My World #6

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

s a r C e v i

78

qarTulira­nuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

interneti Cems samyaroSi

92

literatura

68

58

mixako wereTeli

teqnologiebi

back in the ussr

kultura

gulagi

Zveli berZnebi da evropuli civilizacia

didi qarTvelebi

44

musika

istoria

32

reigani – prezidenti samudamod

24

civilizacia

politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali

14

gamoCenili adamianebi

politika

2

`sami muSke­teri~ aw da maradis

politika

politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali bakur kvaSilava

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politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali

Tanamedrove saxelmwifo da politikuri procesi SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT politikuri partiebis gareSe. dRes TiTebze CamosaTvlelia iseTi qveynebi, sadac ar arsebobs partia. demokratiuli iqneba saxelmwifo, avtoritaruli Tu gardama­ vali tipisa, rogorc Cans, politikuri partia yvelgan saWiroa. raSi mdgomareobs es saWiroeba da SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifom iarsebos parti­ is gareSe? samecniero da sazogadoebriv arenaze ukve mimdinareobs diskusia Tana­ medrove epoqaSi partiis Secvlili da Semcirebuli rolis Sesaxeb; mcire nawili ima­ sac ki amtkicebs, rom partia TandaTanobiT gaqreba politikuri arenidan, rogorc politikuri institucia, romelmac Tavisi istoriuli funqcia ukve Seasrula. meti nawili ki fiqrobs, rom partia mTel msoflioSi mimdinare procesebis kvaldakval ganicdis evoluciasa da saxecvlilebas, Tumca mis gaqrobas ar unda velodeT. am diskusiaSi ukeT gasarkvevad qvemoT mokled mimovixilavT politikuri partiebis warmoSobas, funqciebs da maT transformacias bolo ramdenime saukunis manZilze; am fonze ufro cxadad unda gamoCndes politikuri partiebis samomavlo perspeq­ tivebi msoflioSic da Cvens qveyanaSic. politikuri partiebis warmoSoba inglisTan aris dakavSirebuli, sadac XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis Camoyalibda stabiluri politikuri dajgufebebi, rom­ lebic ZiriTadi niSan-TvisebebiT partiis klasikur gansazRvrebas dauaxlovdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom XIX saukunemdec arsebobdnen politikuri dajgufebebi, romlebic ama Tu im politikuri miznisTvis ibrZodnen, magaliTad, gvelfebi da gibelinebi, jorj krukSenkis karikatura qalTa uflebebis Temaze, 1853 – ra moaqvs qalebisaTvis xmis micemis uflebis miniWebas, qalebma xma misces `qalebis gulTa mpyrobels~ da ugulebelyves Zlier polit-ekonomisti.

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politika romlebic XII-XIII saukuneebis Crdilo da centralur italiaSi mim­ dinare politikur procesebSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen. fridrih barbarosas droidan moyolebuli es ori dajgufeba wmin­ da romis imperiisa da romis papis dapirispirebaSi or sxvadasxva mxares aRmoCnda: gibelinebi, romlebic ZiriTad miwaTmflobel memamuleebs warmoadgendnen, imperators uWerdnen mxars, xolo gvel­febi, romelTa rigebs ZiriTadad qalaqis mdidari mosaxleo­ ba Seadgenda – romis paps. Tumca maT ar gaaCndaT is maxasiaTeblebi, rac Tanamedrove partiis arss Seadgens. termini partia, mravali sxva politikuri sityvis msgavsad, laTi­nuri warmoSobisaa – zmna partire dayofas, ganawilebas, gazi­ arebas niSnavs. laTinuridan es sityva jer frangulSi, Semdeg ki sxva enebSi gavrcelda. Zvelfranguli parti aris „ganawilebuli“, Sua saukuneebis inglisis „gaziarebuli“. amrigad, Tavad sityva partia, Tavisi etimologiu­ parlamenti da mefe eduri SinaarsiT, garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis am tipis organizaci­ ard III, daaxl. 1300-iani wlebi is arsze – es aris politikuri dajgufeba, romelic warmoadgens da SeZlebisdagvarad xorcs asxams sazogadoebis garkveuli nawi­ lis mier gaziarebul ideebsa da miswrafebebs. savaraudod, swored amas efuZneba politologTa umravlesoba, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da politikur sazogadoebas Soris gansxvavebebs axasiaTebs.

• politikuri partia mocemuli qveynis politikuri sazogadoebis ZiriTad Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens da misi mizani sakuTari idealebisa da Rirebule­ bebis gansaxorcieleblad qveynis marTvaSi monawileobis miRebaa. politikur sazogadoebas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisgan swored es principi ganasxvavebs – am sazogadoebis Semadgeneli elementebis ZiriTadi mizani mmarTvelobis sadaveebis mopoveba da am gziT sakuTari politikuri xedvis xorcSesxmaa.

• samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ki mocemuli qveynis moqalaqeTa socialurad aq­ tiuri jgufebis an individebis erTobliobaa, romelTac aseve surT sakuTari ide­ alebisa Tu Rirebulebebis gavrceleba, Tumca am mizniT xelisuflebaSi mosvlas ar eswrafvian.

• partia, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT sazogadoebis nawilia, magram ar warmoad­ gens mTel sazogadoebas, politikur sazogadoebaSi urTierTqmedebis gansakuTre­ bul, gansxvavebul TamaSis wesebs qmnis; aq mowinaaRmdegesTan kompromisi, aliansi, koaliciebis Seqmna da daSla Cveulebrivi procesia.

• msgavsi xasiaTis qmedebebi miuRebelia samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis; es ukanaskneli iseTi tipis organizaciebisgan Sedgeba, romelTa mizans, upirveles yovlisa, samarTlianobisa da WeSmaritebis dacva warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Semadgenel organizaciebs ufro metad uWirT kompro­ misze wasvla da pragmatulad gamarTlebuli aliansebis Seqmna – samarTlianobisa da WeSmaritebisTvis brZolaSi kompromisi xom Ralats waagavs.

•

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politikur partias amgvari dabrkoleba ar eRobeba – is konkretuli jgu­

politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali

fis interesebs icavs da amitomac aRiarebs sxva jgufis interesebis arsebobasac, aseT pirobebSi ki kompromisi da mokavSireebis pragmatulad SerCeva qcevis savsebiT misa­ Rebi wesia.

xmis ufleba Tavidan mxolod aristokratuli warmomavlobis srulwlovan TeTrkanian/evropel mamakacebs hqondaT. 1832 wels didi britaneTis parlamentis mier miRebuli reformaciis aqti am tipis pirveli kanonia, romlis mixedviTac, moqalaqem xmis micemis ufleba miiRo miuxedavad misi warmoSobisa, Tumca ZalaSi darCa qonebrivi cenzi, romelic mogvianebiT gauqmda. 1893 wels axali zelandia gaxda pirveli qveyana, romelmac qalebs xmis micemis ufleba mianiWa, saqarTvelo erT-erTi pirveli iyo im qveyanaTa Soris, romelmac sayovelTao xmis micema daamkvidra da es 1918 wels moxda. pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg praqtikulad yvela evropulma qveyanam sakuTar moqalaqeebs, ganurCevlad sqesisa Tu qonebrivi mdgomareobisa, arCevnebSi monawileobis neba darTo; iSviaTi gamonaklisi Sveicaria gaxldaT, sadac qalebma xmis ufleba 1971 wels miiRes.

msoflioSi uamravi partia arsebobs, maTi saerTo raodenoba ramdenime aTass unda aRwevdes. saqarTveloSi ki asze meti partiaa registrirebuli. cxadia, rom am raodenobis politikuri organizaciebi erTmaneTisgan mniSvnelovnad unda gansx­ vavdebodnen rogorc zomiT, ise Sinaar­ sobrivi RirebulebebiT, organizaciuli struqturiTa Tu sxva maxasiaTeblebiT. ufro metic, partiaTa umravlesoba praqtikulad sakuTari qveynis politikur cxov­rebaze gavlenasac ki ver axdens – saqarTveloSi registrirebuli 100-ze meti partiidan dReisaTvis 20-mde partia Tu gamoirCeva aqtivobiT. partiaTa tipebad dayofa naTel warmodgenas qmnis maT rolze sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. mTavari amo­ cana aq imis dadgenaa, Tu ris mixedviT unda davyoT partiebi sxvadasxva jgufebad. politikuri partiebis sxvadasxva funqciis detaluri mimoxilva am amocanas ufro gaaadvilebs.

partiis funqciebi

partiis pirveli funqcia kandidatebis SerCevaa, rac arCevnebisTvis Tu politi­ kuri TanamdebobisTvis kandidatTa SerCevis wess gulisxmobs, kandidatTa SerCeva SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos sxvadasxva kriteriumze. kompetenturoba, cnobadoba, materialuri Semowiruloba, partiisadmi erTguleba, partiaSi yofnis staJi – am kriteriumTa arasruli CamonaTvalia. yoveli partia sakuTar prioritets Tavad adgens da aqedan gamomdinare, kandidatTa SerCevis wesi, dawerili Tu dauwereli, bevrs gveubneba am partiis Sesaxeb.

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politika

meore funqcia, romelsac partiebi asruleben, saarCevno mobilizaciaa. am for­ miT partiebi cdiloben sakuTari amomrCevlis raodenobis gazrdas. zogi partia amas sakuTari programis popularizaciis meSveobiT cdilobs, sxva ki – lideris gansakuTrebul Tvisebebze aqcentirebiT an amomrCevlisTvis konkretuli sargeb­ lis SeTavazebiT. mesame funqcia saprogramo sakiTxebis struqturizebaa. am formiT partia amomr­ Cevlis prioritetebs ayalibebs, anu uxsnis da aswavlis amomrCevels, Tu ratom aris ganviTarebis esa Tu is gza ukeTesi misTvis, misi Temis, qalaqisa Tu qveynisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi partia megzuris, maswavleblis funqcias asrulebs. meoTxe funqcia warmomadgenlobiTia; am formiT partiebi warmoadgenen saku­ Tar amomrCevels politikur arenaze da pasuxismgeblobas iReben daicvan maTi interesebi. cxadad Cans, rom mesame da meoTxe funqcia medlis ori mxarea: pirvel SemTxvevaSi partia uxsnis amomrCevels, ra Sedis am ukanasknelis interesebSi, meo­ re SemTxvevaSi ki amomrCevlis interesebs iRebs, rogorc sakuTar politikur dRis wesrigs da cdilobs is cxovrebaSi gaataros. partiebis mexuTe funqcia interesebis Sejamebaa; bunebrivia, SeuZlebelia poli­ tikur asparezze yvela amomrCevlis an amomrCevelTa jgufis interesebisa da sur­ vilebis ucvlelad Sesruleba. milionobiT amomrCeveli, romelmac konkretul partias misca xma, ar SeiZleba erTnairad fiqrobdes erovnul usafrTxoebaze, jandacvaze, socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemasa da gadasaxadebze, maTi azri am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT xSirad erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdegoc iqneba. amitomac partiis amocanaa SeZlos am interesebis rac SeiZleba harmoniuli Sejameba da amas

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politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali

erTiani, met-naklebad Tanmimdevruli samoqmedo programis saxe misces. partiis meeqvse funqcia marTvis unaria. partias unda hqondes imis resursi, rom arCevnebSi gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis Camoyalibeba da qveynis kompeten­ turad marTva SeZlos. dabolos, meSvide funqcia socialuri integraciaa. rigi partiebisa uzrunvel­ yofs sakuTari wevrebisa da mxardamWerebis CarTulobas sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi, zogi ki – sakuTari mxardamWerebisa da aqtiuri wevrebis jandacvas, dasaqmebasa da socialur daxmarebas.

partiebis klasifikacia

partiebis klasifikaciisTvis SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sami ZiriTadi kriteriumi da maT safuZvelze davadginoT istoriuli da Tanamedrove partiebis tipebi, romlebic zemoCamoTvlil 7 funqcias, TavianTi struqturidan gamomdinare, sxvada­ sxva intensivobiTa da prioritetizaciiT asruleben. kriteriumi – es partiuli struqturaa, ufro zustad ki, partiis zoma, rac aqtiuri wevrebis raodenobiT ganisazRvreba. pirveli

meore kriteriumi partiis ideologiuri safuZvlebia, konkretulad ki, ram­ denad mniSvnelovania mocemuli organizaciisTvis ideologiuri principebi. ase, magaliTad, liberalebi mTavar Rirebulebad individualur Tavisuflebas, anu arCevanis Tavisuflebas miiCneven, socialistebi ki materialuri Tanasworobisken miiswrafian, evropeli social-demokratebi cdiloben am orive Rirebulebis har­ monizacias da miiCneven, rom individualuri Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba SeuZ­ lebelia garkveuli, Tundac minima­ luri, materialuri Tanasworobis gareSe. socialistur partiebs me­ marcxenes, xolo liberalur par­ tiebs memarjvene ideologiis partiebsac uwodeben, so­ cial-demokratebi ki xSirad centriste­ bad miiCnevian. politikuri pro­ cesis gansazRvris mesame kriteriumad partiis politikur midgomas ga­

politika nixilaven. es kriteriumi gamoxatavs ramdenad loialuria partia politikuri TamaSis wesebis mimarT, aris Tu ara mzad gamoiyenos yvela gza, maT Soris – saku­ Tari miznebis misaRwevad xelisuflebis Zaladobrivi uzurpacia.

partiebis formebi partiebis uZveles formas elituri partia warmoadgens. swored aseTi iyo vigebisa da torebis partiebi me-19 saukunis inglisSi. am tipis partiisTvis da­ maxasiaTebelia amomrCevlis mimarT klientelisturi damokidebuleba, rac kandi­ datsa da amomrCevels Soris sxvadasxva momsaxurebis, sikeTis mimocvlas gulisx­ mobs. feodaluri modelis msgavsad, sadac didebuli mosaxleobis dacvis fasad gadasaxadebs iRebs, elituri partiis kandidati xmebis sanacvlod sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gacemis valdebulebas iRebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo an kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmeba, adgilobrivi infrastruqturis, ekonomikuri garemo­ sa da pirobebis gaumjobeseba da sxva. partiis adgilobrivi kandidati Cveulebriv mocemul TemSi yvelaze gamoCenili da warmatebuli ojaxis warmomadgenelia, ro­ melsac arCevnebamdec hqonda yvelaze maRali statusi. warmatebis Semdeg is ufro kargad axerxebs Tavisi mxardamWerebis sxvadasxva sikeTiT dajildoebas. vinaidan misi cnobadoba maRalia, xolo amomrCevelTa raodenoba ki cota (me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi qonebrivi, genderuli da warmomavlobiTi cenzi mniSvnelovnad zRu­ dav­da amomrCevelTa ricxvs). qveynis doneze ki erTiani partiuli programa ar ar­ sebobs, erTiani partiis safuZvels adgilobrivi gamoCenili adamianebis pirovnu­ li urTierTobebi ganapirobebs. amgvar partiebs ufro metad uWirT stabiluri mTavrobis Camoyalibeba, vinaidan ideologiuri programis ararsebobis fonze partiis lideris roli mcirea – sakanonmdeblo organos TiToeuli wevri ufro sa­ respublikelebisa (spilo) da demokratebis (viri) simboluri gamosaxulebebi aSS-Si

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politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali

kuTari amomrCevlis interesebis dacvazea orientirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom elituri tipis partiebi ufro metad warsulSi iyo gavrcelebuli, isini dResac gvxvdeba. qarTul realobaSic araerTxel SeamCnevdiT zogi partiis tendencias, SesTavazos amomrCevels lokaluri problemis mogvareba, waradginos kandidati, romelsac adgilobrivebs Soris ukve gamorCeuli statusi aqvs da a.S. es taqtika gansakuTrebiT araurbanul olqebSi Warbobs, aq, rogorc uwin, mosaxleobis sim­ Widrove da mobiluroba SedarebiT dabalia, amitomac kargi pirobebi iqmneba eli­ turi tipis partiis funqcionirebisTvis. elituri partiis Semdgom istoriul arenaze masobrivi partiebi gamoCndnen. es swored is organizaciebia, romlebsac bevri dResac klasikuri tipis partiad aRiqvams. aseTi tipis partiebi gasuli saukunis dasawyisidan dominanturi xdeba da dResac sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba, Tumca maTi roli politikur procesebSi TandaTanobiT mcirdeba. istoriulad aseT partiebs warmoadgendnen sxvada­sxva socialisturi da nacionalisturi partiebi. partiis dasaxelebac – masobrivi – metyvelebs imaze, rom am tipis organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia wevrebis didi raodenoba, xolo partiis liderebisa da kandidatebis SerCeva xdeba maTi par­ tiuli staJisa da ideologiuri simtkicis gaTvaliswinebiT. organizacia parti­ is gareTac qmnis mxardamWeri organizaciebis mTel qsels, rogoricaa sxva­dasxva profkavSiruli organizaciebi, asociaciebi da arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. aseTi partia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs ideologiuri principebisa da sakuTari programis popularizaciasa da ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad, masobrivi

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politika

partiebi ara marto warmoadgenen amomrCevlis interesebs, aramed ewevian sagan­ manaTleblo da sainformacio saqmianobas sakuTari amomrCevlis interesebis Ca­ mosayalibeblad. ase, magaliTad, komunisturi partia miiCnevda, rom muSaTa klass Tavad ar SeuZlia sakuTari realuri interesebis sworad gaazreba da amaSi mas saku­ Tari klasis avangardi – komunisturi partia unda daexmaros. hitleri da germaniis nacional-socialisturi partiac Tavis amocanad Tvlida daerwmunebina germaneli xalxi ariuli ideologiis sisworeSi. masobrivi partiebis erT-erT jgufs protohegemonurs uwodeben, protohege­ monuri partia ar cnobs arsebuli politikuri TamaSis wesebs da mzad aris saWiroe­ bis SemTxvevaSi srulad Secvalos arsebuli politikuri wesrigic da mTeli sazo­ gadoebis struqturac; imave nacional-socialisturma partiam xelisuflebaSi mosvla demokratiuli gziT moaxerxa, magram Semdeg germaniis vaimaris respubli­kis yvela demokratiuli instituti gaauqma da qveynis marTva diqtaturiT ganagrZo. aseve, ruseTis komunisturma partiam leninis meTaurobiT daamxo konstituciuri monarqia, gaauqma yvela tipis politikuri konkurencia da demokratiuli insti­ tutebi, Semdeg ki e.w. proletariatis diqtati daamyara da sazogadoebis Zireul transformacias Seudga. bunebrivia, aseTi politikuri midgoma ar aris misaRebi yvela masobrivi parti­ isaTvis – evropis mravali memarjvene, social-demokratiuli, socialisturi da

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politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali

komunisturi partiebi legitimuri politikuri TamaSis wesebs srulad iziarebd­ nen da iziareben. am qvetips pluralistur partiebs uwodeben da isini, miuxedavad mkafio ideologiuri principebisa, miznad ar isaxaven sazogadoebis transforma­ cias. eTnikuri partia Tanamedrove tipis erT-erTi partiaa, romelmac gasulis saukunis Suaxnidan moikida fexi. erovnul-nacionalisturi partiisgan gansxvave­ biT, aseTi organizacia saxelmwifoSi konkretuli eTnikuri jgufis interesebs ga­ moxatavs. misi kandidatebic da amomrCevlebic ZiriTadad imave eTnikuri jgufis warmomadgenlebi arian. aseTi partiebis interesi ZiriTad lokalur-provinciuli xasiaTisaa da miznad isaxavs an lokaluri interesebis dakmayofilebas, an saxelm­ wifos marTvaSi meti monawileobis miRebas. eTnikuri partiebis magaliTad SegviZ­ lia moviyvanoT baskuri da kataloniuri partiebi. eleqtoraluri tipis partiebi dRes yvelaze gavrcelebulia. dasaxelebac mety­velebs, rom am organizaciebisTvis umTavresi aris arCevnebi. am partiebSi wevrebis raodenoba meorexarisxovania, mTavaria arCevnebis win mobilizacia. ase rom, arCevnebamde 3-4 TviT adre aseTi organizacia droebiT farTovdeba da aqti­ urdeba, yidulobs reklamas, asaqmebs mxardamWerebs aqtivistebad da koordina­ torebad, aqtiurad xvdeba amomrCevels, atarebs gamokiTxvebs da am gamokiTxvebis safuZvelze adgens saarCevno programas, romelic Semdegi arCevnebisas SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos, Tuki axalma gamokiTxvebma axali prioritetebi aCvena. sxva sityvebiT, amgvari partiisTvis ucxoa mkacri ideologiuri dogmebi da is ar cdilobs amomrCevlis politikur-ideologiur ganaTlebas, piriqiT, aseTi partia xSirad mzad aris amomrCevelTa Sexedulebis sasargeblod Secvalos sakuTari ide­ ologiuri principebi. kandidatebis nominacia xdeba cnobadobisa da maTgan parti­ isTvis gaRebuli materialuri mxardaWeris gaTvaliswinebiT da partiul staJs an ideologiur simtkices SedarebiT naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

Tanamedroveobis kidev erTi pirmSoa partia-moZraoba. aseTi partiisTvis konkretuli sazogadoebrivi problema centraluri mniSvnelobisaa da danarCe­ ni sakiTxebis mimarT aseT organizacias naklebi interesi aqvs. am tipis partiebi mwvaneTa partiebi da neonacisturi partiebia, anu Tanamedrove memarcxene da me­ marjvene radikaluri partiebi. aseTi partia realurad gardamavali organizaciaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da politikur sazogadoebas Soris – mas erTi konkre­

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politika

tuli Tema ainteresebs da eqspertizac swored am mimarTebiT aqvs. amitomac msgavs­­­partiebs arc qveynis marTvis pretenzia aqvT da arc amis unari aqvT. poli­ tikur procesSi pirdapiri monawileoba ki saSualebas aZlevT sakuTari viwro interesebi Suamavlis, anu sxva ufro farTo msoflmxedvelobis partiis gareSe daicvan. yvelaze mTavari tendencia, rasac politikuri partiis mkvlevrebi amC­ neven, masobrivi partiis eleqtoraluri partiiT Canacvlebaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs partiuli organizaciebis zomis Semcirebas, ideologiur zedapir­ ulobas da sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaSi misi rolis Semcirebas. es cvli­ leba, rogorc Cans, gamowveulia Tanamedrove teqnologiebis ganviTarebiTa da sazogadoebis transformaciiT. konkretulad ki masobrivi komunikaciebis da Se­ sabamisad informaciis gavrcelebis gaadvilebam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira partiis saganmanaTleblo funqcia. partiuli gazeTebisa da gamocemebis ricxvi ganuxre­ lad mcir­deba. radiom da televiziam saSualeba misca partiis liderebs sakuTari saTqmeli uSualod miitanon amomrCevelTan, Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigidan moixsna mZlavri da kompetenturi regionuli partorganizaciis arsebobis saWiroeba, ra­ mac mniSvnelovnad Seamcira partiebis zoma. ufro metic, dRes partias konkuren­ cias uweven ara marto sxva partiebi, aramed arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da asociaciebi, romlebic garkveulwilad upirates mdgomareobaSic imyofebian; es ukanasknelni sazogadoebaSi meti ndobiT sargebloben, radgan, politikuri par­ tiebisgan gansxvavebiT, gacxadebulad ar ibrZvian xelisuflebis mopovebisTvis da mxolod konkretuli ideebisa da principebis gasatareblad iRvwian. es maT upirates sawyis pozicias aZlevs, vinaidan Tuki amomrCevels eWvi Seaqvs partiis

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politikuri partia – warsuli, awmyo, momavali

gulwrfelobaSi da mas, upirveles yovlisa, xelisuflebisTvis brZolis instru­ mentad aRiqvams, amgvari eWvisgan arasamTavrobo organizacia Tavisufalia, Tumca arasamTavrobo organizaciebs, bunebrivia, sakuTari susti wertilebic aqvT, ro­ goricaa maTi dafinansebis wyaroebis gavlena am organizaciebis samoqmedo gegmaze. magram miuxedavad amisa, politikuri partia mainc aris Tanamedrove demokratiis warmatebuli funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli instrumenti. dRes dinamikurad cvalebad politikur garemoSi mxolod partiis arseboba aZlevs amomrCevels saSualebas sworad gansazRvros ramdenad gaamarTla an ar gaamarTla mis mier arCeulma politikurma Zalam misi imedebi. aseTi organizaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, ukiduresad gaZneldeba arCevnebidan arCevnebamde poli­ tikuri pasuxismgeblobis identifikacia; partiebis arsebobisasac ki, politikose­ bi wamdauwum icvlian politur mrwamss da cdiloben gundur pasuxismgeblobas Tavi aaridon, partiaTa sistemis ararseboba mniSvnelovnad gauadvilebda maT am amocanas da amiT seriozuli safrTxe daemuqreboda demokratiis umniSvnelo­ vanes princips – angariSvaldebulebas amomrCevlis winaSe. amave dros, politiku­ ri partiis mTavari roli saxelmwifoSi mimdinare procesebze pasuxismgeblobis aRebaa, rasac arapolitikuri organizacia verasdros gaakeTebs. Sesabamisad, Tana­ medrove epoqaSi politikuri partiis rolis Semcirebis miuxedavad, am instituci­ is alternativa jerjerobiT ar Cans.

13

gamoCenili adamianebi

reigani — prezidenti samudamod

Tornike SaraSeniZe ronald reigani amerikis rigiT me-40, erTi-erTi yvelaze warmatebu­ li prezidentia (1981-1989 ww). ronald reigani prezidentia, romelic sZulda sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobas. sworedac rom sZulda, radgan misma politikam daasamara sabWoTa kavSiri. igi didad arc amerikel memarcxeneebs uyvarT. reiganma daxura socialuri programebi da gazarda Tavdacvis biujetio, – Civian isini. Tumca, gulis siRrmeSi albaT is ufro ar moswonT, rom respub­ likelma reiganma gacilebiT mets miaRwia, vidre civi omis dros moR­ vawe demokratma prezidentebma, romlebmac, bevri cdis miuxedavad, ko­ munizms veraferi daakles. reiganis mowinaaRmdegeebi amboben, reigani inteleqtuali ar iyoo, wignebs ar kiTxulobdao, xSirad saerTod ar ainteresebda misi mTavroba riTi iyo dakavebulio... miuxedavad yvelafrisa, reigani amerikaSi mainc Zalian bevrs uyvars, magram kidev ufro metad uyvarT igi aRmosavleT evropasa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi (ruseTis garda), iq, sadac misi wyalobiT gan­ Tavisufldnen. vin iyo es kaci, romelmac amdens miaRwia da mainc amdeni kritikosi hyavs?

14

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

bavSvobidan kinomde ronald reigani daibada 1911 wels amerikis Stat ilinoisis patara qalaqSi. misi ojaxi Zalian Raribi iyo, xSirad deda patara ronalds yasabTan agzavnida da abarebda RviZli eTxova „katisaTvis“. im dros amerikaSi RviZls TiTqmis aravin Wamda da ronalds mas ufasod aZlevd­ nen katisaTvis, romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda, ubralod, dedas ar undoda vinmes gaego, rom igi ojaxs RviZls aWmevda (xorcs ki xelmokle ojaxi iSviaTad yidulobda). ronaldis mama, jek reigani, mudam Sromob­ da, rom mravalSviliani ojaxi rogorme gamoekveba da Tan sakuTar al­ koholizms ebrZoda. igi ZiriTadad komivoiaJerobiT iyo dakavebuli (bevrs mogzaurobda da sxvadasxva saqonels yidda). Sesabamisad, bevr adamianTan uwevda urTierToba, ramac, rogorc Cans, ambebis moyolisa da adamianebis gacinebis niWi ganuviTara. es niWi ronaldsac gamohy­ va da mamis gavleniT igi amaSi kargadac gaiwafa. momavalSi politikos reiganis erT-erTi udidesi upiratesoba swored es iyo: mas SeeZlo erTi xumrobiT, erTi anegdotis moyoliT miemxro auditoria da debatebic moego. roca prezidenti gaxda, igi anegdotebs sabWoTa kavSirze yvebo­ da da amiT mTel msoflios aCvenebda, rom komunisturi imperia arc ise saSiSi iyo, rogorc es maSin bevrs eCveneboda.

ronald reigani ufros Zmasa da mSoblebTan erTad, 1913

ronaldi bavSvobidan TamaSobda amerikul fex­ burTsa da beisbols. beis­ bolis TamaSi Zalian uWir­ da, ris gamoc seriozuli kompleqsic Camouyalib­ da. mizezi sruliad SemTx­ veviT gairkva erT dRes, roca ronaldma ubralod saTa­ maSod moirgo dedis saTva­le da aRmoaCina, rom saSinlad axlomxedveli yofila. Turme, mozardo­ bamde amerikis momavali prezidenti naxevrad si­ brmaveSi izrdeboda imi­ tom, rom mis gaWirvebul ojaxs arasdros ufiqria igi profilaqtikisTvis Tvalis eqimTan mieyvana. kadri filmidan `knut rokne – namdvili amerikeli~, 1940

15

gamoCenili adamianebi

did depresiad msoflio istoriaSi iwodeba msoflio masStabis ekonomikuri krizisi, globaluri ekonomikuri vardna, romelic 1929 wlidan daiwyo aSS-Si, mraval qveyanaSi gavrcelda da daaxloebiT 10 weli gagrZelda. am dros gakotrda uamravi banki, umuSevroba rekordul maCveneblamde avida, ekonomikis zrdis yvela parametri – mTliani Sida produqti, industriuli warmoeba, fasebi aqciaTa bazarze – mkveTrad daeca. am vardnam piks 1933 wels miaRwia da ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari indikatorebi mxolod meore msoflio omis Semdeg daubrunda 1929 wlis dones. termini `didi depresia~ gulisxmobs ara mxolod ekonomikur movlenas, igi aseve gansazRvravs erT mTlian kulturul da politikur periods. ekonomistebi, istorikosebi da politikuri mecnierebi didi depresiis mraval mizezs asaxeleben, magram saerTo mosazrebiT amisi mTavari mizezi ZiriTadad mTavrobis mier monetaruli politikis araswori marTva gaxda.

16

axalgazrda reiganma male daZlia sakuTari kompleqsebi: igi ufro gaTamamda adamianebTan urTierTobisas. mas irCevdnen gundis kapitnad, studentTa gaerTianebis prezidentad. roca wamoizarda, maSvelad daiwyo muSaoba da uamravi adamianis sicocxlec ixsna. momavali preziden­ ti verc didma depresiam SeaSina: igi, rogorc mamamisi, bevrs moZraobda da karg samsaxurs eZebda. erTi periodi mSeneblobaze muSaobda, Semdeg ufro Sesaferis saqmianobas mihyo xeli – sportuli komentatori gaxda. male mas saku­ Tarma xmam da artistulma niWma kinoSic gauxsna gza. 1937 wels reigani namdvil msaxiobad iqca. aqedan daiwyo misi kariera kinoSi.

kinodan politikamde ramdenime filmi, ZiriTadad e.w. be-katego­ riis, anu mcirebiujetiani da arc ise maRali xarisxis – ase midioda Tavidan reiganis kariera holivudSi. 1942 wels igi warmatebul filmSi gadaiRes da gaCnda imedi, rom male namdvili

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

varskvlavi gaxdeboda, magram swored am dros gaiwvies frontze. SeiaraRebuli Zalebidan dabrunebis Semdeg reigani kinomsaxiobTa gildiis prezidentad airCies da aq ukve gamoCnda reigani-politikosi. man holivudSi daundobeli brZola gamoucxada komunizms. meore msof­ lio omis Semdeg komunizmma amerikis mraval sferoSi SeaRwia, gansakuTrebiT ki kinoSi, sadac libera­ lebi moRvaweobdnen (marqsizm-leninizmis ideebiT maTi cduneba ki sakmaod ioli iyo). reigans komunizmis Tao­ baze iluziebi arasdros hqonia. „komunistebi is xalxia, vinc marqss da lenins kiTxulobs, antikomunistebi ki is xalxia, visac marqsi da lenini sworad esmis“, – Tqva man erTxel. holivudSi gaicno reiganma Tavisi orive coli. meore cols, nensis, swored komunizmTan brZolis wyalobiT Sexvda. roca reigani prezidenti gaxda, nensi amerikis yvela drois erT-erT gamorCeul pirvel ledid iqca. kino reiganisaTvis kidev erTi ramis gamo iyo mniSvnelovani. igi Se­ vida holivuduri filmebis, vesternebis, personaJebis rolSi da male samyarosac ise Sexeda, rogorc vesterns. misTvis samyaroc, ase Tu ise, or nawilad gaiyo – kargad da cudad, keTilad da borotad. iyo ra bavSvobidan religiuri, borotebasTan (magaliTad, komunizmTan) brZo­ la reigans upirveles valdebulebad miaCnda. amave dros, gamovlili hqonda ra gaWirveba da didi depresia, mas uyvarda keTili da ubralo adamianebi, maT endoboda da yovelTvis gverdSi edga. albaT, aman ganapi­

17

gamoCenili adamianebi roba misi mmarTvelobis stilic. igi Tanam­ debobebs wesier adamianebs abarebda, maT davalebebs aZlevda da Semdeg TiTqmis yve­ lafers andobda.

ronald da nensi reiganebi SvilebTan erTad

male cxadi gaxda, rom reiganis ora­ toruli niWisa da qarizmisaTvis holivu­ di saukeTeso adgili ar iyo. momavali prezidenti sul ufro metad erTveboda politikaSi da sul ufro metad ixrebo­ da respublikelebisaken. miuxedavad imi­ sa, rom reigani lamis bavSvobidan uWerda mxars demokratebs, axla igi rwmundebo­ da, rom mis faseulobebsa da miswrafebebs respublikuri partia ufro pasuxobda: reigans miaCnda, rom saWiro iyo mTavrobisa da biurokratiis SezRud­ va da moqalaqeebisaTvis meti gasaqanis micema, mas miaCnda, rom civ omSi amerikas sabWoTa kavSirisagan safrTxe emuqreboda da am safrTxisgan qveyanas ufro metad respublikelebi daicavdnen.

60-iani wlebidan moyolebuli reigani politikaSi aqtiurad CaerTo. 1966 wels ki igi kaliforniis gubernatorad airCies.

18

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

ronald da nensi reiganebi, 1981

prezidenti reiganis politikam – dabali gadasaxadebi, naklebi socialu­ ri programebi da meti gasaqani kerZo iniciativas – kaliforniaSi gaamarTla. igi ori vadis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda amerikis am umdidres Stats, 1976 wels ki ukve saprezidento kampaniaSi Caer­ To. aq igi respublikelTa meore kandidatTan, moqmed prezident jerald fordTan damarcxda praimeriSi. samagierod, 1980 wels man jer praimeriSi gaimarjva, Semdeg ki sakmaod iolad sZlia demokrat­ Ta kandidats, prezident jimi karters.

1980 weli amerikisaTvis erT-erTi urTulesi weli iyo. qveyanas jer kidev mwared axsovda vietnamSi gancdili marcxi, roca man meo­ re marcxi ganicada – 1979 wels iranSi moxda islamisturi revolu­ cia da amerikis saelCos TanamSromlebi mZevlad aiyvanes. amasobaSi ki sabWoTa kavSiri (romlis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da politikuri gavlena sul ufro da ufro Zlierdeboda) avRaneTSi SeiWra. ameri­ kaSi arc ise cota adamiani fiqrobda, rom civ omSi SeiZleboda gae­ marjva sabWoTa kavSirs.

19

gamoCenili adamianebi

ronald reigani da mixail gorbaCovi, 1987

reigans sTavazobdnen gaegrZelebina win­ amorbedebis kursi: CarTuliyo sabWoTa kavSir­ Tan molaparakebebSi, moewera xeli maTTan axal SeTanxmebaze birTvuli SeiaraRebis Semcirebis Taobaze... mokled, sabWoTa kavSiri mieRo, ro­ gorc realoba, romlisTvisac angariSi unda gae­ wia. magram reigani sul sxvagvarad fiqrobda. igi acnobierebda faqts, rom bolo periodSi sabWoTa kavSiris SeiaraReba Zalian gaZlierda. amitom gadawyvita, moskovTan seriozuli molapar­ akebebi mxolod maSin wamoewyo, roca saTanadod mixedavda amerikis Sei­ araRebas, radgan amis Semdeg komunistebTan molaparakebebSi gacilebiT Zlieri poziciebi eqneboda. man ori saintereso nabiji gadadga: Seamcira gadasaxadebi, magram amave dros gazarda samxed­ro danaxarji. Sedegad, amerikis saxelmwifo biujetSi didi deficiti gaCnda, magram preziden­ ti amaze ar nerviulobda: „deficiti ukve imdenad didia, rom sakuTar Tavs mixedavs“, – xumrobda igi. samagierod, gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT reiganma ekonomika waaxali­ sa, Tavdacvis biujetis zrdiT ki sabWoTa kavSiri gamoiwvia. reigani arc ise nakiTxi adamiani iyo, magram bevri nakiTxisgan gansxvavebiT, man erTi martivi WeSmariteba dainaxa: sabWoTa ekonomika amerikuls bevrad CamorCeboda. amerikas SeeZlo Tavdacvis biujeti mkveTrad gaezarda da SeiaraRebaSi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis gadaeswro. sabWoTa kavSiri, rom ar CamorCenoda, iZulebuli gaxdeboda Tavadac gaezarda samxedro biuje­ ti, magram misi ekonomika aseT dawolas veRar gauZlebda. ukve 1981 wels reiganma sabWoTa kavSirs poloneTSi demokratiuli moZraobis CaxSobis gamo ekonomikuri sanqciebi daado. moskovSi dabneulebi da SeSinebulebi adevnebdnen Tval-yurs axa­ li prezidentis nabijebs. igi sabWoTa kavSirs xan borotebis imperias

20

reigani - prezidenti samudamod

uwodebda, xanac masze xumrobda da xalxs siciliT klavda. gansakuTre­ biT dasamaxsovrebeli iyo aseTi anegdoti: „sabWoTa moqalaqe manqanis sayidlad rigSi Caewera. mas eubnebian: mobrZandiT aT weliwadSi. ki ba­ tono, – pasuxobs moqalaqe, – magram diliT Tu saRamos? aTi wlis Semdeg amas ra mniSvneloba aqvs? - ekiTxebian mas. iciT, – pasuxobs moqalaqe, – aT weliwadSi diliT santeqnikosi unda movides“. erTxel radiointerviuSi reiganma uecrad Tqva: „es wuTia kanon­ gareSed gamovacxade sabWoTa kavSiri, dabombvas viwyebT xuT wuTSi“. rTuli misaxvedri ar aris, ra reaqcia mohyveboda amas „kanongareSed“ gamocxadebul qveyanaSi. mTavari isaa, rom reiganis sityvebs saqmec mosdevda. man ara mxolod gazarda SeiaraRebaze danaxarji, aramed aseve daartya sabWoTa kavSiris Semosavlis mTavar wyaros – navTobs. misi mTavroba arabul saxelmwi­ foebs gaurigda da daagdebina fasi navTobze, ramac sabWoTa ekonomikas gamousworebeli dartyma miayena. amas isic daemata, rom gadaberebul da realobas mowyvetil sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas Tavzari dasca reiganis fantastikurma proeqtma, e.w. varskvlavurma omebma. es proeqti gulisx­ mobda amerikis mier sabWoTa birTvuli iaraRis kosmosidan ganadgure­ bas. proeqtze bevri fuli ixarjeboda, magram mas didi Sedegi ar mohy­ olia, garda erTisa – moskovSi misi warmatebis daijeres da SeeSindaT. amerikaSi ki am dros piriqiT xdeboda. moqalaqeebma kvlavac irw­ munes sakuTari qveynis sistemisa da demokratiis, maT momavlis rwmena daubrundaT da sabWoTa kavSiris SiSic gauqraT.

ronald reigani da margaret tetCeri

21

gamoCenili adamianebi 1985 wels sabWoTa kavSirs xelmZRvanelad SedarebiT axalgazrda da saRad moazrovne mixeil gorbaCovi moevlina. man daniSvnisTanave gaiaz­ ra, ra sirTuleebis winaSe idga misi qveyana da viTarebidan gamosvla scada. saWiro iyo amerikasTan urTierTobebis dalageba da gamalebu­ li SeiaraRebis SeCereba (romelsac sabWoTa kavSiri ukve gakotrebamde mihyavda). gorbaCovma am mimarTulebiT mTeli rigi nabijebic gadadga, liberaluri gancxadebebi gaakeTa da dasavleTSi zogierTi politiko­ sis gulic moigo, magram reiganis gulis mogeba ase advili ar iyo: igi sabWoTa kavSirisgan ara mxolod gancxadebas, aramed saqmesac moiT­ xovda. gorbaCovic iZulebuli iyo daeTmo. man aRmosavleT evropidan gaitana sabWoTa balistikuri raketebi, cixeebidan gaaTavisufla ko­ munistur reJimTan mebrZoli disidentebi, Seasusta politikuri kon­ troli, dauSva alternatiuli azri (iqamde sabWoTa kavSirSi erTader­ Ti WeSmaritebis wyaro marqsizm-leninizmi iyo). gorbaCovi imedovnebda, rom amgvari qmedebebiT sabWoTa kavSirs gadaarCenda, magram sabolood piriqiT moxda: komunizmi qvemoTken mieqaneboda, aRmosavleT evropas moskovi sul ufro da ufro

amerikuli aviamzidi `ronald reigani~

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reigani - prezidenti samudamod

Znelad akontrolebda, male ki TviTon sabWoTa kavSirSic daiwyo saprotesto ga­ mosvlebi – litvaSi, latviaSi, estoneTsa da saqarTveloSi damoukideblobas moiTx­ ovdnen. ukve ruseTSic xvdebodnen, rom ko­ munizmma Tavisi dro moWama da arc Tavad ruseTs moutana sikeTe. msoflio istoria albaT sxvagvarad warimarTeboda, rom ara reigani, romelic prezidentad arCevis Semdeg xSirad imeo­ rebda, rom amerikas ar hqonda moraluri ufleba mietovebina komunistur reJimSi mcxovrebi erebi. reiganis meore saprezidento vadis gasv­ lis Semdeg sul male, 1989 wels, aRmosavleT evropa sabWoTa okupaciisa da politikuri kontrolisgan gaTavisuflda, 1991 wels ki Tavad sabWoTa kavSiric sabolood daingra. civi omi dasavleTis gamarjvebiT dasrulda daaxloebiT 10 wlis Semdeg im droidan, roca bevrs egona, rom civ omSi komunizmi imarjvebda.

reiganebis wyvili maikl jeqsonTan erTad, 1984

dRes ruseTi sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenas cdilobs. es mcdeloba gan­ wirulia, magram amas, samwuxarod, bevri msxverplic axlavs. amitomac xSirad gaigonebT: „netav ras izam­da axla reigani“, „axla rom reigani yofiliyo prezidenti...“ albaT, bevri adamiani iqneboda Tanaxma, rom reigani samudamod yofiliyo amerikis prezidenti.

23

civilizacia

Zveli berZnebi da evropuli civilizacia zaza firaliSvili cnobilia, rom mas Semdeg, rac germanelma barbarosebma romis imperia daipyres, evropeli xalxebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cdilobdnen gaemeorebinaT pirovnu­ li da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis is pirveli nimuSebi, rac berZnebma da romaelebma Seqmnes. amasTan, qristianoba iyo is prizma, romelSic es mcdelobebi gardatydebo­ da. yvelaferma aman, am xalxebis nacionalur TaviseburebebTan erTad, tyeebiT da­ faruli evropis sivrceebze gafantuli meomari tomebi dRevandel civilizebul xalxebad aqcia. evropelebi yvelaferSi baZavdnen TavianT romael da berZen winamorbedebs. maT memkvidreobas isini klasikuri ganaTlebis wyalobiT ecnobodnen. klasikuri mem­ kvidreobis mibaZviT evropelebi cdilobdnen sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi cxovre­ ba daefuZnebinaT ara mxolod romelime instituciis – mefisa Tu beladis – tradi­ ciul avtoritetze, aramed samarTalze. cnobilia, rom samarTali, Tanamedrove gagebiT, swored romaelTa wyalobiT gavrcelda maSindel samyaroSi. evropelebi, berZnebis msgavsad, cdilobdnen, TavianTi ganaTleba aegoT ara mxolod miTolo­ giur gadmocemebsa da tradiciaze, aramed berZnebis wyalobiT gavrcelebul mecnierebaze – dasabuTebuli codnis sistemaze. sabolood, qristianobisagan da

24

Zveli berZnebi da evropuli civilizacia

gansxeulebuli RmerTis ideisagan maT aiTvises rwmena adamianisa, romelSic RvTa­ ebrivi naperwkalia da romlis sicocxlesac uaRresi mniSvneloba aqvs. cxadia, am ideaTa ganxorcielebis gza ar iyo ioli. qristianobisa da klasiku­ ri samyaros principebi Tavis dasamkvidreblad xangrZliv istoriul praqtikas saWiroebdnen. da mainc, evropelma xalxebma yovelTvis icodnen da ician, Tu saiT midiodnen da ra unda yofiliyo maTi ideali. es codna sabolood Zalze did is­ toriul Zalad iqca. am xalxebs hqondaT mTavari Tviseba – swavlis wyurvili, bar­ barosuli memkvidreobisagan gaTavisuflebis survili da meomruli SemarTeba, rac saukeTeso niadagi aRmoCnda romauli samarTlis, berZnuli mecnierebisa da qristianuli religiurobis didi sinTezis misaRebad da mTel danarCen samyaroSi gasavrceleblad. yvelaferi es CvenTvis imitomac aris saintereso, rom 1453 wlamde, anu konstan­ tinopolis dacemamde, Cven am didi samyaros ganuyreli nawili viyaviT da amis Sem­ degac, mTeli sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi Cveni mefeebi da moRvaweebi cdilobdnen Cvens bunebriv garemosTan aRedginaT kavSirebi, sanam istoriulma bedma rusuli imperiis nawilad ar gvaqcia. am werilSi gvinda Zalze zogadad SevexoT, Tu ram gansazRvra berZnuli civi­ lizacia, ra warmoadgenda, rogorc mecnierebi ityvian, misi kulturis kods. marTlac, am kods raRac miaxloebaSi mainc SeiZleba mivagnoT, Tu berZnuli isto­ riis erT saintereso moments SevexebiT. Zveli saberZneTis qalaq delfoSi arsebobda warmarTuli RvTaeba apolonis saxelobis taZari Tavisi samisnoTi. gadmocemiT, igi im adgilas idga, sadac apo­

apoloni klavs miTiur gvels, holandiuri graviura, XVII s.

25

civilizacia lonma miTiuri gveli daamarcxa da miwaSi dafla. mTeli saberZneTi, da ara mxo­lod saberZneTi, am samisnoSi dadioda, Tuki Tavisi romelime wamowyebis bedi ainter­ esebda. misani – piTia – Tavisi gamonaTqvamebiT zogadad, zogjer ki bundov­nadac, mianiSnebda, ra eloda maT ganzraxvas. apolonis taZarze Svidi berZeni brZenis gamonaTqvamebi iyo amokveTili. taZ­ ris avtoriteti am gamonaTqvamebs gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda. maTi Sinaarsi adamianebs mihyveboda, rogorc saxelmZRvanelo principebi da, Sesabami­ sad, mTeli berZnuli kulturis ganviTarebaze axdenda gavlenas. es iyo erTgvari kodi, romelic mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda mTeli kulturis xasiaTs. del­ fodan berZeni midioda ara mxolod qurumebis mier leqsad gadatanili piTias winaswarmetyvelebebiT, aramed Tan mihqonda faruli Tu aSkara xsovna im azrisa, romelsac taZris kedelze mohkravda Tvals Tu sagangebod waikiTxavda. ai, es gamonaTqvamebic:

kleobule lindoseli: `zoma yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramaa~. hilon sparteli: `Seican Tavi Seni~. periandre korinTeli: `Tavi Seikave mrisxanebisagan~. pitake mitilineli: `yvelafers Tavisi dro aqvs~. solon aTeneli: `mudam mxedvelobaSi gqondes cxovrebis dasasruli~. biante prieneli: `uaresebi yvelgan umravlesobaSi arian~.

Tales mileteli: `mxolod sakuTar Tavs daudeqi Tavdebad~.

delfo, apolonis taZari dRes.

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Zveli berZnebi da evropuli civilizacia

Svidi berZeni brZeni, `niurnbergis qronika” – bibliuri istoriebisa da msoflio istoriis laTinurenovani ilustrirebuli qronika, 1493

Zneli warmosadgenia, berZnulis garda, romelime sxva kulturas odesme ase cxadad gamoexatos Tavisi saxelmZRvanelo principebi. am TvalsazrisiT, delfos samisno unikalur movlenas warmoadgenda. sxva xalxebis SemTxvevaSi kulturis kodis rols miTosi an eTnikuri gadmocemebi asrulebda. berZnul azrovnebaSi miTologiuri warmodgenebis gverdiT Cndeba gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic maTi Semdgomi gaazrebisaken ubiZgebda pirovnebas. ukve amiTia cxadi, rom am kulturas aqcenti azrovnebis kulturis daxvewaze, yoveli calkeuli adamianis mier sakuTari gonebis umTavres iaraRad qcevaze gadahqonda. pirvel rigSi, yuradReba gavamaxviloT hilon spartelis gamonaTq­ vamze: „Seican Tavi Seni“. es azri azrovnebis istoriaSi did filo­ sofos sokrates wyalobiT gaxda popularuli. es aris sakmaod Rrma azri da masze dausruleblad SeiZleba saubari. Zneli da SeuZlebelicaa CamovTva­loT is moazrovneebi, vinc am sityvebis ganmarteba scades. modi, hilon sparteli (Zv.w. VI s.) – didi pirveli miaxloebiT gaviazroT, ra igulisxmeba masSi. gavlenisa da Zalauf­ lebis mqone poli-

Tu davakvirdebiT, Cveni yuradRebis udidesi nawili gareT aris mimar­ tikosi da elegiuri Janris poeti. mas Tuli – adamianebze, sagnebsa da movlenebze. sakuTar Tavs iSviaTad Tu bevri brZnuli gamo­ vuTmobT yuradRebas. arada, swored Cvens TavSi, Cvens me-Si imaleba imis naTqvami miewereba. saidumlo, Tu rogor aRviqvamT da viazrebT garemomcvel samyaros. ami­ tomac gvirCevda hiloni, rom mTavari, rac adamianma unda Seimecnos, sakuTari Tavia. mas ubralod ki ar unda uyvardes sakuTari Tavi da mxolod aRtacebuli an damwuxrebuli ki ar unda iyos misiT, aramed unda Seimecnos igi, sakuTari su­ lis wiaRSi unda eZios pasuxi imaze, Tu ra aris samyaro da ra adgili ukavia masSi adamians. sworad aRviqvam ki me ama Tu im pirovnebas? ra gansazRvravs mis mimarT Cems damokidebulebas – Cemi piradi interesebi, mtroba Tu siyvaruli? yvela am

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civilizacia

Tales mileteli (Zv.w. 640/624-548/545) – Zveli berZeni filosofosi da maTematikosi miletidan (mcire azia). miCneulia ZvelberZnuli filosofiisa da mecnierebis (astronomia, geometria, fizika) mamamTavrad.

SemTxvevaSi Cemi damokidebuleba am adamianis mimarT gansxvavebuli iqneba da am gansxvavebis safuZveli sakuTar TavSi unda veZio. Tu me ar gamaCnia mSvenierebis gancda, cxadia, Cemi samyaroc mSvenierebas iqneba moklebuli. Tu sagnebsa da movlenebSi kanonzomierebaTa SemC­ neva ar SemiZlia, maSin Cem mier aRqmuli samyaroc qaosuri iqneba da ase Semdeg. samyaros yvela saidumlo adamianis sulSi iyris Tavs. ada­ miani sakuTari zneobisa da azrovnebis daxvewis gziT unda Seecados samyaros gagebas. amitomac ambobs Tales mileteli, rom adamiani mxo­ lod sakuTar Tavs SeiZleba daudges Tavdebad, radgan mxolod saku­ Tari Tavis Sesaxeb SeiZleba icodes rame.

evropelma adamianebma berZnebisagan swored es iswavles: saku­ Tari Tavisaken mzeris mimarTva, samyaroSi sakuTari adgilisa da daniS­nulebis gansazRvraze fiqri. cnobilia, rom primitiul adami­ anebs swored es uWirT – gonebis mzeris mimarTva sakuTari Tavisaken. mravali pirvelyofili tomis aRmoCenis Semdeg mkvlevarTa gaocebas iwvev­da is faqti, rom isini arasodes saubrobdnen sakuTar Tavze. mTeli yuradReba gare samyarosaken hqondaT mimarTuli da ver axerxebdnen, sakuTar Tavze efiqraT an elaparakaT. sakuTar Tavs isini mxolod Tavisi tomis nawilad ganixilavdnen da ara – damoukidebel pirovnebebad. aseTi ram dResac xSirad Segvxvdeba. inteleq­ tualurad rac ufro daxvewilia adamiani, rac ufro daxvewilia is kultura, ro­ melSic igi ibadeba, miT ufro aucilebelia misTvis sakuTari raobis gagebisaken svla. berZnebis wyalobiT evropeli adamianisaTvis aseTi damokidebuleba ide­ alad iqca.

kosmosi – Zvel saberZ­ neTSi, berZnuli filosofiisa da kulturis gagebiT, aRniSnavda samyaros kompleqsur da harmoniul wesrigs. am terminis pirvelad gamoyeneba piTagoras miewereba.

kleobule lindoseli (daaxl. Zv. w. 540-460 ww.) – Zveli berZeni poeti, rodosis qalaq lindosis tirani, miewereba sxvadasxva brZnuli gamonaTqvami.

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axla isic gavixsenoT, Tu romel adamians veZaxiT pirovnebas da romels – ubralod pirs. pirovnebaa is, visac aqvs imis simamace, rom sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb gulaxdili iyos. evropul civilizaciaSi pirovnebad yofnisaken adamianebs mouwodebda ara mxolod berZnuli memkvidreoba, aramed qristianobac. sakuTari inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi cxovrebis srulyofisken svla mTeli am civilizaciis niS­ nad iqca da swored amasTan aris dakavSirebuli ganaTlebis sistemis daxvewa, xelovnebaTa ganviTareba da sxv. sabolood xdeba iseTi ada­ mianuri idealis Camoyalibeba, romelic, rogorc amas goeTe ambobda, orive fexiT myarad dgas miwaze da orive xeli zecisaken aqvs aRmar­ Tuli. axla kleobule lindoselis gamonaTqvamic gavixsenoT, rom zoma, zomiereba, Tanazomadoba yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramaa. berZenisaTvis mTeli kosmosi zomasa da Tanazomadobaze aigeba da kosmiuri Zalebis mier erTmaneTis gawonasworebas efuZneba. sakmari­ sia, es wonasworoba dairRves da kosmiuri wesrigi qaosad iqceva. berZ­nisaTvis adamianis sulic misi survilebis, gancdebisa da azre­ bis Tanazomadobasa da wonasworobaze unda igebodes. sakmarisia, ada­ mianSi gancdebma da survilebma gadaWarbebuli mniSvneloba SeiZinon,

Zveli berZnebi da evropuli civilizacia

rom goneba ukan ixevs. Tu goneba batondeba, maSin SegrZnebebi Rarib­ deba. amitomac ambobs pitake mitilineli, rom zedmeti araferSi ar unda dauSva. zomierebisaken midrekileba da or ukiduresobas Soris gzis moZeb­ nis aucilebloba berZnul miTebSic iyo asaxuli. maTi rwmeniT, mesinis sruteSi ori demonuri Zala usafrdeboda mogzaurebs da maT ganad­ gurebas lamobda. mezRvaurTa mTeli ostatoba am or safrT­xes Soris gavlaSi mdgomareobda. gavixsenoT, samSoblosaken mimaval odisevss am or demonur Zalas – skilasa da qaribdas – Soris uwevs gavla. sakmari­ sia, gemi odnav gadaixaros romelime mxares, rom gemic da misi mgzavre­ bic daiRupebian. aq miTis eniTaa naCvenebi is, rac aris­totelem ufro gvian Tavis „nikomaxes eTikaSi“ gamoTqva: boroteba ukiduresobebSi imaleba. rogor momxiblavadac ar unda gamoiyurebodes ukidureso­ ba, masSi aucileblad imaleba boroteba. amitomac aucilebelia saSu­ alos moZebna. uazro TavzexelaRebasa da silaCres Soris simamacea, rogorc saSualo da saukeTeso. mflangvelobasa da siZunwes Soris xelgaSlilobaa. amgvari saSualos moZebnis unars aristotele praq­ tikul sibrZnes, froneziss uwodebda. pirovnebas swored aseTi praq­ tikuli sibrZne gamoarCevs da ara – ukiduresobebis tyveoba. rogor momxiblavadac ar unda gamoiyurebodes ukiduresoba, igi adamians adamianur saxes ukargavs da saqme gaqvs ara pirovnebasTan, aramed, rogorc amas berZnebi uwodebdnen, barbarosTan. barbarosi, rogorc berZnebi yvela araelins, anu araberZens moixseniebdnen, swored imiT gamoirCeva, rom mas ara aqvs iseTi arCevanis gakeTebis unari, romel­ zec SemdegSi pasuxs agebs. amitomac aris, rom gadawyvetileba mxo­ lod pirovnebam, Tavisufalma adamianma unda miiRos, vinc SeZlebs da gansazRvravs, Tu ra Sedegebi mohyveba mis arCevans da Sesabamisad, pa­ suxismgebelic aris am SedegTa gamo.

pitake mitilineli (Zv. w 651-569 ww.) – Zveli berZeni brZeni, miiCneva sxvadasxva brZnuli gamo­naTqvamis avtorad.

skila da qaribda – ori miTologiuri urCxuli, romlebic binadrobdnen italiasa da sicilias Soris arsebuli mesinis srutis orive mxareze kldeebSi da Rupavdnen iq gavlil mezRvaurebs. skilasa da qaribdas Soris – ityvian iseT mdgomareobaze, rodesac vinme or gansacdels Sorisaa moqceuli, roca ori mxridan elis safrTxe.

yvelaferi amisgan aristotele askvnis, rom adamianTa Soris arian bunebiT monebi, romlebic iolad eqcevian ukiduresobaTa tyveobaSi da romlebsac mxolod arCevanis gakeTeba SeuZliaT, magram ar Za­luZT­ ikisron pasuxismgebloba. Sesabamisad, maTTvis aucilebelia patroni, Tavisufali adamiani, romelsac SeuZlia arCevanis kisreba ise, rom misma arCevanma aravin da araferi daazianos, Sesabamisad, pasuxismge­ belicaa Tavisi arCevanis gamo. qristianoba, romelic uaryofda erovnul sazRvrebs, imTaviTve Seecada yvela Tavis mimdevarSi – elinSic da barbarosSic – aRezarda pasuxismgeblobis unari sakuTari Tavisuflebis gamo. yvelaferTan erTad, misi mizani iyo, yvela adamiani gamoeyvana bunebiT monis mdgo­ mareobidan da yvela adamianisaTvis eswavlebina skilasa da qaribdas Soris gavla. cnobilia, rom qristianma moazrovneebma aristote­ leseul saSualos sameufeo gza Searqves.

biante prieneli (Zv.w. VI s.) – Zveli berZeni brZeni da sazogado moRvawe.

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civilizacia

tirani Zvel saberZneTSi erTpirovnul mmarTvels erqva, mogvianebiT sastiki da moZalade mmarTvelis mniSvneloba miiRo, gadataniT uwodeben aseve sastik, ulmobel adamianebs.

periandre korinTeli (Zv.w. VI s.) – Zveli berZeni brZeni, korinTos meore tirani.

maqsima laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs logikur an eTikur princips, qcevis wess, normas, romelic gamoTqmulia mokle formulis saxiT.

solon aTeneli (daaxl. Zv. 640/635-559 ww.)_ aTeneli politikosi, kanonmdebeli da poeti.

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Tavisufali adamianis berZnuli gageba TavisTavad gulisxmob­ da demokratias, rogorc mmarTvelobis formas. Tuki elini saku­ Tar Tavs Tavisufal adamianad miiCnevda, romelsac arCevanisa da pasu­xis­ mgeblobis unari hqonda, maSin igi ar dauSvebda, rom misi bedi vinme sxvas – mefes an tirans – emarTa. misTvis aucilebeli iyo saxelm­wifoebrivi cxovrebis iseTi wesebi, romlebsac yvela Tavisu­ fali adamiani daeqvemdebareboda, rogori wodebis matarebelic ar unda yofiliyo igi. aqedanaa berZnebis midrekileba, rom saxelmwi­ foebrivi cxovreba kanonmdeblobaze daefuZnebinaT. isic cxadia, rom erTad mcxovreb Tavisufal adamianebs saukeTe­ so gadawyvetilebis moZebna mxolod dialogis gziT SeuZliaT. berZnuli demokratia swored am or mxares gulisxmobda – kanonTa ganuxrel dacvas da dialogs Tavisufal adamianebs Soris, romel­ Sic isini mxolod sakuTar azrs ki ar icaven, aramed WeSmaritebis mopovebasac cdiloben. Tu urTierTobisas adamianebi mxolod saku­ Tar azrs icaven da ara aqvT unari, sxvisi azri gaigon, male iZulebu­ li iqnebian, Seeguon viRac sxvis batonobas. berZnebisaTvis monebs da araelinebs ar hqondaT amgvari dialogis unari da amitomac iyvnen iZulebuli, despoti mmarTvelebis Wirveulobasa da TviTnebobas damorCilebodnen. dialogisa da sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis gamo TanamSromlobis unari, maTi azriT, mxolod Tavisufal adamianebs hqondaT. ase gamoikveTa is Tvisebebi, romlebsac apolonis taZarze amokveTili maqsimebi zrdidnen berZnebSi: Tavisufleba, pasuxismge­ bloba da dialogis da sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobis unari. ase mkvidrdeboda Zvel saberZneTSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ideale­ bi, SemdgomSi rom sayovelTao evropul idealebad iqca. axla yvelafer amas kidev erTi elementi davumatoT. WeS­ maritebis Zieba dialogSi imas niSnavs, rom ori adamiani sakuTari azris dasabuTebas lamobs. isini ubralod ki ar iSvelieben mavani avtoritetebis Sexedulebebs an brmad ki ar imeoreben sayovelTaod miRebul azrebs, aramed logikuri msjelobiT Tavadve cdiloben sa­ kuTari azris gamyarebas. cxadia, sxva xalxebmac icodnen, rom yovel azrs dasabuTeba esaWiroeboda, magram isini iolad eqceodnen ama Tu im avtoritetis gavlenaSi da arsebobda codnis iseTi sferoebi, rom­ lebsac dasabuTebis aucilebloba ar Seexeboda. berZnebma ki codnis yvela sfero dasabuTebis aucileblobas dauqvemdebares da ase Cnde­ ba mecniereba Tanamedrove gagebiT. kosmiuri sxeulebisa da Zalebis Tanazomadoba da harmonia berZnebisaTvis maradiul kanonebze iyo dafuZnebuli da am kanonebis moqmedebas, pirvel rigSi, maTematikur kanonzomierebebSi xedavdnen. amitomac aris, rom swored berZnebma SeZles Tanamedrove samecniero da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis wana­

Zveli berZnebi da evropuli civilizacia

mZRvrebi SeeqmnaT da amiT mTeli kacobriobis did maswavleblebad iqcnen. cxadia, yvelaferi es ar iyo sayovelTao, magram es iyo ideali, romliskenac berZnebi cdilobdnen svlas. yvelaferi amisa da mravali sxva garemoebis wyalobiT Seiqmna Zveli berZnuli samyaro, romlis inteleqtualuri gavlenac ukve antikur xanaSi Zalze didi iyo mTel xmelTaSua zRvispireTsa da wina aziaze. dialogisa da WeSmaritebis Ziebis wyalobiT mTeli evropuli kulturis pirvelnimuSebi iqmneboda saberZneTis su­ lier centrSi – aTenSi, romlis mosaxleobac sam-oTx aTeul aTass ar aRematebo­ da. arada, am dros aRmosavluri qalaqebis mcxovrebTa odenoba aseul aTasebs aR­ wevda. berZnebma kargad icodnen, rom maTi bedi damokidebuli iyo ara adamianTa simravleze, aramed imaze, Tu ramdenad SeeZlo yovel calkeul berZens sakuTari ganviTarebisaTvis ezruna. piriqiT, simravles mxolod warmatebis iluzia SeeZlo Seeqmna. ufro metic, rogorc biante prieneli ambobda, uaresebi yvelgan umravle­ sobaSi arian, magram WeSmariteba da sikeTe maTTan ar aris. amitomac ar eSinodaT berZnebs sparselTa aseul aTasiani armiebisa. simravleSi ikargeboda pirovneba, rogorc aseTi. berZnuli da sparsuli civilizaciebis SejaxebaSi ki gaimarjva iman, romelSic pirovnebisa da misi Sinagani Zalebis ganviTarebis ideali arsebob­ da. swored aseT civilizacias SeeZlo aRezarda saukeTeso strategosebi da meom­ rebi, mecnierebi Tu saxelmwifo moRvaweebi. dRes delfoSi apolonis taZris mxolod nangrevebiRa arsebobs da aRarsad Cans is warwerebi, romlebmac aseTi mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdines kacobriobis cxov­rebaze, Tumca ki maTi gavlena dResac Zalze didia.

31

istoria

gulagi aleqsandre rondeli butugiCagSi napovni adamianis gadaxerxili Tavis qala

Taobas, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg daibada, samwuxarod, ara aqvs saTanado codna am qveynis warsulisa da, gansakuTrebiT, misi istoriis bneli mxa­ reebis Sesaxeb. xSirad ufrosi Taobis bevri warmomadgeneli, bebiebi da babuebi, sinanuliT igoneben sabWoTa periods da imdroindel `saamur~ cxovrebasa da im `udardelobas~ dRemde mistirian.

Cveulebriv, adamiani cdilobs mexsierebaSi naklebad Semoinaxos uaryofiTi am­ bebi. xalxis garkveul jgufebSi jerac cocxalia miTebi sabWoTa kavSirSi sayovel­ Tao Tanasworobis, ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebisa da sazogado kmayofilebis Sesaxeb. es nawilobriv im nostalgiis Sedegia, romelsac Zveli Taoba sakuTari axalgazrdobis gaxsenebisas ganicdis, xolo nawilobriv imisa, rom bevri kargad arc icnobs sakuTar qveyanas. aqve unda iTqvas, rom faSisturi da totali­ taruli reJimebi yvelgan dagmes da kanongareSe, damnaSave reJimebad gamoacxa­ des, sabWoTa, komunisturi reJimic dagmes, magram kacobriobis sasamarTlos da, rac mTavaria, sakuTari xalxis sasamarTlos gadaurCa. Zlieri komunisturi pro­ pagandis Sedegad TiTqos daviwyebas mieca 74-wliani arsebobis pirvel naxevarSi Cadenili masobrivi mkvlelobebi, SimSili da milionobiT adamianisaTvis Seqmnili monuri pirobebi. TiTqmis aravin dasjila da aTasobiT moZalade da jalaTi saxrCo­ belas gadaurCa. komunisturma partiam sakuTari danaSaulis didi nawili ostatu­ rad miawera mxolod ioseb stalinsa da stalinizms. amiT komunisturi diqtatura

32

gulagi

cdilobda sakuTari bralis Semsubuqebas. axlandeli ruseTis mmarTveli elitac cdilobs sabWoTa warsulis Selamazebas, komunisturi reJimis danaSaulebis miCq­ malvas, xolo ruseTis istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebSi stalini `efeqtur menejeradac~ ki aris moxseniebuli.

Cven ara gvaqvs saSualeba dawvrilebiT mogiTxroT mTeli sabWoTa sistemis Sesa­ xeb, magram gvinda gagacnoT am sistemis yvelaze sazizRari mxare – Zaladobrivi reJimis sakoncentracio banakebis sistema. bevrisaTvis sityva `gulagi~ arafris mTqmelia. es rusuli saxelwodebis – Главное управление лагерей (banakebis mTavari sammarTvelo) – Semoklebuli for­ maa. sabWoTa cixeebisa da sakoncentracio (sssrk-Si maT Sroma-gasworebis banakebs uwodebdnen) banakebis sistema jer kidev samoqalaqo omis (1918-1921) wlebSi Seiqm­ na. pirveli sabWoTa sakoncentracio banakebi ukve 1918 wlidan arsebobda. rac ufro mkvidrdeboda bolSevikuri reJimi, miT ufro farTod mimarTavda igi Zala­ dobas sakuTari xalxis winaaRmdeg. reJimi ebrZoda ara mxolod maT, vinc mas ewi­ naaRmdegeboda an ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda komunisturi diqtaturis gamo, ara­ med aSinebda da Trgunavda yvelas, raTa aravis efiqra sxvagvarad an ar gasCenoda winaaRmdegobis survili.

ruseTis samoqalaqo omi (1917-1922) – ruseTis yofili imperiis teritoriaze ganviTarebuli SeiaraRebuli konfliqti sxvadasxva politikur, eTnikur, socialur jgufebsa da saxelmwifo organoebs Soris, romelic mohyva 1917 wlis oqtombris revo­ lucias da romlis Sedegadac Zalaufleba ukanonod Caigdes xelSi bolSevikebma. samoqalaqo omi iyo kanonzomieri Sedegi revoluciuri krizisisa, romelmac XX s-is damdegs moicva ruseTi, dawyebuli 1905-1907 ww-is revoluciiT, romelic gaamZaf­ ra I msoflio omma da romelsac mohyva Tebervlis revolucia da qveyanaSi monarqiis damxoba, meurneobis gaCanageba, sazogadoebis socialuri, nacionaluri, politikuri da ideologiuri gaxleCa. amgvarma viTarebam qveyana miiyvana sabWoTa xelisuflebasa da antibolSevikur Zalebs Soris gaCaRebul daundobel omamde. mTavari dapirispi­ rebuli Zalebi iyvnen e.w. wiTlebi – bolSevikebis SeiaraRebuli formirebebi da maTi momxreebi (wiTeli gvardia da wiTeli armia, romelTa mxares ZiriTadad Raribi mosax­ leoba idga) da TeTrebi – TeTri moZraobis SeiaraRebuli formirebebi (maT mxares iyvnen oficroba, kazakebi, inteligencia, memamuleebi, burJuazia, biurokratebi, sa­ sulieroebi, glexobis nawili). wiTlebi cdilobdnen dapirispirebulTa winaaRmdego­ bis sastikad CaxSobiT xelSi CaegdoT Zalaufleba da mTel qveyanaSi gaevrcelebinaT socialisturi revolucia, TeTrebs ki surdaT dakarguli Zalauflebisa da Zveli so­ cialur-ekonomikuri uflebebisa da privilegiebis dabruneba. es omi antibolSeviku­ ri Zalebis saboloo ganadgurebiT dasrulda.

33

istoria

swrafi industrializaciisa da sameurneo mSeneblobisaTvis bolSevikebma monu­ri Sroma SemoiRes. muSisa da glexis umowyalo eqspluatacias ar dasjerdnen da milionobiT adamianis dapatimrebiT iafi (TiTqmis ufaso) muSaxelis problema moagvares: anazRaurebis gareSe, Tavisi fexiT, aba, vin wavidoda Soreul, umZimesi klimatis mqone regionebSi (ssrk-is CrdiloeT da Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxareeb­ dancig baldaevi (19252005) – ssrk samarTaldamcavi organoebis TanamSromeli, mxatvari, cixis folkloris Semgrovebeli. sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva sapatimrosa da banakSi zedamxedvelad muSaobi­ sas igi ixatavda da agrovebda patimarTa sxeulze gamoyvanil sviringebs ( e.w. tatuebs), aseve patimarTa yoveldRiuri cxov­ rebis, maTi wamebisa da abuCad agdebis sastik scenebs. ramdenadac im droindeli fotosuraTebi bevri ar aris, es naxatebi garkveulwilad avsebs warmodgenas tusaRTa gausaZlisi yofisa da tanjvis Sesaxeb.

34

gulagi

Si), sadac weliwadis udidesi nawili zamTaria. iq arc gzebi iyo, arc sacxovrebeli pirobebi. amitomac saWiro iyo mona. gulagis sistema monebis gamoyenebis sabWoTa sistema iyo. sabWoTa reJimi sul ufro represiuli xdeboda (es tendencia gamoikveTa sabWo­ Ta kavSiris saTaveSi ioseb stalinis mosvlis Semdeg!), qveyanaSi Zalismieri meTode­ biT daCqarebuli industrializacia iwyeboda, soflad ki – koleqtivizacia, amas yvelafers muSaxeli sWirdeboda da 1929 wels sabWoTa mTavrobam Seqmna banakebis mTavari sammarTvelo (gulagi), sakoncentracio banakebiT, umetesad sabWoTa kav­ Siris CrdiloeTis, Crdilo-aRmosavleTis, Soreuli aRmosavleTisa da Sua aziis raionebSi. Tu 1929 wels gulagSi 23 aTasi patimari iyo, 1938 wlisaTvis maTma ricx­ vma 2 milions miaRwia da es maSin, rodesac asiaTasobiT dapatimrebuli ukve iyo daxv­retili da wamebiT mokluli. banakebs TavianTi sawarmoo profili hqondaT: zogis `specializacia~ iyo xe-ty­ is warmoeba, zogis – wiaRiseulis mopoveba, saidumlo da samxedro obieqtebis mSeneb­loba da sxva. omis dros banakebis ricxvi Semcirda, radgan zogierTi didi mSenebloba droe­ biT SeCerda, xolo 1941 wels wiTelma armiam ramdenime milioni kaci dakarga, mili­

35

istoria

onobiT wiTelarmieli mokles an daWres, xolo 1941 wlis ivnisidan dekembramde 4 milionze meti wiTelarmieli tyved aiyvanes an Tavadve gadavida germanelTa mxa­ reze. kremls `sazarbazne xorci~ Semoaklda da iZulebuli gaxda gulagidan 400 aTasze meti tusaRi frontis xazze gaegzavna. SimSili mZvinvarebda qveyanaSic da banakebSic, sadac Sromis umZimesi pirobebi (gaizarda datvirTva da gamomuSavebis normebi!) iyo. 1942 wels SimSilisa da gausaZlisi pirobebis gamo banakebis yoveli mexuTe tusaRi gardaicvala.

1945 wlidan, omis dasrulebis Semdeg, gulagis patimrebis ricxvi swrafad gaizar­da – ucxoeli tyveebis, Sin dabrunebuli sabWoTa tyveebis, deportirebu­ li xalxebis (yirimis TaTrebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi, bal­ yarelebi, yaraCaelebi, mesxebi, estonelebi, lit­ velebi, latvielebi, germanelebi, ukrainelebi da sxva) xarjze.

40-iani wlebis meore naxevari gulagis erTgvari `gafurCqvnis~ xana iyo. 1940 wlisaTvis gulagis banakebis `binadarTa~ an yofil binadarTa ricxvi 8 milioni kaci iyo. 8 milionma kacma gaiara es jojoxe­ Ti! ukve 30-iani wlebidan sabWoTa xelisufleba gu­ lags seriozul ekonomikur faqtorad ganixilavda – monuri Sroma sabWoTa reJims amagrebda. amitomac iyo, rom xelisufleba cdilobda bevri patimari hyo­ loda, banakebis Sesavsebad uamrav udanaSaulo ada­

36

varlam Salamovi (1907-1982)

gulagi

msofliom kargad icis, vin iyo germaneli eseseli eqimi mengele an, rogorc mas uwodeben – `eqimi sikvdili~. iozef mengele, germaniis es-es-is eqimi, sakoncentracio banak osvencimSi (auSvici) cocxal adamianebze atarebda samedicino eqsperimentebs. magaliTad, anesTeziis gareSe akeTebda qirurgiul operaciebs, yinavda adamianebs, aWrida kidurebsa da sxvadasxva organos. es yvelaferi TiTqos jaris moTxovniT keT­ deboda, raTa gaeumjobesebinaT germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis samxedro medicina. tyveebze sazarel eqsperimentebs atarebdnen aseve iaponeli eqimebi avadsaxsenebeli `731 razmidan~ meore msoflio omis wlebSi manjuriis (CineTi) teritoriaze.

sabWoTa kavSirSi analogiuri eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb mxolod Worebi dadioda da mxolod ssrk-is daSlis Semdeg gaxda cnobili sakmaod bevri sazareli faqti. maga­ liTad, md. kolimis auzSi mdebareobda sabWoTa sakoncentracio banaki butugiCagi (arsebobda 1945-1955 ww.-Si), romlis tusaRebi yovelgvari teqnikuri saSualebebis gareSe moipovebdnen uranis madans da radiacias emsxverplnen. am banakSi iyo gansa­ kuTrebuli saidumlo zona, sadac patimrebze samedicino eqsperimentebi tardeboda, umeteswilad adamianebis radiaciuli dasxivebis Sedegebis dasadgenad. butugiCagSi 380 aTasi adamiani gamoasalmes sicocxles: banakis daxurvisas mTeli saidumlo zona aafeTqes, raTa sazareli eqsperimentebis kvali waeSalaT, magram iq dResac poulo­ ben adamianebis gadaxerxil Tavis qalebsa da Zvlebs (im adamianebisa, romlebzedac radiaciis momakvdinebel gavlenas swavlobdnen). ruseTis ukiduresi Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare vrangelis kunZulze iyo oTxi sakoncentracio banaki. iqve iyo agebuli patara birTvuli reaqtori, romlis meSve­ obiTac asxivebdnen adamianebs da maTze sxvadasxva cdas atarebdnen. asobiT sabWoTa sakoncentracio banakidan ramdenimeSi xdeboda Sxamebisa da wamlebis adamianebze ga­ mocda da tardeboda sxvadasxva sazareli eqsperimenti. niSandoblivia, rom germaneli da iaponeli damnaSave eqimebis saqmianobis Sesa­ xeb dRes TiTqmis yvelaferia cnobili, sabWoTa kavSirSi Cadenili samedicino da­ naSaulebis Sesaxeb ki informacia Zalian mwiria. sabWoTa reJimma moaxerxa Tavisi saSineli danaSaulebis didi nawilis saidumlod datoveba. sabWoTa kavSiris samar­ Talmemkvidre ruseTmac, marTalia, dagmo sabWoTa reJimis represiebi, magram adami­ anebze samedicino eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb informaciis saidumlod datoveba amjobi­ na. advili warmosadgenia, ra saSineli faqtebi amotivtivdeboda sabWoTa uSiSroebis samsaxuris yvela arqivi rom gaxsniliyo!

mians atusaRebdnen. bevrs awamebdnen da klavdnen, kidev ufro bevrs ki gulagis banakebSi amwyvdevdnen. sayuradReboa, rom zogierTi patimris droze adre ganTavisuflebis praqtikac arsebobda. es xdeboda Sromis nayofierebis asamaRleblad, patimarTa motivaciis gasazrdelad da Zalze cota xalxze vrceldeboda. es ar moswonda sabWoTa diqta­ tors, ioseb stalins, da 1938 wels sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumze

37

istoria gamosvlisas `msoflio mSromelTa beladma~ SeniSna: `Cven cuds vakeTebT, rom xels vuSliT banakebis muSaobas. am xalxs ganTavisufleba, ra Tqma unda, sWirdeba, magram saxelmwifo meurneobis TvalsazrisiT es cudia…~. gulagis patimrebis aSenebulia udidesi hesebi (volgis, Jigulis, ugliCis, ribins­kis, kuibiSevis, ust-kamenogorskis, cimlianskis da sxva), TeTri zRva-balti­ is arxi, moskovis saxelobis arxi, volga-donis arxi, norilskisa da niJni-tagilis uzarmazari metalurgiuli kompleqsebi, sabWoTa birTvuli programis bevri obi­ eqti – bevri qalaqi (komsomolski-amurze, magadani, dudinka, vorkuta, uxta, inta, peCora, molotovski, dubna, naxodka, sovetskaia gavan), rkinigza, saavtomobilo gza da sxva. stalinis sikvdilis Semdeg (1953 wlis marti) gatarda masobrivi amnistia da gu­ lagis banakebis patimarTa ricxvi orjer Semcirda. Sin dabrunda milionobiT ada­ `butugiCagSi sikvdilianoba Zalian didi iyo. `samkurnalo~ (ufro sworad – sikv­ dilamdel) speczonaSi xalxi yoveldRiurad ixoceboda. zedamxedveli auRelveblad miamagrebda piradi saqmis nomers ukve gamzadebul nomers, micvalebuls samgan gauxv­ retda mkerds specialuri foladis ZalayiniT, romelsac binZur Tovlze wmendda da mkvdaric `Tavisufali~ iyo…~. nawyveti anatoli Jigulinis wignidan `Savi qvebi~

38

gulagi

miani. gulagis sistema TandaTanobiT dak­ ninda da 1960 wels moiSala. marTalia, oficialurad gulagi da­ Sales, magram sinamdvileSi sabWoTa kav­ SirSi darCa aTobiT e.w. `Sroma-gaswore­ bis~ banaki, sadac asi aTasobiT patimari (maT Soris politikuri!) iyo da romleb­ sac sawarmoo sferoSi iyenebdnen. pati­ marTa Sroma iafi iyo da sabWoTa mTavro­ ba amaze uars rogor ityoda! gulagis istoria ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili. sabWoTa xelisuflebam moaxer­ xa Zalian bevri faqtis damal­ va, droTa ganmavlobaSi gardaicvala uamravi adamiani, romlebsac SeeZloT mowmeebad gamosuliyvnen da moeTxroT is saSinelebani, rac gulagSi xdeboda. yvelaferi gakeTda, raTa adamianTa mex­ sierebidan waSliliyo gulagis Sesaxeb informacia.

Tqvi, Se araraobav, rogor qadagebdi burJuaziul, antisabWoTa crumecnierebas – genetikas kaTedraze, Torem sunTqva ukanalidan mogiwevs.

`damamcirebeli SimSilis, yovelgvari mxecobisa da sisastikis garda, Cems mex­ sierebas mZafrad SemorCa yvelaze SemaZrwunebeli, rac ki odesme minaxavs – adami­ anebze nadiroba. es kaciWamiiebis sporti gansakuTrebiT iyo gavrcelebuli ozernoi banakis 031-e koloniis zedamxedvelebsa da mcvelebSi. Tumca es garToba yvelgan `xarobda~, sadac Sesabamisi pirobebi iyo – satyeo da mindvris samuSaoebze, tyveebis mcire jgufebis gadayvanisas, yvelgan da yovelTvis, rodesac SesaZlebeli iyo avtomatisa da dasax­ vreti adamianis Semzaravi siaxlove. aq garkveul rols TamaSobda gaqcevis aRkveTisaTvis dacvis waxalisebis sistema – vinc gaqcevas alagmavda, jildod Svebulebas, premias an saCuqars iRebda. aq aseve moqmedebda axalgazrdebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli agresiuloba. amas emateboda si­ Zulvili, romelsac jariskacebs patimrebis mimarT yoveldRiurad STaagonebdnen. patimrebs esrodnen an axalgazrda jariskacebi, an ZirZveli sadisti-mkvlelebi. isi­ ni amoirCevdnen msxverpls da iwyebdnen masze nadirobas. magaliTad, yofila SemTx­ vevebi, roca zedamxedvels akrZalul xazs iqidan kunZis motana dauvalebia tusa­ RisaTvis, es ukanaskneli ki mimxvdara, rom xazi unda gadaekveTa da ukiTxavs kidec, razec zedamxedvelis dasturi miuRia, xolo roca gadaubijebia am xazisaTvis, zurg­ Si avtomatis jeri miuRia. aseTi SemTxveva tipuria, banaluri. instruqciiT, erTi mx­ riv, zedamxedvels SeuZlia neba darTos patimars, gadavides akrZalul zonas, meore mxriv ki, ufleba aqvs esrolos…~.

nawyveti anatoli Jigulinis wignidan `Savi qvebi~

39

istoria

prokurorze Tavdasxmis gamo patimris dasja damawynarebeli perangiT – patimari mWidrod gakoWili damawynarebeli perangiT mxolod 30-35 wuTs Zlebs da iTxovs apation cudi saqcieli.

gulagis xumroba – axladCamoyvanili patimrebis `gaxureba~: banakis SesasvlelTan didi xnis lodiniT daqancul, axladCamosul aRSfoTebul tusaRebs `dasaSoSmineblad~ 30-40-gradusian yinvaSi koSkuridan civ wyals asxamdnen da mxolod 2-4 saaTis Semdeg, xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, SehyavdaT es gayinuli adamianebi zonaSi….

marTalia, ruseTSi arsebobs sazogadoebrivi organizacia `memoriali~, rome­ lic saTuTad agrovebs masalebs gulagis Sesaxeb da bevr sayuradRebo gamocemis moTavecaa, magram am organizaciis muSaobas maincdamainc ar uwyobs xels ruseTis axlandeli xelisuf­ leba. aseTi organizacia saqarTveloSic aris da keTil saqmeebsac akeTebs, ma­ gram, samwuxa­ rod, CvenSi dRem­ de ar dadgmula sabWoTa reJimis msxverpli aTasobiT adamianis xsovnis memoriali, stalinis Zeg­ lis damcvelebi ki jerac mravlad gvyavs.

– me var... ingliseli, frangi, amerikeli, iaponeli, italieli, germaneli da kidev romeliRaca jaSuSi...

40

gulagis jojoxeTi saqarTve­ los aTiaTasobiT mkvidrma gai­ ara. maT Soris iyo bevri cnobi­ li adamiani. qarTvelma mweralma Wabua amirejibma wlebi gaatara gulagis banakebSi, maT Soris abakan-taiSetis rkinigzis mSeneb­ lobaze. ufro adre kunZul solovkize mdebare gulagis sa­

gulagi

gangebo daniSnulebis banakSi ramdenime weli dah­yo konstantine gamsaxurdiamac. gulagis yvelaze didi banakebis ricx­ vi 50-mde iyo, Tumca yoveli amgvari banaki kidev aTobiT daqvemdebarebuli filialisa da SedarebiT momcro banaki­ sagan Sedgeboda. amitomac didi da pa­ tara banakebis saerTo ricxvi 1000-ze meti iyo. maT Soris udidesi iyo bamlagi, vorkutlagi, jezkazganlagi, karlagi, norlagi, permlagi, dallagi, tenlagi da sxva. am banakebs Soris iyo arasrulwlo­ vanTa 50-ze meti banaki. ar unda dagvavi­ wydes, rom stalinis sabWoTa kavSirSi 12 wlis bavSvis gasamarTleba da daxvre­ tac ki SeiZleboda. dapatimrebuli mSob­lebis Svilebs xSirad an sagangebo banakebSi aTavsebdnen, an bavSvTa sax­ lebSi. SedarebiT patarebs saxelebs ucvlidnen, rom mSoblebi daeviwyebinaT. marTalia, xelisufleba yvelanairad aleqsandre solJenicini (1918-2008) cdilobda banakebSi realuri viTarebis damalvas da miCumaTebas, magram informacia mainc aRwevda banakebs gareT. es xde­ boda ganTavisuflebuli Tu gaqceuli (mcirericxovani) patimrebis, iq momuSave samoqalaqo da samxedro pirebis meSveobiT. banakebis Sesaxeb saubari, ra Tqma unda, isjeboda, magram SeuZlebelia simarT­lis didxans malva. miT umetes, rodesac saqme milionobiT adamiansa da maT saSinel xvedrs exeba. banakebSi arsebuli teroris mi­ uxedavad, daumorCileblobisa da winaaRmdegobis gawevis SemTxvevebic iyo, Tumca sabWoTa represiulma manqanam ar icoda dandoba da amgvari SemTxvevebi sikvdiliT dasjiTa da masobrivi mkvlelobiT Tavdeboda. germaniasTan omis dawyebis Semdeg da sabWoTa jarebis samarcxvinod swrafad ukandaxevis Sedegad ssrk-is dasavleTiT mdebare banakebSi gavrcelda xma, rom daiwyebdnen patimrebis masobriv xocvas, raTa isini germanelebs ar Cavardnodnen xelSi. marTlac, dasavleTiT mdebare cixeebis patimrebi germanelebis mosvlamde daxvrites. banakebis patimrebis gadayvana daiwyes aRmosavleTiT, magram aRmosav­ leTiT mdebare banakebSic daiwyo wanaaRmdegoba da zogierT SemTxvevaSi – amboxe­ bisaTvis mzadeba. 1941 wlis dekemberSi norilskis banakSi iyo amboxebis mcdeloba, pirveli masStaburi amboxeba ki 1942 wlis ianvarSi moxda vorkutis banakSi. 10 dRis Semdeg amboxebulebi Seipyres da daxvrites. omis dros iyo amboxebis asobiT mcde­ loba, magram uSedegod. omis dasrulebis Semdeg banakebSi moxvedrilma aTasobiT yofilma samxedrom, partizanma, dasavleT ukrainisa da baltiispireTis winaaRm­

41

istoria

degobis moZraobaTa mebrZolebma moaxerxes ramdenime didi amboxebis mowyoba kengirSi, karagandasTan, norilsksa da vorkutaSi. am didi amboxebebis CasaxSobad sabWoTa reJimma gamoiyena tankebi, artileria da didZali jari. zogi amboxeba Tveze metxans gagrZelda. bevri sisxli daiRvara, magram reJimi mixvda, rom ara­ adamianuri mopyrobiT viTareba ar gaumjobesdeboda da zogierT SemTxvevaSi pa­ timarTa moTxovnaTa nawili daakmayofiles. 1953 wlis martSi stalinis sikvdilma mniSvnelovnad Secvala viTareba. gamocxadda didi amnistia, uamravi udanaSau­ lo gaaTavisufles patimrobidan, banakebSi reJimi Searbiles. aucileblad unda iTqvas isic, rom sabWoTa reJimi patimrebis winaaRmdeg, maTze kontrolis dasam­ yareblad, masobrivad iyenebda kriminalebs. e.w. qurdebi aterorebdnen politi­ kur patimrebs da banakebis dacva amas xels uwyobda. zogierTi amboxeba swored qurdebisa da danarCenebis SetakebaTa niadagze moxda. samwuxarod, verc sabWoTa xelisuflebis dros da verc mis Semdgom ver moxerx­ da sabWoTa uSiSroebis samsaxuris arqivebis mTlianad gaxsna. bevri sazareli faq­ ti dResac ar aris gamoaSkaravebuli, maT Soris fotomasalebi, romlebic ufro metad mohfenda Suqs ssrk-is sastik warsuls. rogorc Cans, sabWoTa jalaTebma garkveulwilad moaxerxes TavianTi `saqmeebis~ dafarva.

42

gulagi

gulagis Sesaxeb daiwera mogonebebi, gamokvlevebic, mag­ ram am udidesma tragediam mainc ver hpova saTanado asaxva. es, upir­veles yovlisa, sabWoTa re­ Jimis `damsaxurebaa~, radgan yve­ la Rone ixmara, rom simarTle saaSkaraoze ar gamosuliyo. gulagis Sesaxeb metis gage­ bis msurvelebma, albaT, unda waikiTxon nobelis premiis lau­ reatis, rusi mwerlis, gulag­ is yofili tusaRis, aleqsandre solJenicinis `gulagis arqipe­ lagi~. aseve Zalian saintereso da sulisSemZvreli wignia gu­ lagis yofili patimris, rusi mwerlis, varlam Salamovis `ko­ limuri moTxrobebi~. gulagis Sesaxeb yvelaze cnobili gamokv­ leva ki, `gulagi – istoria~, ekuTvnis amerikel qalbatons – en eplbaums.

patimris dasja daumorCileblobisa da banakis administ­ raciis TanamSromelze TavdasxmisaTvis: gulagis dawesebulebebSi patimrebi usastikesad isjebodnen banakebis TanamSromlebze Tavdasxmis, reJimisaTvis gaweuli winaaRmdegobisa Tu muSaobaze uaris Tqmis gamo, SeiZleboda daexvritaT kidec an sajarimo izolatorSi Caketili SimSiliT moeklaT.

43

musika

Back In The USSR biZina mayaSvili

roki – Tanamedrove teqnologiebis musika. bgera, romelic aRagznebs. bgera, romlis gamoc adamianebi stadionebs avseben. bgeraTa kombinacia, romelic eTeris udides nawils ikavebs da nebismieri feris, sqesis da asakis adamians aiZulebs, Tun­ dac gaucnobiereblad, aayolos fexi mis taqts. dRes cotas Tu sjera iluziis, rom rokmusikas msoflios Secvla SeuZlia. mag­ ram albaT aravis epareba eWvi, rom am musikiT bevri dadebiTi Sedegis miRweva SeiZ­ leba.

Tavidan, 50-ian wlebSi, es iyo axalgazrdebis musika – mxolod gasarTobi. is Tundac mxolod imitom unda gyvareboda, rom ufrosebs sZuldaT. `bitlzis~ Semdeg is mniSvnelovani gaxda. xalxisTvis rokmusikosebi gadaiqcnen poetebad, winaswarmetyvelebad, politikosebad. roksamyarom irwmuna Tavisi Ta­ vis, TviTdajerebuli gaxda. dRes is institutia, ramdenimemiliardiani industria. is gansazRvravs modas, aviTarebs eleqtroteqnikas, qmnis samuSao adgilebs axalgazrdebisTvis. roca es ambebi daiwyo, saqarTvelo sabWoTa imperiis nawili iyo da aqamde mxi­ aruli xmauris nacvlad sabWoTa ideologiis mier mravalgzis CaxSobili radio­ talRebi aRwevda.

44

back in the ussr

`mziuri velis serenada~ – kadri filmidan da filmis sareklamo plakati

yvelafers safuZveli meore msoflio omis Semdeg Caeyara. sabWoTa jaris uricxv nadavls Soris iyo musikaluri mxatvruli filmi glen mileris orkestris monawileobiT – `mziuri velis serenada~. am filmma udidesi gavlena moaxdina 50iani wlebis sabWoTa axalgazrdebis gemovnebis Camoyalibebaze. musika, Cacmuloba, stili Zalian didxans darCa sabWoTa axalgazrdebis mTavar orientirad. am stils saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad miuaxlovda politeqnikuri institutis jaz-orkestri da vokaluri kvarteti. es iyo umkacresi informaciuli izolaciis periodi: sabWoTa kavSiridan kosmosSi ufro advilad moxvdebodi, vidre sazRvar­ gareT; diskebi da Canawerebi saqarTveloSi praqtikulad ar Semodioda. musikalu­ ri informaciis erTaderT wyaros lamfuri radiomimRebebi warmoadgenda. am ra­ diomimRebebTan Cacucquli musikosebi mosmeniT imaxsovrebdnen da ase mihqondaT msmenelamde melodiebi. mogvianebiT xdebian popularulebi elvis presli, pol anka, rei Carlzi. Tumca isini moeqcnen italieli mozardis robertino loretis CrdilSi, romelic fal­ cetiT* mReroda sentimentalur simRerebs. moTxovnileba popCanawerebze Zalian swrafad izrdeboda; magnitofonebi da diskebi ki Zalian cota iyo. aman gamoiwvia iseTi fenomenis gaCena, rasac `neknebis~ diskebs eZaxdnen. es gaxldaT namdvili rentgenis suraTebidan kustarulad damza­ * falceti – (ital. falsetto) 1. momRerlis xmis gansakuTrebiT maRali registris bgera. 2. mamakacis Zalian wvrili, qaliseburi xma.

45

musika debuli firfitebi, hitebi iyo Cawerili.

romlebzedac

imdroindeli

60-iani wlebis saqarTvelodan sazRvargareT Ziri­ Tadad `suxiSvilebi~, sportsmenebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi dadiodnen. swored maTi Camotanili diskebis imedad iyo maSin saqarTvelos axalgazrdobis didi nawili. cxadia, isini sazRvargareT rokenrolis­ Tvis ar dadiodnen, magram dasavleTidan tansacmel­ Tan erTad aralegaluri literatura, Jurnalebi da diskebic Camodioda.

elvis presli

am Jurnalebidan uxarisxod gadaRebuli fotoebi zogierTma moyvarulma fotografma Semosavlis wya­ rod gaixada. im xanebSi Tbilisis skolebTan mori­ geobdnen fotosuraTebis gamyidvelebi, romelTa jibeSi gadadioda mowafeTa mokrZalebuli sauzmis­ Tvis mSoblebisagan gamoyofili 10-kapikianebi. fun­ TuSebis da sosisis sanacvlod gogonebi msaxiobebis, biWebi ki gitariani biWebis fotoebs iRebdnen, rom­ lebsac jadosnuri saxeli – The Beatles – ewera. male am gitariani biWebis aslebi TbilisSic gamoCndnen da isini Segnebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad Seecadnen re­ alur cxovrebaSi Tu ara, sazogadoebis mentalitet­ Si mainc moexdinaT revolucia. es biWebi Tbilisis gareubnebis WuWyian klubebSi marTavdnen koncertebs, sadac ara marto inglisur­ enovan simRerebs, aramed sakuTar, qarTulenovan kom­ poziciebsac asrulebdnen. am koncertebs axalgazr­ dobis iseTi raodenoba eswreboda, qarTuli rokis dRevandel varskvlavebs rom arc daesizmrebaT. es iyo kulturuli revoluciis qarTuli varian­ ti. es revolucia dasavleTSi damTavrebuli iyo. iq roki ukve gamosuli iyo gareubnebis klubebidan da prestiJul scenebze abijebda. gareubnebis quCebs ki memarcxene ideebiT Sepyrobili axalgazrda radi­ kalebi daepatronen da moiTxovdnen im burJuaziuli Rirebulebebis ganadgurebas, romliskenac ase miisw­ rafoda Cveni axalgazrdoba. amerikaSi hipebis moZ­ raoba piks aRwevda, berlinSi socialisturi ideebi ibadeboda, parizSi studenturi barikadebi igebo­ da, praRaSi barikadebs sabWoTa tankebi angrevdnen, londonSi gaugonari musikaluri eqsperimenti tar­ deboda.

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back in the ussr

popularuli musikis axali ideebi yvelaze ukeT rokSi ganxorcielda; roki ki, ara imdenad wminda musikaluri movlenaa, ramdenadac fenomeni, romelic cxov­rebis axal stils, axal eTikas, axal azrovnebas gvTavazobs. cxadia, sabWoTa ideologias es yvelaferi ara­ viTar SemTxvevaSi ar awyobda. imitomac axSobdnen `amerikis xmaze~ vilis kanoveris, xolo BBC-ze seva novgorodcevis musikalur gadacemebs. swored amito­ mac sabWoTa axalgazrduli presa (qarTulze lapara­ kic zedmetia) ar anebivrebda yuradRebiT dasavleTis rokvarskvlavebs. sul ramdenime gamoxmaureba, isic iseTi saxelgatexili rubrikebiT, romlebsac `maTi zne-Cveulebani~, `dacemis kultura~, `riT erTobian~ an raRac msgavsi uazroba erqvaT. am ideologiuri wnexis miuxedavad, informacia axal­gazrdobamde mainc aRwevda. xalxma iswavla dax­ Suli radiogadacemebis mosmena, xazebs Soris kiTx­ va; TbilisSi vrceldeboda Canawerebi, Semodioda diskebi, tardeboda aralegaluri rok-koncertebi; xelmisawvdomi xdeboda maSindeli Tavisuflebis sim­ bolo – jinsi. biWebi uSvebdnen Tmebs, ris gamoc mili­ cia devnida; gogonebs Sarvlebis gamo leqciebze ar uSvebdnen.

47 Tbilisi, 1970-ani wlebi

musika aseT fonze xelisufleba xels uwyobda oficialuri popularuli (saestradod monaTluli) musikis ganviTarebas, romelsac rokTan saerTo mxolod instrumen­ tebi Tu hqonda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am musikam saqarTveloSi iseTi maRalpro­ fesiuli Semsruleblebi gaaCina, rogorebic iyvnen ansamblebi `orera~, `dielo~, `iveria~ da `75~, is mainc Zalian Sors idga im fenomenisgan, romelmac dasavleTSi kulturuli gadatrialeba moaxdina. pirvel yovlisa, es ar iyo musika, romelic Taobebs daapirispirebda: mas erT­ nairi warmatebiT usmendnen rogorc mamebi, ise Svilebi da, Tqven warmoidgineT, bebiebic ki; es iyo musika, romelic arafers geubneboda da arc arafers giyveboda; da rac arcTu Zalian umniSvneloa – am musikis TanxlebiT cekva ar SeiZleboda.

ZiriTadad am mizezebis gamo qarTul saestrado musikas ar hqonda araviTari Sansi gamxdariyo axalgazrduli kulturis fenomeni. saqarTvelo aSkarad ganic­ dida namdvili, scenaze Sesrulebuli rokis deficits. cocxal rokTan miaxloebis saukeTeso saSualebas socialisturi qveynebidan Camosuli popjgufebi warmoad­ gendnen, romlebic faqtobrivad rokis parodiad unda migveRo. saqarTvelos axalgazrdebs sWirdebodaT sakuTari gmiri. gmiri sakuTari qveynidan, sakuTari qalaqidan, sakuTari ubnidan, sakuTari wridan. biWi, romelic avtomativiT moimarjvebda gitaras da daupirispirdeboda siyalbes. biWi, rome­ lic maT yvela kompleqss mouxsnida. dRes Znelia Tqma, vin iyo is biWi, romelmac am ormocdaaTiode wlis win saqarT­ veloSi pirvelma daiWira xelSi eleqtrogitara. pretenzias am biWobaze dRes bev­

ansambli `bermuxa~

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back in the ussr

ri acxadebs. am SemTxvevaSi pirovnebas ar aqvs mniSvneloba. ufro mniSvnelovania is didi interesi, rac qarTvelma axalgazrdebma gamoxates rokmusikisadmi. am musikis Semoqmedi iyvnen qarTuli rokis pirveli Taobis warmomadgenlebi: baCi qitiaSvili, valeri koCarovi, miSa fofxaZe, vova mogelaZe, daTo SuSania, mao (Tamaz kapanaZe), ilia zautaSvili, rezo CaCxiani, daTo sulaqveliZe, saSa da gogi gociriZeebi, vova gonCarenko, alik dunaiski, zura yifSiZe, gia eZgveraZe da sxvebi.

SeiZleba maTi maSindeli teqnikuri aRWurviloba, instrumentebi da Sesrulebis done ususurad gamoiyurebodes, magram rom ara es pionerebi, roki saqarTveloSi kidev didxans darCeboda importul produqtad. Cveni rokerebidan yvelaze asako­ vani qarTuli rokis legendad monaTluli baCi qitiaSvilia. is albaT erTaderTia (umniSvnelo gamonaklisebis garda), visac dRemde ar uRalatia Tavisi gitarisTvis. namdvili, eqvssimiani gitara baCim pirvelad 14 wlis asakSi, 1960 wels ima sumakis koncertze naxa. mezobls, bebiamisis patefonis da radio `rekordis~ daxmarebiT moaxerxa Tavisi gitaris `denTan mierTeba~. pirveli basgitara ki gadaxerxili Svidsimiani gitarisgan daamzada. 1962 wels 200 maneTad SeiZina (es im droisaTvis sakmaod mniSvnelovani Tanxa iyo) iugoslaviidan Camotanili gitara. dRes veravin uaryofs im did rols, romelic Seasrula baCis jgufma, legend­ arulma `bermuxam~, qarTuli rokis istoriaSi. `bermuxa~ pirveli seriozuli da

49

musika gabeduli nabiji iyo – roki da Tanac qarTul enaze! magram roki xom yovelTvis ufro meti iyo, vidre musika! Cacmuloba, varcxniloba, cxovrebis stili – yvelaferi gamomwvevi unda yofiliyo.

baCi qitiaSvili

ai, rogor ixsenebs baCi qitiaSvili 60-iani wlebis Suaxanebs: `Cvens garegnobaze Riziande­ bodnen. namdvili jinsebi TbilisSi sul ramdeni­ mes gvecva. vxexavdiT da ise davdiodiT. montinis quCaze iyo hipebis patara jgufi, fexSiSvelebi dadiodnen. bevr winaaRmdegobas vawydebodiT. ubnis rwmunebuli mafrTxilebda, SeiWeri Tma da daanebe Tavi musikas, eg ra kaci saqmeao. pirvelad 1966 wels dagviWira da Tmebi gadagvparsa~.

im dros sakuTari Canaweris gakeTebaze ocnebac gamoricxuli iyo. sazogadoe­ basTan urTierTobis erTaderT gzas naxevrad oficialuri koncertebi warmoad­ genda. `es koncertebi ki ara, brZola iyo, – ixsenebs baCi. – momswre var, Tu rogor iCxrikeboda mTeli darbazi koncertis dros da xSirad Cvenc zed mivuyolebivarT. erTxel zestafonSi milicieli momadga da miTxra: `modi aq, biWo, yvelaferi Seni bralia, Sen agiJeb amaT!~ cxakaiaSi kinaRam milicia da xalxi Seejaxnen. milicias koncertis CaSla undoda. roca mixvdnen, rom ver gaitandnen Tavisas, miTxres: `daukari, oRond koncerti Cumad Caatare~. analogiuri situacia iyo abaSaSi, qobu­ leTSi, baTumSi. TbilisSi es damokidebuleba yvelaze mZafrad iyo gamoxatuli. baCi pirveli iyo, magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom masze axalgazrda Taobas proble­ mebi naklebi hqonda. daTo SuSanias pirveli Sexvedra rokenrolTan 1964 wels mox­ da: cnobilma xelburTelma jemal cercvaZem daTos biZaSvils `bitlzis~ diski For Sale Camoutana. miSa fofxaZis `telefunkeniT~ SabaTobiT `amerikis xmaze~ vilis kanoveris gadacemebs usmendnen. 14 wlis iyo, roca Tanaskolelma goga orjoni­ kiZem basze dakvra SesTavaza. jgufi, romelic `bitlzis~ da `rolingstounzis~ hitebs ukravda, usaxelod arsebobda. daTos skolaSi im dros meore jgufic iyo, romelsac `kontrasti~ erqva. iq ilia zautaSvili pionerul dolze ukravda. orive jgufis wevrebi xSirad ikribebodnen mis binaSi. mere iyo universiteti – fizikose­ bis klubi sardafSi. iq daTo axal jgufSi ukravda daTo sulaqveliZesTan erTad. im periodSi daTos jgufma valeri koCarovis `qold fleimTan~ erTad pirveli koncerti gamarTa eleqtrodepos klubSi. amas mohyva koncerti 31-e qarxnis klub­ Si da liloSi. am koncertebs mTeli Tbilisi eswreboda. 1973 wels Zveli kinostu­ diis darbazSi daigegma rokkoncertis Catareba. imdeni xalxi movida, rom stadi­ ons gaavsebda. plexanovis prospeqti gadaketes. kinostudiis direqtors SeeSinda – daamtvreven yvelaferso. xalxi miliciam gayara. daaxloebiT igive gza ganvlo daTo SuSanias Taobis nebismierma rokmusikosma.

Tamaz kapanaZe, romelsac melomanebi `maos~ metsaxeliT icnobdnen, rokenrols 14 wlis asakSi eziara: misi erT-erTi da suxiSvilebSi cekvavada da `bitlzis~ diski Camoutana. tradiciuli kariera: TviTnakeTi gitara, skolis jgufi, musikaluri

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radiogadacemebi dasavleTidan, politeqnikuris jgufi... sxvebTan SedarebiT bed­ ma gauRima, radgan institutis xelmZRvaneloba sakuTari orkestrisTvis aparatu­ ras socialistur qveynebSi yidulobda. 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi Zalian gaizarda maos jgufis popularoba. amis gamo uSiSroeba gamudmebiT uTvalTvalebda biWebs. mao: `imis gamo, rom sxva mxriv `sufTebi~ viyaviT niWieri biWebi – orkestris wev­ rebi, verafers gvibedavdnen. erTxel institutis partkomSi gamomiZaxes: Tqveni musika burJuaziulia da filarmoniis komisia gadawyvets iarsebebT Tu arao. komi­ siis reaqcia saSineli iyo; ayvirdnen, daxureT, gaauqmeT es jgufio. mxars mxolod gogi cabaZe gviWerda; igi xeliTac ki gaiwia komisiis wevrebze~. im xanebSi TbilisSi ukve arsebobda ramdenime met-naklebad profesiuli rok­ jgufi. maT Soris iyo `kontrasti~. is sxva Tbilisuri jgufebisgan ZiriTadad ori ramiT gamoirCeoda: es iyo ritmenbluzze orientacia da ukompromisoba. jgufs saintereso Semadgenloba hqonda: miSa fofxaZe, malxaz CaxnaSvili, vova mogelaZe da iliko zautaSvili. angloamerikul sim­ RerebTan erTad, qarTul teqstebze Seqm­ nil sakuTar nawarmoebebsac asrulebdnen. `kontrastisTvis~ formasTan erTad didi mniSvneloba hqonda ideologias, amitomac jgufi arasdros wasula kompromisze da ar miuRia monawileoba komkavSirul-filarmo­ niul RonisZiebebSi. amis gamo jgufs scenas jgufi `anarekli~ robi kuxianiZe

51

musika ritmenbluzi – sasimRero-sacekvao Janris musikaluri stili, efuZneba 1930-1940-iani wlebis bluzisa da jazis mimrTulebebs. termini damkvidrda 1940-iani wlebidan da aRniSnavs aSS-is Savkaniani Semsrulebeli musikosebis popularul mimarTulebas, romelsac erwymis sacekvao ritmis elementebi.

miSa fofxaZe da vova mogelaZe

iliko zautaSvili

52

ar aZlevdnen. erTaderTi iyo gaioz kandelaki, romelic baraTa­ Svilis xidis qveS arsebul klubSi aZlevda gamosvlis saSuale­ bas. iqac yofila SemTxveva, roca xelis SeSlis mizniT, uazro braldebiT, aparatura dapatimrebuliao, koncerti CauSliaT. albaT, amitom jgufi male daiSala. jgufis wevrebi sxvadasxva gziT wavidnen: malxaz CaxnaSvilma musika miatova; iliko zau­ taSvili dRes popularuli mxatvaria; miSa fofxaZem ramdenime jgufi gamoicvala, mere filarmoniaSi wavida, bolos ki gaiq­ ca sabWoTa kavSiridan. igi `amerikis xmis~ qarTul redaqciaSi muSaobda luka beTanelis saxeliT. dRes igi isev samSobloSia da sasuliero piria. erTaderTi vova mogelaZe darCa rokSi: 80-ian wlebSi man Seqmna qarTuli rokis istoriaSi yvelaze profesiuli jgufi `bluz mobili~ da masTan erTad warmatebiT moiara dasav­ leTi evropa. ai, rogor ixsenebs 70-iani wlebis dasawyiss iliko zautaSvili: `totaluri nadiroba iyo grZel Tmebze – an daniT aWridnen, an uwvavdnen. erTxel momeparnen uknidan da Tmaze san­ TebeliT momikides cecxli. erTxel sastumroSi wamikides, erT­ xel – quCaSi. mere miliciaSi mivyavdi. es Cawyobili fandi iyo~. im periodSi ukompromisobiT gamoirCeoda qarTuli rokis kidev erTi kolorituli figura, – valeri koCarovi. miuxeda­ vad imisa, rom Zalian popularuli iyo da garSemo uamravi xalxi exvia, valeri faqtobrivad yovelTvis marto iyo – Seqmnida xolme jgufs, mere maleve daSlida. sul ZiebaSi iyo da daukmayo­ fileblobis grZnoba ar asvenebda. misi jgufebidan aRsaniSnavia `kvadrati~, romelic mZime roks asrulebda, bitlomanuri `bli­

back in the ussr

ci~ da Cold Flame. 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi `kvadratis~ TmamoSvebuli wevrebi faqtobrivad Soks gvridnen Tbilisel obivatelebs. saqme iqamdec ki midioda, rom maTi portretebi gamofenili iyo miliciis stendze, warweriT – `eseni arcxvenen Cvens qalaqs~.

70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi `kvadratTan~ megobrobda jgufi, romelSic gamodi­ odnen daTo sulaqveliZe, daTo SuSania, saSa gociriZe da merab merabiSvili. es ori jgufi erTad atarebda koncertebs. daTo sulaqveliZe im dros ase ixsenebs: `li­ los erT-erTi koncertis Semdeg komkavSiris qalaqkomSi dagvibares. mosaxleobis­ gan saCivari miviReT – es ra morfinistebi, planistebi da antifaSistebi iyvneno (es ukanaskneli zedmetad faSists gulisxmobda)~. koncertis Semdeg axalgazrdebi iago dekanoziSvilis (dRes cnobili oqromWede­ lia) barSi ikribebodnen, romelic sardafSi hqonda gaxsnili. es adgili uferuli qalaqisTvis erTgvar oaziss warmoadgenda. saubrobdnen musikaze, xelovnebaze; azrTa gacvla-gamocvliT ivsebdnen informaciul vakuums. rokma am axalgazrdebs msoflmxedveloba Seucvala. isini musikis saSualebiT ifarToebdnen horizonts: swavlobdnen inglisurs, gatacebuli iyvnen aRmosavluri filosofiiT, ecnobod­ nen meoce saukunis moazrovneebs, miTologias da, rac mTavaria, eziarebodnen Ta­ visuflebis suls.

53

musika rusi mwerlisa da publicistis, literaturis dargSi nobelis premiis laureatis aleqsandre solJenicinis mxatvrul-istoriuli nawarmoebi `arqipelagi gulagi~ wlebis manZilze iyo akrZaluli sabWoTa kavSirSi iseve, rogorc solJenicinis mTeli Semoqmedeba. romani efuZneba TviTmxilvelTa werilebs, mogonebebsa da monaTxrobs, aseve Tavad avtoris pirad gamocdilebas da aRwers 1918-1956 wlebis sabWoTa represiul sistemas. a. solJenicinma nawarmoebi dawe­ ra1958-1967 ww-Si, cenzurisagan malulad da gamoaqveyna 1973 wels parizSi. Tavad mwerals1974 wels, rogorc `samSoblos moRalates~, CamoarTves moqalaqeoba da gaaZeves sabWoTa kavSiridan. `perestroikasTan~ erTad Serbilda sabWoTa xelisuflebis damokidebuleba a. solJenicinis mimarT. 1991 wels mas aRudgines ssrk-is moqalaqeoba. igi samSobloSi 1994 wels ojaxTan erTad dabrunda. a. solJenicini gardaicvala 2008 wels, 90 wlis asakSi.

bakur burduli da qiSo glunCaZe

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totalitaruli reJimis dros Tavisufleba ise Sors iyo, rom misken swrafvis gamoxatuleba dRes sasacil­ odac ki gamoiyureba. erTi biWi, magaliTad, fineTSi leninis plakatebs agzavnida da iqidan diskebs iRebda. erTxel miSa fofxaZes da daTo sulaqveliZes cota xniT solJenicinis `gulagi~ CauvardaT xelSi. erT Rames fo­ toebze gadaiRes, meore Rames or egzempliarad dabeWd­ es, mesame Rames waikiTxes da dawves. ai aseTi didi SiSi iyo reJimis mimarT. aseT cxovrebas bevri ver egueboda. amitomac gaiqca miSa fofxaZe. is pirveli rokemigranti iyo saqarTve­lo­ dan. Semdeg mas kidev bevri mihyva, magram maT epoqis Se­ sabamisad es ufro civilizebuli meTodebiT moaxer­xes. ai, aseTi fizikuri, fsiqologiuri da moraluri wne­ xis qveS viTardeboda qarTuli roki 70-ian wlebSi. arc aris gasakviri – sabWoTa kavSirSi gamefebuli totali­ taruli reJimi Sedioda uZraobis saxeliT cnobil axal fazaSi. cnobili Teoretikosi jasperi miiCnevs, rom `axalgazr­ doba, romelic ejaxeba TviTdamkvidrebis problemas da ar iRebs winaparTa faseulobebsa da avtoritets, masob­

back in the ussr

rivi komunikaciis yvela formidan irCevs musikas, rogorc TviTgamoxatvisa da sa­ kuTari Tavis moZebnis gzas~. musikas agreTve adamianTa darazmvisa da gaerTianebis rolic miewereba. cxadia, es yvelaferi Zalian kargad icodnen totaluri SezRudvebisa da sic­ ruis sabWoTa ideologebma, romlebic cdilobdnen maqsimaluri informaciuli vakuumi SeeqmnaT sazogadoebisTvis. dasavleTidan ris vaivaglaxiT Semotanil oriode disks sabWoTa kavSiri sakuTari produqciiT upirispirdeboda. Cveni musikaluri maRaziebi savse iyo gramfirfitebiT, magram an ra iyo zed Cawerili, an rogor iyo Cawerili, an ra ydebi hqonda?! xmis Caweris industriis monopolistis, `melodiis~, gamoSvebuli firfitebis ydebs, damoukideblad musikaluri masali­ sa, amSvenebda feradi rgolisebri spiralebi, gvirilebi an levitanis* sevdiani Semodgomis peizaJebi. rac Seexeba musikas, is Zalian Sors iyo axalgazrduli kul­ turisgan. amis miuxedavad, yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi saqarTvelo gaxda pirveli respub­ lika, sadac gaxurebuli uZraobis periodSi, 1980 wels, Catarda namdvili rok­ festivali. am RonisZiebaze mTeli sabWoeTidan TbilisSi Camovidnen jgufebi, romelTa did nawils sabWoTa ideologia ar aRiarebda da ufro metic – sdevnida. cnobili rokkritikosis, artiom troickis azriT es iyo yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena sabWoTa rokis istoriaSi. festivalze filarmoniul da kulturis saxlis jgufebTan erTad gamodiodnen namdvili andergraundis warmomadgenlebi. festi­ vali iqca sabWoTa araoficialuri rokkulturis kulminaciad – mis Semdeg bevri ram Seicvala. sainteresoa, rom am festivalze iyo peterburguli jguf `akvarium­ is~ yvelaze skandaluri gamosvla. roca jgufis liderma, boris grebenSCikovma, mikrofonis sayrdeniT daiwyo gitaraze dakvra, xolo Semdeg scenaze gawva, Jiu­ * isaak levitani (1860-1900) – XIX saukunis meore naxevris warmoSobiT ebraeli rusi mxatvari, peizaJebis ostati.

Bboris grebenSCikovi

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musika rim mTeli SemadgenlobiT datova filarmoniis darbazi. kulisebSi festivalis aRSfoTebulma organizatorebma scenaze mimdinare movlenebi Seafases, rogorc `homoseqsualizmis gamovlineba~. mSobliur qalaqSi dabrunebuli grebenSCikovi samsaxuridan gaaTavisufles da komkavSiridan garicxes. ruseTSi am festivals dResac sabWoTa vudstoks eZaxian. festivalisadmi in­ teresma cxadyo, rom am musikas CvenTan saintereso momavali unda hqonoda. da marTlac, 80-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi saqarTveloSi wamoizarda rokmusikosebis meo­ re da bevrad TviTmyofadi Taoba. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia qiSo glunCaZe, lado bur­ duli da dada dadiani. amave Taobas ekuTnian irakli Carkviani da robi kuxianiZe, magram maTi warmateba ufro damoukidebel saqarTvelosTan aris dakavSirebuli. meore Taobas ufro momzadebul, `civilizebul~ sazogadoebasTan mouxda da­ pirispireba. Sesabamisad, daixvewa konfrontaciis meTodebi. Seicvala gmiris imi­ ji. wina planze wamoiwia bendenam, gadaparsulma Tavma, sayurem, jaWvebma, tyavebma, metalis nakeTobam. brZola ufro gamZafrda. axalgazrdebs miliciasTan erTad Tanatolebic ebrZodnen. aseTi damokidebuleba bevri musikosisTvis miuRebe­ li aRmoCnda. qiSo, Tavis kinogmiris msgavsad (filmi `laqa~), arsebuli realobis msxverp­li gaxda da amerikas Seafara Tavi. saqarTvelodan inglisSi gadabargda da­ dac. misi sxvadasxva proeqtidan sazogadoeba yvelaze metad gaaRiziana pankjguf­ ma `taqsim~ socialurad aqtiuri teqstebiT. cxovrebis stilis gamo qarTveli rok-musikosebidan yvelaze meti albaT lado burduls `moxvda~. emociuri biWisTvis nebismieri pirobiToba miuRebeli iyo. dawyebuli pirveli urTierTobiT rokkulturasTan (mamidamisis qorwilidan `bitlzis~ Abbey Road moipara) da damTavrebuli dRevandeli dRiT, lados arasd­

kadrebi filmidan `laqa~

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back in the ussr

ros uRalatia alternativisTvis. iyo dro, roca quCaSi misi nebismieri gasvla, gamomwvevi Cacmulobis gamo, incidentiT mTavrdeboda. Sesrulebis eqspresiuli manerisa da yvelasaTvis gasagebi, tkiviliT gajerebuli, qarTulenovani teqstebis gamo bevrma faSistad monaTla. koncertebis Semdeg bevrs uCndeboda misi cemis survili. erTxel viRac `Zveli biWi~ miadga da uTxra, gogosTan erTad var da reebs mRerio. quCaSi xalxi imiT cnobda, JRaruniT rom dadioda: sayureebi, `bulavkebi~, rkinebi, gatexili saaTebi. ramdenjerme daiWires, magram maleve uSvebdnen. erTxel seriozulad daiWires, Seuracxyofa miayenes, magram viRacam icno – es is ar aris, sul ase rom dadiso – da gamouSves. am Taobis musikosebis moRvaweobas sabWoTa ideologiasTan erTad win aRudga 80iani wlebis bolos gamZafrebuli erovnuli moZraoba. erovnuli aRtkineba cxovre­ bis yvela sferoSi nebismier aratradiciul formas ewinaaRmdegeboda. male sabWoTa kavSiric daiSala. rokmusikas formalurad moexsna SezRudvebi da TiTqos aq unda dasmoda wertili qarTul musikalur kontrkulturas. magram ka­ pitalisturma urTierTobebma axali problemebi wamoWra. Tumca es simRera Cvens diskSi ar Sedis... irakli Carkviani da lado burduli

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didi qarTvelebi

mixako wereTeli (1878-1965) nino samsonia `dadgeba dro, rodesac [mixako wereTlis] germanul-frangul-inglisur-italiurenovani naSromebi saqarTvelos daubrundeba da kvlav emsaxureba qarTuli mecnierebis gamTlianebis diad saqmes~. rezo TabukaSvili mixeil (mixako) wereTeli (1878-1965) – didi mecnieri, politikuri moRvawe, saqarT­veloSi sociologiisa da asiriologiis fuZemdebeli. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis erT-erTi pirveli profesor-damfuZnebeli, romelic bedis ukuR­ marTobiT, 1921 wels saqarTvelos aneqsiisTanave, samSoblodan samudamod gadaix­ vewa da samecniero moRvaweoba evropaSi ganagrZo. evropaSi mcxovrebi mixako wereTeli germanul, frangul, italiur da ingli­ sur enebze werda da aqveynebda Tavis msoflio mniSvnelobis samecniero naSromebs, romlebmac saqarTvelos da qarTul mecnierebas gauTqves saxeli. Tavisi cxovre­ biTa da samecniero moRvaweobiT mixako wereTeli mudam iyo saqarTvelos samsa­ xurSi, Tumca aqve unda iTqvas, rom msoflio mecnierebis es saunje mxolod axlaRa ubrundeba saqarTvelos. sabWoTa agenturis mier faSistad monaTluli am udidesi qarTveli mecnieris moRvaweoba akrZaluli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis manZil­ ze. aRsaniSnavia, rom mixako wereTeli iyo gamoCenili qarTveli aRmosavleTmcod­ nis – giorgi wereTlis (1904-1973) biZa (mogvianebiT mixako wereTelma swored mas uanderZa Tavisi asiriologiuri biblioTeka), magram TviT giorgi wereTelmac ver SeZlo mixako wereTlis verc erTi samecniero naSromis gamoqveyneba... miuxedavad yvelafrisa, drom Tavisi moitana da 2010 wels britaneTSi (kembriji) Catarebul msoflio kongresze, romelic `gilgameSis eposs~ eZRvneboda, qarTuli mecnierebis saxeli kvlav mixako wereTelma warmoaCina. 1924 w. konstantinopolSi

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mixako wereTeli

mixako wereTlis (1878-1965) damsaxureba qarTuli da msoflio mecnierebis winaSe gamocemuli m. wereTlis naTargmni `gilgameSiani~, romelmac imTaviTve daimkvidra adgili `gilgameSis eposis~ mTargmnel-gamSifvrelTa msoflios pirvel sameulSi, Tumca saqarTvelosTvis daikarga, kvlav gamoCnda msoflio mecnierebis sarbielze. britanelma mecnierebma TiTqmis saukunis Semdeg daasaxe­ les mixako wereTeli `gilgameSis eposis~ mTargmnel-pionerad. am faqtis Semdeg, aTwleulebis man­ Zilze akrZaluli Targmani, 2010 wels xelaxla gamosca Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis ga­ momcemlobam. `gilgameSiani~ aR­ moCnda pirveli samecniero naS­ romi mixako wereTlisa, romelic saqarTvelos daubrunda, rogorc qarTuli da msoflio mecnierebis saganZuri. mixeil (mixako) giorgis Ze wer­ eTeli daibada 1878 wlis 3 dekem­ bers sofel cxrukveTSi (saCxeris

1919-1921 w.w. – Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis erT-erTi pirveli profesori, asiriologiisa da Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis kaTedris gamge.

1924 w. – konstantinopolSi gamoqveynda `gilgameSis eposis~ mixako wereTlis Targmani.

1921-1943 w.w. – briuselisa da berlinis universi­ tetebis profesori, asiriologiisa da qarTuli enis kaTedris gamge.

1933 w. – mixako wereTeli Sifravs keliSinis asurul-urartuli bilingvas, e.w. `keliSinis ste­ las~, riTac saTaves udebs urartologiis kvlevas msoflioSi da imkvidrebs urartologiis patriar­ qis saxels.

1944-1965 w.w. – miunxenis universitetis profesori, asiriologiisa da qarTuli enis kaTedri gamge.

1963 w – parizSi qveyndeba `vefxistyaosnis~ m. we­re­ T­­­liseuli germanuli Targmani.

2010 w. – britaneTis (kembrijis) Zveli axlo aRmosav­ leTis msoflio kongresze mixako wereTeli dasa­ xelda msoflioSi `gilgameSis eposis~ mTargmnelTa pirvel rigebSi (germanuli (1901), franguli (1907), inglisuri (1917), qarTuli (1924)).

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didi qarTvelebi gilgameSis eposi – asurul-babilonuri (daiwera aqaduri enis Zvelbabilonur dialeqtze, Zv. w. III aTasw. II nax.) literaturis Zegli, dReisaTvis cnobilia, rogorc msoflio mwerlobis pirveli eTikur-filosofiuri xasiaTis eposi da pirveli literaturuli nawarmoebi. mas safuZvlad daedo Zveli Sumeruli Tqmulebebi uruqis I dinastiis (Zv. w. III aTaswleulis dasawyisi, 28-e s.) mefis – gilgameSis Sesaxeb. arsebobs xuTi Sumeruli Tqmuleba gilgameSze, romlebic warmoadgenen uruqis literaturuli tradiciis `gilgame­ Sis cikls~ da romlebsac mecnierebi gilgame­Sis Sumerul simRerebs uwodeben. q. uruqSi aseve arsebobda oTxi Sumeruli eposi, romlebic gilgameSis mama lugalbandasa da papa enmerqarze (Sumeruli lursmuli damwerlobis gamomgonebeli) gadmogvcemda. eposebSi aRwerilia uruqisa da Soreuli araTas qveynis dapirispireba. mecnerebaSi es upirvelesi oTxi eposi cnobilia `Sumer mefeTa eposebis~ saxeliT da ewodeba q. uruqis `araTas cikli~. swored aq iCens Tavs pirvelad kacobriobis literaturis istoriaSi epikuri Janris struqtura. `gilgameSis Sumeruli simRerebi~ da `araTas cikli~ daedo safuZvlad Zv. w. 24-23 saukuneTa mijnaze aqadur enaze daweril `gilgameSis eposs~, romelic Tavisi srulyo­ filebiT utoldeba homerosis poemebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom `gilgameSis eposis~ bolo (asuruli) versia Zv. w. VII saukuneSi gadaiwera da daculi iyo asureTis mefe aSurbanipalis biblioTekaSi. amrigad, `gilgameSis eposis~ saxiT Cvens winaSea eposis 15-16 saukunovani tradicia. kvlevebis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom am eposs erTi avtori hyavda, Tumca ZvelaRmosavluri tradiciiT avtori saxels ar werda da amdenad, misi saxeli arc SemogvrCa. `gilgameSis eposi~ imTaviTve iTargmna ZvelaRmosavlur enebze. arsebobs eposis xeTur da xuritul TargmanTa versiebi, SemorCenili mxo­ lod ramdenime dafaze. aseve arsebobs ramdenime versia aqadur enaze. eposis dedaazria megobroba gilgameSsa da velurobidan civilizebul adamianamde amaRlebul enqidus Soris, rac maT uZlevels xdis borotis damarcxebis gzaze. enqidu bibliuri adamis prototipia, romelic, eposis mixedviT, RmerTebma adamis msgavsad Seqmnes gilgameSis dauokebeli, damangreveli Zalis dasabalanseblad. epikuri megobroba maRali zneobisaken ubiZgebs gilgameSs da bolos enqidu Tavisi sikvdiliT sikvdil-sicocxlis azrze daafiqrebs mas. gilgameSis Semdgomi bedi dakavSirebulia sicocxlisa da ukvdavebis ZiebasTan, rac mas miiyvans uTnafiSTimTan – sayovelTao warRvnas gadarCenil erTaderT kacTan. bolos dabrZenebuli gilgameSi brundeba uruqSi. eposSi CarTulia warRvnis Sumeruli eposi, romelic `aTraxasisis eposiTaa~ cnobili. warRvnis epizodi, romelic warmoadgens `gilgameSis eposis~ XI dafas, sityvasityviT aris gadatanili bibliaSi. uT-nafiSTim, rac aqadurad iSifreba, rogorc `sicocxlis dRegrZeli~, aris bibliuri noes prototipi.

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raioni, imereTi). ganaTleba man evropaSi miiRo da parizis universitetis dasrulebis Semdeg, 1905 wels, saqarTveloSi dabrunda da daiwyo aqtiuri politikuri moRvaweoba. misi erovnuli pozicia gamoixata ilias mkvlelo­ bis dReebSi. 1907 wlis 2 seqtembers `isarSi~ (`batonis~ fsevdonimiT) gamoqveynda weri­ li `kacia-adamiani?!~. 1907 wlis 7 seqtembers ki m. wereTelma TbilisSi warmoTqva sityva, romelmac grigol robaqiZis TqmiT, `Sinaga­ nad SeZra mTeli saqarTvelo~. es sityva man Semdegi sityvebiT daasrula: `vaglax, bedSa­ vo saqarTvelo! Sen ki, didebulo adamiano, iveriis tanjulo Zev, gvapative aq Sekrebil sruliad saqarTvelos, rom swored im adgi­ las mogispo sicocxle Cvenma zneobiT dace­ mam, sadac Sen gulamoskvnili stirodi `bed­ sa qarTlisasa~, gvapative, rom Sens Subl­ s­ tyvia varguneT wilad didebis gvirgvinis magivrad, gvapative, rom Cven sataxto qa­ laqSi triumfis magivrad samgloviaro pro­ cesia gagimarTeT! gvapative - es Seefereba Sens didsulovnebas! iq, zeviT, poetTa mier Semkul, mdumare mTawmindazed ganisvenebT, Cvens mxcovan, tanjul istoriul dedaqalaq Tbiliss rom batonobs idummalad! magram vaglax Cven, rom `iqidan veRar gadmoxedav Sens samSoblo mxaresa da tkbili WikWikiTa veRar daatkbob miss aremares~, veRar ixilav momavalSi Sens iversa, `feniqsebr ganaxle­ bulsa~, Tu momavalma es bedi kidev gvarguna, magram awmyoSi mainc bednieri iqnebi – veRar ixilav agreTve im siwiTles sircxvilisa, ro­ melic aw dacemulma iverma Wama Seni wamebiTa da romlis Cirqsac igi didxans ver moibans~.

1910 wlidan iwyeba axali etapi m. wereTlis cxovrebaSi. 30 wels gadacilebuli, igi poli­ tikur moRvaweobasTan erTad mecnierul muSaobasac hkidebs xels, raSic biZgi eqvTime TayaiSvilma misca. igi kvlav evropisaken mie­ Sureba – amjerad mecnieruli codnis misaRe­ bad Cadis londonSi da iwyebs asiriologiis Seswavlas. swavlas igi haidelbergis univer­ sitetSi asrulebs.

mixako wereTeli

amave periodSi mixako wereTeli politikur moRvaweo­ basac eweva. igi wevria saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetisa, romelic 1914 wels Camoyalibda osmaleTSi (TurqeTSi). pirveli msoflio omiT Seqmnili viTareba m. wereTels surs saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis ga­ moiyenos. am organizaciis wevrebi awarmoeben molapar­ akebas rogorc germaniis, ise TurqeTis mTavrobasaTan. m. wereTeli am gziT orjer Camodis saqarTveloSi wyalqveSa naviT. `wyalqveSa naviT saidumlod Camosvla saqarTvelo­ Si, erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis monawile­ TaTvis iaraRis Camotana aris misi biografiaSi saocari faqtebi, – wers valerian gamyreliZe Tavis mogonebebSi, – foTis zemoT sanapiros moadga germanelTa wyalqveSa navi, romelmac germaniaSi moqmedi `saqarTvelos ganTa­ visuflebis komitetis~ Tavmjdomare mixako wereTeli da wevri surgulaZe (mgoni, petre) Camoiyvana germaniidan.

axalgazrda mixeil (mixako) wereTeli

mixeil wereTeli da mixeil kedia, foto aRebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnuli biblioTekis cifruli biblioTeka `iverielis~ fotoarqividan.

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istoria didi qarTvelebi `gilgameSis eposi~ gavrcelebuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTSi rogorc aqaduri enis dialeqtebze, aseve xeTur da xuritul enebze. eposis srulyo­ fil versias ki asureTis mefe aSurbanipalis nineviis biblioTekaSi daculi asuruli versia warmoadgens (Zv.w. VII s). `gilgameSis eposi~ Zv.w.

VI saukuneSi daikarga, rodesac asureTis da babi­ lo­nis samefoebi aqemenidurma iranma gaanadgura da q. nineviis biblioTeka daiwva. eposis gamoZaxilma TiTqmis axali welTaRricxvis mijnamde moaRwia da kvlav aRmoCnda ukve me-19 saukuneSi, 1872 wels. dRemde SemorCenilia eposis 12 dafa, Tumca XII dafa damatebuli unda iyos gadamweris mier da warmoadgens erT-erT simReras `gilgameSis Sumeruli simRerebidan~, sadac gilgameSs saiqiodan amosuli enqidu qvesknelis ambebs acnobs. `gilgameSis eposis~ XI dafa (warRvnis epizodi) 1872 wels aRmoCnda britaneTis muzeumis lursmnuli damwerlobis Zeglebis koleqciaSi, xolo XIX saukunis bolosTvis ukve aRmoCenili iyo eposis sruli varianti. eposis pirveli Targmani Seasrula p. iensenma germanul enaze 1902 wels. 1907 w. frangulad Targmna e. dormim.

1917 wels – inglisurad s. lengdonma. 1924 wels qarTulad – m. wereTelma (Targmani Sesrulebulia 1913-1916 w.w., gamoqveynda 1924 w.). `gilgameSis eposi~ TiTqmis yvela evropul enaze iTargmna me-20 saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebidan. rusulad Targmna 1963 wels i. diakonovma. rusulad manamde arsebobda gumiliovis Targmani, Sesrulebuli iyo dormis franguli Targmanidan. eposi naTargmnia zogierT aRmosavlur enazec. aRsaniS­navia, rom `gilgameSis eposi~ xelmeored Targmna zurab kiknaZem 1963 wels.

mixako wereTlis mier germanul enaze Targmnili `vefxis tyaosani~, gamocemuli parizSi 1975 wels, 2013 wlis reprinti.

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navma Semozida agreTve 2 600 germanuli sam­ xedro Tofi da 500 pistoleti (`mauzeri~).

CamosulTa miReba da iaraRis Semotana da gadazidva saWiro adgilebSi ganaxorcie­ la `saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis komite­ tis~ rwmunebulma dasavleT saqarTveloSi samson ioTamis Ze gamyreliZem (Cvenma mamam), rome­ lic senakis momrigebel mosamarTled muSaobda. mas exmarebodnen axal-senakis mkvidri axalgazrdebi~. amave periodSi germaniis mTavrobas SeuTavazebia qarTvelebisaTvis wasuliyvnen lozanaSi `erTa kavSiris~ mesame kongresze dasaswrebad. 1916 wels am kongresze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina m. wereTlis war­ moTqmulma sityvam, romelSic dasabuTebu­ li iyo ruseTis danaSaulebani saqarTvelos mimarT vaxtang meeqvsidan moyolebuli. am sity­vam Turme rus damswreebsac Caagdebina ena.

1918 wels mixako wereTeli iyo saqarTve­ los diplomatiuri delegaciis wevri ber­ linSi. 1919 wels ki elCad iyo skandinaviis qveynebSi. 1920 wels m. wereTeli iv. javaxiS­ vilis mowveviT ikavebs asiriologiisa da Zve­ li aRmosavleTis istoriis kaTedras axlad daarsebul Tbilisis universitetSi. mas 1920 wlis maisSi profesorad irCeven, magram 1921 wels ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsia mas aiZulebs datovos samSoblo. m. wereTeli 1933 wlidan 1942 wlamde ber­ linis universitetSi moRvaweobs qarTu­ li enisa da mwerlobis kaTedraze. meore msoflio omis dros, megobrebis TxovniT, m. wereTeli kisrulobs germaniaSi qarTuli erovnuli komitetis Tavmjdomareobas, sa­ dac Sediodnen agreTve zurab avaliSvili da spiridon kedia. komiteti Rirseulad da ukompromisod icavs saqarTvelos Svilebs, magram mizans mainc ver aRwevs. amitomac mixeili Slis komitets da Tavis TanamSrom­ lebTan erTad wyvets yovelgvar kavSirs ger­

mixako wereTeli

maniis xelisuflebasTan. omis dam­ Tavrebis Semdeg mixako wereTeli miunxenSi gadadis, sadac sicocx­ lis bolomde rCeba da miunxenis universitetSi agrZelebs samecnie­ ro moRvaweobas. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 1924 wels konstantinopolSi (dRevan­ deli stamboli) ibeWdeba mixeil wereTlis naTargmni `gilgameSi­ ani~. es Zv. w. III aTaswleulis babi­ lonuri eposi, romelic kacobri­ obis pirvel eposad aris miCneuli, mixako wereTlisTvis organuli nawili iyo `vefxistyaosnisa~ (amas mecnieri da mTargmneli Tavadve aRniSnavda). Targmani `gilgameSi­ anisa~, romelic mixako wereTel­ ma britaneTis muzeumSi dacul lursmuli firfitebidan Seasru­ la, sxva evropel mTargmnelTa­ gan gansxvavebiT, gajerebuli iyo `vefxistyaosnis~ – didi eposis (anu `gilgameSis~) aseve didi memk­ vidreobis (anu `vefxistyaosnis~) codniT. `vefxistyaosans~ ki mixako wereTeli siyrmidanve swavlobda. mixako wereTelma mTeli cxovre­ ba Sealia `vefxistyaosnis~ kvlevas – dawminda, Seavso da daadgina po­ emis teqsti da Tavisive damuSave­ buli qarTuli teqsti germanul enaze gadaTargmna. es Targmani pir­ velad 1963 wels gamoqveynda pariz­ Si, nino salias redaqciiT. mixako wereTlis ocneba, rom gamocemuli­ yo misi naSromebi `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb, nawilobriv axda: `imedi maqvs sicocxleSi vixilo `Cemi~ `vefxis-tyaosani~, dabeWdili misi germanuli TargmaniT. es iqneba ZRve­ni didi qarTveli geniosisad­ mi saiubileod, miZRvnili im qarT­

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didi qarTvelebi asiriologia – mecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis im ZvelaRmosavlur enebsa da civi­ lizaciebs, romlebic lursmul (silabur) damwerlobas iyenebdnen. asiriologia farTo gagebiT Seiswavlis Sumeris, babilonis, asureTis, xuri-miTanis, xeTebis, urartus, Zveli iranis enebsa da civilizaciebs. viwro gagebiT Seiswavlis mxolod Suamdinarul civilizaciebs – Sumers, babilonsa da asuruTs. dargi daibada 1856 wels evropaSi, rodesac miiCnies, rom gaSifruli iyo lursmuli damwerloba. dRemde arsebobs mxolod msoflios elitarul universitetebSi postsabWoTa sivrceSi – mxolod peterburgisa da Tbilisis universitetebSi. asiriologia Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi erT-erTi pirveli dargi iyo – ivane javaxiSvilma mixako wereTelTan erTad 1919 w. axladSeqmnil universitetSi daaarsa `asiriologiisa da Zveli aRmosavleTis istoriis~ kaTedra.

velisagan, romlis saxlSi `vefxis-tyaosani~ qalma da kacma zepirad icoda da romelmac jer wera-kiTxvac ar icoda kargad, magram `vefxis-tyaosnis~ Tavebs ki zepirad etyo­ da stumrebs maT Sesaqcevad, ZRveni `vefx­ is-tyaosnis~ ara specialistisa, xolo siyr­ miTgan moxucebamde nazardi siyvarulisa am ukvdavi qmnilebisaTvis~, – wers igi Tavis naSromSi `mcire ram vefxistyaosnis Sesaxeb~.

1975 wels parizSi xelmeored gamoica mix­ ako wereTlis `vefxistyaosnis~ germanuli Targmani – amjerad srulyofili komentare­ biT, romlis reprinti 2013 wels gamosca Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemlobam.

2014 wlis bolosTvis igegmeba `vefxistyaos­ nis~ m. wereTliseuli germanuli Targmanis fundamenturi gamocema, romelsac darTuli eqneba mis mierve dadgenili `vefxistyaosnis~ qarTuli versia. mixako wereTels ekuTvnis `sibrZne-sicruisas~ Targmani germanul da frangul enebze, romelic jerjerobiT saqarTvelosTvis ucnobia. miuxedavad mniSvnelovani mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobisa, mixako wereTelma msoflio mecnierebaSi saxeli Tavisi urartologiuri kvlevebiT daimkvidra.

1928 wels haidelbergis mecnierebaTa akademiam gamoaqveyna mixako wereTlis pirveli urartologiuri naSromi saxelwodebiT: `urartus mefis sarduris axali xalduri warweris Sesaxeb. xalduri enis gaSifvris cda~. naSromis SesavalSi mkv­ levari mokrZalebiT aRniSnavs, rom `am xalduri teqstis Targma­ ni aris mxolod cda~ urartuli enis (maSin am enas xaldurad moix­ seniebdnen) sityvebisa da gramati­ kuli formebis zusti mniSvnelo­ bebis amocnobisao. mis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom es amocana man pirvelsave cdaze brwyinvaled SeZlo. mixako wereTlis kvleva-Zieba­ Si umniSvnelovanesi iyo is gare­ moeba, rom pirvelad mxolod maSin dadginda, rom sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT urartuli ena, qarT­veluri enebis msgavsad, er­ gatiuli konstruqciis enaTa

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rulsmuri damwerlobis nimuSi

mixako wereTeli

rigs ganekuTvneboda*. mogvianebiT isic gairkva, rom am tipisaa zogierTi sxva Zve­ laRmosavluri enac – Sumeruli, elamuri da urartulis monaTesave xuritulic.

1933 wels parizSi msoflioSi cnobil JurnalSi `Revue d'Assyriologie~ (gamodis parizSi 1884 wlidan da erTaderTi qarTve­ li mecnieri, romelic odesme am JurnalSi dabeWdila, gaxlavT mixako wereTeli) ga­ moqveynda mixako wereTlis msoflio mniS­ vnelobis naSromi `keliSinis stela~. es gaxlavT Zv.w. IX saukunis asurul-urartu­ li lursmuli teqsti, romelic mixako wer­ eTelma gaSifra. isic unda iTqvas, rom manam­ de am stelis gaSifvraze araerTi evropeli mecnieri muSaobda. mixako wereTli­ seuli midgoma urartuli teqstisadmi gasaRebi aRmoCnda urartologiis mkvlevarTaTvis. `keliSinis bilingvis~ teqstis wakiTxvis principiT man daadgina urartuli enis gramatikis manamde bundovani sakiTxebi. amave principiT 1933-1959 ww.-Si mixako wereTelma srulyofilad gaSifra da lursmuli teqstebiT, transliteraciiTa da TargmaniT gamoaqveyna urartul teqstTa korpusi. msoflio mecniereba mixako wereTels urartologiis patriarqad miiCnevs. xmamaRali gancxadeba ar iqneba, Tu mis wvlils urartologiaSi fransua Sampolionisas SevadarebT egviptologiaSi, romelmac yvelasTvis kargad cnobili rozetis qvis gaSifvriT safuZveli Cauyara egviptologiis kvlevas msoflioSi. mixako wereTlis miRwevebi urartologiaSi gansakuTrebiT mtkivneuli aRmoCn­ da sabWoTa xelisuflebisTvis. ramdenadac urartuli da asuruli lursmuli teqstebi saqarTvelos istoriis uZveles werilobiT wyaroebs warmoadgenen, im werilobiT wyaroebs, saidanac saTaves iRebs Cveni qveynis uZvelesi istoria. Se­ sabamisad, am uZveles, ZvelaRmosavlur werilobiT wyaroebSi ganisazRvreba ro­ gorc qarTveluri tomobrivi gaerTianebebis, aseve kavkasiis sxva eTnosTa teri­ toriuli da eTnikuri sakiTxebi. Sesabamisad, mixako wereTlis, rogorc msoflio masStabis urartologis, devnam kidev ufro mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. sabWoTa xeli­ suflebis mxridan mis winaaRmdeg brZola grZeldeboda yvelanairi meTodiT. mi­ zani ki erTi iyo – mixako wereTels msoflio mniSvnelobis samecniero naSromebs qarTul mecnierebaSi ar unda SemoeRwia. Sesabamisad, mTeli aqcenti mis politi­ kur moRvaweobaze iyo gadatanili. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos istoriaSi am mxrivac gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia mixako wereTels. am udidesma mecnierma mTeli cxovreba saqarTvelosTvis brZolas Sealia. mixako wereTelma samSoblos * ergatiuli konstruqciis ena ewodeba iseT enebs, sadac qvemdebares aqvs moTxrobiTi brunva, anu laTinurad e.w. ergative.

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didi qarTvelebi siyvaruls Seswira mTeli cxovreba, aseve erTaderTi Svili, rome­ lic Tan gahyva emigraciaSi da 1945 wels II msoflio omSi daeRupa.* mixako wereTelma darCenili cxovreba samSoblodan Sors, srul martoobaSi gaatara. emigraciaSi myofi m. wereTlis mZime sulieri mdgomareobis ga­ moxatulebaa misi werilebi, sadac usazRvro sevda ikiTxeba. erT-erT werilSi igi Tavis Zmiswuls, babo wereTels swers: `momwere, Tu mosaxerxebelia SenTvis: cxrukveTSi Cveni qoxi isev sdgas Tu ara da vis ekuTvnis? iq rom kaklis xeebi iyo, ori didi, isev dganan Tu gaxmen da moWres? mixako, 24.II. 1960.~ aseve SemorCenilia m. wereTlis baraTebi meuRlisadmi – mariam vaxvaxiSvilisadmi. igi didis mwuxarebiT amcnobs mas maTi erTader­ mixako wereTeli meuRlesTan, mariam Ti Svilis, oTaris, omSi daRupvis ambavs: `1944 wels oTari gaiwvies vaxvaxiSvilTan erTad jarSi, cota xnis Semdeg unda Camosuliyo da jvari daewera. magram misi nawilebi moxvdnen brZolebSi da pirvel marts, 1945 wels, es nawilebi sruliad daiRupa. jvardauwerelma misma colma Sva qali, romelsac Seni saxeli davarqviT, magram is dedis gvarze Caweres da mec wamerTva yoveli ufleba Cems SvilisSvilzed, ase, maro wereTeli jer iyo vindi (dedis gvariT) da mere gaxda regenfus-ad (maminacvlis gvariT). qarTuli man ar icis, me kviraSi erTxel vxedav, ise ki icis, vin aris da sadauri... Seni mixako. 1959 weli, 25 maisi, miunxeni~. am tragikuli faqtis Sesaxeb mixako wereTeli wers babo wereTelsac: `mixede xolme xandaxan Cems sacodav dedabers – bicolaSens maros. aRaravin darCenia sxva im ubedurs am qveyanazed. mgoni, kacis mkvleloba Cavidine, rom Sevatyobine misi ubedureba. ra unda meqna? megona masac unda daetirebina misi Svili, rodemde unda meTqva tyuili? Seni ubeduri biZia mixako~. am dros m. wereTeli Sefarebuli iyo hazelbekebis ojaxSi, romelTac igi didi madlierebiTa da siyvaruliT ixseniebs Tavis werilebSi. mas eZleva patara pensia, romelic, rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, hyofnis.

1965 wlis 2 marts mixako wereTeli gardaicvala miunxenis erT-erT klinikaSi. kalistrate salias werili, miwerili mixako wereTlis meuRlis, mariam vaxvaxi­ SvilsaTvis: `krematoriumSi didZali sazogadoeba movida. gamoTxoveba lamazad moxda. xelmZRvanelobda Cemi megobari niko nakaSiZe. anderZis mixedviT sityvebi ar iyo, mxolod nikom mokle biografia gaacno damswreT gansvenebulisa. samZimari miviReT oTxma: mixakos SviliSvilma, nikom [nakaSiZe] , aleqsandre nikuraZem da me. ferfli droebiT miunxenSi darCeba. ori wlis winaT mixakom iTxova misi ferflis saqarTveloSi gadagzavna. Tu mandedan nebarTva miviReT, Cven SevasrulebT mixakos Txovnas~. niko nakaSiZis werili babo wereTels, daTariRebuli 1965 wlis 3 martiT: `RamiT,

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* oberleitenanti oTar wereTeli dasavleTis frontze erT-erTi brZolis dros tankSi daiwva.

mixako wereTeli

pirvel marts, gardaicvala Tqveni biZa mixe­ il (mixako) wereTeli. dasaflaveba – SabaTs, 6 marts, dilis 11 saaTze miunxenSi. Tanaxmad gansvenebulis anderZisa, mas daswvaven. saneSte urna (spilenZis) Semdeg gadatanil iqneba parizSi qarTvelTa sasaflaoze da iq mibarebuli. gansvenebulis survili iyo misi neSti mibareboda mSobliur miwas mis sayvarel cxrukveTSi. urnis gadatana saqarTveloSi ar iqneba Zneli saqme. parizSi xSirad Camodian maqedgan mecnierebi Tu turistebi. niko nakaSiZe, Tavmjdomare qarTuli saTvis­ tomosi germaniis federaciul respublikaSi~. mixako wereTlis anderZis Tanaxmad, misi arqivi nino da kalistrate saliebs gadaeca, xolo samecniero naSromebi dakarguli aR­ moCnda saqarTvelosTvis.

Tixis dafa `gilgameSis~ teqstiT

amrigad, mixako wereTeli iyo erT-erTi udidesi qarTveli mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe, romelic mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze emsaxureboda qarTul saqmes. is werda germanul, frangul, inglisur, italiur da qarTul enebze da Tavis naS­ romebs evropaSi aqveynebda. is acnobda mTel msoflios qarTveli eris istorias, mis enas, mis mniSvnelobas. komunisturi warsulis damsaxurebiT mixako wereTlis saxeli da moRvaweoba wlebis manZilze iyo dafaruli saqarTvelosTvis da mxolod am bolo dros gaxda SesaZlebeli, rom es saunje nel-nela daubrundes saqarTve­ los da emsaxuros qarTuli mecnierebis did saqmes.

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qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT giorgi lobJaniZe qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi uxsovari droidan iwyeba. rogorc Cans, jer kidev qarTvelur tomebs hqondaT intensiuri kavSirebi iranul tomebTan da es kavSirebi upirvelesad Cveni enis siRr­ meebSi aisaxa. aseulobiT sityvaa Semosuli qarTulSi sparsulidan da zogi maTgani ise Zveli nasesxobaa, rom dRes adamians azradac ar mosdis, rom es sityvebi odesRac qarTuli enis organuli nawili ar yofila. es nasesxobani sparsuli enis ganviTarebis samive donezea dadasturebuli da gvaqvs rogorc Zveli, ise saSualo da axali sparsulidan Semosuli da damkvidrebuli leqsika.

mzia andronikaSvili (1920-2006) – aRmosavleTmcodne, qarTul iranuli enobrivi urTierTobebis mkvlevari.

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akademikos mzia andronikaSvilis fundamenturi, or did tomad dastambuli gamokvleva swored am sakiTxs Seexeba da aTasze met saleqsikono erTeuls moicavs. iranuli leqsikis qarTulSi damkvidrebuli erTeulebis asaxvis garda mecnieri Seecada gaerkvia am nasesxobaTa qarTulSi Semosvlis gzebi da fonetikuri adaptaciis sakiTxebi. naSromidan gavigebT, rom Cveni yoveldRiuri metyvelebisaTvis iseTi organuli da bunebrivi sityvebi, rogoricaa: quCa, qarxa­na, fanjara, farda, xeivani, baRi, daRi, aqandazi, fiandazi, xali­Ca, noxi, qoxi, magram, albaT, burji, xurjini, Wa, spa, laSqari da bevri da kidev bevrze bevri qarTuli sityva CvenSi swored ara

qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

mxolod sparsuli, aramed, saerTod, iranuli enebidan da dialeq­ tebidan Semovida. praqtikulad dadasturebulia nasesxobis yvela saxeoba, rogorc zepiri, aseve werilobiTi gziT. leqsikuri nasesxobebis aseTi siuxve TavisTavad metyvelebs qarT­ul-iranuli samyaros intensiur politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul urTierTobebze mTeli Cveni istoriis manZilze. sagulisxmoa, rom swored sparselebTan ideologiuri da politikuri brZolis aspeqtebs Seexeba qarTuli literaturis Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli Zegli – iakob curtavelis `SuSanikis wameba“. mexuTe saukuneSi Seqmnili am nawarmoebis avtoria curtavis episkoposi iakobi, romelic wignSi aRwerili ambebis uSualo Semswre da monawilec yofila. am periodisaTvis qvemo qarTls ganagebs pitiaxSi, romelic damoukidebeli mTavari Cans, magram Tu misi iranuli warmoSobis tituliT (pitiaxSi) vimsjelebT, is didad unda iyos daaxloebuli sasanuri iranis samefo karTan, romelsac, rogorc Cans, gadawyvetili aqvs am mxaris saqarTvelosagan saboloo Camo-

sparsuli indoevropuli enaa da is Sedis iranul enaTa ojaxSi. iranul enaTa ojaxi, sakuTriv sparsulis garda, aerTianebs: avRanur, tajikur, qurTul, osur enebsa da, aseve, Zvel da saSualo sparsulsac.

siauSi – XVI saukunis qarTveli mxatvar-mini­ aturisti. moRvaweobda iranSi, Sah-Tamazis karze. Cvenamde moaRwia misma orma miniatiu­ ram. pirvelze Savardenia gamosaxuli (arSiaze sparsuli warweraa — „siauSis xeloba“, ina­ xeba leningradis m. saltikov-SCedrinis saxelobis sajaro biblioTekaSi), meore nadirobis scenas gamosaxavs (daculia parizis erovnul biblioTekaSi).

siauSi, nadirobis scena

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kultura mazdeanoba (anu cecxlTayvanismcemloba) Zveli iranuli religiaa, romelic aseve cnobilia, rogor zoroastrizmi. zoroastrizmi modis am religiis mqadageblis saxelis – zardoSTis, anu zaraTuSTras elinizebuli formisagan. platonis mixedviT, is cxovrobda Zveli welTaRricxvis 64-e saukuneSi. zoroastrizmis mTavari RvTaebaa ahuramazda, amitom am religias mazdeanobasac an mazdeizmsac uwodeben. aRniSnuli religiis ganviTarebaSi mkvlevrebi ramdenime mniSvnelovan etaps gamoyofen. zoroastrizmis yvelaze aRiarebuli mkvlevris, germaneli mecnieris, ceneris TvalsazrisiT, `avesturi mazdeanizmi“ aris zoroastruli religiis is etapi, roca erT kanonikur krebulad yalibdeba da mimoqcevaSi Semodis am religiis umTavresi wigni – `avesta“. zoroastrizmi werilobiT dadasturebul (anu sakuTari wminda werilis mqone) pirvel monoTeistur religiad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, Tumca is dualisturi bunebisaa.

aqemenianebi (sparsulad: haxameneSian) – daaxloebiT 2500 wlis winaT dRevandeli iranis teritoriaze warmoSobili Zlevamosili imperiis damaarsebeli samefo dinastia, romelmac gaaerTiana sparsuli modgmis tomebi da safuZveli Cauyara maT batonobas mTel wina aziaSi. dinastiis faqtobriv fuZemdeblad miCneulia kiros (spars. quruS) II didi (Zv. w. aR-is. 558-530), romelmac daipyro midia, lidia, mcire aziis berZnuli polisebi, Sua aziis mniSvnelovani nawili, babiloni da asureTis yvela provincia. misma Zem qambizma ki daipyro egvipte. qambizis sikvdilis Semdgom imperia daSlis saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCnda, magram darios (spars. dariuS) I-is mier ganxorcielebuli efeqtiani reformebis Sedegad moxerxda rRvevis SeCereba. Zveli welTaRricxvis 330 wels iranis imperia aleqsandre makedonelma daipyro da aqemenianTa dinastiis arsebobac Sewyda.

sasanianebi (sparsulad: sasanian) – samefo dinastia iranSi (226-651), warmoSobiT farsis provinciidan. dinastiis fuZemdeblad miCneulia sasani, romelic farsis samefo sagvareulos ekuTvnoda. dinastias bolo mouRo arabTa mier iranis dapyrobam.

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cileba. maTi ideologiis mTavar iaraRad ki sparselTa erovnuli religia – mazdeizmi gvevlineba, romelsac qarTvelTa mxridan qristianobis, marTlamdidebluri sjulis, ukve kargad organizebuli struqtura upirispirdeba. `SuSanikis wamebaSi“ mkafiod ar Cans, magram igrZ­noba, rom qarTuli saxelmwifo da eklesia erToblivi ZalebiT cdiloben gareSe dampyroblis, anu sparseTis poziciaTa dasustebas da sabolood qveynidan gaZevebas, sparselebi ki – qveynis regionebis gamgebelTa da, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelos ganapira mxareebis mmarTvelTa gadabirebas. am mmarTvelTa mxridan ki qristianobis daTmoba da mazdeanur sjulze moqceva swored iranuli mxaris maT upirobo qveSevrdomobas miuTiTebs. sxvaTa Soris, qarTul warmarTobazec sruliad aSkarad Cans iranuli religiebisa da saerTod iranuli religiuri cnobierebis gavlenis kvali. mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili armazis kerpisa da misi saxelis `ormozdTan“, anu avesturi mazdeanobis uzena­ esi RvTaeba ahuramazdasTan identificireba savsebiT Tavisuflad SeiZleba. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili swored mazdeanobisa Tu cecxlTayvanismcemlobis naSTebad miiCnevs qarTuli warmarTobis droidan darCenil da qristianobaSi transformirebul `Wiakokonobis“ tradicias. amave periodSi unda iyos damkvidrebuli sityva `eSma“ an `eSmaki“, iseve, rogorc mazdeanobis sxva terminebi: taZari, kerpi, zvaraki, marTali, warmarTi, droSa, anderZi, dasturi da sxva. sagulisxmoa, rom aqemenianTa epoqaSi sasanianTa gamefebamde, anu Zv. w. VI saukunidan ax. w. III saukunemde mazdeanoba saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, iranTan mSvidobiani urTierTobis gziT vrceldeboda. imasac varaudoben, rom erTxans, roca, `qarTlis cxovrebis“ cnobiT, saqarTvelos samefo taxtze arSakianTa erT-erTi dinastiis warmomadgenlebi gamefdnen, zoroastrizmi, SesaZloa, saxelmwifo religiadac ki yofiliyo gamocxadebuli. sasanianTa dinastiis aRzevebas iranSi (ax. w. III-VII

qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

ss.) mohyva iranis mcdeloba, Tavisi saxelmwifo religia aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ZalmomreobiT gaevrcelebina da amiT sakuTari politikuri batonobis ideologiuri dasayrdeni Seeqmna. `SuSanikis wamebis“ garda, ramdenime qarTul werilobiT ZeglSi (magaliTad, `evstaTi mcxeTelis martviloba“, leonti mrovelisa da juanSeris cnobebi) Cans kargad, Tu rogor upirispirdeba qarTveloba mazdeanobis ZaliT gavrcelebas. winaaRmdegobebis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da zogan sofladac arsebobda zoroastrizmis mimdevari mosaxleoba. magaliTad, mematianis cnobiT, vaxtang gorgaslis zeobisas (daaxl. V saukunis 40-iani wlebi) sofel niqozSi aRmarTuli iyo `sagebeli cecxlisai~ – cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZari, anu `aTeSgahi“.

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sainteresoa, rom saqarTveloSi mazdeanobis erTgvari `gamococxleba“ ukav­ Sirdeba im dros, roca TviT iranSi es religia devnil religiad iqca, radgan arabebma sasanianTa imperiis damxobis Semdgom islami iq cecxliTa da maxviliT gaavrceles da, rogorc Cans, devnili cecxlTayvanismcemlebis nawili saqarTvelosac Seexizna.

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qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

ispaanis axlos mdebareobs mTiani regioni, fereidani (sparsulad fereidnuSahri), sadac XVII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, 1714-1717 wlebSi, sparseTis Zlevamosilma Sah-abas I-ma kaxeTidan ayrili aTasobiT qarTveli glexi Caasaxla. am gadasaxlebulTa STamomavlebi dRemde cxovroben iranSi, ZiriTadad, kompaqturad fereidunSahrsa, mazandaransa da qveynis sxva regionebSi. fereidnelma qarTvelebma dRemde Semoinaxes saqarTvelos siyvaruli da qarTuli ena _ isini dRes qarTuli enis fereidnul kiloze laparakoben. fereidnul kiloSi SerCenilia meCvidmete saukunis qarTulis bevri mniSvnelovani plasti, Tumca uxvad gvxvdeba sparsulidan Sesuli leqsikac. dReisaTvis iranSi daaxloebiT 12-14 aTasi fereidneli qarTeli cxovrobs, isini Tanamedrove iranis srulfasovani moqalaqeebi arian da bevr maTgans didi wvlili Seaqvs qveynis ganviTarebaSi. fereidneli qarTvelebisTvis didi xnis manZilze iyo saocnebo saqarTvelos monaxuleba. komunistur saqarTveloSi mxolod ramdenime fereidneli qarTvelis ojaxs mieca saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis SesaZlebloba, dRes ki viTareba Secvlilia, iranSi xSirad Cadian qarTvelebi, fereidnel Zmebsac xSirad stumroben, Tavad fereidneli qarTvelebic ukve survilisamebr mogzauroben istoriul dedasamSobloSi da bevri maTgani Tavs qarTuli sazogadoebis srulfasovan wevradac aRiqvams.

savaraudod, am zoroastrelTa STamomavlebi mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxlobdnen TbilisSi, rasac mowmobs saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi dRemde SemorCenili `aTeSgas“, anu cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZris nangrevebi. islamis gavrcelebis Semdeg viTareba Zireulad icvleba rogorc iranSi, ise kav­ kasiaSi. formalurad orive es geografiuli areali arabTa saxalifos SemadgenlobaSia da erTi saxelmwifos sxvadasxva nawils warmoadgens.

IX saukunidan axali ZaliT iwyeba iransa da saqarTvelos Soris kulturuli urTi­erToba da TiTqmis mTel Sua saukuneebs gasdevs qarTul literaturaze iranuli mwignobrobisa da literaturis kvali. zogi mkvlevari swored am zegavlenas ukavSirebs saerTod qarTuli saero mwerlobis warmoSobas. SesaZloa, amgvari Sefaseba gadaWarbebuli iyos, Tumca sruliad aSkaraa qarTvelebis didi gataceba sparsuli literaturiT, rasac am Zeglebis qarTuli Targmanebi da, ufro metic,

aTeSga TbilisSi

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`visramianis~ qarTuli Targmanis sizuste da originalis zedmiwevniTi erTguleba, sxva literaturul RirsebebTan erTad, gansacvifrebelia. qarTveli mTargmneli ise zustad mihyveba sparsul teqsts, rom qarTuli `visramiani“ sparsuli `vis o raminis“ teqstualuri kvlevisas erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod iqna aRiarebuli.

Zeglis ena da sparsul originalTan Sesatyvisoba siRrmiseulad Seiswavles XX saukunis meore naxevarSi gamoCenilma qarTvelma iranistebma aleqsandre gvaxariam da magali Toduam.

qarTul enaze arsebobs `Sahnames“ rogorc poeturi, ise prozauli versiebi. leqsiTi versiebia: 1. `rostomiani“, romelSic ambavi gadmocemulia zaalis dabadebidan gosTaSfis gardacvalebamde, zogjer am saTauris qveS gaerTianebulia yvela qarTuli versia. 2. `zaaqiani“ – aq galeqsilia zaaqisa da ferdiunis (fridonis) Tavgadasavali; 3. `uTruTian-saamiani“ – aRwerilia ambavi gaiomarTis mefobidan zaalis Sobamde. prozauli versiebia: `fridoniani“, romelSic moTxrobilia zaaqis, feridunisa da manuCehris istoria. 2. `uTruTian-saamiani“, sadac gadmocemulia ambavi gaimorTis mefobidan zaalis Sobamde. 3. `wigni saam falavanisa“ moicavs ambavs jamSidis mefobidan zaalisa da rudabes epizodamde. 4. `baamiani“ – aRwerilia baamanis brZola rostomis STamomavlebTan.

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alaverdi-xan undilaZis agebuli 33-TaRiani xidi ispaanSi

maTi gaxalxurebuli, qarTuli versiebi mowmobs. mkvlevarTa SefasebiT, XII saukuneSi unda iyos sparsulidan Targmnili nizami ganjelis `vis o ramini“, romlis qarTuli versia, `visramianic“, qarTuli literaturis ubrwyinvalesi Zeglia da lamis tols ar udebs SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosans“. swored am didi lite­ raturuli Rirsebebis gamo gamoiTqva varaudic, rom SesaZloa `visramianis“ qarTuli Targmanic SoTa rusTavelis kalams ekuTvnodes. `visramianis“ garda CvenSi metad popu­ laruli iyo iranelTa erovnuli eposi – XI saukunis genialuri sparseli poetis firdousis `Sahname“, romlis calkeuli nawilebi xalxuri Tqmulebebis saxiTac vrceldeboda saqarTveloSi. zogi mkvle­ vris varaudiT, `Sahnames“ wignebis

qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

umetesoba qarTulad Targmnili XII saukuneSi unda yofiliyo, Tumca imdroindel Targmanebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. amJamad xelTa gvaqvs XVXVIII saukuneebSi SemuSavebuli qarTuli versiebi, romelTac udidesi popularoba moipoves mTel saqarTveloSi. sxva rom araferi, mTeli es literaturuli urTierTobebi kargad migviTiTebs, ramdenad axlos iyo da rogor moqmedebda erTmaneTze ori – qarTuli da iranuli-kulturuli samyaro. ivane javaxiSvilma savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSna: „axal sparsul poezias didi gavlena hqonda qarTvelebze da misi sagmiro da saaSiko sityviereba qarTvelobas uyvarda da Sehxaroda imgvaradve, rogorc TviT sparselebi Sehxarodnen. Tumca „Sah name“ (rostomiani) firdousisa, „visramiani“, „qilila da damana“, „leil-mejnuniani“ sparseli mahmadiani mgosnebis dawe­ rili iyo, magram qristiani qarTvelebic gatacebiT kiTxulobdnen, maTTvisac es Txzulebebi xelovnebis Zvirfasi ganZi iyo. sxvaTa Soris, xom sparsuli mwerlobis gavlenis wyalobiT aRorZinda qarTuli poeziac. Tu politikur cxovrebaSi saqarTvelo sxvadasxva, mahmadianTa samTavroebs da sparseTs ebrZoda, poezia da kultura qarTvel-sparsTa sulier erTobas qmni­da da mtrobis magier siyvaruls Tesavda. qarTvelebisTvis sparsul-mahmadianuri kultura ucxo rame ar yofila da Tavisi politikuri mtrebis mwerlobas, mecnierebas da xelovnebas isini did pativs scemdnen“. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTvelebmac mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes iranis – sefianTa iranis politikur, kulturul da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. Sah abas I (1587-1629) da Sah abas II-is ( (1642-1666) karze mravali qarTveli iyo maRal administraciul Tanamdebobaze dawinaurebuli. iranis imJamindel dedaqalaqSi, ispaanSi, dResac SemorCeni­ lia iq moRvawe da mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mkafio kulturuli nakvalevi. magaliTad kmara ispaanis mSveneba, 33 niSiani xidi – `siosefoli“, romelic am qalaqis dedamdinareze – zaiande-rudze (ze-

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kultura bevri qarTveli mecnieri ikvlevda `Sah-namesTan“ dakavSirebul problematikas. `Sah-names“ qarTul versiebs ramdeni­ me sayuradRebo naSromi uZRvna didma mecnierma niko marma, romelic studentobis wlebidan dainteresda am ZegliT. maT Seswavlas ki mtkice safuZveli Cauyara iustine abulaZem `Sah-names“ qarTuli versiebis gamoqveynebiT (1916). gansakuTrebiT didia am mxriv aleqsandre baramiZis Rvawli. man pirvelma aRmoaCina zogi axali qarTuli versia, sistemaSi moiyvana isini, gaarkvia da daazusta mTargmnelTa vinaoba. aRsaniSnavia pirveli monografia firdousis Sesaxeb, romelic masve ekuTvnis da saiubileo TariRs mieZRvna (firdousi da misi `Sah-name“, 1934). amave wels a. SaniZis, i. abulaZis, k. kekeliZis, p. ingoroyvasa da al. baramiZis redaqciiT gamoqveynda `Sahnames“ qarTuli versiebis meore tomi. es saqme gaagrZela da warmatebiT daagvirgvina daviT kobiZem. qarTuli versiebis sparsul wyaroebs man sagangebo monografia uZRvna (1959), xolo 1974 wels gamoaqveyna qarTuli versiebis ukanaskneli, mesame tomi. `Sahnames“ ikvlevda meoce saukunis meore naxevris gamoCenili qarTveli iranis­ ti aleqsandre gvaxariac. sul axlaxan gamoica lili JorJolianis originaluri gamokvleva `Sah-names“ qarTuli versiebis Sesaxeb.

nderudze) alaverdixan undilaZis brZanebiTa da didi finansuri xelSewyobiT augiaT. garda amisa, mis saxels ukavSirdeba grandiozuli skolisa da qar­vaslis mSenebloba qalaq SirazSi. politikisa da samxedro saqmis garda, imdroindel iranSi qarTvelebs didi wvlili SehqondaT iranis literaturis, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebaSic. magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT XVI saukunis didi qarTveli miniaturisti siauS (siavaS) gorji.

1881 wels saqarTvelos ruseTTan mierTebis Semdgom TandaTanobiT sustdeba iranelTa gavlena qarTul yofaze, sazogadoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaze. XIX saukuneSi iranelebi ZiriTadad SemorCenili arian TbilisSi. bolo xans maT mniSv­ nelovani gamokvleva miuZRvna qarTvelma iranistma marine aleqsiZem. XX saukunis bolodan, anu 1991 wels saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebidan iwyeba axali da principulad gansxvavebuli etapi iranel-qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovan urTierTobaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRevandeli iranis islamuri respublika iyo erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, ro-

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qarTul-iranuli urTierTobebi erTi Tvalis gadavlebiT

Sah abasi da mis gverdiT alaverdi-xan undilaZe

melmac 1992 wels scno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da teritoriuli mTlianoba da mas Semdeg ganuxrelad icavs keTilmezoblobis am ZiriTad principebs. am xnis ganmavlobaSi Sedga qarTvel saxelmwifo da saeklesio moRvaweTa ramdenime mniSvnelovani viziti da, piriqiT, iranis umaRlesi rangis moxeleTa vizitebi TbilisSi, ramac Sedegad moitana is, rom or suverenul saxelmwifos Soris kavSir-urTierToba dRemde dinamikurad da gansakuTrebuli eqscesebis gareSe viTardeba.

alaverdi-xani iyo iranis sardali da politikuri moRvawe, gamahmadianebuli qarTveli, romelic bavSvi waiyvanes saqarTvelodan tyved da mogvianebiT igi Sah-abas I-is marjvena xeli da praqtikulad misi samxedro saqmeebis mniSv­ nelovani ganmkargulebeli gaxda.

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teqnologiebi

interneti Cems samyaroSi Teimuraz yanCeli

kacTa modgmis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebma istoriis manZilze uamravi genialuri ram aRmoaCines da gamoigones, magram maTgan ramdenime gansakuTrebiT gamorCeulia, radgan amiT kacobriobas Semdgomi ganviTarebis axali horizontebi gaexs足 na. mxolod axal safexurze asvliT xdeboda civilizaciis Semdgomi teqnikuri da inteleqtualuri ganviTareba. aseT miRwevebs miekuTvneba metyvelebisa da urTi足 erTobis enis gaCena, damwerlobis, maTematikuri simboloebis CaTvliT, wignis beW足 dvis teqnologiis SemuSaveba da dazgebis gamogoneba. zogierTi SesaZloa SegvekamaTos da migviTiTos iseT mniSvnelovan momentebze, rogoricaa miwaTmoqmedebis aTviseba, cxovelebis moSinaureba, samxedro saqmis swrafi ganviTareba. magram cxadia, rom adamians sxva adamianebTan gaazrebuli urTierToba rom ar hqonoda, verc mecxoveleobas mihyofda xels da verc soflis meurneobas. energetikis, meta足 lurgiisa da manqanaTmSeneblobis ganviTareba SeuZlebeli iqneboda damwerlobis aTvisebisa da wignebis gavrcelebis gareSe. sayuradReboa, rom yvela naxsenebi miRweva dakavSirebulia informaciul teqnologiebTan, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxada codnis miReba, Senaxva da gadacema. faqtobrivad, am Cvevebisa da teqnol-

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ogiebis dauflebam gamoacalkeva adamiani mTel cocxal samyaroSi da gaxada igi Homo Sapiens (laT.) – gonieri adamiani. vfiqrobT, XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi internetis SeqmniT gansakuTrebuli ram moxda. Cven amas Zalze swrafad SeveCvieT da aravis ukvirs, ramdenad moicva aman Cveni cxovrebis yvela sfero da ramxela gavlenas axdens globalur ambebze. dReisTvis internets dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/3-ze meti iyenebs. mxolod bavSvebsa da dabali ganaTlebis mqone adamianebs ar ukvirT mecnierebisa da teqnikis Tanamedrove miRwevebi, vinaidan maTTvis dafaruli da gaugebaria kvlevis, SemuSavebis, Seqmnisa da funqcionirebis gasaocari sirTule. amrigad, swored informaciuli teqnologiebi asruleben (interneti informaciuli teqnologiaa) gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. SeuZlebelia adamianis saqmianobis yvela dargis CamoTvla, sadac interneti gamoiyeneba, magram am uzarmazar siaSi mainc SeiZleba gamovyoT codnis Senaxvisa (dacvis) da gadacemis sfero, rogorc kacobriobis ganviTarebis umniSv­ nelovanesi saqmianoba. internetiT sargeblobisas Cven arasodes vkiTxulobT, vin flobs internets. internetis yvela momsaxurebas (serviss) TbilisSic da msoflios nebismier qalaqSic romeliRac firma, kompania an organizacia uzrunvelyofs. nagavi Sps „Tbilservis jgufs“ gaaqvs, wyals Sps „jorjia uoTer end fauersi“ gvawvdis, ele-

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teqnologiebi qtroenergias – ss „Telasi“, sabanko momsaxurebas gviwevs saqarTveloSi arsebuli 20-mde sxvadasxva banki. yvela am organizacias hyavs xelmZRvaneli da iuridiuli mflobeli. TiTqos internetsac unda hyoloda ufrosi, magram es ase ar aris – internets arc direqtori hyavs da arc mflobeli, igi aravis ekuTvnis, saqarTveloSi arsebobs ramdenime kompania (maT provaiderebi ewodeba), romlebic internetis gamoyenebis­ Tvis garkveul safasurs gvaxdevineben, maT Cvens saxlebsa da ofisebSi kabeli gamoiyvanes, TavisTan specialuri eleqtronuli aparatura daamontaJes da eqspluatacias ewevian, hyavT momsaxure personali, romelsac xelfass uxdian. ase xdeba msoflios yvela qveyanaSi, gansxvavebulia mxolod fasebi. arsebobs ramdenime saerTaSoriso da erovnuli organizacia, romlebic Tval­ yurs adevneben uamravi axali eleqtronuli servisis standrtebis SemuSavebas, domenuri saxelebis gamoyofas (magaliTad, saqarTvelosTvis gamoiyo saerTaSori­so domenuri saxeli GE). amitomac aris, rom msoflioSi ar arsebobs ori erTnairi domenuri saxeli. parliament.ge an gfsis.org unikaluri domenuri saxelebia, romelTa SerCevis dros organizacia an fizikuri piri (adamiani) iTvaliswinebs: a) amocanebs, romelTa gadasawyvetad mas sWirdeba informaciuli resursis ganTavseba internetSi; b) SerCeuli domenuri saxelis arsebobas – xom ar aris ukve sxvis mier dakavebuli; g) domenuri saxelebis gamcemi organizaciis mier dawesebul zogierT SezRudvas – mag., ver SeiZenT president.ge-s an edu.ge-s, romlebic gaicema gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi. domeni fuli Rirs da SeZenisTanave xdeba Tqveni sakuTreba. vinc Tavis droze praqtikuli Wkua gamoiCina, SeiZina da wlebis Semdeg ki gayida popularuli domenebi, milioneri gaxda. magaliTad, domeni VacationRentals.com 2007 wels gaiyida 35 milion aSS dolarad; Insure.com 2009 wels – 16 milion aSS dolarad. imedia, mkiTxvels esmis razea saubari – es aris mxolod saxeli da mis ukan araviTari materialu­ ri saqoneli an servisi ar aris. warmoidgineT, rom me gavyido Cemi gvari – yanCeli. magram yanCelebi bevrni arian saqarTveloSic, mis farglebs gareTac da ar gamomiva eg saqme, vinaidan domenis saxeli aris unikaluri – meore aseTi ar arsebobs. sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs iseTi danaSauli, rogoricaa domenis saxelis mitaceba (ing., domain hijacking) da es aris seriozuli problema, romelsac sxvadasxva meTodiT ebrZvis informaciis dargis saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba.

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maSasadame, Tqven gaqvT kompiuteri, gadaixadeT garkveuli Tanxa internetiT sargeblobisTvis da Tvalis daxamxamebaSi aRmoCndiT internetis okeaneSi, rome­ lic ganuzomlad ufro mravalsaxovania, vidre is SesaZleblobebi, romlebic Tqven geZlevaT saxlidan gasvlisas. faqtobrivad, Tqven yvelafris keTebis saSualeba gaqvT, garda haeriT sunTqvisa, kvebis, bunebrivi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisa da materialuri dovlaTis warmoebisa. internetis meSveobiT Tqven SeZlebT:

 iyidoT saqoneli da kvebis produqti, rasac saxlSi mogarTmeven.  isargebloT mTavrobis mier SemoTavazebuli uamravi servisiT,

iqneba es iuridiuli dokumentebis gaformeba, auqcionebSi monawileoba, qonebis daqiraveba da gaqiraveba, arCevnebSi xmis micema, konsultaciis miReba Tu uam­ ravi sxva ram.

 uyuroT kinofilmebs da mousminoT musikas ufasod, roca mogesurvebaT da romelic gainteresebT da ara – romelsac Tavs mogaxvevT televizia an radio.



SeityoT uaxlesi ambebi, romelTa mowodebas gazeTebi, Jurnalebi da televizia gasagebi mizezebis gamo agvianeben.

 moZebnoT

samsaxuri da saqmianobis zogierT sferoSi imuSaoT kidevac da miiRoT anazRaureba internetis meSveobiT.

 CaataroT

sabanko operaciebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, fulis gadaricxva msoflios nebismier wertilSi.

 

gaxsnaT virtualuri maRazia da iSovoT fuli.

SeiZinoT Teatris, kinos, koncertebis, avia- da rkinigzis bileTebi msoflios TiTqmis nebismier wertilSi, turistuli marSrutebi, dajavSnoT sastumro.

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teqnologiebi momsaxureba internetSi SeiZleba iyos fasianic da ufasoc. swored mravali popu­laruli ufaso servisis arseboba xiblavs momxmareblebs internetSi. eleqt­ ronuli fosta, nawilobriv skaipi, filmebis yureba da musikis mosmena, programuli uzrunvelyofa da mravali sxva ram ufasoa. zogierTi adamianisTvis Zalze mniSv­ nelovania internetSi arsebuli Semosavlis sxvadasxva meTodiT miRebis wyaro. dabolos, Cven mivadeqiT internetis or umTavres funqcias – esaa ganaTlebis miRebis TiTqmis SeuzRudavi SesaZlebloba da adamianebs Soris urTierTobis damyareba da komunikacia.

distanciuri swavleba distanciuri swavleba gulisxmobs maswavleblisa da moswavlis sivrceSi daSo­ rebul urTierTobas, romelsac specialuri internetteqnologiebi uzrunvel­ yofen. aseT swavlebas aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi, magram vfiqrobT, kacobriobis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze dadebiTi ufro metia da es ufro mniSvnelovania. eleqtronul kursebze swavleba iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi daswrebiT swavla, Sedgeba ori komponentisgan – leqtorTan urTierTobisa (leqciis mosmena da e.w. qvizebis/gamocdebis Cabareba) da asaTvisebel masalaze muSaobisagan. gansxvaveba isaa, rom leqtorTan urTierToba xdeba internetiT (distanciurad), Sesaswavli masala ki msmenels miewodeba eleqtronul formatSi. aseve eleqtronulia qvize-

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bisa da gamocdebis Cabareba. Sesabamisad, kursebze Cawera xdeba ara maSin, rodesac es mogesur­vebaT (rogorc zogierTs hgonia), aramed – roca saswavleblis ganrigi dgeba da distanciur kursebze msmenelTa miReba cxaddeba. maswavleblis konsultaciebi, studentebs Soris interaqtiuli (mimowera eleqtronuli saSualebebiT) urTierToba da jgufuri muSaoba (eleqtronuli konferenciis msgavsad) – distanciuri swavlebis teqnologiis mniSvnelovani komponentebia. am meTodiT swavleba imiTaa moxerxebuli, rom msmeneli swavlobs saxlSi an misTvis mosaxer­ xebel adgilas. xelmisawvdomoba efuZneba im faqtors, rom swavlebis es meTodi bevri ojaxisTvis materialurad ufro misaRebia, vinaidan students sWirdeba mxolod kompiuteri da interneti. meTodis moqniloba leqciebisa da konsultaciebis, aseve davalebebis Sesrulebis moqnil grafiks gulisxobs – mTavaria CaetioT garkveul vadebSi. igegmeba mxolod erToblivi ganxilvebi, diskusiebi da konsultaciebi pedagogis xelmZRvanelobiT, roca jgufis yvela wevri ikribeba virtualur sivrceSi azrTa urTierTgacvlis, kamaTisa da rTuli sakiTxebis gasarCevad.

Cven aRvwereT idealuri distanciuri kursebis teqnologia. ra Tqma unda, saswavleblebis amgvari kursebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba efeqturobiT, magram unda vicodeT, rom Tu kursi gvTavazobs swavlebis sakuTari grafikis Sedgenas, masSi araa gaTvaliswinebuli jgufSi muSaoba, swavlis procesSi pedagogis monawi­ leoba minimaluria da kursi ufasoa, didi albaTobiT es iqneba amaod dakarguli dro. Tu saswavlebeli gvTavazobs fasiani swavlebis individualur grafiks da Cvenze momagrebuli iqneba aqtiuri pedagogi – kursebi Zalze efeqtiania (da, savaraudod, Zviric iqneba, Tumca bevrad iafi, vidre tradiciul saswavleblebSi). distanciuri swavlebis teqnologias uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs: miuxedavad imisa, rom mas gvTavazoben msoflioSi cnobili universitetebi, mainc arsebobs garkveuli uaryofiTi stereotipi am gziT miRebuli diplomebis mimarT. aris

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teqnologiebi kidev socialuri mxarec – bevrisTvis studentoba mniSvnelovan da saxaliso periodTan asocirdeba da gulisxmobs axali megobrebis SeZenasa da maTTan urTierTobas. cxadia, distanciuri swavleba gamoricxavs aseTi tipis mniSvnelovan socia­lur kontaqtebs. zogierT saswavlo internetprogramaze (onlain) swavla sruliad ufasoa. maga­ liTad, www.homeandlearn.co.uk resursi kompiuteris saofise programebsa da sxva uamravi distanciuri kursis inglisur enaze ufaso swavlebas gvTavazobis. arsebobs internetresursebi, romlebic aerTianeben cnobili universitetebis mravali dargis inglisurenovan kursebs: biznesmenejmentSi, maTematikaSi, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi, ekonomikaSi, ganaTlebaSi, inJineriaSi, jandacvasa da sxv. (www. edx.org,www.coursera.org, www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses). agreTve arsebobs gamartivebuli videokursebi, sadac swavlebis procesi xorcieldeba videomasalis meSveobiT (www.academicearth.org ). samwuxarod, distanciuri swavleba saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT araa saTanadod ganviTarebuli. am teqnologiebis gamoyenebis lideria Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti, romlis yvela fakulteti msurvelebs sTavazobs mravali dargis distanciuri swavlebis kurss: www.e-learning.tsu.ge. am sistemas 2014 wlisTvis 3000-mde momxmarebeli hyavs – studentebi da maswavleblebi. mkiTxvels unda esmodes, rom distanciuri swavlebis organizebaSi umTavresi faqtori Tavad leqtoris mier efeqtiani da gasagebi kursis Seqmna da warmarTvaa. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenlebisTvis sainte­ reso iqneba qarTuli enis eleqtronuli swavlebis ufaso kursi www.ice.ge/elearning_geo, romlis gavlac SesaZlebelia azerbaijanulenovani da somxurenovani mosaxleobisTvis. saqarTvelos samecniero-saganmanaTleblo kompiuteruli qselebis asociacia „grena~ momxmarebels sTavazobs fasian da ufaso distanciur swavlebas informaciuli teqnologiebis dargSi (www.elearning.grena.ge). kavkasiis universitetis eleqtronuli swavlebis kursebi gankuTvnilia mxolod universitetis studentebisTvis da https://dl.cu.edu.ge -zea ganTavsebuli.

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unda vicodeT, rom kargi donis universitetebSi: 1. distanciur swavlebas sWirdeba meti an imdenive dro, rac tradiciul auditoriul swavlebas.

2. distanciuri swavlebis programebi iseTivea an ufro rTuli, rogoric tradiciuli swavlebis programebi.

3. studentebis umravlesoba, vinc eCveva distanciur swavlebas, SemdgomSi Znelad egueba tradiciuli swavlebis meTodebs.

4. vinaidan saswavlo procesis da drois damoukidebeli dagegmva da gamoye­ neba distanciuri swavlebis erT-erTi principia, arian adamianebi, romlebic aseT princips ver ergebian. maT sWirdebaT zedamxedveli (pedagogi, profesori), vinc mudmivad gauwevs kontrols. aseTi fsiqologiis adamianebi distanciuri swavlebis kursebze ver iswavlian.

saganmanaTleblo resursebi aleqsandre makedonelma (Zv. w. 356-323) egvipteSi daafuZna qalaqi aleqsandria, romlis moqalaqeebs hqondaT ambiciuri gegma – qalaqis biblioTekebSi SeegrovebinaT im droisTvis msoflioSi arsebuli mTeli codna. maT am mizans miaRwies da aleqsandria garkveuli periodi izidavda mTeli imdroideli samyaros gamoCenil mecnierebs. aleqsandriis biblioTeka iyo ganaTlebuli adamianebis muSaobis umTavresi adgili da imdroindeli samyaros codnis dacvis, Seqmnisa da gavrcelebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaro. gavida saukuneebi, umecarma xalxma sakuTari interesebis gamo gadawva aleqsandriis biblioTeka, sastikad awames da mokles zogierTi gamoCenili mecnieri, gaanadgures qalaqi, magram teqnikisa da teqnologiebis ganviTarebis axal etapze kacobrioba daubrunda am saocar ideas. dResdReobiT albaT ar arsebobs adamiani, romelsac ar gaugia internetSi vikipediis, anu onlainenciklopediis arsebobis Sesaxeb. es marTlac saocari, 290-enovani resursi ufasod aris xelmisawvdomi (msurvelebs ki SeuZliaT qvelmoqmedebis formiT nebayoflobiTi daxmarebis gaweva). misi statiebi Seqmnes enTuziastebma da mudmivad xvewen sxva avtorebi. am enciklopediis programuli uzrunvelyofa da marTvis teqnologia isea mowyobili, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom nebismier adamians SeuZlia gaxdes misi redaqtori, avismzraxveli ver gaanadgurebs enciklopediis monacemebs. yvela statias ganTavsebis momentidan da cvlilebebis Setanis yvela etapze akvirdebian moderatorebi, redaqtorebi, romlebic sakuTari nebiT, anazRaurebis gareSe muSaoben. statiebs, romlebic ar pasuxoben enciklopediis kriteriumebs, moderatorebi Slian monacemTa bazidan. amiT enciklopediis damfuZneblebi cdiloben Sinaarsis maRali donis SenarCunebs. statiebs, rogorc wesi, anonimi (maTi vinaoba ucnobia) avtorebi hyavT da maT evalebaT konkretul stati-

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teqnologiebi aSi ara sakuTari azrisa da Teoriis aRwera, aramed arsebuli faqtebis gadmocema wyaroebis miTiTebiT.

ismis kiTxva – ramdenad sarwmunoa vikipediaSi motanili informacia? unda iTqvas, rom Zalze solidur statiebTan erTad vikipediaSi SesaZlebelia SegxvdeT sruli bodva – es metwilad damokidebulia im sazogadoebis codnis, ganaTlebis, zneobrivi donisa da misi materialuri keTildReobis doneze (Rarib qveyanaSi, sa­ dac mosaxleobas da, gansakuTrebiT, intelegencias yoveldRiuri yofiTi problemebi awuxebs, naklebi survili uCndeba im enciklopediasTan TanamSromlobisa, sadac xelfass ar ixdian), romelic qmnis vikipediis segments konkretul enaze. yvelaze Zlieri udavod aris vikipediis inglisurenovani nawili. rusulenovani segmentic Zalze ganviTarebulia, rasac ver vityviT qarTul nawilze (vikipediis centralu­ ri ofisi da misi damfuZnebeli jimi uelsi (Jimmy Donal Wales), ar akontroleben resursis Sinaarss). aqedan Zalze martivi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: Tanamedrove axalgazrdam ucxo enebi unda icodes. ra Tqma unda, inglisurs unda mieniWos upiratesoba, magram rCeva aseTia – rac ufro meti ena iciT, miT ufro metia Sansi, gaxdeT warmatebuli adamiani. saganmanaTleblo resursebis reitinigi 2014 wlis aprilisTvis

saerTaSoriso socialuri qselis saxeli Wikipedia Yahoo! Answers About Answers Wikia

internetmisamarTi (URL)

mln unikaluri vizitori TveSi

www.wikipedia.org www.answers.yahoo.com www.about.com www.answers.com www.wikia.com

vikipediis qarTuli variantis misamarTia: www.ka.wikipedia.org/wiki

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interneti Cems samyaroSi

socialuri qselebi adamiani socialuri arsebaa da esaWiroeba sxva adamianebTan urTierToba. adamianisaTvis socialuri urTierTobis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs internetis socialuri qselebis Zalze swrafi ganviTarebac, rasac qvemoT moyvanili yvelaze popularuli socialuri qselebis saintereso statistikac mowmobs. socialuri qselebis reitinigi 2014 wlis aprilisTvis saerTaSoriso socialuri qseli saxeli Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Pinterest Google Plus+

internetmisamarTi (URL) www.facebook.com www.twitter.com www.LinkedIn.com www.pinterest.com https://plus.google.com

mln unikaluri vizitiori TveSi 900 310 250 150 120

Facebook-i imdenad popularulia qarTul vebsivrceSi, rom wardgena ar sWirde­ ba. politikosi, Jurnali, organizacia, satelevizio arxi, kompania an rigiTi adamiani samarTlianad miiCnevs, rom unda hqondes Facebook-is gverdi. gawevrianebi-

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teqnologiebi sTanave mis gankargulebaSi iqneba urTierTobisaTvis saWiro yvela instrumenti. amerikis erovnuli uSiSroebis saagentos yofili muSaki eduard snoudeni ambobs, rom socialuri qselebi SeerTebuli Statebis dazvervis samsaxurebis infor­ maciis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa. momxmareblebi Tavisi nebiT aTavseben dawvrilebiT informacias, suraTebis CaTvliT, sakuTari Tavisa da megobrebis Se­sa­xeb. am informaciis kompiuteriTve damuSavebis gziT dazvervis samsaxurebi iRe­ben ara mxolod konkretul informacias, aramed adamianis fsiqologiur port­ rets. aseTi tipis informaciiT interesdeba potenciuri damsaqmebelic. Tu ekonomisti an buRalteri kazinos, saTamaSo biznesis, foreqsis xSiri stumaria, kompania dafiqrdeba, ramdenad Rirs aseTi TanamSromlis dasaqmeba, vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs riski, rom aseTma adamianma borotad gamoiyenos kompaniis resursebi. calke dgas socialur qselebSi arsebuli Zalze seriozuli problema, romelic yvela axalgazrdam unda icodes: socialuri qselebis gamoyenebiT xSiria daSineba, muqara, Zaladoba, seqsualuri Zaladoba, pedofilia, adamianebis motaceba, nacionalisturi ideebis gavrceleba, narkotikuli nivTierebebis moxmarebis SeTavazeba da sxva kriminaluri xasiaTis, antisocialuri da antihumanuri qmedebebi. rCeva: vinaidan zemoCamoTvlili saSiSroebebi arsebobs virtualur sivrceSi, xolo avismosurne Tqvengan daSorebul sivrceSi moqmedebs, Tqven yovelTvis gaqvT saRi gansjis dro, rom dafiqrdeT da moeridoT movlenebis SesaZlo saxifaTo ganviTarebas. Tu gyavT asakiT patara da, Zma, naTesavi an megobari, SeecadeT Tvalyuri adevnoT internetSi mis kontaqtebsa da saubrebs, raTa saWiro SemTxvevaSi droze daicvaT Tqveni sayvareli adamianebi. sxvaTa Soris, am saqmeSi Tqven dagexmarebaT specialuri programuli produqtebi. unda gesmodeT, rom es rCeva Teoriuli araa. igi efuZneba mTel samyaroSi momxdar uamrav ubedur SemTxvevasa da informacias policiis mier aTasobiT dakavebuli damnaSavis Sesaxeb.

Tu raRac drois gasvlis Semdeg TqvenTvis cxadi xdeba, rom socialur qselSi ganTavsebuli zogi informacia amosaRebia sajaro yuradRebis sferodan, magaliTad, Facebook-idan, arsebobs ori gza: deaqtivacia da waSla. deaqtivacia SeaCerebs Tqvens saaRricxvo Canawers (mas xSirad arasworad angariSs uwodeben), romlis Sedegad Tqveni monacemebi sajarod aRar gamoCndeba, informacia darCeba Facebook-is serverebze da Tqveni e.w. „profili“ mainc aisaxeba Tqveni megobrebis siebSi, magram dawkapunebiT ar gaixsneba. waSla 90 dRis Semdeg mTlianad gaanadgurebs informacias Tqven Sesaxeb.

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igive qmedebani SesaZlebelia sxva socialur qselebSi, magram pirdapir unda iTqvas: 1. araviTari garantia ar arsebobs, rom Tqveni monacemebi srulad aris amoRebuli ama Tu im socialuri qselidan; 2. internetSi arsebobs resursebi, romlebic sajarod da legalurad awarmoeben informaciis dublirebas da gaurkve­ velia, rogor SeiZleba informaciis ganadgureba am serverebze; 3.zogierTi vebresursidan monacemebis waSla Zalze rTulia da SesaZlebelia mxolod admi­ nist­raciasTan miwer-moweris safuZvelze dasabuTebis SemTxvevebSi. roca TurqeTis premier-ministris kancelariis administraciam 2014 wels zogierTi Canaweris amoRebis TxovniT mimarTa Twitter-s, amas misi administraciis mxri­dan araviTari reaqcia ar mohyolia. Semdeg sasamrTlos gadawyvetilebiT Twitter-i daibloka TurqeTis teritoriaze. manamde dablokili iyo YouTube-i. aqadan SesaZ­lebelia ori daskvnis gakeTeba: 1. yvela msxvil globalur internetresurss (maT Soris, socialur qselebs) aqvs damoukidebeli politika, rac xels uwyobs ara mxolod momxmarebelTa raodenobis zrdas, aramed samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaerTianebas; 2. internetresursebi – socialuri qselebi, blogebi, axali ambebis portalebi, informaciis myisieri gadacemis sistemebi (mag., Skype) dRevandel samyaroSi TamaSoben kolosalur rols adamianebis gaerTianebis saqmeSi, maTi gegmebis ganxorcielebasa da problemis gadawyvetaSi. amis gaTvaliswinebiT cxadia, Tu ratom sargeblobs socialuri qselebiT bolo xnis yvela demokratiuli (da ara mxolod demokratiuli) moZraoba, revoluciebi da gadatrialebebi arabeTis samyarosa da sxva qveynebSi – ase SeiZleba momxreTa konsolidacia da qmedebebis koordinireba. personaluri monacemebis qselebidan amoRebasTan dakavSirebulma sirTuleebma ganapiroba zogierTi kompaniisagan fasiani servisis SemoTavazeba – personaluri monacemebis waSla internetSi (mag., www.removeyourname.com).

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teqnologiebi rCeva: roca CarTuli varT romelime socialur qselSi, kargad unda gaviazroT, rogori informaciis gaziarebisTvis varT mzad. bevrjer unda davfiqrdeT, ris ganTavsebas vapirebT internetSi. es aucilebelia, raTa droTa ganmavlobaSi ar gagviCndes problemebi megobrebTan, ojaxis wevrebTan, samsaxuris administraciasTan, potenciur damsaqmeblebTan da samarTaldamcav organoebTan. unda vicodeT, rom yvela socialuri qseli da zogierTi sxva resursi (google.com, amazon.com, eBay.com, alibaba.com da mravli sxva) afiqsireben da imaxsovreben (uTvalTvaleben) Cvens gadaadgilebas (ing.: surfing) internetSi maSinac, roca maTi saitebi gaxs足 nili araa Cvens kompiuterSi. bevr SemTxvevaSi es keTdeba Cveni interesebis gasarkvevad da amis safuZvelze miwodebuli servisebis gasaumjobeseblad, magram vin icis?! sifrTxiles Tavi ara stkivao da aseTi mdgomareobis Tavidan nawilobriv mainc asaci足 leblad arsebobs specialuri meTodebi da programuli uzrunvelyofa, romelTa ganxilvac scildeba mocemuli statiis Tematikas. internetSi gavrcelebulia xumroba, romelic simarTlesTan axlosaa: Tu eZeb samsaxurs, unda waSalo saaRricxvo Canaweri Facebook-ze da daiviwyo igi. aq igu足 lisxmeba faqti, rom urTierTobas socialur qselebSi Zalze bevri dro miaqvs da roca adamiani amas eCveva, igi uazrod xarjavs dros, romlis ukeT gamoyeneba SeiZ足 leboda. zogierT seriozul dawesebulebaSi (mag., evropis sabWos StabbinaSi) gasvla socialur qselebSi da dakavSirebis zogierTi resursi (mag., Skype) dablokilia. muSaobs mxolod eleqtronuli fosta da Sida dakavSirebis eleqtronuli sistema, romelic adgilobrivad kontroldeba. aseTi midgoma ara mxolod amcirebs SesaZlo kiberSetevis warmatebis albaTobas, aramed zrdis momuSaveTa Sromis nayofierebas.

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blogebi blogi warmoadgens erTi an ramdenime adamianis, anda organizaciis mier kont­ rolirebad vebsaits. blogze aTavseben postebs (ingl. post) – regularul Canawe­ rebs sxvadasxva movlenebis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia vebbmulebis, grafikuli, video- da audiomasalebis ganTavsebac. Canawerebi, rogorc wesi, ganlagebulia ukuqronologiiT (bolo posti pirvelia siaSi). Cveulebriv, blogi eZRvneba erT konkretul Temas da masze sxva adamianebs SeuZliaT komentarebis ganTavseba. blogebis umetesoba absoluturad uazro, trivialuri Sinaarsis informaciuli resursia, sadac aRwerilia avtoris yoveldRiuri cxovreba. Tumca zogierTi blogi, romelic fokusirebulia xelovnebaze (ingl. art blogs), fotografiaze (ingl. photoblogs), videomasalaze (inlg. vlogs), musikaze (ingl. MP3 blogs), audiomasalaze (ingl. podcasts) an Seqmnilia SemoqmedebiTi, niWieri da cnobili adamianebis mier, SesaZloa saintereso iyos. uamravi blogi warmoadgens faqtobrivad kompaniebis sareklamo resurss. blogebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia ganaTlebis miznebis­Tvis statiebis, kritikuli masalebis, instruqciebis, davalebebisa da komentarebis gamoqveynebis gziT. Twitter-i da sxva e. w. `mikroblogebi~ axdenen blogerebis jgufebis gaerTianebas interesebis mixedviT da sTavazoben urTierTobis damyarebis Zalze moqnil teq­ nologias sakvanZo sityvebis (ing. hash tag) gamoyenebiT. dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom Zalze Znelia SezRuduli moculobis statiaSi aRwero iseTi rTuli movlena, rogoricaa internetis gamoyeneba da socialuri qselebis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove samyaroSi. am saubris miRma Cven dagvrCa Zalze saintereso Temebi – saZiebo sistemebi, internetresursebis Seqmna da gamoyeneba biznesSi da mravali sxva. imedia, Cvenma statiam odnav mainc gagifarTovaT codna internetis zogierTi SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb da dagarwmunaT imaSi, rac mravaljer mosmenili gaqvT – yvela saqmeSi kargia zomiereba. nu gaxdebiT internetis monebi. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT misi fantastikuri SesaZleblobebi!

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literatura

`sami muSketeri~

s i d a r a m a d w a

arCil qiqoZe

meCvidmete saukunis safrangeTSi muSketerebi jaris elitur nawils warmoad­ gendnen. brZolaSi isini SeiaraRebuli iyvnen TofebiT, romlebsac muSketebi erq­ va. mSvidobian dros muSketerebs saqme bevri araferi hqondaT da xSirad ebmebod­ nen duelebSi – Rirsebis sakiTxebis gamo atexil orTabrZolebSi, romlebmac imaze meti axalgazrda aznauris sicocxle Seiwira, vidre Sida da gare omebma. muSkete­ rebs gamoarCevdnen cisferi mosasxamebiT, romlebze jvari iyo gamosaxuli. sxvaTa Soris, im epoqaSi omSi uniformebi mxolod elitur SenaerTebs – muSketerebsa da gvardielebs ecvaT. eseni yvelani aznaurebi da Tavadebi iyvnen, xolo omSi gawveul glexobas samxedro forma ar hqonda da xSirad Zalian Wirda maTi mowinaaRmdegis­ gan garCeva. nebismieri frangi aznaurisTvis muSketeroba didi pativi da samxedro kari­ eris gakeTebis kargi Sansi iyo. Raribi aznaurebi, romelTac mxolod xmlis da iaraRis xmareba icodnen, parizisken mieSurebodnen, raTa bedi iq ecadaT da Tu gaumarTlebdaT, muSketerebi gamxdariyvnen. mTiani gaskonia safrangeTis erT-erTi yvelaze Raribi kuTxe iyo, iqauri az­ naurebi ki, romelTac xmlisa da Rirsebis garda, rogorc wesi, araferi ebadaT, mudam saukeTeso meomrebad iTvlebodnen. gaskoneli iyo Sevalie dartanianic – aleq­sandr­diumas gamogonili mamaci da Wkviani axalgazrda kaci, romelic mweral­

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ma Tavgadasavlis saZebrad Tvrameti wlis asakSi gais­ tumra parizSi da Tavgadasavali ki imnairi gamouvida, rom mis aRweras xuTi sqeltaniani romani uZRvna. maT­ gan saukeTeso pirveli – `sami muSketeri~ – gamouvida. dartaniani da misi sami megobari male Seiyvara mkiTx­ velma. albaT, iSviaTia meore sxva wigni, romelic amden enaze iyos naTargmni da amden adamians uyvardes msof­ lioSi. es wigni mec Zalian miyvars da amitomac gavbede, es siyvaruli am weriliT gamomexata... _ vina ggonivar dartanian?! – egre etyoda xolme aTosi Tavis axalgazrda megobars. aToss dartaniani SviliviT uyvarda da gana ramxela iyo TviTon? oc­ daaTiode wlisa – oTxSi yvelaze ufrosi da brZeni. oRond, aTosis sibrZne sxvanairi sibrZne iyo – loTis, SfoTis, cxovrebiT imedgacruebuli kacis, Rirsebis da daSnis meti rom araferi SerCenoda xelmosaWidi da misTvis esec kmaroda.

aleqsandr diuma, 1802-1870

rogor mSurs im axalgazrdebis, romlebmac `sami muSketeri~ pirvelad unda waikiTxon da rogor miy­ vars isini, vinc am wigns meoredac miubrundeba! ar arsebobs meore aseTi wigni erTgulebaze, siyvarulze, Tavdadebaze. misi gmirebi ukanaskneli raindebi arian, radgan raindebis epoqa ukve Cavlilia, ufro sworad, aTosia ukanaskneli ra­ indi da mis sam megobars masze aqvs sworeba. mis gverdiT, misi mibaZviT isinic raindoben da aTas gmirobas sCadian, Rirseulebi da Ratakebi... `sjobs saxelisa moxveWa, yovel­ sa mosaxveWelsao...~ – gvaxsovs, albaT, `vefxvistyaosani~. sami muSketeris gmirebic ise cxovroben, rom saxelis meti araferi gahyvebaT saiqioSi, Tumca gana vinmes odesme sxva ram wauRia imqveynad?! …oRond epoqa sxvaa ukve, evropac sxvaa­,­safrangeTic da Rirseba ki iseve fasobs, fasobs ro­ melia! – erT gadabrunebul sityvaze yels Wrian erTmaneTs, safrangeTis Tavad-aznaurobis naxevari swored Rirsebis gamoa duelebSi gamwydari, magram siRatake aRar fasobs maincdamianc, sxva dro modis da ra gasakviria, Tuki sul axalgazrda dartanians suli wascdeba raime mosaxveWelze, imaves aTossac SesTavazebs, magram pasuxs mudam erTsa da imaves miiRebs: `vina ggonivar dartanian?!~ – Zalian magaria.

valua (frang. Valois) – safrangeTis samefo dinastia, romelic safrangeTis taxts ganagebda 1328-1589 ww-Si. saxeli valua momdinareobs titulidan grafi de valua, romelsac atarebda am Stos mamamTavari – karl de valua. valuebis Semdeg safrangeTis taxtze avida kapetingebis sxva Sto – burbonebi. burbonebi (fr. Bourbon, esp. Borbón, ital. Borbone) – erT-erTi yvelaze Zveli da mravalricxovani evropuli samefo dinastia. arsebobda burbonebis ramdenime Sto: frangi, espaneli, navareli, parmeli, neapoleli, orleaneli da sxva. espaneTsa da luqsemburgSi dResac arian burboni monarqebi.

da rogor iwyeba `sami muSketeri~? – msubuqad da CamTr­ evad. meCvidmete saukunis ociani wlebia da safrangeTis pa­ tara qalaq mengSi erTi CoCqoli da aurzauria. ifiqrebT, hugenotebTan omi xom ar ganaxldao. sinamdvileSi safrange­

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barTlomes Rame – 1572 wlis 24 agvistos, gamTeniisas, wm. barTlomes xsenebis wina dRes parizSi kaTolikeebma moawyves hugenotebis masobrivi xocva-Jleta, romelsac uamravi adamiani Seewira.

Tis religiuri omebi kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs (safran­ geTSi maT hugenotebs uwodebdnen) Soris ukve Cavlilia, naxe­ vari saukunis win ukve momxdaria avadsaxsenebeli barTlomes Ramec, uSvilZirodaa gamqrali valuebis dinastia, maT taxts burbonebi dapatronebian da es yvelaferi aleqsandr diumas Tavis sxva brwyinvale romanebSi aqvs aRwerili. is romanebic SesaniS­navi sakiTxavia, magram verc erTi maTgani axlosac ki ver modis `sam muSketerTan~ – erT-erT yvelaze magar wignTan, rac ki odesme dawerila...

erTxel ucxoeTidan megobari mwerda: aris iseTi raRacebi, rac TavisTavad igulis­xmeba da ganmartebas ar saWiroebso, magaliTad, arasodes gamCenia kiTxva, Tu ratom aris `sami muSketeri~ kargi wignio. marTalia is Cemi megobari, arc me gamCenia egeTi kiTxva, am wignma ubralod jer kidev maSin momnusxa, rodesac Tvra­ meti wlis dartaniani Zalian ufrosad, xolo ocdaaTi wlis aTosi Rrma moxucebu­ lad meCveneboda, pirvelive gverdidan momajadova da CamiTria... maS ase, isev vubrundebi romanis dasawyiss... patara qalaq mengSi aurzauria. moqalaqeebi gareT gamorbian da erTmaneTs ucnaur sanaxaobaze miuTiTeben. `war­ moidgineT don kixoti Tvrameti wlis asakSi~ – mgoni, zustad ase axasiaTebs diuma dartanians da nebsiT Tu uneblieT kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom raindebis epo­ qa damTavrebulia, rom is geniosma espanelma mweralma servantesma daasamara jer kidev rodis... dartaniani amayad Semodis qalaq mengSi da sqeltanian romanSi. si­ amayis garda mas aqvs mxolod cotaodeni fuli, dedis damzadebuli malamo, raTa momaval duelebSi miRebuli Wrilobebi moiSuSos (misi gvaris da warmomavlobis

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mamakaci duelebs da Wrilobebs verafriT ascdeba), mamis – Raribi gaskoneli az­ nauris – werili axalgazrdobis megobarTan, romelmac misi samxedro kariera unda uzrunvelyos, werili, romelic pirvelive SetakebaSi unda dakargos, mamis naqoni daSna, romelic aseve pirvelive SetakebaSi unda gadautydes da mamisive cxeni – ucnauri yviTeli feris jaglagi, romlis sanaxavadac Seyrila mTeli qalaqi mengi da romlis gamo parizSi bedis saZieblad mimaval axalgazrda gaskonels pirveli dueli unda mouxdes... me sulac ar vapireb am SesaniSnavi wignis Sinaarsis gadmocemas, es araferSi gvWirdeba arc me da arc wignis momaval mkiTxvels, romelTagan bevrs SeiZleba ro­ manis romelime ekranizacia aqvs nanaxi da miaCnia, rom raRac icis am wignis Sesaxeb. ar daijeroT! albaT, iSviaTia meore wigni, romlis kinod qceva amdenjer ucdiaT. me kinoc TiTqmis iseve miyvars, rogorc literatura, magram mendeT, dartanian­ is da misi sami megobris Tavgadasavlis yvela kinoversia (Tavad me aTamde mainc meqneba nanaxi) sruliad ubadruki da fuWi mcdeloba aRmoCnda da verc erTi filmi odnavadac ki ver miuaxlovda romans... an ra kinom, romelma orma an samma saaTma unda daitios amdeni Tavgadasavali da SesaniSnavi personaJi, romelTac aleqsand­ re diuma SesaSuri ostatobiT xatavs. diuma marTlac ostati mTxrobeli iyo – literatura misTvis warmoadgenda lamis xelobas, romelSic dawerili gverdebis da winadadebis mixedviT uxdidnen

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literatura fuls. misi xelidan araerTi gasaocari Tavgadasavali gamovida, oRond `sami muS­ keteri~, rom ityvian, `gaartya~. sadRac Sua romanSi gveubneba: albaT, ukve mixv­ debodiT, Cveni gaskoneli rom Zunwi iyoo. mTavar gmirze gveubneba, dartanianze, romelic lamis zeadamianad warmomedgina da masze maRla Tu vinme idga – mxolod aTosi. ra vqna, rom aTosi dRemde yvelaze metad miyvars, oRond `sami muSketeris~ aTosi da ara sxva vinme. romanis gagrZelebebi – `oci wlis Semdeg~ da `vikont de braJeloni~ rom wavikiTxe, iqauri – gamosworebuli, smisTvis Tavis damnebebeli da zedmetad dadebiTi aTosi aRar momewona. pirveli aTosi ki marTlac dauviwya­ ri vinmea – burgundiuli Rvinis boTlebis erTimeoris miyolebiT Camcleli, ka­ maTelSi saukeTeso cxenebisa da unagirebis wamgebi, aTosi, romelsac, Tu saWiro gaxda, mxedarTmTavrobac SeuZlia, magram ubralo, Rarib muSketerad yofna urCev­ nia... dartanians eubneba: Cemi megobroba Cemi daSnisgan da Cemi qisisgan Sedgebao. oRond qisa sul carieli aqvs, samagierod, daSna ver uCerdeba didxans qarqaSSi...

SeiZleba amiTac aris diumas es wigni gansakuTrebuli, rom misi personaJebi – oTxi erTmaneTis da Rirsebis erTguli mamakaci, sulac ar arian idealurebi.

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`sami muSketeri~ aw da maradis

milen demoJo miledis rolSi

porToss SeuZlia angarebis gamo ekurkuros veqilis cols, aramisi xom mTlad aTas intrigaSia gaxlarTuli, dartaniani ki, imis garda, rom Zunwi yofila, sibneliT sar­ geblobs da sxva kacis saxeliT eufleba qals, romelic Tan uyvars da Tan sZuls... ramdeni sami muSketeris ekranizacia maxsovs, imdeni maxsovs miledic. pirveli frangi varskvlavi milen demonJo maxsendeba da mere kidev bevri lamazi qali, mag­ ram Cems warmosaxvaSi miledi mainc sxvanairi iyo, sxvanairad lamazi da sxvanairad saxifaTo... da kidev – kardinali riSelie... diumas sul ar erideboda istoriuli gmirebis Tavis wignebis personaJebad qceva. is mwerlisTvis SesaSuri siTamamiT epyroboda mefeebs, hercogebs da mxedarTmTavrebs. daufiqreblad cvlida da asxvaferebda istorias. hercog riSeliesac ase moeqca. pirveli ministri, qveynis lamis ugvir­ gvino mefe, romelmac safrangeTis didebisTvis mraval monarqze meti gaakeTa, adga da uaryofiT gmirad gamoiyvana. mas ki oTxi Rataki muSketeri daupirispi­ ra. oRond diumas `boroti~ riSelie mainc didi adamiania, SeiZleba imaze didic, vidre sinamdvileSi iyo, radgan mas mowinaaRmdegis dafaseba SeuZlia. es ki mxolod rCeulTa xvedria. riSelies marTla Zalian moswons dartanianis da misi megobre­ bis Tavxedobamde misuli siTamame. xvdeba, rom eseni ubralo adamianebi ar arian, SeiZleba maTSi isic warsuli epoqidan SemorCenil ukanasknel raindebs xedavs, radgan mxolod raindebs ZaluZT Rirsebis gamo yvelafris sasworze Segdeba. wasv­

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literatura la saxifaTo mogzaurobaSi (arc erTi rainduli eposi ar arsebobs mogzaurobis gareSe), saidanac SeiZleba verc erTi ver dabrundes ukan... isini adgebian gzas, romlis yovel fexis nabijze maT Casafrebuli mkvlelebi da evropis yvelaze saSi­ Si adamianis mier dagebuli maxeebi elodebaT. `me aq gamabes dartanian!~ – daiZaxebs erT-erT maxeSi gabmuli aTosi da wyvil dambaCas daaxlis mkvlelebs, danarCenebs ki daSniT Seutevs. dartanians ki martos uwevs gzis gagrZeleba, arc – meti, arc – naklebi, safrangeTis dedoflis gadasarCenad. agrZelebs gzas da arc ki icis, odesme kidev Tu Sexvdeba gzaSi Semofantul megobrebs...

Sua saukuneebis raindebs aucileblad hqondaT devizi. rogorc wesi, is maT gerbze ewera. devizi hqondaT Cvens megobrebsac. diumam maTTvis yvelaze dasa­ maxsovrebeli, yvelaze cnobili literaturuli devizi gamoigona. aba, gavixse­ noT! es devizi TiTqmis yvelam icis, maTac ki, visac `sami muSketeri~ ar waukiTxavs

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kardinal riSelie, frangi mxatvris filip de Sampanis (1602-1674) mier Sesrulebuli portreti, inaxeba londonSi, erovnul galereaSi

`sami muSketeri~ aw da maradis

da, mgoni, maTac, vinc wignis gadaSlas, Cemda samwuxarod, arc ki apirebs. vfiqrob, mTel msoflios aqvs gagonili oTxi mamakacis Tavganwiruli wamoZaxili: `erTi – yvelasaTvis da yvela – erTisaTvis!~ Tavad aleqsandr diuma ar iyo Cveulebrivi adamiani. sqeltanian romanebs is erTi meoris miyolebiT `acxobda~. raRac qarxanasaviT hqonda mowyobili da ro­ manebis weraSi damxmareebic hyavda. amas garda, diuma kargi cxovrebis moyvaruli da frangisTvis iSviaTad xelgaSlili adamiani iyo da, rac mTavaria, fantazio­ ri. rodesac mweralma ruseTidan kavkasiaSi imogzaura, CeCnebi da daRestnelebi imam Samilis meTaurobiT jer kidev medgrad ebrZodnen ruseTs. kavkasionze gam­ cileblebma (amboben, rom idea erT-erT qarTvel Tavads ekuTvnoda) diumas oini uyves, ufro ki siurprizi gaukeTes, rom misi mogzauroba ufro dasamaxsovrebeli gaexadaT. RamiT im sadguris garSemo, sadac mwerals eZina, ramdenjerme gaisroles Tofi da dambaCa, diliT ki sazeimod moitanes cxvris sisxlSi amosvrili `mTielis~ fafaxi. aqaoda, Samilis xalxi dagvesxa da movigerieTo. hoda, gecodinebaT, Tav­ is mogzaurobas diumam mogvianebiT SesaniSnavi wigni – `kavkasia~ – uZRvna, romel­ Sic urC mTielebTan Setakebas ramdenime Tavi uWiravs. ormxriv srolaSi mwera­lic monawileobs da saarako simamaces iCens. ityviT, aleqsandr diuma matyuara yo­ filao. is kidev, ubralod mwerali, ambebis kargi gamomgonebeli da kidev ukeTe­ si mTxrobeli iyo... aseTi xalxi Cveulebrivi sazomebiT ar izomeba. kidev, mgoni, diuma sulac erTaderTi ucxoeli stumari iyo, romlis daTroba qarTvelebma ver moaxerxes, an arada Zalian ki gamoides Tavi... diumas gasaocari Rvinis smis Sesaxeb mxolod misi wignidan ar viciT. es ambavi araerTma gaognebulma qarTvelma TviTmx­ ilvelma aRwera.

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literatura kidev, mgoni, diumas Zalian uyvarda qalebi... iseTi kaci mgonia, qa­ lis gamo daufiqreblad rom gadaeSveboda Tavga­ dasavalsa da faTerakSi. misi romanebis gmirebic aseTebi iyvnen da misi qa­ lebi xom mTlad lamazebi, macdurebi da fatalure­ bi... maTSi yvelaze gamor­ Ceuli mainc miledia... qali – saidumlo, qali wars­ uliT... arsebobs ki lamazi qali warsulis ga­ reSe? magram miledi mainc sul sxvaa. ver gaigeb, in­ oTxi muSketeris qandakeba q. kondomSi, safrangeTi gliselia Tu frangi? de­ moni Tu angelozi, Tavis saSinel saidumlos – sxvadasxva wamlebisgan gaxunebul damRas – es qali marjvena mxarze ina­xavs da vai imas, vinc am saidumlos sakuTari TvaliT ixilavs! romanSi dartanians sxva satrfoc hyavs – lamazi, yovelgvari RirsebiT Semkuli da erTguli konstancia bonasie, magram miledis gverdiT is agebs, fermkrTaldeba. amas patara biWic ki vgrZnobdi, maSin qalebis da cxovrebis rom araferi gamegeboda. miledi msoflio literaturis yvelaze fataluri qalia da mTel uzarmazar romanSi mxolod erTaderTi mamakaci moinaxa, mis cdunebas rom uZlebs... isic mxolod imitom, rom Tavis droze ukve gaeba am saxifaTo maxeSi da yvelaferi dakarga, rac ki ebada... ar getyviT, vin aris es kaci – TviTon waikiTxeT...

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`sami muSketeri~ aw da maradis

naxatebidan, animaciuri da mxatvruli filmebidan am oTxeuls mTeli msoflio icnobs. isini, rogorc axla ityvian, `brendad~ iqcnen. axalgazrda da cqviti dar­ taniani, loTi da dinji aTosi, lamazi meqalTane aramisi, cota briyvi, trabaxa da araadamianuri Ronis patroni porTosi. diax, es maTi garegnuli ieria, magram Tuki vinmes maTi axlos gacnoba unda, aucileblad wigni unda waikiTxos. romanSi maT Rirseul mowinaaRmdegeebsac SexvdebiT: de Jusaks, bernaJus, kauzaks... gana kardi­ nalis gvardielebs akldaT simamace?! gana isini ar iyvenen frangi aznaurebi, xolo zogierTi maTgani, magaliTad, bikara, sulac dartanianiviT gaskoneli gaxldaT – es ki ormag simamaces da Tavganwirvas niSnavda. daWrilma da Cveni megobrebisgan Seviwroebulma daSniT wre moxaza Tavis garSemo da – aq daecema bikarao! – saxeSi Sescina Cvens muSketerebs. Tu ar vcdebi, karmelitebis monastris ezoSi xdeboda es ambavi... kidev iciT, ratom unda waikiTxoT `sami muSketeri~? Tundac imitom, im epoqisa, im xalxisa rom gaigoT rame. Turme rogori sxvanairi iyo maSin cxovreba da Turme maSinac da mudam, mamacs mamaci erqva, laCars – laCari. imitom unda waikiTxoT, rom gaigoT, ras erCodnen erTmaneTs hugenotebi da kaTolikeebi da andac frangebi da ingliselebi, ramdeni dro sWirdeboda maSin parizidan londonSi Casvlas, an­ dac rogor moqmedebdnen maSindeli jaSuSebi. `sami muSketeri~ saukeTeso saCuqa­ ria, rac ki SeiZleba axalgazrda adamianma sakuTar Tavs gaukeTos da Tuki bolos dagyvebaT siamayis grZnoba, rom amxela romani siamovnebiT waikiTxeT, ese igi, kar­ gadaa saqme, radgan, darwmunebuli var, adamians araferi mougonia wignze ukeTesi. aleqsandre diumas `sami muSketeri~ ki wignTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTesoa. ratom? amis Tqma miWirs. marTali iyo Cemi megobari – amaze fiqric ki uazrobaa. es wigni ubralod arsebobs da saukune-naxevarze metia mxolod did frang mwerals ki ara, mTel kacobriobas ekuTvnis.

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Sveulad 1.cnobili mwerali, demokratiuli moZraobis erT-erTi lideri CexeTSi, CexeTis respublikis pirveli prezideni. 3. qristianul-marTlmadidebluri eklesiis damoukidebloba. 2. `Tanamedrove informaciuli Teoriis mama~ (1916-2001). mis saxels ukavSirdeba cifruli kompiuteris Seqmna da monacemTa struqturuli kompresirebis idea. 4. jguf `roling stounzis~ solisti. 5. saxmeleTo jarebis erT-erTi uZvelesi da Ziri­ Tadi saxeoba, romelic SeiaraRebulia qvemexebiT, zarbaznebiT, naRmsatyorcnebiT da sxva. 8. germaneli konstruqtori, romelmac verner fon braunTan erTad Seqmna pirveli sabrZolo balistikuri raketa `fau-2~ (V2) meore msoflio omis dros. 12. sabWoTa lideri, romelsac ukavSirdeba 1968 wels e. w. `praRis gazafxulis~ samxedro ZaliT CaxSoba. 13. qalaqi iaponiaSi, romelic 1945 wlis agvistoSi amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma atomuri bombiT gaanadgura. 14. fasiani qaRaldi, romelic adasturebs misi mflobelis uflebas aRniSnuli komerciuli bankisgan gansazRvrul vadaSi miiRos garkveuli Tanxa (mflobelis mier ganTavsebuli Tanxa plus procenti). 17. uwyvetad mimdinare teqnikuri progresi, jarebis aRWurva meqanikuri transportiT. 20. saxelmwifo aziaSi, sadac 1979 wlis bolos sabWoTa jari SeiWra. 22. ierusalimis jvris monastris damaarsebeli. 25. sabWoTa kavSirSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis e.w. `perestroikis~ avtori. 27. davirusebuli zombi kompiuterebis qseli, romelic imarTeba mesame piris mier. 29 pirveli tanksawinaaRmdego yumbarmtyorcni.

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31. germaneli politikosi, romelmac dangreuli da gaCanagebuli germania ekonomikurad da politikurad uaRresad warmatebuli gziT waiyvana. 32. sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarq ambrosis gvari eris­ kacobaSi. 33. frangi abati, sazogado moRvawe, romelic evropas sTavazobda federaciul mowyobas. 37. gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia. 38. dawesebuleba Zvel saqarTveloSi, romelic sabanko saqmianobas eweoda da zogierTi cnobiT, XI-XII saukunidan arsebobda. 39. zugdidis mazris sofeli (amJamad qalaqi), sadac 1861 wlis 7 seqtembers daibada sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi. 42. reaqtiuli artileriis `pirveli mercxali~, sabWoTa iaraRi, romelic me-2 msoflio omis dros gamoCnda da dasabami misca am axali tipis iaraRis farTod danergvas. 44. Cexoslovakiis komunisturi xelmZRvanelobis reformatoruli nawilis warmomadgeneli, romelic 1968 wels saTaveSi Caudga demokratiuli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas. `praRis gazafxulis~ avtori. 45. aSS-is saelCos TanamSromeli moskovSi, romlis werili istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc `grZeli telegrama~. faqtobrivad man Cauyara safuZveli aSS-is strategiul xedvasa da politikas momdevno ormocdaaTwliani `civi omis~ epoqisaTvis. 46. jaris oTxkuTxa wyoba. 48. ungreTSi komunistebis lideri, romelic saTaveSi Caudga 1956 w. qveyanaSi dawyebul revoluciur moZraobas. sabWoTa jaris mier revoluciis sisxlSi CaxSobis Semdeg is mis megobrebTan erTad daxvrites.

Tarazulad 2. qarTveli politikosi, sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri 80-iani wlebis bolos. 6. Crdiloatlantikuri aliansi. 7. safreni aparati, romlis gamoyenebamac pirveli msoflio omis dros saTave daudo sahaero Zalis masobriv gamoyenebas da samxedro aviaciis gadamwyvet rols Tanamedrove omSi. 9. mama ambrosi xelaias saeklesio wodeba, sanam 1921 wlis seqtemberSi wmida sinodi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqad da mcxeTa-Tbilisis mTavarepiskoposad airCevda.10. virtualuri sivrce, romelic internetteqnologiebisa da swrafi globaluri dakavSirebis Sedegad Seiqmna. 11. qalaqi afrikaSi, sadac moqmedebs gaeros erT-erTi regionuli ofisi. 15. garkveuli mxaris ufleba, erTpirovnulad SeaCeros esa Tu is gadawyvetileba. 16. me-20 saukunis mecnieri da maTematikosi, masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis profesori (1894-1964), romelsac ukavSirdeba termin `kibernetikis~ gamoyeneba. 18. frangi politikosi da diplomati, romelsac safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministris Tanamdeboba sxvadasxva xelisuflebis dros ekava. 19. sargeblis (procentis) miRebis mizniT sabanko dawesebulebaSi iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier droebiT ganTavsebuli Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebi. 21. wyalzeda sabrZolo xomaldi, maRalmanevruli mcuravi saaviacio baza. 23. erT-erTi monasteri siriaSi Sav mTaze, romelsac ukavSirdeba VI saukuneSi 13 asureli mamis Camosvla aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da 17 samonastro centris daarseba. 24. bankis saxelwodeba saberZneTSi. 26. pirveli amerikuli balistikuri raketa. 28. xraxniani, luliani Tofi, Seqmnili XVI saukunis arkebuzis safuZvelze. 30. bizantiis imperiis dedaqalaqi (Tanamedrove stamboli). 34. virtuozi gitaristi, romelic 1969 wels jguf `roling stounSi~ braian jonsis nacvlad mivida. 35. qalaqi germaniaSi, romelic betonis maRali kedliT iyo gayofili. 36. internetTaRliTobis danaSaulebrivi forma. informaciis mopoveba motyuebis gziT. 40. laTinuri warmoSobis sityva, romelic niSnavs sesxs. 41. gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos erT-erTi mudmivi wevri qveyana. 43. saxeli, romelsac berZnebi uwodebdnen 980-983 ww. ioane mTawmidelisa da Tornike erisTavis TaosnobiT aTonis mTaze agebul iberTa (qarTvelTa) monasters. 47. berZnuli kulturisa da ganaTlebis upiratesobis aRiareba da misi mimbaZveloba. 49. sabWoTa kavSirSi mimdinare gardaqmnis procesi 80-iani wlebis bolos, romlis avtori iyo sabWoTa lideri mixeil gorbaCovi. 50. cnobili britaneli mwerali da publicisti (1903-1950), romelsac miewereba termini `civi omi~. 51. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis me-40 prezidenti. man Tavis strategiul amocanad daisaxa sabWoTa kavSiris damarcxeba da mas sajarod uwoda `borotebis imperia~. 52. ingliseli avtori naSromisa „evropis awmyo da momavali“, sadac igi evropis saxelmwifoebs Zaladobis SeCerebisaken mouwodebs da yvela davis mogvarebas erTiani mmarTvelobis sabWos daxmarebiT sTavazobs. 53. gaeros generaluri mdivani 1997-2006 wlebSi. wina nomris pasuxebi: Sveulad 1. marqsi 2. stalini 3. lelo 4. kognomeni 5. aRniaSvili 6. partitura 7. sosigene 8. gestapo 12. himleri 15. litva 16. faSizmi 18. eTnosi 19. avRaneTi 21. aspekiani 22. rubikoni 23. blickrigi 24. ribentropi 28. kiazo 32. Cipi 33. qanTaria 34. fascismo 36. zinobiani 38. taneevi 39. lekuri 40. aisori 42. ivlisi 44. katoni 47. geni Tarazulad 4. koleqtivizacia 9. Sopenhaueri 10. oqtavianusi 11. baiti 13. spekulacia 14. elcini 16. faliaSvili 17. duCe 20. ragbi 25. hirosima 26. niurnbergi 27. bigsaidi 29. raixstagi 30. hartmani 31. libreto 35. axpati 37. industrializacia 41. revanSi 43. bismarki 45. pretori 46. sarajiSvili 47. genocidi 48. neironi

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