis would be named to the post. After an UN apology for naming toe officials without prior consent from the Nigerian government, Dr. Elias was proposed by the FedHe doubted whether "true sons of Africa" solidly supported eral government and accepted by Mr. Abdoula and his government and hope the Congo would the UN body. "soon free itself from neo-colonialism and the collective imFIRST AFRICAN COLONY perialism now hampering her."

Ghana was the first African President Nkrumah regards the "federalism" of the Congo colony to gain its independence as merely another means of "Balkanisation," of splitting Africa from Great Britain on March 6, into tiny fragments too small to weild any real power in the 1957; Nigeria followed on Oct 1, struggle for nationhood.

1960.

—(ANP)

Mozambique, South Africa?

Two Cabinet Ministers and a high member of the President's political party have been dismissed from office and placed under arrest, "in the interest of the security of toe State." The obvious question arises, "Who are Nkrumah's enemies? Who would benefit from his death?"

Lead Ghana Let us first recall that, though Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia traces reigning line back to Bibical times (interrupted only for a short time in the '30-'40 period) and though Liberia has already celebrated its 114to Anniversary of Independence, toe cause of independence in Africa, South of the Sahara, stood still until Nkrumah came along and in 1954 led the first All-African Government in Ghana, then the Gold Coast, and later ied Ghana to independence in 1957.

Let us recall that Nkrumah, from the start, has insisted that "toe independence of Ghana is meaningless unless it is tied up with independence of all Africa."

The Meaning To Nkrumah this means the independence of Mozambique, Angola, South West Africa, Rhodesia Federation and South Africa. This also means an in-

dependent Congo with Katanga a part of it. And, since that was the first said many countries in Africa have become independent and sovereign states, and others are in the offing, with the moral and active support of Nkrumah m 0

and Ghana&£&gE0&& '

ii Let us also recall that Ghana is a State of increasingly prosperous people. In the light of all of these factors, one wonders what is the source of all this "oposition" to Nkrumah.

Europeans Europeans say his enemies are Africans. Why, since Nkrumah has worked so hard for African "liberation," should he have African enemies?

Let us look closer to see who would logically be his enemies.

Who would benefit by Nkrumah being "put out of the way?"

For the purpose of this inquiry we can divide Nkrumah's enemies into two categories, (A) Internal,(B) External.

Let us first consider his I N TERNAL enemies; these consist of; (1) Some British trained Ghanaian intellectuals and former civil servants, who look upon every problem and its solution from the colonial viewpoint, (2) (Continued on Following Pages)

J

erations look upon Nkrumah, personally, as their most dangerous threat in Africa. It is worthwhile to scrutinize them closely to see what is involved in them and what they are worth.

The following is quoted from "CONTACT" dated March 22, 1962, under the heading, "VAST MINING KINGDOM F R O M CAPE TO KATANGA." "Contact says: "One of the world's greatest concentrations of financial power exists in Southern Africa, from Katanga to the Cape.

Tremendous power is concentrated in a few hands, yet surprisingly little is known about it. Why? Because the South African press is part of this financial empire and therefore never refers to it.

"This consentration is an association of mine o w n e r s , resources and of her people.

According to a report of the whose interlocking e m p i r e United States Department of stretches from Capetown to This group of men Commerce Trade Mission To ; Katanga. controls assets of over $5,000,West Africa (1960): "Ghana's im- 000,000 (five thousand million port trade is almost entirely in dollars). It consists of a large the hands of a few large foreign ; number of the major mining owned trading companies." The ! companies joined together by report goes on to say that while 1 a system of "interlocking directhese companies are strongly fi- ! torates." nanced, a growing share is grad- | ually accruing to smaller com- | "This group has a high depanies of Ghanaian ownership." ! gree of control over metal mining in South Africa, virtually Business total control over diamond minThese Mammouth Business op- ing in South Africa, South West

Africa, Angola and Tanganika.

It controls the railways in K a tanga and Kasai and also the Benguela Railway which links Katanga and the Copper-belt with the Angola port, Lobito.

(Chart on the right gives an idea how the companies forming the group interlock, while the chart below shows in detail how the directorates are connected.)

"As the struggle for freedom rages in an around Southern Africa one hears of the Bandas, Welenskys, Luthulis and Pa tons. Hardly ever the "interlocking directorates" of the group mentioned. Yet they wield tremendous influence, as the case of Tshombe proves."

In the chart below, referred to above, the "CONTACT" article, under the title "SYSTEM OF INTERLOCKING D I R E C TORATES IN T H E MINERAL INDUSTRY OF AFRICA SOUTH OF T H E EQUATOR" names the following companies: "Society General de Belgrique, Union Miniere du Haut K a tanga, Tanganyika Concessions, British South Africa Company, Anglo-American Corporation of South Africa, De Beers Cons.

Mines, R h o d e s i a n AngloAmerican, Rhokana Corporation, Mufulira Copper Mines, Chibuluma Mines, Roan Antelope Copper Mines, Rhodesian

MARTYR OF THE CONGO â&#x20AC;&#x201D; : Bound and chained, Patrice L u : mumba, the first premier of The Congo, was led away from the Leopoldville airport and the world later learned he had been murdered on orders from Moise

tege and friend of Ghana President Kwame Nkrumah. There is strong evidence that the same sinister forces interested in exploiting Africa are back of the recent attempts to kill the popular and militant Nkrumah.

vj M i n i n g Bloc Hold M a i n W h i t e Pc In Africa Ghana's Outspoken Viewed As Major

Leader

Threat

To Neo from - Colonialism (Continued Page 11) a section of the hierarchy of the Tribal Chiefs and those who benefit from the tribal system, (3) those representatives of Big Business still doing business in Ghana.

Assassinations For the first two groups, assasination is going quite far. However, for the third group probably not so. An inquiry conducted in 1961 disclosed that the bombing of the Nkrumah monument, standing in front of Parliament House, and the bombing of Independence Arch, in Black Star Square, were fomented in a "club" located near the Parliament House. ..This "club" prior to independence did not permit Ghanaians to become members and after independence, Ghanaians refused to join or go in the place. The membership was limited to those E u ropeans representing the Big Business still operating in Ghana and certain Europeans employed or doing business in Ghana.

After the bombings and an investigation, Nkrumah closed the club and turned the premises into a museum.

External Enemies When we look behind the scenes for Nkrumah's E X T E R NAL ENEMIES we find a most REVEALING SITUATION. Nkrumah's external enemies may also .fee divido: .r,\t goriesj (1) those Mammoth Business operations doing business in Africa. SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR. (2) Foreign Colonial Powers such as Salazar of Portugal, and their 'African counterparts, Verwoerd of South Africa, Welensky of the Central African Federation and Whitehead of the same area and their Governmental partisans in Europe and certain individuals such as Britains Marquis of Salisbury, South Africa's H. F. Oppenheimer to name only a few, the latter who wield both govermental as well as financial influence.

Operating In Africa Nkrumah's broad policies of Independence for Africa and of turning the natural resources of Africa to the benefit of Africans, and his specific policies of setting an example by nationalizing certain industries and natural resources in Ghana constitute a challenge and a source of danger to foreign control and continued exploitation of Africa's natural

Tshombe, president of Katanga Province and puppet of the Belg i a n "shadows government" there. Lumumba, a dynamic force that struck fear into the hearts of "vested interests" _with "Africa for Africans" was a pro-

Selection Trust an8 Ame, Mets Climax, Inc." H. Oppenheimer There are thirteen (13) h. and of this number H. Oppe heimer is a Director in sevei (7) of the companies. Many of th other directors are members o the Board in three (3), four (4 or five (5) companies.

In support of the authenticit: of their document, "CONTACT' says, "The information in t h e s charts and in the text is to b found in the following publications: 'Mining Yearbook," compiled by W. E. Skinner (1961), "Banking and Finance Manue* and "Industrial Manuel' (Moody's), Standard and Poor's Register."

Continuing. "CONTACT" says, "research on the subject was done by Mr. Alvin W. Wolfe of Washington University, St. Louis Mo., U.S.A. An article -gr the above facts apjfears in "TOWARD FREEDOM," an American Monthly dedicated to the "peaceful elimination of colonialism."

Well Known Powers It should be noted that the corruptive power of such a combination of resources is UNIVERS A L L Y ACCEPTED. In the United States. Anti-Trust laws are inforce to protect the publi from this evil influence.

The people of Africa have no such protection. In addition to the potential corruptive power of such combinations in other areas they often control major segments of public opinion media of the world.

Killed Blacks Certainly within the category of "External Enemies" the tecnique of "murder" has been openly used. Salazar and the Portuguese Government has>f milled killing 50,000 Angolan "blacks" and the Portuguese Commander of their forces in Angola is quoted as boasting that he will kill 100,000 "rebels" as he calls them, before he stops.

Informed sources say he is well on the way to doing this. And the world is not shocked. At least not shocked enouglf^fo do anything about it." After all, they are just some black heatherhs that are being killed," they say. Verwoerd and his- South African Government have killed thousands in South and South West v Africa.

Welensky and Whitehead are preparing to kill thousands more, and the world stands by and looks the other way.

How many thousand the French killed in Algeria is an unrecorded fact. This list can be extended.

Killing Continues Actually, the killing of political leaders is becoming a "Tendency," especially since the "fre dom movement" got underway, say since 1946. The entire Burma Cabinet was wiped out with one burst of machine gun fire. L u mumba was killed, perhaps Hammarskjold. Dr. Moumie, the Cameroun leader w a s poisoned, Prime Minister W. R. D. Bandaranaike of Ceylon was shot.

The list can be extended. The murder of Mahatma Ghandi is a classic. The recent killing of the prime minister of Urundi is only

S E P T E M B E R 30. 1962

13

AFRICA-THE

SITUATION

IN A C O N T I N E N T O F RAPID

CHANGE

SENEGAl a series of killings. move all those of progressive On The List ideas from power plans were set nnah has known that he is in motion, particularly as the eff list to be murdered and he forts of the plotters were by no ,,vs that the fomenters of his means completely co-ordinated. ! .anned murder are not Africans, Various groups can be distiniough they must use Africans to SIERRA guished and, while they worked get the job done. tEONE These ''plotters" know they together at times, they were jea- ' cannot remove Nkrumah by con- ; lous of each other and each group stitutional means, that is by de- j pretended to be the driving force. feating him at the polls. This | The reason for this rivalry is no they have tried to do four times doubt in part explained by the fact that large sums of money and failed.

The great masses of the peo- i were available to the conspirators pie absolutely love and support from outside interests anxious to Nkrumah. His enemies there- see the overthrow of the Governfore know that the only medium ment. left to get rid of him is assassina"A supply of cash could thereDAHOME tion. fore be obtained by anyone who The Findings could make a plausible claim to The findings of a govermental be engaged in some sort of plot." group which investigated the efGhana Secret Service forts to overthrow the governFortunately for the people of ment by force and violence were eased in December, 1961. The IGhana, their government has deI B C C . T C independent .fit, V k U W«r « a aid in fiart, "The object j veloped a fantastic "secret ser-SWAZILAND M A L A G A S Y »»». le plot here described was to vice" and a system of discoverj ' ' •c-• .-depe-dent create a state oPchaos and confu- ing "espionage." This system sion in the country so that, first, !combines the best of "Scotland • IASUTOLAND an appeal could be made for fo- Yard techniques" brought in (tritiM reign aid, and then the Army from British secret service and could be persuaded to enter poli- the "underground surveillance tics on the pretext of restoring systems" maintained by tribal selves unmasked and exposed to er Minister of Information and they can condition public opinthemselves Order and preserving national in- chiefs to protect Broadcasting Tawia Adamafio. : ion by subsidizing knowledgeagainst "ambitious young up- the world. dependence. and former Party Secretary H. 1 able authors to convey a misleadstarts."

The Arrests j ing impression of the situation, Cofie-Crabbe.

Hoped To Overthrow This brings us to the current At this point it must be ack- thus creating an image which inThe conspirators hoped by this To their dismay, conspirators in tfl overthrow the Constitution, Ghana suddenly and at the most situation of former Minister of nowledged that there is not one stills confidence in their operasilence the Parliament and re- unexpected moments find them- Foreign Affairs Ako Adjei, form- shred of evidence available to tions. ! this correspondent connecting Equally, they can distort the : Ako Adjei. Adamafio. or Cofie- truth. It is almost unbelievable, I Crabbe with any acts of conspira- that in the light of all that Nkru• cy or any other illegality in con- mah has done for Ghana and for ; nection with the attempt on the the cause of independence on the life of President Nkrumah. Nev- j continent of Africa generally, for ; ertheless, their cases can well his contribution in fighting coserve as illustrations as to how ; lonialism and injustice to disad"external enemies" of Nkrumah vantaged black people all over the world, that Africans and Afoperate. ro-Americans especially, would Nkrumah Security let themselves be hoodwinked inThese forces, acknowledging | to believing that Nkrumah is selthdir inability to get rid of Nkru- 1 fish, p nver-seeking tyrant. NOmah by fair^.ieans (constitutional THING IN THE W O R L D means, such as elections) have C O U L D B E FURTHER FROM turned to the "assassination tec- | THE TRUTH. nique." In the light of the exBackground tremely efficient operation of the It will be recalled that Mr. security f o r c e s su; rounding Ako was reportedly preNkrumah, they know that if they ventedAdjei leaving the country are to "get him" it must be recentlyfrom on a mission to prepare through highly placed persons of for the Commonwealth Prime unchallengable reputation and Ministers' meeting in London. apparent loyalty.

If somebody who knew himself The most corrupting forces in to be implicated in a conspiracy the world are "ambition and became aware that his part bad money." With the power of j been discovered it would beTogilarge sums of money to play | cal for him to apply for asylum with, the outside forces only need abroad. to find a weak, and ambitious In the case of a Gjianaian it man occupying a high post— if would be easiest for him to repossible, in the cabinet. Such late that he was in fact "escapmen may be found in many cabi- ing from tyranny of Nkrumah." nets in the world.

Immediately the anti-Nkrumah So powerful are these forces sections of the press would set that they can virtually guarantee about "weeping at the wall" protection to their "stooges," as about the inhuman, repressive, the case of Tshombe has shown. and anti-democratic methods of Murder of Lumumba Nkrumah, and crying towels They can point to the fact that would be thrown to them from nothing has happened with re- every direction, whereas, as a spect to the murder of Lumum- matter of fact, all that had realba, Noumie, perhaps Hammarsk- ly happened was that a conspirajold, and a host of others. All tor against his homeland had esthat can happen is that a perfunc- caped his just dues. tory "investigation" is held, with External Eenmies long drawn out inquiries, and no And so in control of great segdecisive result. ments of information media are These forces wield' great in- the "external enemies" that the fluence in some section's of the true facts could never reach most world's press, radio television of the people of the world. magazines, etc., and other agenIncidentally, much ado is alcies for "forming" public opin- ways made outside Ghana about ion.

(Continued On Page 14) Through public relations firms

m

14

MUHAMMAD

SEPTEfrfeBfc 39, 1962

1

Blond Norway To Help Blacks Fight S.Africa Whites .OLSO (Norway) — "Mr. EijSar GerhardigMi, • Prime Minister* of Norway is actively considering the question of calling an international conference to discuss joint actijpn against South Africa's policy of apartheid, or suppresion, of native aspirations by the minority white GovenSmatt," according to Oliver Tambo, a vicepresident of the African National Congress.

Tambo made the above observation ^at th,e conclusion of his meeting with the Norwegian Premier August 22 in Oslo, Prime Minister Gerhardsen is said to have promised-Tambo to bring*the "matter" to the attention of A. Lange, foreign Minister of Norway, "who may posJibly wish to4nscuss it with the ^Foreign Ministers of other Scandinavian countries at a forthcoming meeting."

Encouraged' by the outcome of Jhis meeting with the Norwegian

S P E A K S

leader, Tambo now p l a n s to travel to the capitals of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland in order to personally contact the leading government personalities there.

The African National Congress, it may be recalled, is not allowed to function within the boundaries of . South Africa. However, it is quite active elsewhere, as reflected in Tambo's endeavors.

Ghana's Leader Targfet C t G i a n t Power C o m b i

Ethiopians Win Scholarship To U.S. Colleges

THE "AFRICAN THREE" Most Unloved by the West: Bel, Bells* of Egypt—and indomitable Kwame Nkrumah.

countries in Africa car. pi Jefdnd (Continued From Page 13) themselves against in '^;de- subarbitrary arrests, detention, etc., ADDIS ABABA (Ethiopia) — version by the use t .he-Jong, Eight top students, graduates of Leaders of young independent tedious, and so-called ,^emocrStic various schools in this country, Also Ato' Seyoum I'vfahmmoud, have bee named winers of the tions at the New School of Social 1962-63 scholarship g r a n t s , Research (New York); Ato Mo- Marque* e University Internaawarded each year by the Joint gus Tekle Mikael and Ato Yo- tional Relat'ans; Ato W< Ideare' BUSINESS BRIEFS . . .

Ethiopia-U. S. Commission for hanes Kifle, who will study gay, Augusv*na College, Public Newly appointed Public RelaAdministration; Sege 1 \ icminoff, tions Director for the Marshall Educational Exchange for high- Journalism, the former at Colum- University of Kansas, Engineerbia, the latter at State University Insurance Brokers firm is Klent er studies in the United States.

The selected students are: Miss of Iowa; Ato Kebede Sho'andanie, ing, and Ato Beyene Fassil, who E l 'Wood who also broadcasts Woizerit Amlasu Yoseph, who University of Calofomia at Berk- will study u ..bo- Ms-v ge tent at "Cognition," a series of radio Boston College. shows devoted to Negro History, will study International Rela- eley, economic;,.

processes They would be destrowa before they could defend f themselves. They must §Kt promptly and efficiently to ensuee their liberties. £ It should be noteij*thapt Nkrumah has not taken one life as yet nor spilled one drop of his enemies' blood. Certainly this is more than his ene^es,. internal or external" can claiiu.^—

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By CHARLES WHITFIELD (Charli^TWhitefielcl, Bronx,' New York, attended fttewfork--University, .School, of Education, for two years, as a liberal arts major. He also is a Korean veteran and a membertof the;Monroe Defense Com' tee for Mae MalloryuJU h*1"1" oBjfcctive of education jjags which are noly incc ruto sScure growth and effien le, with, but destructive to ; to n h e of man all that his n s&lf respect. The mind of tural jalejits will allow him to b "ISEhe Iji&lligent child of African comeg to **produce self-respa dear O H * , revolts against the deand take his rightful place in so sert .j than j given in ail text books ciety. ; dealinflkvith our ancestors. A l If w£ take these qualities as the thoughslahey experience an intrue <j»tc3ine of a proper educa- stinctive revulsion of misrepretion, $ien everyone who is ac- sentations and perversions, they quainted with the facts must ad- are obliged to continue absorbing mit that, a a a rGtePin-, the entire these falsehoods about their true so-called ""civilized" world the history. _^ro-Apierican, after more than After leaving school, they find 300 years of "existing" with E u - the san e distortions perpetuated ropean people, has never receiv- in newspapers, novels, quasied anythingrtike a proper educa- scientific works, television, radio tion. You will find black people, and the movies. This insidious everywhere in the United States, process finally disintegrates the in the West Indies and in South last remnants of resistance, first America! largely unable to cope shown by the individual. with situations which have been Hence they accept what initierected .cunningly to befuddle ally they rejected as false and him. alien to themselves. Thus we can We find our children, as a re- see how the media of communisult of their present western cations tend to reinforce the "indoctrination" are void of their idea that all Caucasian.-, repretrue self identification. In such sent progress and superiority, a case, what we need is a calm while all Afro-Americans and appraisal of the situation. The Africans represent regression and application of cold common sense. i^tL^l^ilT^^A^t^^S^T^cHT"^ The work immediately before us Such is the effect of then is one of re-education.

I repetition.

Our children receive western I How do we beg .i our program

Writer

M e s s e n g e r

While semanticists search for an appropriate definition of this new word "Automation," radical changes in technology involving the expanding use of automatic machinery and the automatic control and regulation of this machinery give rise to dramatic changes in technology involving the expanding use of automatic machinery and the automatic changes in offices and factories.

Widespread disagreement exists about the speed, whereas with automation will be applied, the extent to which it will be economically feasible, and the social and economic impact it will have.

But. despite these arguments, traditionally antagonistic groups in society appear to agree upon certain technical problems inherent in automation.

A Way Out Are Negroes seeking a-way in this technology involvement.?

Will he wake up to the call of this fegrless, and divine sent man of (God) A L L A H — The Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad, Messenger of A L L A H , to concern himself v. ith many logical questions, to be Lee, independent as a civilization in freedom, justice, and equality under the banner of ISIA.M, symbolized by the crescent, the sun, mocn and star? . .

If only by asking himself bese type questions, such as can my job be automated? Wha. happens to me when this automaion takes place?

Questions Can my rkills be utilized elsewhere? If J must acquire new skills, where do I get my trainhair styles." Admittedly they are ing? Who pays for it and who more interested in money than supports my family while I am bfcing trained? If I must move beauty! how can I afford it? Will autoGives in, Hair Staightened mation mean unemployment for On the second point, Lucy L a - me, or greater leisure? And if it's meck stated in the Afro-Ameri- to be greater leisure, how will can that she finally consented to this come about? let an American Negro friend If the worker is employed in srraighten her hair because she a small supplier's factory, he jnay didn't want to ; ppear rude or be asking, will my company be h irt any persons feelings. But, able to compete with the big S ne ssSd, biqst African women re- ones? Will my job go first, or sent the suggestion. I can relate will small companies continue to other experiences. operate in the same old-manner A friend of mine from Kenya not touched by automation directtold me about a girl friend of ly or indirectly? his, who came from Kenya with A People's Needs him. This girl returned to Kenya, The needs of the Negro are because the Negro advisor at a Southern Negro college told her very much displayed in the eyes she could not remain on the of the Asiatic world. They see campus unless she straightened 20,000,000 or more ex-slaves, socalled citizens of these United her hair.

"Bad"

A n d "Good" Hair Standards

By L E R O Y E . M I T C H E L L , J R .

(Factory Worker and Student) The job-you have been doing to encourage the appreciation of biack..beauty is beyond reproach. This is extremely crucial where blaick women are concerned, and I have rejoiced at your position "Which serves to counteract the insults prevalent in most "Negro" publications.

In my. opinion, one of the However, the strength of your greatest psychological barriers organization is needed! to the AfricanJ|American's feeling Two arguments against the of personal w&rth exists in the trend toward wooly-hair stvle* ridiculous be life they have about are: (1) it will wreck Negro busiwooly hair. g. M — i ~~ " ness. (2) Africans like straightenThis was brilliantly expressed ed hair. ; in the article you reprinted by On the first issue, 1 see no Eldridge Cleaver in your June reason why the WOOLY LOOK issue entitled: "As Crinkly as could not be incorporated into Yours, Brother." Again, you the present array of straightenshould be commended for mak- ing, bleaching, etc Beauty paring this article available to a lors could do this, they tell me. wider audience. Many persons "There's no money in natural were impressed by it: both Africans and African-Americans.

Yet, I notice that most of the L i b e r i a n W o r l d ' s O l d e s t sisters represented in your paper Madame Zoe Ketteh who lives straighten their hair, and in the August 15, issue you have pic- in the Bopolu district in Liberia tured Mrs. Georgia Davis—with claims to be the world's oldest straightened locks—under the inhabitant. Born in 1807, she is title "Natural Beauty." This leaves me, and quite a few now 155 years old, making her 40 others, somewhat confused as to years older than the country of what your position is on this which she is a citizen. —(ANP) matter.

Stand Unchanged Her hair style will in no way M o r e F e m a l e T h a n M a l e s change my fight against hair Though male babies are more straightening; the only NATUR A L style for a wooly-haired highly prized, Africa still has person is a WOOLY S T Y L E . more females than males. (ANP)

Closer to home, here in Detroit, a friend of mine from South Africa said at the University of Detroit that the Negro girls would neither sit near her nor talk to her until she consented to have them straighten her hair.

These stories could probably be told a thousand times.

But returning to the AfricanAmerican, the very insinuation that wooly hair "needs" straightening is an insult—to ourselves, to our children, and a disgrace to the entire group. What woolly hair needs is D E L I B E R A T E styling: instead of hateful neglect and mutations.

O f

A l l a h

By J A M I L M U H A M M A D (Undergraduate Student)

of re-education of the AfroAmerican? We know that this so" called civilized white man will not include Afro-American history in the schools because he knows once we black people understand who we really are, we will no longer act like "beggars" but will hold our heads up high like the nobel people we truly are. So then we must patronize our Afro-American book stores and read our significant contributions to the American scene We must have compulsory classes in the evenings at our churches and community centers.

We must hold family discussions on problems concerning black people. In other word-% we must eat, sleep, and drink of the true knowledge of ourrelves.

We have before ps a Hercu lean task. Let us u lite and march on to sure victory which lies ahead. This will ot « an easy fight. It will mead a great sacri fice of our individual wishes and desires for the material things we hold Ijfear of need be, 'our very lives to obtain liberty, freedom and injustice under this "American Democracy."

We now hold the torch: of freedom and it shall grow brighter as we fearlessly advance toward our ultimate goal. Remember the words of our great AfroDouglass, who said: "Without struggle there is no progress."

Rips A l l e g e d

A n s w e r "

•

JAMIL MUHAMMAD1' States crying for CIVIL RIGHTS, whereas they have yet to be given HUMAN-RIGHTS. To play a role in the life of ',. any nation or government run by the people and for the people one's needs and resuorces must first be supported by their representative according to their respective geographical areas. The p' Negro does not have a geogra- . phical area in this part of th* 3#earth, whereas he can feel absolutely self-independent and selfI sustaining.

V".

Mr. Muhammad, the man gifted with the economic, political and social blue-print from (God) A L L A H Almighty, has the great wisdom, knowledge and understanding of the Negroes basic needs at hand.

To Be Successful The manner whereby we can be successful for the first time in our lives to forward this problem of automation in the United States of America is by applying and trying, first, to consider A L L A H , the one true living God, as our MAKER, submit ourselves as a Muslim; secondly, that is, folehosepuBoly-Apostie—Lne Mess^HlpSffuhammad; sum thirdly, learn the ways of life in Islam according to it's Holy tews and ethical culture for our own L>enefit and selfIndependent Islamic Government.

May A L L A H forever continue to bless, protect and bring peace of mind to our Righteous Leader and Teacher, The Most Honoralbe Elijah Muhammad — Messenger of A L L A H , Saviour of the so-called Negro, the lostfound Nation of Islam, the Tribe of Shabazz.

On Self-Help, Baptist Sound Like Muslims The self-help principles advanced by4he Honorable Elijah Muhammad suddenly appeared at the session of the National Baptist Convention U.S.A., Inc. The 10-times-elected president of the organization, Dr. J . H. Jackson, told an estimated 15,000 delegates and visitors in Chicago's Coliseum that Negroes should "seize every opportunity, new and old. in order to become

creators as well as consumers of goods."

"We must become inventors as well as the users of the tools of production," he said, "and also investors of capital as well as spenders of it.

"We must learn how to organize our capital, harness our earnings and set them to work so that we may produce more and finally develop independent factories and companies of our own."

MUHAMMAD

16

R e p o r t Boosts M a t r i m o n y : T h e M a r r i e d Live U N I T E D NATIONS, N.Y. — Both serious and humorous critics of the "institution of marriage" were given pause when United Nations statisticians disclosed that in all parts of the world, married men and women live longer.

While the experts were somewhat at a loss to give a con- only five countries give boy bacrete explanation of this pheno- bies the same chance. menon, they did offer the sugIceland had the most favoragestion that "married people ble record in infant mortality— nave a reciprocal concern about a low 13.3 deaths for each 1,000 each ether's well being and a babies born. The United States sense of responsibility about pre- was in 29th place with a record serving one's own health." of 25.2 deaths reported in 1961 In reporting that the world's for each 1,000 babies born. married men and women have Along the line of longevity, it lower death rates than the single was reported that in most counthe widowed or the divorced, the tries women not only live longer study said there was, perhaps, a tendency for divorced persons to than males, but they also have a have a lower death rate than the lower death rate. The male death rate, the survey showed widowed. was 36 per cent higher than the Girl Babies Live Longest The world survey showed that femlae in the U. S. It was statin 25 countries the average girl ed that the more favorable showbaby can be expected to live for ing of women could be attributed more than 70 years. However, to a greater capacity to with-

Milk Without

S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962

SPEAKS

Longer stand physical and emotional stress.

Turning to the continued population explosion, the UN study found that the highest rate of increase in population was in the regions of Central America and Southwest Asia, and the lowest recorded in Northern and Western Europe.

An estimated annual rate of 2.7 per cent was reported in Central America, while in Southwest Asia the rate of 2.6 was noted. By sharp contrast, the Northern and Western European increase was only 0.7 per cent.

The overall world total of 3,000,000,000 was reached by the middle of last year the statisticians said. The estimated rate of increase averaging 55,000.000 yearly would place the population total by die middle of this year at 3,115,000,000, they reported.

A Cow

Man-made milk as a powder, I British scientists have discovBasically, the raw materials in condensed form and as a li- ered a new process for making are the same as the food eaten quid may soon compete with I milk without a cow, using pea by a cow-green leaves. The cow's milk.

I pods, cabbage leaves and weeds. scientists have gotten rid of the greenish color in their milk. Now they are trying to eliminate the vegetable flavor.

The research directors stated that "milk can be produced from almost all green stuffs."

By LOIS WALKER It was noticed that a large In many homes, the season always is the same. Room dec- number of green plants which are oration goes right from Winter through Summer, with no not edible in themselves, weeds, nettles and hedgerow growths •transitional styling in between. have been used successfully.

How is it at your house? If you've skipped the seasons The process used in making this year, perhaps you can place the blame where home experts put it. They say (1) the time and fuss involved in re- this milk: "Roughly is to mash green decorating and (2) the expense of maintaining fresh draperies, ored bulbs can create a romantic leaves in water warmed under rugs and slipcovers for all four setting. . . moving your lamps controlled conditions until the seasons contribute to "decorat- to different spots of the room protein is separated. Vitamins, ing delinquency" across the na- can give a new look. . . replacing an old ceiling fixture with a mo- minerals, vegatable fats and cartion.

Solutions aren't hard to find, dem one updates room by many bohydrates are then added. The vitally important Vitamin B-12 and it still isn't too late to add years.

Turn that old rocking chair or must also be introduced." just what the "decorator orhope chest into a conversation dered."

The scientists think the process For the first problem, try short piece with a gleaming coat of could be valuable in solving cuts which refresh each room in paint and suitable decals or world problems. a jiffy! The modern<eanswer to hand-drawn illustrations! the second stumbling block is to pop your draperies, rugs and slipcovers into the new, selfservice dry cleaning machines available at many local laundromats and bring brightness into bloom economically.

Recipe for brightening a whole room without adding a thing?

IN O U R O W N F A C T O R Y Wash down the walls—if you've A ny Style or F a s h i o n got paint or wallpaper that stands up to soap and water.

To Suit Your T a s t e If that doesn't give the room enough of a lift. . . a new cover • T O YOUR MEASURE of paint or paper will work magic. Try doing just one wall, in a shade or pattern which dramatizes Y O U R C H O I C E O F FABRICS the color scheme of your furnishings or accessories. Have you C.O.D. — Cash or Budget considered one of the inexpensive —but oh, so glamorous—new murals to enliven the space over your sofa, for example? Perhaps just painting the molding or door and window trim in a pleasing pastel shade would brighten a dull looking room.

Turn Old To New You can give an old room a new look by simply introducing striking new curtains or cushion covers. . . in a color which compliments the room's basic decor.

Any gal can be trusted to think of this. . . but just a reminder,. . .

453 EAST 79TH STREET move the furniture around.

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Tired, Victorious Wilma Returns Home

NASHVILLE, Tenn. - (ANP) —A smiling Wilma Rudolph Ward returned from her latest conquests abroad happy but visibly and physically tired following weeks of track competition in the Scandinavian countries.

She arrived here after a flight that started in Sweden, determined to get some rest before reentering to Tennessee State A&I university for graduate courses this fall. Her traveling companion was Joann Terry, who also competed in the track meets.

Victorious. Hailed by Fans Mrs. Ward, triple Olympic and U.S. woman sprint champion, had cause to be tired. Not only was she victorious in all of the foreign track meets, but she was constantly beseiged by fans, who hailed her throughout the tour.

In fact, the tour was hailed in some countries as the "Wilma Rudolph Tour," according to Miss Terry. "They just loved her.

They had posters up with a big picture of Wilma, then Ralph Boston in smaller letters and then even smaller was John Thomas," Miss Terry said, Boston, ace broad jumper and a schoolmate with Rudolph at Tennessee State, did not return with the group. He went to Germany, where he will remain until Sept.

27 and then is expected to go to Japan. Wilma said "he's having a ball."

Art M a r r i e d at

Her coach at Tennessee State, Ed Temple, called her overall performance, "Very Good," Tactfully admitting that she can do much better, Temple told her: "At least you were consistent" Regarding the worship she received from fans abroad, Wilma said: "We played to full houses everywhere and I never got so many flowers in all my life."

She said little children, in particular, were kind to her, some of them wanting to give her gifts.

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Holder of World Record Holder of the world record of 11.2 seconds for the 100 meters, Mrs. Ward was clocked once at 11.4, four times at 11.5, three times at 11.6 and once at 11.7 at the distance, during the Scandanavian track meets.

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SEPTEMBER

4-Year-Old Genius Taught Self

has for years been the method of instructions in the University of Islam's school in Chicago.

Boys and girls, although in the same building are divided into

THE PRINCIPLES O F separation of Boys and Girl students, expo used by a recent study of educational attainment of male and female students,

F L I N T , Mich. — A little four year old girl scheduled to enter kindergarten can read anything from primary readers to encyclopedias and though she may stumble over some of polysyllabic words, it is apparent that she understands what she's reading.

She is Joyce Marie Williams whose parents Mr. and Mrs. Wel- ters. But most of the words inmon Williams are as mystified by cluding "astronauts," "pneumonthe girls unusual ability as ia," "analysis," and "cantaloupe," others who have witnessed her were pronounced correctly. astonishing performance.

"Joyce read'in soft, low voice Self-Taught but with expression, and she "She just picked it up," her knew the meaning of most of father said. "We had nothing to the words. When., reading about do with it. Nobody, to our know- the Russian astronauts, she began ledge, has taught her." talking about John Glenn, who During a recent visit South to 'went round and round the world visit her grandparents, Joyce in a big long rocket! She said visited the editorial offices of the she wanted to be a 'space ghT Sherrill (Ark.) Commerical and when she grew up. . . so impressed the editors that ". . . When asked who taught they write the following ac- her to read, she pointed to hercount of her visit. self and said emphatically, 'Me!' "Joyce Marie Williams came "Her father said the family into the Commercial editorial of- first noticed that Joyce could fice Friday, picked up a copy read when they were on a trip of the paper and began reading about five months ago. He said —headlines, small type and ad- that as they drove by a service vertisements. station which Joyce had never seen before, she began reading Space Girl "She didn't hesitate over any the trade names on a sign. After word, although she pronounced that, he said, Joyce began readsome by sounding out the let- ing anything she came across.

separate classes after the first grade. Modern Educatioal research has indicated that boys learn more rapidly under such conditions.

Professor Says Boy, Girl Sex Differences Calls For Seperate Classes To Aid Learning COLLEGE PARK, Md. — Startling new evidence that boys should be separated from girls to improve learning capacity was reported here last week.

Based upon this preliminary evidence, research into co-education to learn if separation of boys and girls facilitate learning has been suggested by a Professor, from Maryland University.

If the sex of a child has anything to do with learning, then perhaps the boys ought to be taught separately to give them an even break — at least at the Junior high school level, stated the professor.

REPORT ON SEX D I F F E R E N C E Evidence was found in a report

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on Sex Differences in Learning Ability, to the National Education Association Journal, that there is a difference, and that it helps to explain why there are two to three times as many boys as girls who under achieve in school.

In this report it was also explained why there are four times as many boys who are poor readers or non-readers as girls; and why 85 percent of the children with behavior problems are boys.

While these figures are startling enough it has been found that anywhere from 75 to 95 percent of the children in speech clinics for functional disorders are also boys.

GIRLS MORE SENSITIVE The report also showed girls are more sensitive to human relationships than boys; girls have more positive thinking and reactions to situations that children experience directly for church or school.

Boys, it was noted have a higher metabolic rate than girls. A statement by the educator indicated that — "The higher metabolic rate may account for the familiar sex differences in overt behavior which some teachers find disrupting to classroom operation and which may distract boys from that which they are to learn."

It was concluded that the

Y O U R

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Rites Held For Woman Founder Of Exceptional Children's Home In LA. LOS ANGELES, Calif. — The death of Mrs. Juanita Mitchell, founder of the Exceptional Children's Home here recalled the brilliant dedication of one of the nation's most outstanding women leaders.

Mrs. Mitchell, a nationallyknown community service worker, had founded the unique E x ceptional Children's School and watched it grow from a fiveroom house to its present modern, fully-equipped building. school does not and cannot exist as a sexless institution and ought to take into account the fact that boys are quite different from girls in the way they approach tasks.

In order that facts may be collected in a systematic way to determine whether separation does facilitate learning, all-girl, allboy classes should be set up at the junior high school level on an experimental and limited basis.

A native of Oklahoma, she came to Los Angeles 15 years ago. 'Mrs. Mitchell had been a public school teacher in Oklahoma and had served as head teacher in the Los Angeles Child Care Center.

An honoree of Zeta Phi Beta sorority and the recipient of a 1957 L . A. Sentinel newspaper award, Mrs. Mitchel was a graduate of Minnesota and Langston Universities.

She is survived by her husband, the Rev. William P. Mitchell; well-known singer Bizie Crawford Wyatt, a daughter, one sister, Effie Mitchell of Denver and five brothers.

Cops Deny Wife's Bid To Check Mate With Lie Defector " CHARLOTTE, N. C — (ANP) In a letter to North Carolina police chief asking if her husband could take a lie test, a South Carolina woman said: "But I don't want no policeman asking him the questions. I want to do the asking."

"The poor man would flunk for sure." said Chief John Hord. The request was turned down.

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S E P T E M b E K 30, 1962

SPEAKS

V o t e '

ACCRA, Ghana — The Ghan- blamed for the attempts which aian Times, semi-official publi- have injured and killed scores of E a s t l a n d W o u l d H a v e T o G o ! cation of Ghana laid the blame Ghanians. for the second bombing attempt against President Kwame NkruC L E V E L A N D , Miss. — The cold fact that Mississippi's we been permitted to vote," the mah at the doorstep of "stooges LIV-ROCK Senator Eastland, one of the most powerful legislators in Con- petition reads. of imperialists."

Eastland, is perhaps the most LUNCHEONETTE gress, sits in office by as little virtue of "democratic elections" j notorious Negro-hater since the "Iniquitous and criminal bands "from a Sandwich to A M M / " as any overseas dictator, was brought out here in a campaign late Senator Bilbo. His committee of bloodthirsty and ne-colonialist SPECIALIZING I N H O M E C O O K I N G 716 Rockaway Avenue to win, for the first time in 100 years, "free elections" in this was responsible for holding up villians still on the loose" were the confirmation of Thurgood BROOKLYN. N. Y. Mississippi section of the "Free World."

Marshall as Federal Judge for A sweetly-worded telegram nearly a year.

JOHN and L E T I T I A was sent to Senator James O. The petition campaign centers His home county has a Negro Maxie & Son Eastland of Mississippi, Chairman around tl e election of Rep. Jam- voting-age population of 13,524 CLEANERS & T A I L O R S H O P We Specialize in of the U. S. Senate's Judiciary ie Whittai, white, who was "vot- and a white population of only D R E S S M A K I N G and MEN'S PANTS BARBER SHOP Committee last week by a young ed" into the House of Represen- 9.785. The greatest number of Large or Small — Made To Order civil right's leader who asked tatives from a predominately Negroes ever allowed to regis601 N. 12th ST. PHILA., PA. 1411 STAPHINS AVENUE why Negroes in the Senator's Negro district He had been op- ter in Sunflower is 161.

Prop. - Bro. Clinton X, Bro. Clinton 2X BRONX. N.Y. own home country are not allow- posed by a Negro, Merrill LindTel: DA. 3 - 9 2 7 2 PRONE - PO 3-4452 The U. S. Census 1960 Report ed to register to vote? sey. lists the Negro population of "You have an. obligation to Would Have Voted Eastland's county at 67.8% of the work for justice for all people," "We, the below named Negro total.

Charles McDew, head of the citizens of the United States and There are 83 counties in MisStudent Nonviolent Coordinating the state of Mississippi, all 21 Committee said in a wire to East- years old and older, would have sissippi—at least 38 of which land. "It is our hope that you will cast our votes for Merrill W. have a Negro population larger instruct the county registrar to Lindsey of the Second Congres- than that of whites. open his office to potential Negro sional district of Mississippi, in Yet, not a single Negro sheriff, which we reside, in the June 5, voters."

(1310) 1962, democratic Primary, had state or county officials has been Year After Year elected in Mississippi for nearly Hopefully, McDew advised 100 years.

Senator Eastland to resign from the Senate if violations of vot- N . C . W h i t e S c h o o l ing rights are not corrected.

Universal The disgraceful facts surround- D r o p - O u t s H i g h e r EVERY S U N D A Y N I G H T Because of the availability of ing the so-called "democratic" WINDOW elections which sends such legis- jobs, the school dropout rate 10:30-11:00 P.M. CLEANING lators as Eastland automatically was higher among whites in Service to Congress year after year were North Carolina. Since 1956 the BROOKLYN, NEW YORK hit by young leaders as petitions circulated here appealed to Presi- rate for both races has been P H O N E - G L 5-8307 —(ANP) dent Kennedy to disqualify a about the same. a white Congressman from office.

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S E P T E M B E R 30,1962

M u l a t t o e s In Louisiana East O f T h e W e s t Nix Negroes, Seek W h i t e s

By ABDUL BASIT NAEEM

kind of visitors in the months to come — adherents of the BuddI have just received word that hist religion, who will meet for some years ago. Through care- N.B.C. has offered to train a cer- a world wide confab in Pakistan B y O. C . W. T A Y L O R ful marriages influenced by color, tain number of Liberian nationals sometime next year.

N E W O R L E A N S — ( A N P ) — One of the by-products of they strive to be lighter in color in broadcasting . . . No, no, not the school integration fracas in this state was the disclosure of than their parents.

THAT one. The initials (N.B.C.) the fact that there eists in Plaquemines parish a school operated Hence many have passed from stands for the Nigerian Broad"Uhuru," the word for Freedom the Negro group into the white. ' casting Corporation! in Africa's Swahili language, is for mulattoes. gaining further popularity, esThese mulattoes a r e folk as Negroes. Since they do have These leave the state for other parts of the country. Others have pecially iu Kenya — but NOT as whose complexion is so fair that Negro blood they are classified become associated with the I If the "shadow of a coming a politic il slogan. (Nor are we by law as Negro, so they can not they do not want to be classed associate with whites. They will whites and have moved into event" does mean anything, this by any means referring to the news from Uganda (which is not Mc-Graw Hill Publishing Comnot accept a dark skinned Ne- other sections, fearing the dread! yet free but is due to achieve pany's book, writon by Robert ed peanlties of miscegination. gro in their schools as students UPHOLSTERY Soveriengty October 9) will glad- Ruark). UHURA i the name Creoles or teachers. They have their own den many African hearts, at home given the latest creation in KenFor a Better Job In Furniture, There are quite a few such social clubs, and do not associate Slipcovers, and Draperies groups in Louisiana. Many call 1 and abroad: At the end of this ya women's fashions! A threeor marry outside their group PHONE US ANY TIME year, the Government will dis- piece outfit of gaily printed cotThey are said to be the re- themselves Creoles and say they ! continue its practice of laying out ton (similar to those popular in RANDOLPHE DECORATORS are descended from the French.

114 THATFORD AVE. BROOKLYN, N. Y. sults of clandestine unions of The white Creoles exclude them huge amounts of money for edu- West Africa), it also somewhat Dl 2-8097 —orDl 2-8010 white men and Negro women the SARONG worn by and define themselves as being cation of the European children resembles most women in Indonesia. :n the country. a mixture of French and Spanish. * * * Some of these live in a comInsure Now . . . Pay Later munity across from Baton Rouge Among the score of Muslims SMALL D O W N PAYMENT — BALANCE 8 MONTHS A few months ago I had writon the Mississippi river. And from Ghana seen at Mecca during A U T O M O B I L E - FIRE - PLATE G L A S S - LIABILITY others live near Alexandria. They the HAJJ (Pilgrimage) ceremo- ten air-article for MUHAMMAD call themselves Free Jacks Many . nies earlier this year, two were j SPEAKS entitled: "The Wheels F R A N K L. W I L L I A M S live on the Old Spanish Trail, 1 rather prominent citizens of the ! of Industry Turn Egypt From an Livingston 8-5871 4302 SOUTH PARKWAY Highwaly 90, in various sections. • West African Republic: Alhaji Agricultural to Industrial NaMost of them speak a patois of Sulemau Lamptey (Vice-Chair- tion." With the recent successful French English. ' man, The Muslim Council of Gha- I firing of four long-range rockets Many of such groups were to na) and Mallam Yahaja of there, the African-Muslim nation can now also be said to have be found in New Orleans itself KumasL "SHOT I T S E L F INTO T H E * # * until very recent years. They SPACE AGE." lived in the section below Canal True "sons of the Mother Constreet and they created their own tinent" all, heads of a number society as- a means of escaping of independent states, in Africa the evils or racial discrimination are trying to help "patch up The U. S. newspapers may , whatever differences that might command a great deal of "resand segregation. pect" at home, and many of them They soon found out. however, exist between members of the indeed do. Their influence in that whites regarded them as Ne- Casablanca and Monrovia Blocs." Asia and Africa, however, is ragroes. When residential segrega- Busily engaged in the noble and ther small. The Republic of Iraq, tion came about they found worthy endeavor are, among in the Middle Fast, for instance, themselves subjected to the same others, President Modibo Keita has just proven that: Branding persecutions as the blackest of of Mali, President Gamal Abdel the New York HERALD - T R I Nasser of the United Arab Rethe Negroes in the city. public, Governor-General Aziki- BUNE (European Edition) a we of Nigeria, Emperor Haile Se- "harmful propaganda medium," lassie of Ethiopia and President the Iraqi Government has bannAhmad Sekou Toure of the Re- ed its entry into Baghdad. public of Guinea.

I Political leaders or representa* * * j tives of the country's Freedom The Islamic Republic of Paki- , Fighters aren't the only NATIVE stan was visited recently by two sons (or daughters) of South Afimportant African personalities, rica who generally make the one from Tanganyika, on the news. Last month, first a CapeContinent's East Coast, the other town University coed, Elizabeth • D o u b l e - B r e a s t e d . Suits a n d C o a t s C h a n g e d t o Single from Ghana. The Tanganyikan Thael, and then the Transvaal visitor was Mr. C . G. Kahama, India Youth Congress "made" the • P A N T S TAPERED an industrialist; the Ghanian VIP world's papers: The coed for be• SUITS M A D E C O N T I N E N T A L the Chief of the Defense Staff of ing named the top girl student • F O R M A L S FOR HIRE at her school; the Indian organihis country, General Otu. zation for electing an African • C O L D and BOX STORAGE (Mr. Nelson Mandela) instead of The Pakistanis will have the an East Indian as its honorary privilege of hosting yet another president.

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MUHAMMAD

S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962

SPEAKS

Rebel' Baptist M a y Build 1st N e g r o M e d i c a l C e n t e r PHILADELPHIA, Pa. — dent of Morehouse College, At tist Convention, revealed that the While the main body of Baptist lanta, who was one of several new organization has raised over were meeting in Chicago a fund guest speakers, blasted leaders of $68,000 since its inception. raising program to build the first the original -National Baptist hospital supported by Negro Bap- Convention, charging that they tists in the United States was are "indifferent to the educational under consideration by officers needs of Negro youth" in the j SOCIAL CLUBS,BUSINE€S,CIVIC, I AND FRATERNAL GROUPS, e t c . of the Progressive B a p t i s t U. S. Dr. T. M. Chambers, of Los Church, Inc., which met here at Angeles, president of the Pro- j Union Baptist church.

The proposal was among sev- gressive group, said that a num- { eral advanced by delegates as a ber of reforms would be insti- | new, bold approach to ending the tuled by the new organization, I rf* C O L . O P S "indifference" among the estab- the most important of which! for every purpose; will be a strict rule regarding lished Baptist leaders. tenure of office.

More than 450 ministers from "We want to make it imposall sections of the nation attended the convention. The group sible for a man to perpetuate represents a faction which split himself in office for the rest of from the National Baptist Con- his life," Dr. Chambers said.

2-year Minimum vention USA, Inc., of which Dr. "Our constitution will allow J. H. Jackson is president, last year as the result of a bitter and the first president to remain in bloody election fight at Kansas office for four years until the City in which one minister was foundation of the organization is killed. firmly established."

Dr. Benjamin E . Mays, presi- | "After that," he said, "officers will be allowed to remain in of- ' fice for only two years."

U G L E Y WOMEN F R E E SERVICES TO CUSTOMERS Dr. Louis Rawls, of Chicago, LONDON — After a lengthy treasurer of the Progressive Bap- -CLUB M A I L I N G L I S T , E T C . board meeting, women in the E s sex village of Ugley have decided to change the name of one of DON'T T A K E CHANCES ! their most famous organizations, the Ugley Women's Institute, to TELL US YOUR T.V. & RADIO TROUBLES the Women's Institute (Ugley branch).

POSTERS

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CONVENTION VISITOR, Personable Isea Serag, consul general of the United Arab Republic, congratulates Dr. J . H. Jackson (right) on his election to his 10th term as president of the National Baptist Convention, U.S.A., Inc., which met in

Chicago. A number of foreign visitors were present at the sessions of the Baptist group, which has an estimated membership of 5,000.000. Dr. Jackson wears victory smile. He was unopposed for the first time in years.

Baptist W i n d U p iggest" C o n f a b But Take No Action On Georgia Civil Rights The National Baptist Convention.^.S.A., Inc., closed its largest nve-day session in Chicago, but ducked the issue of the A l bany (Ga.) civil rights fight.

A resolution endorsing the integration battle led by Dr. Martin Luther King, jr., was introduced

by Rev. Timothy P. Mitchell of Ebenezer Baptist church o f Flushing, N. Y. It called for moral and financial support of the Albany demonstrators.

Reverend Mitchell, who has spent time in an Albany jail after being arrested as a demonstrator, said of his resolution: Denied Tradition of Cross "1 feel that if our convention fails to endorse and support the Albany Movement, we have denied the tradition of the Cross. . .

"Thqsg who have been imprisoned, beaten and humiliated in bany, Ga. Ministers and laymen have followed the examples of Jesus, who suffered in behalf of others."

The president of the denominational organization, Dr. J . H. Jackson, had, in statements made the day before the beginning of the convention meetings, taken issue with the Albany movement.

Sidesteps Albany Issue It is no secret that Dr. Jackson and Dr. King have not been on the best of terms.

Raps Albany Pilgrimage The pastor of Chicago's Olivet Baptist church, elected to the presidency 10 times, raped the interreligious pilgrimage to A l bany, Ga. Cinisters and laymen

7

SHABAZZ VEGERETTE Specializing

from several Northern cities, in answer to a call for support made

by Dr. King, joined other demonstrators in the Georgia town. A number of them were arrested.

Among the convention's actions were the following: 1. Approval of a proposed mortgage - lending fund, which would hinge on a 10-year campaign to raise $10,000,000 in capital. Dr. Edward V. Hill of California said the capital would provide the foundation with approximately $500,000 annually in interest earnings.

Model Farm Program 2. Approved a 100,000- a c r e model farm for its Liberian mission program. The plan calls for a special commission to seek a 99-year lease to the tract, which will be developed by American Negro missionaries.

3. A $10,000 gift made to Roosevelt University, Chicago.

4. Voted to send Dr. Jackson to the Second Vatican Council of the Roman Catholic Church.

He had been personally invited

by Pope John XXIH.

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O l d A f r i c a n A r t Tells Negro Culture Heritage

By Associated Negro Press Before Christopher Columbus s born in Italy in 1451 and theexistence of America was unknown and when the great African continent was an unexplored mystery to the white man, a

LISTEN

group of anonymous African artisans were creating objects from bronze, brass, wood, ivory, coral, agate and leather that have come to be known as masterpieces of art.

Known as "The Art of Benin,"

TO MESSENGER

ELIJAH EVERY WEEK CITY

Alameda, Calif.

Alexandria, V a .

Annapolis, M d .

Athens, G a .

Athens, Tenn.

Atlanta, Ga. Atlantic City, N J .

Aurora, I I I .

Austell, G a .

Avon, C o l .

Babylon, N.Y. baxnn'ore, M d .

Boloif, W i s .

Benton Hor,, M i d i .

Benucta, Calif.

Berkaly, Calif.

Boonton, N J .

Bridgetoa, N J .

Brooklyn, N.Y. Burkovillo, V a .

Burlington, W i s .

Camden, N J .

Carrollton, G a .

Cartersville, G a .

C h a t a n o o g a , Tenn.

C h i c a g o , 111.

Claiborne, M d .

Ctaremont, V a .

Cleveland, Tenn.

Columbia, V a .

Covington, Ga. Covington, Tenn.

Cudahy, W i s .

Cumberland, V a .

D a c h a r d , Tenn.

Dallas, G a .

Dalian, Ga. Dawson, G a .

Dtxon, I I I .

Doswell, V a .

Dover, D a l . ?woght. I I I .

Eagle, W i s .

East O r a n g e , N J .

Elizabeth, N J .

Elkhart, I n d .

EM j o y , G a .

Alpasa, I I I .

EUten, M d .

Evanston, I H .

Exerglades, Fla. fairburn, Ga. darmvllle, V a .

Felton, Calif.

Frederick, M d .

Freeporf, I I I .

Forerston, I I I .

Fort W a y n e , I n d .

Ft. P a y n e , A l a .

G a r s o n C i t y , 111.

Gary, I n d .

Gillman, I I I .

Hammond, Ind. Havre De Grace, M d .

Helena, Calif.

Hempstead, N.Y. Homestead, Fla. H i a t e a h , F|a.

Indianapolis, I n d . janes villa, W i s .

Jersey C i t y , N J .

Joliet, I I I .

Kenetha, W i s .

Lafayette, G a .

Lake Geneva, W i s .

Laoorte, I n d .

LoSalle, I H .

L a w r e n c e v i l l e , 9m.

G a i n e s v i l l e , Go*.

many of these baubles of royalty and monuments to their greatness have been gathered together for exhibition next month in Chicago's National History Museum.

The exhibition unites the museum's Benin collection with the

important private collection of the late Captain A. W. Fuller of England to create the largest showing of Benin art ever assembled in this country. The 329 pieces give a comprehensive overview of this African artistic tradition from its discovery by Europeans in 1485 down to the present time.

Illustrates Skill The remarkable skill of the Benin bronze workers is illustrated in a series of bronze portrait heads, created as memorials to former kings and nobles.

An especially fine piece in this

M U H A M M A D M

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L o n g Beach, N J .

Lemon City, F l a .

Mecca, Ga. Madison, Ga. Marietta, Ga. McDeneugh, Ga. Miami, Fla. M i c h i g a n C i t y , latfc Millviffe, N.J. Milwaukee, Wis. Momence, I I I .

M t . V e r n o n , t%.\ N. Judsan, I n d .

Newark, N J .

N e w Brunswick, NJ, N e w Castle. D a l .

Newman, Ga. N e w Rochelle, N.Y. N e w York, N.Y. Ntles, Calif.

Niles, Mich.

Norris Town, Fa. O a k l a n d , Calif.

Oconomowoc, Wis. Orange, N J .

Ottawa, III. Oxford, M d .

Palm Beach, F l a .

Passaic, N J .

Patterson, N J .

Perthamboy, N J .

Petersburg, V a .

Philadelphia. Pa. P i k e v i l ' s , Tenn.

Plymouth, I n d .

Pompton, N.J. Port H u r o n , M i c h P o r t W a s h i n o t e n , WW. Pottisfown, Pa. Pow?iac, I I I .

Racine, W i s .

Rohway. N J .

Richmond, V a .

Rochelle, I I I .

Rockford. IN. Rolling Brook, N J .

San Ansel mo, C a l i f .

Sandv Hook, N J San M a t e d o , C a l i f .

San R a f a e l , C a l i f .

Santa Clare, Calif.

Santa Cruz, Calif.

S a n t a Rosa. C a l i f .

SausafitO, C a l i f .

San Jose. C a l i f .

Stevenson. A l a .

Streator, I I I .

South Bend. I n d .

South Haven. Mich.

Suisun. C a l i f .

TaluloQOosa, G o .

Trenton. N.J. Upoer Mariboro. M d .

Valparaiso, Ind. Valleto, Calif.

Warren, V a .

W a s h i n g t o n , O.C. Wouke^an, HI. Waukesha, Wis. West Minister, M d .

West Point, N.Y. West Foint, V a .

Williamsburg, V a .

Wilmington. Del. Wvon*t, IB. W h i t e Plains, N.Y. L o n g B r a n c h , N . J. Yonkers, N.Y.

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group is thought to be one of the earliest bronze heads known to have survived from the 15th Century. Bronze figures of Benin kings, warriors, and chiefs will also be shown—some taken from altar pieces, others sculptured in bas-relief on plaques that decorated the walls of Benin court buldings.

Personal ornaments to be exhibited include pendant masks of cast bronze; jewelry of ivory, coral, and agate; fans of leather and brass; and bronze plaques depicting Benin warriors and 15th century Portuguese soldiers.

Art Reveals Culture Art objects of bronze, wood, and ivory illustrate many aspects of Benin culture. Among these are weapons and armor, musical instruments, elaborate keys, medicine cases, ceremonial caskets, and small household furnishings.

Of the objects on exhibit, 183 are from the 200-piece Fuller collection now on loan to tbe Museum. This exhibition marks the first occasion on which the major portion of this collection will be publicly shown.

From the 191 specimens of Benin art owned by Chicago Natural History Museum, 145 have been selected for exhibit. In addition, a fine early bronze head has been loaned by the City Art Museum of St. Louis.

Benin City, today, has a population that exceeds 50,000 people. Five hundred years and more ago it was the seat of a kingdom of such size, orderliness, and power to impress the Portuguese travelers who were the first Europeans to" visit it in 1485.

Power Not Absolute The present king oLBenin, His Highness Akenzua IT. no longer possesses absolute, political power, but is still spiritual ruler over some 200,000 Edo-speaking peoples.

The present chief of the brassworkers at Benin is claimed to be a direct descendant of Iguegha, the first of the kingdom's bronze workers, who is said to have left his native Ife at the request of Oba (King) Oguola of Benin to teach the art of bronze casting to the Benin people.

It is interesting to note that some of the Museum's first acquisitions of Benin art were purchased for as little as $50. Recently an ivory mask, now in the Museum of Primitive Art in New York City, was sold in England for $56,000.

Non-White Rate Increase With non-whites already outnumbering whites in the world population of more than 3 billion, the highest rate of increase is In "Central America and'Southwest Asia and the lowest in western Europe.

—(ANP)

S E P T E M B E R 30, 1962

MUHAMMAD S P E A K S

The Honorable Elijah Muhammad ATTRACTIVE STUDENT Betty Jean X of Muhammad's Mosque No. 14, Hartford, Conn, holds the natural beauty spotlight for this issue of Muhammad Speaks newspaper. Sis_ >

;

teir Betty Jean is a high school senior. While she is not in the contest, Muhammad Speaks launches a "Natural Beauty Contest" with this edition.

IN P H I L A D E L P H I A , P A

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* IT'S

TIME

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SUND OCTOBER

:•:•& sum Mm • H

Doors O p e n A t N o o n

HEAR THIS HISTORIC ADDRESS THE MESSENGER OF A L L A H !

ADLII^EiDN Everyone

Welcome

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FREE

Regardless O f Race

P H I L A D E L P H I A VERYTHING MAY have been "sweetness and light" inside cage's Coliseum where the ional Baptist Convention, ,A., Inc., elected an unopposed

Dr. J . H. Jackson to his 10th term as president, but outside a picket was striking a discordant note. He appeared more interested in the "here" than the "after."

ARENA 46th &M A R K E T

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