My World #7

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ambrosi

s a r C e v i

daviT kakabaZe

58

arabebi da maTi wvlili msoflio kulturaSi

92

sporti

78

qarTuli xalxuri musika

civilizacia

iakob gogebaSvili

mxatvroba

didi mwerali

literatura

68

didi qarTvelebi

politika

ras niSnavs Zlieri qveyana

48

30

musika

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

imperiebi

40

18

gamoCenili adamianebi

istoria

2

lxini Jamianobisas

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istoria

imperiebi

zurab daviTaSvili

ra aris imperia? cneba „imperia“ yvelasaTvis cnobilia da TiTqos damatebiT ganmartebas ar saWiroebs. rodesac am sityvas vambobT, vgulisxmobT mZlavr zesaxelmwifos, sadac erTi xelisuflebis qveS gaerTianebulia sxvadasxva xalxi da qveyana, romelTa umravlesoba ZaliT aris damorCilebuli. amasTanave, aseTi zesaxelmwifoebi mTavar rols TamaSoben regionul da msoflio politikur procesebSi da xSir SemTxvevaSi gansazRvraven kidec maT. aseTi warmodgena sworia da faqtobriv viTarebas asaxavs, magram roca saqme exeba samarTlebriv statuss, gansxvavebul realobebTan gvaqvs xolme saqme. arcTu iSviaTad istoriaSi oficialuri saxelwodeba „imperia“ erqva qveynebs, romlebic imperiebad verc erTi kriteriumiT ver CaiTvlebodnen. kerZod, imperiad iwodebodnen vietnami, haiti, korea, eTiopia (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT 1204-1461 wlebSi arsebul trapizonis imperiaze, romelic didi xnis manZilze saqarTvelos gavlenis qveS iyo). kuriozuli iyo 1976 wels centraluri afrikis respublikis diqtatoris

2

imperiebi

bokasas gadawyvetileba, roca qveyana imperiad, xolo sakuTari Tavi imperatorad gamoacxada (igi sami wlis Semdeg daamxes). dRes msoflioSi oficialurad imperatoris tituls atarebs erTaderTi pirovneba – iaponiis imperatori akihito, magram misi imperatoroba (iseve, rogorc iaponiis imperioba) mxolod warsulis gamoZaxilia da wminda simboluri datvirTva aqvs. aRsaniSnavia, iseT klasikur imperiebs, rogorebic iyvnen arabTa saxalifo, monRolTa ulusi, osmaleTi da britaneTi, imperiebis statusi ar hqoniaT da arc maTi monarqebi iwodebodnen imperatorebad. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi ki, Tu romelime qveynis politikas SeiZleba vuwodoT impecentraluri afrikis riuli, xolo qveynebs – imperiebi, es udavod aris sabWoTa respublikis diqtatori kavSiri da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. Cveulebriv saubokasa barSi da masmediaSi xSirad vxvdebiT gamoTqmas „sabWoTa imperia“, „amerikis imperia“, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, am gamoTqmebSi imperiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politika igulisxmeboda da ara samarTlebrivi statusi, radgan samarTlebrivad imperia monarqiis erT-erTi saxeobaa. Sesabamisad, respublikuri wyobis saxelmwifos imperiis samarTlebrivi statusi veranairad ver eqneba. amgvarad, erTmaneTisgan unda gavarCioT imperia, rogorc monarqiuli saxelmwifos tipi, romelsac saTaveSi udgas imperatori da imperia, rogorc koloniuri saxelmwifo, romelsac Tavis SemadgenlobaSi an gavlenis qveS moqceuli hyavs sxvadasxva qveyana da xalxi. amjerad Cven gvainteresebs imperiebi am meore mniSvnelobiT, anu zesaxelmwifoebi, romlebic Tavis TavSi aerTianebdnen dapyrobil teritoriebs da koloniebs, imisda miuxedavad, hqondaT maT imperiis oficialuri statusi da hyavdaT imperatori Tu ara. geopolitikis klasikur TeoriebSi eqspansiis mixedviT gamoyofen imperiebis or tips: Telurokratiuls (saxmeleTo, anu kontinenturi) da Talasokratiuls (sazRvao, anu okeanuri). pirvelis magaliTia ruseTi da germania, romelTa gafarToeba da teritoriuli zrda xdeboda mezobeli xalxebis dapyrobiTa da SeerTebiT (okupacia da aneqsia). meoris magaliTs ki warmoadgenen britaneTi da safrangeTi, romlebic, rogorc imperiebi, Camoyalibdnen zRvisgaRma teritoriebis dapyrobisa da kolonizaciis gziT. albaT ar iqneba interesmoklebuli, Tu gadavxedavT msoflio istorias da yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT, Tu ra saxis imperiebi warmoadgendnen wamyvan Zalas sxvadasxva epoqaSi. iaponiis 225-e imperatori akihito da misi meuRle mitiko

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istoria

imperiebi Zvel da Sua saukuneebSi romeli qveyana SeiZleba miviCnioT pirvel, yvelaze Zvel imperiad msoflio istoriaSi – sadavo sakiTxia. mecnierTa nawili fiqrobs, rom sargon I-is mier Camoyalibebuli aqadis saxelmwifo (Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua periodi), romelic mesopotamias da sirias moicavda da gasasvleli hqonda xmelTaSua zRvaze da sparseTis ubeze, SeiZleba CaiTvalos istoriaSi pirvel imperiad. am azris gaziarebis SemTxvevaSi, sruli ufleba gvaqvs imperiebad miviCnioT babilonis Zveli samefo, xeTebis saxelmwifo da asureTis samefo, radgan TiToeuli maTgani Tavis SemadgenlobaSi aerTianebda sxvadasxva dapyrobil xalxs da qveyanas. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mauriebis saxelmwifoze indoeTSi da jous samefoze CineTSi.

sargon I, brinjaos niRabi, Zv. w. 2300

iSTaris karibWe (restavrirebuli), babiloni, erayi, daaxl. Zv.w. 575, inaxeba berlinis pergamonis muzeumSi

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mkvlevarTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom pirvel, namdvil imperiad unda miviCnioT aqemenianTa irani (Zv. w. VI-IV ss.). es oc satrapiad dayofili, sam kontinentze gadaWimuli uZlieresi saxelmwifo, regularuli jariT, saxelmwifo religiiT (zoroastrizmi) da mmarTvelobis gamarTuli sistemiT namdvilad akmayofilebda imperiis yvela kriteriums. swored saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis am formis gamosaxatavad gamoiyenes pirvelad berZnebma termini „despotia“.

imperiebi

sparseTis mefe, persepolisis bareliefi

aqemenianTa imperias bolo mouRo da mTel mis samflobeloebs daepatrona aleqsandre makedoneli (Zv. w. IV s.). makedonelis imperia erT-erTi yvelaze xanmokle aRmoCnda istoriaSi da igi aleqsandres sikvdilisTanave daiSala. magram man ganuzomeli roli iTamaSa msoflio kulturis ganviTarebaSi. klasikuri berZnuli kulturis da adgilobrivi aRmosavluri kulturebis Serwymam warmoSva msoflio civilizaciis brwyinvale furceli – elinizmi, romelTanac dakavSirebulia mecnierebis, filosofiis, literaturisa da xelovnebis araerTi Sedevri. imperiis daSlis Sedegad gaCenili qveynebi elinisturi saxelmwifoebis saxeliT aris cnobili (parTia, egvipte, siria, kilikia, kabadokia, ponto da sxv.).

aleqsandre makedoneli mozaika pompeidan, daaxl. Zv.w. I s.

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CineTis didi kedeli

istoria

aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli saxelmwifo, romelic WeSmarit imperias warmoadgenda ara marto arsiT, aramed statusiTac, romlis oficialuri saxelwodebac imperia gaxda da saxelmwifos meTauric imperatorad iwodeboda, iyo romis imperia. albaT Znelia moiZebnos sxva romelime saxelmwifo, romelsac msoflio istoriaSi iseTi didi kvali daetovebinos, rogoric romis imperias. aqedan iRebs saTaves evropuli samarTali da politika, mecniereba da xelovneba, laTinuri ena. romma Tavis SemadgenlobaSi moaqcia evropis, aziis da afrikis vrceli teritoriebi, romlebic gars ertya xmelTaSua zRvas da es uzarmazari zRva romis „Sida tbad“ iqca (amitom uwodebdnen mas romaelebi „Mare Nostrum”-s, anu Cvens zRvas). ax. w.

I-II saukuneebSi romis imperia faqtobrivad erTaderTi saxelmwifo iyo evropaSi, xolo msoflioSi romTan Sesadar saxelmwifod mxolod CineTis imperia SeiZleba mogveazrebina, romelic Zv.w. 221 wels cinis (Cinis) dinastiis fuZemdebelma cin Sixuadim daafuZna. Semdeg saukuneebSi araerTi dinastia Seicvala (xani, tani, iuani, mini, cini da sxv.), magram CineTi imperiad rCeboda manam, sanam 1911 wlis revoluciis Sedegad respublikad ar gamocxadda.

395 wels romis imperia gaiyo dasavleT romis imperiad da aRmosavleT romis imperiad. dasavleT romis imperiam sul 80 weli iarseba da 476 wels germanelma romis kolizeumi – giganturi amfiTiatri, sadac ZiriTadad gladiatorTa brZolebi imarTeboda, agebulia ax.w.75-80 ww.

6

imperiebi

macxovari, bizantiis imperatori konstantine IX monomaxi da misi meuRle zoia. mozaikuri freska, XI s.

barbarosma tomebma daamxes. aRmosavleT romis imperia (bizantia) ki umZlavres zesaxelmwifod iqca. VI saukuneSi is Tavis sazRvrebSi romis imperiis teritoriis udides nawils aerTianebda, xolo dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli msoflio kulturis mTavar centrad iqca. magram Semdgom bizantia sagrZnoblad dasustda. XI saukuneSi Turq-seljukebma mas mTeli aziuri nawili waarTves. XIII saukunis dasawyisSi ki jvarosnebma saerTod daamxes bizantiis imperia da mis nangrevebze ramdenime patara „imperia“ (laTinTa, nikeas, trapizonis) warmoiSva. marTalia, 1261 wels imperia aRdga, magram igi Zveli bizantiis sacodav aCrdils warmoadgenda. saerTo jamSi bizantiis imperiam aTas welze meti iarseba (uprecedentod didi dro imperiisTvis) da sabolood Turq-osmalebma daamxes 1453 wels.

VIII saukunis bolos frankTa mefem karlos didma dasavleTi da centraluri evropis didi nawili gaaerTiana da 800 wels imperatorad ekurTxa. misma STamomavlebma imperia gainawiles da sami didi saxelmwifo (safrangeTi, lotaringia da germania) warmoiSva. imperatoris tituli aRmosavleT frankTa saxelmwifos (germaniis) mmarTvelze gadavida. es saxelmwifo Tavs romis imperiis memkvidred Tvlida, rac mis saxelwodebaSic aisaxa – „wminda romis saRvTo imperia“. mTeli Sua saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saRvTo imperia warmoadgenda uamravi patara samefos, samTavros, saTavados Tu sahercogos konglomerats, sadac centraluri (imperatoris) xelisufleba nominaluri iyo. xolo XVII saukunidan, ocdaaTwliani omis Semdeg, es imperia wminda wylis formalobad iqca. oficialurad saRvTo imperia napoleonma gaauqma 1806 wels da ukanaskneli imperatori (habsburgTa dinastiidan) avstriis

karlos didids portreti, mxatvari albrext diureri 1513

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istoria imperiis pirvel imperatorad mogvevlina. mZlavri imperiebi cvlidnen erTmaneTs aRmosavleTSic. VII-VIII saukuneebSi arabebma Seqmnes uzarmazari imperia indoeTidan espaneTamde (arabTa saxalifo). Tu ukidures arabuli samyaros ruka dasavleTSi maT brZolebi hqondaT frankebTan (Suagul safrangeTSi), aRmosavleTiT, centralur aziaSi isini Cinelebs eomebodnen. Tanac am uzarmazar teritoriaze maT ara marto axali religia – islami – gaavrceles, aramed adgilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilaciac (arabizacia) moaxdines. dRevandeli arabuli samyaro, romelic sparseTis ubidan atlantis okeanemdea gadaWimuli da 18 saxelmwifos aerTianebs, arabTa dapyrobebis Sedegia.

XI saukuneSi mTeli centraluri azia, irani, erayi, siria, palestina, mcire azia (bizantiis aziuri nawili) da kavkasia Turq-seljukTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda. am usastikesma da uZlieresma imperiam cota xans iarseba da male daiSala, magram mainc moaswro umZimesi dartyma mieyenebina qristianuli samyarosaTvis. bizantiis imperiis da somxeTis ganadgurebam saqarTvelo marto datova islamur mezoblebs Soris, xolo ierusalimis aRebam Tavzari dasca evropas da jvarosnul laSqrobebs daudo saTave.

XIII saukuneSi msoflio Seazanzara monRolTa dapyrobebma. am CamorCenilma, momTabare xalxma manamde arnaxuli sididis imperia Seqmna, romelic sam kontinentze iyo gadaWimuli da wynari okeanidan venamde da veneciamde aRwevda. Cingiz-yaenis sikvdilis Semdeg mis oTx vaJs Soris ganawilebuli oTxi ulusidan TiToeuli maTgani (oqros urdo, ilxanTa saxelmwifo, CaRatas ulusi da didi yaenis ulusi), Tavis mxriv mZlavr imperias warmoadgenda.

SemdegSi,

monRolTa imperiis pirveli yaenis – Cingiz-yaenis qandakeba, monRoleTi

8

imperiebi

monRoluri mxatvroba, XIV saukune

roca es imperiebi daiSala, maT nangrevebze kidev ori uZlieresi imperia warmoiSva: XIV saukuneSi – Temur-lengis saxelmwifo centralur aziaSi da XVI saukuneSi – did mogolTa imperia, romelic TiTqmis mTel indoeTs moicavda da 1858 wlamde, ingliselebis mier indoeTis srul damorCilebamde iarseba. seljukTa imperiis nangrevebze XIV saukuneSi warmoSobili Turq-osmalTa saxelmwifo male iqca uZlieres imperiad. 1453 wels osmalebma bolo mouRes bizantias, aiRes konstantinopoli da TavianT saxelmwifos dedaqalaqad gamoacxades stambolis saxelwodebiT. XVI saukune osmaleTis didebis mwvervalia. es imperia gadaWimulia marokodan iranamde da mTel samxreT-aRmosavleT evropas, samxreT-dasavleT azias da CrdiloeT afrikas aerTianebs. osmaleTi iseve, rogorc manamde arsebuli sxva imperiebi, saxmeleTo (Telurokratiuli) imperia iyo. osmalebma gadaketes saxmeleTo gza evropidan indoeTamde da aiZules evropuli saxelmosmaleTis imperiis ruka, 1792

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istoria wifoebi eZebaT sazRvao gzebi aRmosavleTisaken. swored aman Seuwyo xeli axali tipis – sazRvao, anu Talasokratiuli imperiebis Camoyalibebas.

imperiebi axal da uaxles istoriaSi

holandiuri gemi kapis kolonias uaxlovdeba

imperatori napoleoni, mxatvari Jak lui davidi, 1812

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pirveli sazRvao imperiebi portugalia da espaneTi iyvnen. maT moaxdines msoflios pirveli gadanawilebac. 1494 wels dadebuli tordesilasis xelSekrulebiT yvela axladaRmoCenili miwa, dasavleT grZedis 46 gradusiani meridianis dasavleTiT cxaddeboda espaneTis, xolo aRmosavleTiT portugaliis samflobelod. ase aRmoCnda portugalielebis xelSi afrikis vrceli teritoriebi, ceiloni, indoeTisa da indoneziis calkeuli nawilebi, agreTve (tordesilasis xelSekrulebis darRveviT) uzarmazari brazilia. espanelebi ki mTel samxreT (braziliis gamoklebiT), centralur da CrdiloeT amerikis mniSvnelovan nawils, daepatronen. maT xelSi

imperiebi

aRmoCnda filipinebi da mikroneziis kunZulebic (aseve xelSekrulebis darRveviT).

XVII saukunis pirveli naxevari holandiis sazRvao imperiis Zlierebis mwvervalia.am patara qveyanam moipova ra zRvaze pirveloba, vrceli koloniebi Caigdo xelSi. holandielebma aRmoaCines avstralia (romelsac axali holandia uwodes) da axali zelandia. portugalielebs waarTves indoneziis kunZulebi da ceiloni (Sri-lanka), samxreT afrikaSi Seqmnes kapis kolonia, sadac milionze meti holandieli (buri) gadasaxlda. maTve samxreT amerikaSi daaarses kolonia surinami, xolo CrdiloeT amerikaSi – axali niderlandebi (dRevandeli niu-iorki).

XVII saukunis meore naxevridan ki asparezze gamodis ori mZlavri imperiuli saxelmwifo – didi britaneTi da safrangeTi. Semdegi ori saukune maTi msoflio batonobisTvis brZolis istoriaa. petre pirvelis portreti, Tu safrangeTi evropis kontinentze warmoadgenmxatvari pol delaroSi, 1838 da hegemons, didi britaneTi „zRvaTa mefe“ gaxda da vrcel koloniebs daeufla. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan ki sagrZnoblad Seaviwrova safrangeTi, daatovebina ra mas indoeTi da kanada. Selaxuli didebis aRdgenas emsaxureboda napoleonis politika, romelsac safrangeTis msoflio hegemonad gadaqceva hqonda dasaxuli miznad. man safrangeTi imperiad, xolo Tavi imperatorad gamoacxada, Tumca evropis qveynebis koaliciasTan damarcxebis Sem-

ruseTis imperiis ruka

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istoria deg daamxes. naxevari saukunis Semdeg misma ZmisSvilma lui napoleon bonapartem aRadgina safrangeTis imperia da misi imperatoric gaxda, magram 1871 wels prusiasTan damarcxebis Semdeg es imperiac daemxo. amis Semdeg safrangeTma aqcenti koloniebis dapyrobaze gadaitana, vrceli teritoriebi Caigdo xelSi afrikasa da aziaSi da britaneTis Semdeg yvelaze mZlavr sazRvao imperiad iqca.

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaiWima ruseTis samefo. 1721 wels petre I ruseTis imperatorad gamocxadda. es tipuri saxmeleTo imperia iyo, romelic Tavisi mezobeli qveynebisa da xalxebis dapyrobiTa da mierTebis Sedegad farTovdeba. erTaderTi zRvisgaRma teritoria – alaska – ruseTma ver aiTvisa da 1867 wels aSS-s mihyida. ruseTi Tavs bizantiis (aRmosavleT romis) imperiis memkvidred miiCnevda da dasavleT romis imperiis memkvidris – saRvTo imperiis (1806 wlidan avstriis, xolo 1867 wlidan avstria-ungreTis) metoqed moiazreboda, romelic aseve saxmeleTo imperias warmoadgenda.

1871 wels, prusia-safrangeTis omSi safrangeTis damarcxebis Semdeg, prusiis hegemonobiT Camoyalibebul germanul samefo-samTavroebis kavSiris bazaze gamocxadda erTiani germaniis imperia. igi mokle xanSi gaxda evropis uZlieresi, militaristuli da agresiuli saxelmwifo, Telurokratiuli imperia, romlis mTavari politikuri mizani msoflios xelaxali gadanawileba da germaniisTvis vrceli zRvisgaRma koloniebis xelSi Cagdeba iyo. am niadagze germania, avstria-ungreTTan erTad mudmiv winaaRmdegobaSi iyo Zvel imperiul saxelmwifoebTan: inglisTan, safrangeTTan da ruseTTan. swored am winaaRmdegobam gamoiwvia pirveli msoflio omi. pirveli msoflio omis Sedegad daemxo evropis samive imperia – germania, avstria-ungreTi da ruseTi. TiTqos unda dabrunebuliyo Zveli sazRvao imperiebis – inglisisa da safrangeTis hegemonobis xana, magram viTareba sxvagvarad warimarTa. ruseTis imperiis nangrevebze aRmocenebuli sabWoTa kavSiri, male iqca tipur totalitarul imperiad, romlis ambiciebi gacilebiT farTo iyo,

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germaniisa da avstria-ungreTis imperiebis gerbebi, pirvel msoflio omis periodi

imperiebi

vidre ruseTis imperiisa da mTeli msoflios mSromelebis „ganTavisuflebas“ isaxavda miznad. msoflioze batonobis miznebi hqonda germaniis xelisuflebaSi arCevnebiT mosul nacistur partias. SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom nacisturi oficialuri propaganda qveyanas uwodebda „mesame raixs“ (anu imperias). 20-30-ian wlebSi uaRresad militaristul, imperialistur politikas adga iaponia (1868 wlidan oficialurad iwodeboda imperiad, imperatoriT saTaveSi). misi geopolitikuri interesebi mTel aRmosavleT azias da wynari okeanis kunZulebs moicavda. sakuTari imperiuli interesebi gauCnda faSistur italiasac. meore msoflio omis mTavari mizezi mTavar imperiul saxelmwifoebs Soris geopolitikuri interesebis dapirispireba iyo. meore msoflio omma Zireulad Secvala viTareba. damarcxebuli germania, italia da iaponia sabolood daemSvidobnen imperiul ambiciebs da demokratiul saxelmwifoebad gardaiqmnen (Tumca iaponiaSi imperatoris Tanamdeboba formalurad SenarCunebulia).

TiTqmis yvela yofilma koloniam damoukidebloba moipova, ris gamoc inglisisa da safrangeTis (aseve portugaliis, holandiis, belgiis, espaneTis) sazRvao imperiebma arseboba Sewyvites. mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebs britaneTis erTa Tanamegobroba, romelic britaneTis dominionebs da zogierT yofil kolonias aerTianebs. omis Sedegad mxolod ori Zalis polusi – amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da sabWoTa kavSiri darCa. Sesabamisad, saer-

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istoria

msoflio Zalis kolonialuri gadanawileba, 1914

TaSoriso sistema orpolusiani (bipolaruli) gaxda da globaluri imperiuli miznebic am or saxelmwifos gauCnda. maT Soris dapirispireba „civi omis“ saxeliT aris cnobili. igi 45 weli grZeldeboda da sabWoTa kavSiris daSliTa da socialisturi sistemis sruli kraxiT damTavrda. dRes erTaderTi qveyana, romlis geopolitikuri interesebi mTel msoflios moicavs aSS-ia. bevri miiCnevs, rom namdvili imperia dResdReobiT marto isaa. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes regionuli imperiuli ambiciebis mqone saxelmwifoebic.

Tumca arcTu cotaa isinic, vinc Tvlian, rom globalizaciis epoqaSi imperiebze laparaki uazrobaa.

imperiebis politikuri miznebi imperia, upirveles yovlisa, hegemonistur, eqspansiur politikasTan asocirdeba. marTlac, imperia mxolod iseT saxelmwifos SeiZleba vuwodoT, romlis politikac sxvisi teritoriebis xelSi Cagdebisken an maTze sakuTari gavlenis gavrcelebisken aris mimarTuli. cxadia, sxvadasxva imperias sxvadasxva mizani hqonda, rac imaze iyo damokidebuli, Tu ra warmoadgenda maTTvis mTavar sasicocxlo interesebs, Tumca imperiuli politikis arsi saerToa. imperiebis yvelaze ufro ambiciuri mmarTvelebi msoflio batonobaze ocnebobdnen, umravlesobis imperiuli mada ki regionuli hegemonis roliT SemoisazRvreboda. Zveli romaelebisa da CinelebisTvis maT garda yvela sxva xalxi barbarosi iyo da amitom imperiis SemadgenlobaSi maTi moxvedra maTTvisve iyo

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imperiebi

„bedniereba“, radgan Sansi eZleodaT civilizacias ziarebodnen. iaponur imperiul azrovnebasac miaCnda, rom iaponiis misia iyo aziis „ganaTleba“ da evropeli kolonizatorebisagan ganTavisufleba (realurad ki evropelebis iaponelebiT Canacvleba). sazRvao imperiebis mizani rac SeiZleba meti koloniis xelSi Cagdeba iyo, rac uzrunvelyofda maTi ekonomikis ganviTarebas da zesaxelmwifoebis statusis SenarCunebas. swored koloniebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, msoflios gadanawilebisaTvis brZola gaxda bolo saukuneebis msoflio politikuri istoriis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi. britaneTis xangrZlivi msoflio hegemonobis mizezic xom misi koloniuri imperia iyo. isic sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom meoce saukunis dasawyisSi britaneTis dominionebisa da koloniebis farTobi 109-jer aRemateboda sakuTriv didi britaneTis farTobs, Seadgenda xmeleTis 1/4-s, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo msoflio mosaxleobis TiTqmis 30 procenti. germaniis imperia SedarebiT gvian Camoyalibda. mas „daagvianda“ koloniebisaTvis brZolaSi Cabma da am mxriv mkveTrad CamorCa inglissa da safrangeTs. ruseTisagan gansxvavebiT, mas mezoblebis xarjze teritoriuli gafarToebis SesaZleblobac SezRuduli hqonda. amitom germaniis mTavari problema „sasicocxlo sivrciT“ (Lebensraum) uzrunvelyofa iyo. am miznis miRwevas emsaxureboda germaniis mier ori msoflio omis gaCaReba da mxolod sastikma marcxma amoagdo germanuli politikuri mentalitetidan imperiuli ambiciebi. samwuxarod, imperiuli miznebi ara Tu ar gamqrala, TandaTan Zlierdeba kidec rusul politikur azrovnebaSi. es azrovneba saTaves iRebs XVI saukunidan da dakavSirebulia moskovis, rogorc mesame romis ideasTan. mas Semdeg, rac daeca meore romi (konstantinopoli), moskovs daekisra mesame romis, marTlmadidebluri samyaros meTauris funqcia. meoTxe romi aRar iqneba da amitom ruseTi aris qristianobis mxsneli, mesia, romelsac akisria didi ganmaTavisuflebeli misia. man unda

15

istoria

ixsnas osmaleTis uRlidan Tavisi qristiani moZme xalxebi. am, erTi SexedviT, humanuri da keTilSobiluri miznis ukan imaleba ruseTis imperiuli, geopolitikuri interesi: moipovos gasasvleli Tbil, gauyinav zRvebze da gaakontrolos bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebi. rusul warmodgenaSi Seiqmna miTi rus jariskacze, rogorc ganmaTavisuflebelze. amitom yvela dapyrobiTi omi, romelsac ruseTi sxvadasxva regionSi awarmoebda, ruseTSi aRqmuli iyo, rogorc ganmaTavisuflebeli, keTilSobiluri, sadac rusebi Tavs swiraven ara sakuTari interesebisaTvis, aramed adgilobrivi daCagruli mosaxleobis gadasarCenad. sabWoTa kavSiri ruseTis imperiis istoriis erT-erT etapad SeiZleba miviCnioT. miuxedavad Secvlili ideologiisa da politikuri sistemisa, mas erTi wuTiTac ar uTqvams uari imperiul ganzraxvebze. piriqiT, is bevrad ufro agresiuli da saSiSi gaxda. Tu ruseTis imperiis geopolitikuri miznebi mainc regionuli iyo, sabWoTa imperiis (dasavleTSi mas „borotebis imperias“ uwodebdnen) interesebis sferoSi mTeli msoflio moxvda. axla ukve marTlmadidebeli Zmebis xsnaze ki ar iyo saubari, aramed mTeli msoflios mSromelebis ganTavisuflebaze kapitalizmis marwuxebisagan. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg ruseTis federacia veRar SeZlebda globaluri masStabiT hqonoda ambiciebi. magram aris regionul hegemonad darCenis miswrafeba da swrafadac Zlierdeba. dRes ruseTis mTavari politikuri interesia darCes zesaxelmwifod. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia misi gavlenis qveS iyvnen postsabWoTa qveynebi. is, vinc ruseTis am miznebs ewinaaRmdegeba, sastikad isjeba (saqarTvelo, moldova, ukraina). ruseTi cdilobs daibrunos globaluri donis superZalis funqcia. ram-

16

imperiebi

denad SesZlebs es amas, damokidebulia msoflio sazogadoebis, dasavleTis qveynebis da gansakuTrebiT aSS-is mxridan winaaRmdegobis xarisxze. meore msoflio omis Sedegad sabWoTa kavSiris usazRvro gaZlierebam da evropuli didi saxelmwifoebis katastrofulma dasustebam aiZula amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi mkveTrad Seecvala sagareo politika, uari eTqva tradiciul izolacionizmze da komunizmisa da sabWoTa eqspansiis SeCerebis misia Tavis Tavze aeRo. amerikis politikis mTavari mizani gaxda daecva liberaluri da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi mTel msoflioSi da ar daeSva komunisturi reJimebis ZaliT Tavsmoxveva. civi omis dasrulebisa da socialisturi sistemis kraxis Semdeg aSS erTaderT supersaxelmwifod rCeba msoflioSi. is erTaderTi qveyanaa, romlis politikuri interesebi globaluri masStabisaa da dedamiwis yvela regions moicavs. aseT pirobebSi bevri mas miiCnevs Tanamedroveobis erTaderT imperiad, romelic liberalizmis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis da sxva humanuri Rirebulebebis saxeliT axorcielebs Tavis imperiul politikas, aZlierebs Tavis gavlenas da mTel msoflios axvevs Tavs amerikuli cxovrebis wess. swored es aris Tanamedrove globalizaciis WeSmariti saxe, romelic sul ufro da ufro iRebs amerikanizaciis formas. cxadia, aseTi Sefaseba gadaWarbebulia. umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom miuxedavad amerikis rolis zrdisa, imperiuli politika aq arafer SuaSia. es bunebrivi procesia, romelic globalizacias sdevs Tan. mimdinareobs politikis, ekonomikis da kulturis daaxloeba da Serwyma, sadac Zlieri elementis upiratesoba ikveTeba. dRevandel globalur samyaroSi imperiebis adgili aRar aris da isini warsulis kuTvnilebaa.

17

gamoCenili adamianebi

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi zurab baTiaSvili msoflio istoriaSi albaT Znelad moiZebneba pirovneba, romelmac ise radikalurad Secvala sakuTari qveynis gezi, rogorc es aTaTurqma moaxerxa. aTaTurqs im periodSi mouwia cxovreba da moRvaweoba, romelsac Tavisuflad SeiZleba ewodos `beladebis epoqa~. im dros swored erTeulebi wyvetdnen erebis, saxelmwifoebisa da mTeli msoflios beds.

TurqeTisTvis sabednierod qveyanas erT-erT yvelaze gadamwyvet momentSi saTaveSi Caudga udidesi Sinagani Zalisa da SemarTebis progresulad moazrovne adamiani, romelmac revolucia moaxdina TurqTa TviTSegnebaSi. swored amitom iTvleba aTaTurqi ara marto Tanamedrove TurqeTis respublikis damaarseblad da pirvel prezidentad, aramed eris mxsnelad da mamad.1 aTaTurqis fenomeni imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi erTdroulad iyo saxelmwifo moRvawec, samxedroc da revolucioneric. es sami saqme erTmaneTs xels ar uSlida, piriqiT, im droindeli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, warmatebis erT-erT ZiriTad mizezad swored maTi erT pirovnebaSi SeTavseba unda miviCnioT.

mogvianebiT, rodesac TurqeTis parlamentma miiRo kanoni gvarebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb, mustafa qemals mieniWa gvari aTaTurqi, rac TurqTa mamas niSnavs. amasTan, aikrZala sxva moqalaqeebisTvis am gvaris miniWeba.

!

18

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

axalgazrdoba mustafa daibada 1881 wels (misi dabadebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mogvianebiT, rodesac aTaTurqs dabadebis TariRi hkiTxes, man upasuxa, rom daibada 19 maiss – dRes, rodesac aTaTurqma wamoiwyo erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola.) q. salonikSi (dRevandel saberZneTSi), romelic maSin osmaleTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. mamamisi, ali riza efendi, adgilobrivi saSualo fenis warmomadgeneli iyo. imave klass ekuTvnoda dedamisic – zubeide hanimi. mSoblebs Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo vaJis momavali profesiis Taobaze. dedas surda, rom misi Svili sasuliero piri gamxdariyo, mama ki ufro Tanamedrove ganaTlebis miRebas emxroboda. mustafa salonikSi im droisTvis yvelaze prestiJul `Semsi efendis skolaSi~ Sevida, magram mamamisi maleve gardaicvala da ojaxs materialurad Zalian gauWirda. mustafam 1893 wels swavla ganagrZo salonikis samxedro saswavlebelSi, sadac maTematikuri niWi gamoamJRavna. swored maTematikis maswavlebelma Searqva mas meore saxelad qemali, ris Semdegac is ukve mustafa qemalad iwodeboda. ori wlis Semdeg mustafa qemali swavlas agrZelebs bitolas (dRevandel makedoniaSia) kadetTa korpusSi, sadac interesdeba literaturiTa da oratoruli xelovnebiT. mustafa qemali 1905 wels Stabis kapitnis CiniT asrulebs swavlas stambolis generaluri Stabis akademiaSi. umaRles samxedro saswavlebelSi swavlisas

19

gamoCenili adamianebi Turqebi balkaneTis meore omSi (1912-1913)

gaitaca TanzimaTis (1834-1876 ww. – osmaloTa imperiaSi zomieri progresuli reformebis) periods Turq nacionalistTa ideebma da paralelurad daukavSirda sulTan abdulhamid II-is mimarT opoziciurad ganwyobil oficrebs. akademiis damTavrebis Semdeg mustafa qemalma 1906 wels q. damaskoSi, Semdeg ki sxva qalaqebSic TanamoazrovneebTan erTad daaarsa gasaidumloebuli revoluciuri organizacia `samSoblosa da Tavisuflebis sazogadoeba~, romelic Semdeg SeuerTda `erTianobisa da progresis komitets~. mogvianebiT aTaTurqi monawileobda italia-osmaleTis (1911-1912) da balkaneTis meore (1912-1913) omebSi. warmatebulad dawyebuli samxedro karieris gamo igi 1913 wels daniSnes osmaleTis samxedro ataSed bulgareTSi (q. sofia), saidanac 2 weliwadSi isev moqmed armiaSi gadaiyvanes.

pirveli msoflio omi, kavkasiis fronti

20

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

I msoflio omi I msoflio omi didi gamocda iyo osmaleTis imperiisTvis. mustafa qemali, romelsac am droisaTvis ukve seriozuli samxedro gamocdileba hqonda, xvdeboda, rom germania da misi mokavSireebi am omSi damarcxdebodnen. amitom igi neitralitetis momxre iyo. Tumca mis azrs im momentisTvis jer kidev ar hqonda gadamwyveti mniSvneloba da xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebebs emorCileboda. igi I msoflio omSi sxvadasxva frontze ibrZoda, yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki aRmoCnda dardanelis brZolebi, romlis drosac britaneTis imperia da misi mokavSireebi cdilobdnen sruteebisa da q. stambolis aRebas, riTac surdaT osmaleTis gamoTiSva I msoflio omidan. brZolebi TiTqmis 300 dRe gagrZelda da istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze sisxliani furceli – orive mxridan operaciebSi monawileobda TiTqmis 1 milioni jariskaci, maTgan naxevarze meti brZolis velze daeca. sabolood gamarjveba osmalebs darCaT da amaSi didi iyo mustafa qemalis damsaxureba. swored dardane- mustafa qemal faSa samxedro formaSi,1918 lis brZolebisas warmoTqva man Tavisi cnobili sityvebi Turqi samxedroebis mimarT – `me Tqven gibrZanebT sikvdils!~ am warmatebis miuxedavad, antanteli mokavSireebi swrafad miiwevdnen win samxreTisa da aRmosavleTis (kavkasiis) frontebze, rasac SesaZloa osmaleTis imperiis aRsasruli gamoewvia. amitom ukve faSas, anu generlis Cins miRweuli mustafa qemali sulTan mehmed VI-isgan (vahidedini) daJinebiT moiTxovda, rom am ukanasknels igi Tavdacvis ministrad daeniSna. generlis es survili ar dakmayofilda.

erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola mZime mdgomareobaSi myofma sulTanma mustafa qemals sxva davaleba misca – igi anatoliaSi jer me-9, Semdeg ki me-3 armiis inspeqtorad dainiSna. brZanebis Sesabamisad, igi 1919 wlis 19 maiss q. samsunSi ki Cavida, magram maleve gamovida sulTnis daqvemdebarebidan da ukve damoukideblad daiwyo moqmedeba. man saswrafod moiwvia kongresebi sivassa da rusebisgan ukve daclil arzrumSi, sadac igi warmomadgenlobiTi organos Tavmjdomared airCies. anatolieli TurqebisaTvis mustafa qemali erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis liderad,

21

gamoCenili adamianebi

stambolis mTavrobisTvis ki ajanyebul samxedrod iqca. misustebul centralur xelisuflebas misi dapatimreba ukve aRar SeeZlo da qemalis moZraoba anatoliaSi dRiTidRe Zlierdeboda. aTaTurqi xedavda, rom swrafad unda emoqmeda da Zalian mokle periodSi SeZlo brZolisunariani armiis Camoyalibeba. Tu 1921 wlis dasawyisSi TurqeTis jaris raodenoba 20 000 iyo, erTi wlis Semdeg mas ukve 186 000 jariskaci hyavda. swored swrafi moqmedebebiT SeZlo aTaTurqma daemarcxebina da gaeZevebina qveynis siRrmeSi SemoWrili mowinaaRmdegeTa (didi britaneTi, safrangeTi, italia, saberZneTi da somxeTi) Zalebi. bevrma ar icis, rom aTaTurqis yvelaze didi mokavSire lenini iyo. sabWoTa ruseTma, romelsac Tavad Zalian uWirda, gadamwyvet momentSi, 1920 wels, TurqeTs gaugzavna 6 000 Tofi, daaxloebiT 5 milioni vazna, 17 600 Wurvi da 200 kg oqros zodebi da es raodenoba 2 wlis Semdeg kidev gazarda. sabWoTa ruseTi aseve iyo pirveli qveyana, romelmac xelSekruleba dado qemalistur TurqeTTan, rac am ukanasknelisaTvis diplomatiur garRvevas warmoadgenda. sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis mokavSireobas ganapirobebda saerTo interesebi – erToblivi brZola didi britaneTisa da misi momxreebis winaaRmdeg. Tumca, rogorc SemdgomSi urTierTobebis gacivebamac aCvena, es mokavSireoba ufro taqtikuri xasiaTis iyo, vidre strategiuli. mas Semdeg, rac ingliselebma deputatTa palata stambolSi garekes, mustafa qemalma 1920 wlis 23 aprils didi erovnuli kreba (parlamenti) ankaraSi moiwvia,

22

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

romelmac igi airCia parlamentisa da ministrTa kabinetis Tavmjdomared (am or Tanamdebobas igi TiTqmis 1 wlis ganmavlobaSi iTavsebda).

1921 wlis agvistoSi TurqeTisTvis gadamwyveti momenti dadga. Turqebma mustafa qemalis sardlobiT md. saqariasTan ramdenimekviriani brZolebis Sedegad daamarcxes dasavleT anatoliaSi SeWrili saberZneTis armia, ris gamoc TurqeTis didma erovnulma krebam mas marSlis wodeba mianiWa. iqidan moyolebuli, TurqeTi yoveli wlis 30 agvistos (saberZneTis armiaze gadamwyveti upiratesobis mopovebis TariRi) aRniSnavs gamarjvebis dResaswauls.

1922 wels interventebze saboloo gamarjvebis Semdeg mTeli realuri Zalaufleba aTaTurqis xelSi aRmoCnda da am ukanasknelma SeZlo Zireulad Seecvala saxelmwifo sistema, rac istoriaSi qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT Sevida. aTaTurqi TurqeTisTvis ara marto guSindeli dRea. am pirovnebam mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra qveynis dRevandeli da xvalindeli dRec. mis mier Camoyalibebuli principebi, romelic qemalizmis saxeliTaa cnobili, safuZvlad udevs TurqeTis saxelmwifoebriobas.2

aTaTurqi saberZneTTan gamarjvebis Semdeg, 1921

qemalizmi qemalizmis principebia: respublikuroba, nacionalizmi, xalxuroba, etatizmi, laicizmi da revoluciuroba.

respublikuroba. 1924, 1961 da 1982 wlebis konstituciebis mixedviT, TurqeTSi respublikuri mmarTvelobis formaa. kanoniT dauSvebelia misi Secvla an am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad dayenebac ki. aTaTurqi qveynis marTvis yvelaze misaReb da mosaxerxebel modelad respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas miiCnevda. swored amis gamo gaaZeves qveynidan osmaleTis ukanaskneli sulTnis ojaxis wevrebi, romlebsac bolo dromde ekrZalebodaT TurqeTSi dabruneba. nacionalizmi. aTaTurqi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda am princips, radgan misi saSualebiT xdeba Turqi eris erTianobis dacva. igi ambobda: `Cveni nacionalizmi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris egoisturi da ampartavnuli nacionalizmi~. amasTan, mkveTrad asxvavebda erTmaneTisgan nacionalizmsa da nacizms. Tanaxmad aTaTurqis ganmartebisa, bunebrivi da istoriuli faqtorebi, romlebic qmnis ers, es aris:

2

igi aseve cnobilia `eqvsi isris~ principis saxeliTac, romelic aris aTaTurqis mier daarsebuli `saxalxo-respublikuri partiis~ (CHP) ideologia. es partia dRes TurqeTis yvelaze didi politikuri opoziciuri gaerTianebaa.

23

gamoCenili adamianebi

aTaTurqi q. bursaSi sityviT gamosvlisas, 1924 w.

saerTo ena, saerTo samSoblo, saerTo warmoSoba da rasobrivi erTianoba, istoriuli erTianoba, zneobrivi safuZvlebis erTianoba. amasTan, aTaTurqma daamkvidra cnobili fraza, romelic didi asoebiT weria TurqeTis nebismieri skolis kedlebze: `ra bednieria is, vinc ambobs, rom Turqia~.3

xalxosnoba. aTaTurqis mixedviT, xalxosnoba demokratiulobaa, ar cnobs pirovnebebs Soris privilegiebs da ar eTanxmeba klasobriv brZolas. etatizmi (warmodgeba franguli sityvidan “État” – saxelmwifo). am princips ori ganmarteba aqvs. farTo gagebiT igi niSnavs ekonomikisa da socialur-kulturuli aRorZinebis politikis gatarebas, viwro gagebiT ki – saxelmwifos warmmarTvel rols ekonomikaSi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom yvelafers saxelmwifo awarmoebs. laicizmi (warmodgeba franguli sityvidan “Laïcite”, rac saero xasiaTs niSnavs). igi gulisxmobs religiis gamoyofas saxelmwifosgan, rac TurqeTs aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi aniWebda modelis statuss regionSi. aTaTurqi ambobda: `Cven pativs vcemT religias. ar vewinaaRmdegebiT aravis azrebs da azrovnebis wess. Cven mxolod vcdilobT, rom religiuri da saxelmwifo saqmeebi ar airios erTmaneTSi~.

3

daakvirdiT formulirebas: `vinc ambobs, rom Turqia~ da ara `vinc Turqia~, rac eris erTad SekvrisTvis metad efeqturi debuleba gamodga.

24

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

revoluciuroba. igi, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs sazogadoebis mudmiv ganviTarebas da meore mxriv, qemalisturi revoluciis saxeliT aerTianebs yvela zemoxsenebul princips.

qemalizmis eqvsive debuleba mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli da erTmaneTidan gamomdinareobs. magram amis miuxedavad, zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom qemalizmi ar aris mwyobri Teoriuli sistema da warmoadgens sxvadasxva evropuli ideebis jams. amasTan, TurqeTSi ar iyo aseTi Tanmimdevroba – jer revoluciuri Teoria, Semdeg – revolucia. TurqeTSi moxda piriqiT: jer revolucia da mxolod amis Semdeg, ukve revoluciis msvlelobisas Seiqmna qemalizmi.

revoluciuri reformebi gamarjvebulma aTaTurqma swrafi tempiT ganaxorciela revoluciuri xasiaTis cvlilebebi: - gaauqma sasulTno da saxalifo; - Camoayaliba didi erovnuli kreba (parlamenti); - TurqeTisTvis damamcirebeli sevrisxelSekruleba, romelic gulisxmobda teritoriebis katastroful dakargvas, Secvala lozanis xelSekrulebiT, riTac ganisazRvra Tanamedrove TurqeTis sazRvrebi; - samxedro mosazrebebis gamo dedaqalaqi stambolidan ankaraSi gadaitana; - Seqmna memarcxene-centristuli mimarTulebis `saxalxo-respublikuri partia~ (CHP), xeli Seuwyo opoziciuri partiebis Camoyalibebas;4 - 1923 wlis 29 oqtombers gamoacxada respublika da es dRe iqca mTavar erovnul dRed; - SemoiRo gvarebi, rac manamde ucxo iyo muslimuri TemebisTvis. amasTan, akrZala iseTi mimarTvis formebi, rogorebicaa `efendi~, `xoja~, `xaji~, `beiefendi~ da a.S. 4

im periodisTvis opoziciuri partiebis waxalisebis ideam ar gaamarTla, radgan isini konservatiuli Zalebis TavSesafrad iqca. es partiebi maleve aikrZala da aTaTurqis sicocxlis bolomde erTpartiuli sistema SenarCunda.

25

gamoCenili adamianebi - religia gamoyo saxelmwifosgan; gaauqma sakonstitucio debuleba, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo religia islami iyo; - miiRo kanoni tanisamosis Sesaxeb, riTac tradiciuli aRmosavluri Cacmuloba evropuli tansacmliT Canacvlda; - hijris kalendari Secvala grigorianuliT, Secvala Tveebis dasaxeleba. tradiciuli muslimuri paraskevis nacvlad dasvenebis dReebad gamoacxada SabaTi da kvira. daamkvidra evropaSi arsebuli zomisa da wonis erTeulebi; - gaauqma Teqeebi (derviSTa TavSeyris adgilebi) da aSari (islamuri gadasaxadis saxeoba – meaTedi); - gaauqma SariaTis kanonebi da Sveicariis magaliTze SemoiRo axali samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi. qalebs mianiWa saarCevno uflebebi; - arabuli anbani laTinuriT Secvala, ris gamoc qveyanaSi swrafad gaizarda wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa raodenoba; - daaarsa TurqeTis istoriisa da Turquli enis sabWoebi (institutebi).

26

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

ukanaskneli wlebi aTaTurqma gatarebuli reformebis gamo bevri mosisxle mteri gaiCina. konservatiuli Zalebi politikuri saSualebebiT araerTxel Seecadnen xelisuflebidan mis CamoSorebas, Tumca warumateblad. mas bevrjer SeTqmulebac mouwyves, magram aTaTurqi yovelTvis gamarjvebuli gamodioda. mustafa qemal aTaTurqs seriozuli avadmyofobis niSnebi 1937 wels aRmoaCnda. Turqma eqimebma mas RviZlis cirozis diagnozi dausves. eqimebma misi sicocxlis gadarCena ver SeZles da igi 1938 wlis 10 noembers 57 wlis asakSi gardaicvala q. stambolSi. am droidan moyolebuli yoveli wlis 10 noembers didi mowiwebiTa da pativiscemiT aRiniSneba aTaTurqis xsovnis dRe. igi dakrZalulia q. ankaraSi specialurad misTvis agebul mavzoleumSi. aTaTurqis sikvdilis Semdeg misma memkvidreebma Seasrules mustafa qemalis anderZi – `mSvidoba qveyanaSi, mSvidoba msoflioSi~ da ar CaerTnen II msoflio omSi, riTac qveyana didi gansacdelisgan ixsnes.

aTAYaTurqi meuRlesTan erTad

27

gamoCenili adamianebi aTaTurqi SvilobilTan erTad

ojaxi da piradi cxovreba mustafa qemal aTaTurqi erTxel iyo daqorwinebuli. 1923 wels man colad SeirTo izmireli gemTflobeli magnatis muamer uSiqizades (uSiqligili) qaliSvili latife, romelsac ganaTleba sorbonis universitetSi hqonda miRebuli. latife, rogorc im drois erT-erTi yvelaze progresuli pirovneba, flobda ucxo enebs da sakmaod emansipirebuli qalic iyo. mas bevr sakiTxze hqonda sakuTari azri, rac SesaZloa gaxda kidec wyvilis uTanxmoebisa da ganqorwinebis (1925 wels) mizezic. sainteresoa, rom sasamarTlom akrZala latifes dRiurebis gamoqveyneba.5 aTaTurqis bebia-babuis saxli sofel koZaZikSi, makedonia

5

28

aTaTurqs am qorwinebidan Svili ar hyolia. man cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi iSvila erTi vaJi

misi saxeli miniWebuli aqvs stambolis sididiT meore aeroports.

kaci, romelmac Seqmna Tanamedrove TurqeTi

es sainteresoa uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi

da Tormeti gogona. maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia sabiha goqCeni, romelic gaxda pirveli Turqi mfrinavi qali. aTaTurqs uyvarda kiTxva, jiriTi, Wadraki, cekva da curva. flobda frangul da germanul enebs. miRebuli aqvs mravali jildo. Seagrova mdidari piradi biblioTeka. aTaTurqi TviTonac werda. misi avtorobiTa da redaqtorobiT gamocemulia 9 wigni. maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia misi gamosvlebis krebuli (“Nutuk”).

qarTvelebTanaa dakavSirebuli uprecedento SemTxveva diplomatiis istoriaSi, romelic 1921 wels moxda TurqeTSi. ori RviZli Zma – simon da budu mdivnebi erTdroulad iyvnen ori sxvadasxva qveynis (Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosa da sabWoTa ruseTis) elCebi erT qveyanaSi (TurqeTSi). marTalia, Zmebi erTmaneTs ar elaparakebodnen da saqarTvelos mier damoukideblobis dakargvis gamo simon mdivnis elCobac q. ankaraSi xanmokle aRmoCnda, magram Tavad faqti faqtad rCeba – am maCveneblis araTu gaumjobeseba, gameorebac ki veravin SeZlo.

mustafa qemali gemovnebianadac icvamda. misi piradi nivTebi da wignebi gamofenilia q. ankaraSi aTaTurqis mavzoleumis muzeumSi.

aTaTurqi qandakeba q. izmirSi, avtori italieli moqandake pietro kanonika, 1932

29

musika

qarTuli xalxuri musika maia sigua Tuki vikiTxavT, ra aris is, riTac qarTuli kultura gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva msoflio kulturebs Soris, ra aris is, riTac yvela Cvengans SeuZlia Tamamad iamayos, erT-erTi pirveli, rasac yvela daasaxelebs, qarTuli xalxuri musika da saeklesio sagalobelia. es aqsiomaa, romelsac xandaxan meqanikuradac ki vimeorebT da, SesaZloa, arc ki davfiqrebulvarT, Tu ratom.

„erTi dRea, rac saqarTvelodan davbrundi da rac ukve menatreba, esaa araCveulebrivi xalxuri simRerebi, romelic iq nebismier dros, nebismieri adamianisgan, nebismier adgilas SeiZleba gaigonoT“, – werda nacnobi amerikeli musikosi socialur qselSi da, vin icis, es meramdene ucxoelia, visac aseTi ram aocebs. arada, simRera qarTveli adamianisTvis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli da Tan gansakuTrebuli nawilia.

xalxuri musika CvenTvis mSobliuria, mTeli cxovreba Tan gvdevs, Cveni erovnuli identobis nawilia da amitomac gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia, magram ra aqvs qarTul xalxur simReras iseTi, rac yoveldRiurad izidavs Semsruleblebs, mkvlevrebs, ubralod moyvarulebs msoflios nebismieri wertilidan? ra ganapirobebs maTi ricxvis yovelwliur zrdas? am kiTxvaze srulad pa-

30

qarTuli xalxuri musika

suxis gacema Zalze rTulia an iqneb SeuZlebelic, magram mainc vecadoT da nawilobriv mainc gaverkveT, raTa mxolod brmad ki ar gviyvardes, aramed gaazrebuladac davafasoT misi SesaniSnavi mxareebi.

anzor erqomaiSvili

„xalxuri musika... odiTganve eris sulier sazrdod iqca da qarTveli kacis sameurneo Tu yofiTi saqmianobis yvela sferos organulad daukavSirda. simRera iyo is amoucnobi Zala, romelic adamians gaWirvebas uqarvebda da bedis ukuRmarTobasTan brZolas uadvilebda, sasowarkveTis Jams mxneobasa da sulis simtkices matebda, borotis Zlevasa da keTilis gamarjvebaSi exmareboda. amitomac qarTveli xalxi, miuxedavad istoriuli bedukuRmarTobisa, didi rudunebiT uvlida Tavis mravalsaukunovan da TviTmyofad musikalur enas, misi dakargva an daknineba mSobliuri enis Secvlisa da dakargvis tolfasad miaCnda“, – kukuri WoxoneliZe, qarTveli eTnomusikologi.

mravalferovneba da mravalxmianoba – es is ori umniSvnelovanesi Taviseburebaa, romlebic Tavis TavSi Seicaven sxva Sinagan da garegan maxasiaTeblebs. am werilSi swored maTze dayrdnobiT minda mogiTxroT qarTul tradiciul musikaze1. saqarTvelo patara qveyanaa. igi kidev ufro patara kuTxeebisagan Sedgeba. TiToeul am kuTxes, saerTo qarTulTan erTad, mxolod TavisTvis damaxasiaTebeli buneba, cxovrebisa da saqmianobis wesi, metyvelebis manera, adaTebi, tradiciebi, cekva-simRera da zepirsityviereba aqvs. * qarTul tradiciul musikas uwodeben Zvel folklorul da saeklesio musikas.

31

musika maTi erToblioba qmnis patara saqarTvelos kulturis sidiades da dialeqti ganumeoreblobas.

termini lin­gvistikaSi aRniSnavs garkveuli literaturuli enis arastandartizebul variants, mis regionul-kuTxur an salaparako formas, romelic amave enis sxva dialeqtebisgan garkveuli raodenobis leqsikuri, sintaqsuri Tu fonetikuri TaviseburebebiT gansxvavdeba. mas iyenebs mosaxleobis SedarebiT mcire nawili, Tumca igi ZiriTadad gasagebia standartuli enis matareblebisTvis.

mecnierebaSi xalxuri Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb – folkloristikaSi – sxvadasxva kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebel mReris maneras dialeqts uwodeben. qarTul musikalur folklorSi 15-dan 17-mde dialeqti gamoiyofa. esenia: qarTl-kaxuri, xevsuruli, fSauri, TuSuri, moxeur-mTiuluri, gudamayruli, mesxuri, heruli, raWuli, leCxumuri, svanuri, imeruli, megruli, guruli, aWarul-SavSuri, afxazuri, lazuri*.

Tuki Tqven TiToeuli am kuTxisa da dialeqtis Tundac erT simReras mousmenT, iolad SeniSnavT gansxvavebas ara mxolod maT xasiaTSi (dinji, mkvircxli, lirikuli Tu amaRlebuli), aramed musikaluri qsovi-

hamlet gonaSvili (1928-1985)

lis agebasa da ganviTarebaSic. amavdroulad, maT Soris raRac saerTos SemCnevac ar gagiWirdebaT. es „raRac saerTo“ qarTulia, ganmasxvavebeli ki – TiToeuli am dialeqtis sakuTari maxasiaTeblebi. aq droebiT SevCerdeT mravalferovnebaze (mas mogvianebiT kidev davubrundebiT) da visaubroT mravalxmianobaze – qarTuli tradici-

32

* unda iTqvas, rom sxvadasxva mecnieri dialeqtebis sxvadasxvagvar raodenobas da dajgufebebs ganixilavs.

qarTuli xalxuri musika

uli musikis meore gansakuTrebul Tvisebaze. mravalxmianoba, zogadad, SeiZleba yvelgan Segvxvdes, sadac mravali adamiania Tavmoyrili da erTad asrulebs raimes. magram es araorganizebuli, anu mouwesrigebeli mravalxmianobaa. mowesrigebuli mravalxmianoba, romelsac polifoniasac uwodeben, musikaluri xelovnebis erT-erTi udidesi miRwevaa da ai, ratom: polifoniaSi TiToeuli xma TavisTavad warmoadgens calke srulfasovan melodiur xazs – horizontals. amave dros maTi erToblivi JReradobis Sedegad miiReba vertikalic, romelic aseve srulyofilad da bunebrivad unda JRerdes. horizontalisa da vertikalis erTianobiT miiReba dasrulebuli

varlam simoniSvilis gundi

mravalxmiani nawarmoebi, romlis mTel sirTuleebs adamiani mxolod maSin xvdeba, Tuki mas am elementebis mixedviT daanawevrebs da yuradRebiT daakvirdeba. evropul musikaSi polifonia imTaviTve eklesiis wiaRSi ganviTarda da es procesi daaxloebiT XII-XIII saukuneSi daiwyo. cxadia, evropis qveynebs manamdec, sasimRero folklorSic hqondaT mravalxmianobis martivi formebi, magram polifonia, rogorc aseTi, evropaSi dasabamidanve profesiuli niSniT viTardeboda da umaRlesi miRwevebi calkeuli avtorebis SemoqmedebaSi hqonda. frangebis – leoninis da perotinis, niderlanduri skolis brwyinvale warmomadgenlebis – diufais, okegemis, obrextis, italieli palestrinas da sxvaTa mier gakvaluli gza XVII-

artem erqomaiSvili (1887-1967)

33

musika XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze genialuri polifonistis – iohan sebastian baxis SemoqmedebiT dagvirgvinda, romelic dRemde polifoniis umaRles mwvervaladaa miCneuli. qarTul tradiciul musikaSi ki es yvelaferi SedarebiT adre daiwyo da organizebuli mravalxmianobis Sesaxeb werilobiTi dokumenti qarTvelma filosofosma ioane petriwma XI saukuneSi dagvitova. igi qarTuli sagaloblis sami xmis – mzaxris, Jirisa da bamis – harmoniul da ganuyofel erTobliobas adarebs, arc meti arc naklebi, mamis, Zisa da suliwmindis ganuyofel erTobliobas wminda samebad. es cnoba ki adasturebs, rom saqarTveloSi XI saukuneSi ukve maRalganviTarebuli polifonia arsebobda. metic, avstriel-britaneli anTropologi da musikismcodne zigfrid nadeli, romelic qarTuli folkloris erT-erTi pirveli ucxoeli mkvlevari iyo, qarTul mravalxmianobas „evropuli mravalxmianobis safuZvlad“ miiCnevda da varaudobda, rom SesaZloa dasavleT

sofel zemo akeTis gundi `Svidkaca~, anu `xuxanaSvilebisgundi~

evropaSi mravalxmianoba saqarTvelodan gavrcelebuliyo. amave ideas iziarebda meore didi mecnieric – marius Snaideri. miuxedavad imisa, rom es mxolod varaudia, romelsac damtkiceba sWirdeba, iolad SeamCnevT, Tu ra didi msgavsebaa qarTl-kaxur simRerebsa da adreul evropul polifonias anda korsikul xalxur da saeklesio mravalxmianobas Soris, romelic dRemde aqtiurad sruldeba.

Zuku lolua (1877-1924)

34

mravalxmianoba imdenad damaxasiaTebeli, bunebrivi da organuli iyo qarTvelisaTvis, rom yoveldRiuri xalxuri yofidan eklesiis mkacri kanonikiT dacul sivrceSi SeiWra da ara marto damkvidrda, gansacvifreblad maRalganviTarebuli nimuSebic da, rac yvelaze sainteresoa, Caweris, anu notirebis originaluri sistemac daamkvidra.

qarTuli xalxuri musika

es yvelaferi imisaTvis damWirda, rom meCvenebina, Tu ra Zlieria qarTveli adamianis musikalur azrovnebaSi mravalxmianobis wili. mravali qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnieris dakvirvebiT roca ori an sami qarTveli erTad mReris, umetes SemTxvevaSi isini mRerian an cdiloben imReron sxvadasxva xmaSi da ara unisonSi – erT xmaSi. cnobilma eTnomusikologma izali zemcovskim araerT gamokvlevaSi miuTiTa, rom mravalxmiani musikaluri azrovneba qarTvelebisaTvis genetikuradaa damaxasiaTebeli, anu bunebrivad Tandayolili Tvisebaa. man qarTvelebs xatovnad „homo polifonikusebic“ – mravalxmianad moazrovne adamianebi – uwoda. da Tuki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mravalxmianoba msoflio musikaluri Semoqmedebis erT-erTi umaRlesi miRwevaa, logikurad gamodis daskvna, rom qarTuli tradiciuli musikac swored aseTia. magram es yvelaferi ar aris. axla kvlav unda davubrundeT mravalferovnebas da amjerad orive Tvisebaze erTdroulad vilaparakoT. saqme is gaxlavT, rom mravalxmianobis sxvadasxvagvari saxe arsebobs, qarTuli folkloris mravalxmianobac mravalferovania. am patara

lado aRniaSvilis gundi, lotbari ivane ratili

teritoriaze gvxvdeba rogorc mravalxmianobis Canasaxovani formebi, ise ukiduresad ganviTarebuli oTxxmiani nimuSebi. amgvarad, dResac ki SesaZlebelia iolad warmovidginoT qarTuli mravalxmianobis ganviTarebis istoriuli gza, Tuki erTmaneTs SevadarebT xevsurul an fSaur erTxmian hangebs da dasavleT saqarTvelos baris, gansakuTrebiT ki, guriis urTules polifonias. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc mkvlevrebi weren, mocemuli gvaqvs erTxmiani, magram xSirad e.w. „kontaqturi“ melodiebi (rac niSnavs imas, rom isini Tavis TavSi Seicaven gaorxmianebis

35

musika

improvizacia musikaluri Semoqmedebis gansakuTrebuli saxea, mas axasiaTebs SemoqmedebiTi Txzva uSualod Sesrulebis procesSi. igi momdinareobs xalxuri Semoqmedebidan, dResdReobiT aqtiurad gamoiyeneba jazSi.

aSkara resurss), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, gurul simRerebSi, musikaluri xazis ganviTareba imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom teqstic ki ukana planze iwevs. magaliTad, gurulebs SeuZliaT mTeli musikaluri fraza aagon erTi marcvlis gamRerebazec ki, anda xandaxan teqstad gamoiyenon erTmaneTTan sruliad daukavSirebeli winadadebebi da Seqmnan fantastikuri polifoniuri improvizacia.4 es ukanaskneli da musikaSi Zalze dafasebuli Tavisebureba folkloris kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. es bunebrivia: uZvelesma xalxurma Semoqmedebam xom Cvenamde zepiri tradiciis wyalobiT moaRwia. es ki niSnavs, rom Tuki Segirdi ostatisagan raime simReras swavlobda, igi aucileblad raRac axals, miseuls matebda mas da daxelovnebuli momRerlebic erTsa da imave simReras yovel jerze sxvadasxvanairad mRerodnen – improvizacias akeTebdnen. simReris ZiriTadi aRnagoba ucvleli rCeboda, icvleboda mxolod detalebi. dRes Cvenamde moRweulia erTi simReris ramdenime sxvadasxva varianti, romlebsac ama Tu im cnobili folkloruli momRerlis an lotbaris saxeli hqviaT, magaliTad, `dedas levanas varianti~, `artem erqomaiSvilis varianti~, `Zuku loluas varianti~ da a.S. improvizaciuloba ki ganapirobebs mravalferovnebas ara mxolod qarTuli folklorisa zogadad, aramed erTi simReris Sesrulebisasac ki.

mixeil xavTasis gundi

dedas levana – levan asabaSvili

36

davubrundeT mravalxmianobis mravalferovnebas. qarTul tradiciul musikas axasiaTebs TiTqmis yvela tipis mravalxmianoba. ZiriTadad gamoyofen sam nairsaxeobas: burdonuls, roca gabmuli banis fonze zeda ori xma improvizaciulad asrulebs ZiriTad hangsa da teqsts. am tipis mravalxmianoba gansakuTrebiT

qarTuli xalxuri musika

qarTl-kaxuri simRerebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da masve miekuTvneba cnobili kaxuri sufruli simRera „Cakrulo“; kompleqsur-

1977 wels avtomatur saplanetTaSoriso sadgurebze gauSves gramfirfita saxelwodebiT „dedamiwis xmebi“, zed Cawerili sxvadasxvagvari informaciiT kacobriobis Sesaxeb. Canaweri gankuTvnili iyo kosmosSi SesaZlo arsebuli civilizaciebisaTvis da miznad isaxavda maTTvis dedamiwis Sesaxeb warmodgenis micemas. kacobriobis mier yvela dros Seqmnil Sedevrebs Soris, amerikeli musikologis alan lomaqsis ZalisxmeviTa da SerCeviT, am firfitaze kaxuri „Cakruloc“ moxvda.

paralelurs, roca yvela xma Tanabari manZiliT erTnairad moZraobs da aseT mravalxmianobas yvelaze xSirad svanur dialeqtSi vxvdebiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba gaixsenoT cnobili mzis sadidebeli „lile“ da polifoniis erT-erT yvelaze rTul tips – kontrastul mravalxmianobas. igi ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebSi gvxvdeba da misTvis damaxasiaTebelia samive xmis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli qarTuli xalxuri simReris saxelmwifo akademiuri ansambli anmoZraoba – cal-calke warmoad- zor kavsaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, asrulebs `Cakrulos~, solistebi ilia zaqaiZe da rostom saginaSvili

37

musika genen ra srulfasovan hangs, isini erTmaneTs sulac ar hgvanan, magram vertikalSi mwyobr da harmoniul mTlianobas qmnian. kontrastuli mravalxmianobis brwyinvale nimuSebs gurul folklorSi vxvdebiT, erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino nimuSi „xasanbeguraa“.

„bolo drois Cemi erT-erTi udidesi STabeWdileba iyo Sonbergis „iakobis kibe“ da qarTuli xalxuri polifoniuri simRerebis Canawerebi. musikis aqtiuri Sesrulebis es tradicia, saTaves uZvelesi droidan rom iRebs, SesaniSnavi mignebaa, romelic SesrulebisTvis gacilebiT mets iZleva, vidre Tanamedrove musikis yvela monapovari... iodli, romelsac saqarTveloSi `krimanWuli~ ewodeba, saukeTesoa, rac ki odesme msmenia~ – igor stravinski, axali musikis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, yvela drois erT-erTi udidesi kompozitori.

es CamonaTvali sulac ar niSnavs, rom qarTul musikalur dialeqtebSi mxolod erTi romelime tipis mravalxmianobaa gavrcelebuli. rogorc wesi, piriqiT, maTSi xSiradaa Serwymuli swored sxvadasxva tipis mravalxmianobis Tvisebebi. es musikas ufro mravalferovansa da sainteresos xdis.

cnobilia rom, franguli sityva `Janri~ saxeobas, gvars niSnavs. mis srulyofil ganmartebaze dRemde muSaoben mecnierebi. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi Cven mas viyenebT garkveuli daniSnulebis mqone simRerebis erTobliobis aRsaniSnavad, magaliTad, akvnis nanas Janri, sufruli, Sromis an sawesCveulebo Janrebi da sxv.

dasawyisSi aRvniSne, rom qarTuli dialeqtebis musikaluri TvisebebisaTvis Tvalis gadevneba kargad gvaCvenebs im istoriul procesebs, romelic Cvenma mravalxmianobam uZvelesi droidan dRemde gamoiara. imaves gameoreba SegviZlia, Tu davakvirdebiT musikaluri folkloris Janrebsac.5 maTi wyalobiT iolad SegviZlia warmovidginoT, Tu rogor cxovrobdnen, azrovnebdnen, risi sjerodaT Cvens Soreul winaprebs. cnobili qarTveli eTnomusikologi kukuri WoxoneliZe wers, rom qarTul xalxur musikalur SemoqmedebaSi „maRalganviTarebul, msoflio Sedevrebad aRiarebul sasimRero nimuSebTan erTad Soreuli saukuneebidan momdinare arqauli Sreebicaa SemorCenili, rac musikaluri azrovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebis calkeul etapebze Tvalis gadevnebis saSualebas iZleva. saqarTveloSi dRemde SeiniSneba uZvelesi sarwmunoebis kvali... qarTul sofelSi dResac ki SeiZleba moisminoT magiuri Selocvebi, amindis RvTaebis sadidebeli sagaloblebi, agraruli RvTaebisadmi mimarTuli mowodeba, mzis sadidebeli himni, magiur ZalTa saameblad gankuTvnili vedrebani6 da sxva. maTi Seswavla saSualebas gvaZlevs warmovidginoT, Tu rogor cxovrobdnen Cveni winaprebi 2-3 aTasi wlis win“. dabolos, minda icodeT, rom is, rac zemoT waikiTxeT, mxolod Zalian

38

magaliTad: „lazare“ – wvimis an daris „momyvani“ simRera; „aguna“ – meRvineobis RvTaebis moxmoba; mzisadmi miZRvnili „lile“; batonebis „sabodiSo“, „ia-batonebo“ an „RvTis karze saTqmeli iavnana“ da sxvebi.

qarTuli xalxuri musika

ganzogadebuli da mcire nawilia im didi da uaRresad saintereso informaciisa, romelic dRes ukve Zalian iolad SegiZliaT qarTuli xalxuri simReris Sesaxeb moipovoT. es informacia ki kidev ufro gaaRrmavebs Cveni didi winaprebisa da namdvili tradiciebisadmi pativiscemas, oRond gaaRrmavebs ara brmad da imitom, rom „asea saWiro“, aramed Segnebulad, gaazrebulad. Tuki Tqven, axalgazrda mkiTxveli, bevrs mousmenT Cvens tradiciul musikas, aucileblad SeiyvarebT mas da iolad SeZlebT gamoarCioT dRes samwuxarod popularuli, Zalze saeWvo Rirebulebis „gaTanamedrovebuli versiebi“, sinamdvileSi ki – „falsificirebuli“ folkloris xalxuri Semoqmedebis namdvili margalitebisagan, romelic Cvenamde ucnobma winaprebma an cnobilma folklorulma momRerlebma moitanes da romliTac samarTlianad da Tamamad SegviZlia viamayoT.

andro simaSvili

ansambli qarTuli xmebi

qarTuli simReris „margalitebi“, romlebic dRemde aocebs da aRafrTovanebs msoflios sul ufro met nawils, meoce saukunis dasawyisSi didi folkloruli momRerlebis: Zuku loluas, samuel CavleiSvilis, sandro kavsaZis, gigo da artem erqomaiSvilebis, ivane margianis, levan muRalaSvilis da sxvaTa mier iqna zepiri tradiciiT Semonaxuli da TavianTi saqmis erTguli musikosebis mier Cawerili da daculi. folkloruli ansamblebi dResac maTi audioCanawerebiT anda Zveli, zepiri tradiciiT swavloben moxuci ostatebis: andro simaSvilis, polikarpe xubulavas, islam filfanis, guri da tristan sixaruliZeebis, oTar berZeniSvilis da sxvaTagan.

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politika

ras niSnavs Zlieri qveyana aleqsandre rondeli yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi laparakisas xSirad vambobT: `Zlieri qveyana~, `Zlieri saxelmwifo~, `susti qveyana~, `susti saxelmwifo~ da ar vufiqrdebiT, rom es terminebi erTsa da imaves ar niSnavs. marTalia, qveyana saxelmwifoa da SeiZleba iyos an Zlieri da an susti, magram roca es qveynis Sesaxeb iTqmis, maSin mis samxedro, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri Zliereba igulisxmeba da ar aris aucilebeli, rom es misi saxelmwifoebriobis simtkicesa da mdgradobas niSnavdes. qveyana SeiZleba iyos susti samxedro-politikurad, magram Zlieri da mdgradi saxelmwifoebriobis TvalsazrisiT. sabWoTa kavSiri msoflios erT-erTi uZlieresi, kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli qveyana iyo, magram swrafad CamoiSala, radgan misi saxelmwifoebrioba agebuli iyo xelovnur, antiadamianur principebze da mosaxleobis daterorebisa da daSinebis ZaliT arsebobda. garda amisa, ssrk ararusebisaTvis mainc damTrgunveli ruseTis imperia iyo da rogorc ki marwuxebi moeSva, saxelmwifoc daiSala. sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobas Tavisi qveynis pativiscema da erTguleba rom hqonoda, es uzarmazari qveyana ar daiSleboda. mosaxleobas sakuTari saxelmwifos mimarT pativiscema da erTguleba maSin uCndeba, roca sakuTar saxelmwifoSi xedavs Tavisi da erovnuli interesebis damcvels, usafrTxoebis garants da sakuTari arsebobisTvis kanonieri garemos uzrunvelmyofs. rodesac qveyana damoukideblobas moipovebs, is, rogorc wesi, aris areuli da Raribi, misi saxelmwifoebrioba ki – myife. am dros gansakuTrebuli Tavgadadeba marTebT swored im Taobebs, romelTa zurgzec unda gadaiaros axalgazrda qveynis mSeneblobam, maT unda eyoT patriotizmi, vaJkacoba, goniereba da moTmineba, rom axali qveynis Seqmnis pasuxismgebloba ikisron. axali ojaxis Seqmnaa Zneli da raRa unda iTqvas axali qveynis Seqmnaze! qveynis aRmSeneblobis dawyeba, swori gzis arCe-

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ras niSnavs Zlieri qveyana

va, saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibeba da misi dacva uZnelesi amocanaa nebismieri xalxisTvis. faqtobrivad, unda Seiqmnas urTulesi myari konstruqcia, romelSic adamianebisaTvis arsebobis, ganviTarebisa da sakuTari miznebisa da imedebis realizebis SesaZleblobebi iqneba. es rom urTulesi da Zalze mtkivneuli procesia, kargad Cans damoukidebeli saqarTvelos magaliTzec. rodesac vlaparakobT Zlieri, mdgradi saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs bevri iseTi qveyana, romlebsac arc atomuri iaraRi aqvT, arc didi da Zlieri SeiaraRebuli ZalebiT gamoirCevian da arc teritoriisa Tu mosaxleobis sididiT daitrabaxeben. aviRoT, magaliTad, fineTi, Sveicaria, Svecia, dania, niderlandebi, norvegia, kosta-rika da sxva qveynebi, romlebic saxelmwifoebriobis gansakuTrebuli stabilurobiT gamoirCevian, samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT sustebi arian, magram aqvT Zlieri, mdgradi da daxvewili demokratiuli saxelmwifoebrioba. maTi mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesoba kmayofilia sakuTari qveynis demokratiuli saxelmwifo institutebiTa da kanonis uzenaesobiT. mosaxleobas isic esmis, rom misi ekonomikuri keTildReoba saxelmwifos demokratiulad funqcionirebis Sedegia. qveyanaze jer kidev mravlad arian iseTi adamianebi, vinc Zlierebas didi raodenobiT Tanamedrove iaraRisa da didi, Zlieri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis flobasTan aigiveben. ra Tqma unda, kargia iyo Zlieri da Tavs grZnobde usafrTxod, magram namdvili, WeSmariti Zliereba qveynis mosaxleobis sakuTari saxelmwifos mimarT loialurobasa da kanonmorCilebaSi, saxelmwifo institutebis uwyvetad da stabilurad funqcionirebaSia. amgvari qveyana okupirebuli romc gaxdes, okupaciis dasrulebis Semdeg swrafad aRorZindeba da misi saxelmwifoebriobac srulyofi-

41

politika lad aRdgeba. amis saukeTeso magaliTia baltiis qveynebi (estoneTi, litva da latvia), romlebmac damoukidebel, suverenul saxelmwifoebad realurad mxolod ocdaerTi weliwadi (1918-1940) iarsebes, Semdeg maTi damoukidebloba sabWoTa imperiam Seiwira (1940), magram sabWoTa okupaciuri reJimis dasrulebis (1991) Semdeg am qveynebma swrafad SeZles sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena, Sedegianad ganviTareba da samive dReisaTvis evropis kavSirisa da natos wevri qveynebia. ratom ajobes baltiis yofilma sabWoTa respublikebma danarCenebs da saxelmwifo mSeneblobaSi warmatebas ase swrafad rogor miaRwies? upirveles yovlisa, es imis gamo moxda, rom aq qveynebis mosaxleobis istoriul mexsierebaSi suverenuli saxelmwifoebis damoukidebeli arsebobis gamocdileba daileqa da adamianebs cxovrebaSi mxolod am gamocdilebis xelaxla gamoyeneba mouxdaT. mTavari mizezi swored es iyo.

Cvenma samSoblom, saqarTvelom, ukve 20 weliwadze metia, rac damoukidebloba daibruna. misi wina damoukidebloba (1918-1921) Zalze xanmokle iyo suverenuli saxelmwifoebriobis gamocdilebis dagrovebisa da mosaxleobis istoriul mexsierebaSi damkvidrebisaTvis. amitomac movandomeT didi xani axali saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnasa da daxvewas. am procesSi iyo bevri dabrkoleba da sisxlic bevri daiRvara, radgan Cveni eris mexsierebas ufro miTebi SemorCenoda, vidre realuri, suverenuli saxelmwifoebriobis gamocdileba. dReisaTvis damoukideblobisa da saxelmwifo mSeneblobis 20 welze metma gamocdilebam myari safuZveli Seuqmna saqarTvelos suverenitets, mis momaval ganviTarebas. yvelaze ufro rTuli periodi damoukidebelma saqarTvelom ukve gaiara, saZirkveli Cayrilia – saxelmwifoebrioba aRdgenilia da Sendeba Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo. zogis azriT, sakmarisia gqondes didi teritoria da gyavdes mravalricxovani mosaxleoba da ukve Zlieri saxelmwifo xar. didi qveyana TiTqos did armiasa da samxedro-politikur Zlierebas gulisxmobs. nawilobriv asec aris, magram qveynis Zlierebis aranaklebi piroba mainc Zlieri da myari saxelmwifoebriobaa. ra Tqma unda, did qveyanas, mravalricxovani mosaxleobiT, Zlier qveyanad qcevis didi potenciali aqvs, magram mdgradi, myari saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe amgvari qveyana WeSmaritad Zlier qveynad ver Camoyalibdeba. zogi fiqrobs, rom Tu qveyanas bevri da mravalferovani bunebrivi resursi aqvs, misi Zliereba garantirebulia. bevr da mravalricxovan bunebriv resursebze uars aravin ityvis, magram mxolod bunebrivi resursebis simravle ar qmnis Zlierebas. am resursebs WkuiT da racionalurad gamoyeneba sWirdeba. bevria iseTi qveynebi, romlebsac didi raodenobiT aqvT bunebrivi resursebi, magram arc Zlierni arian da xSirad sxvaTa sanedleulo danamatis rols sjerdebian.

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ras niSnavs Zlieri qveyana

nebismieri qveynis yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursi misi mosaxleobaa, gansakuTrebiT ki – ganaTlebuli da maRalkvalificiuri adamianebis simravle. ganviTarebulma, ganaTlebulma mosaxleobam resursebis ukmarisobis pirobebSic ki icis, rogor Seinaxos Tavi da rogor Seqmnas qveyanaSi keTildReoba. istoria gviCvenebs, rom Tuki sazogadoebam droulad miaqcia yuradReba ganaTlebas da am mxriv warmatebasac miaRwia, qveynis TiTqmis yvela problemisa Tu gamowvevis daZleva SedarebiT advilad moxerxdeba. ganaTleba ganviTarebisa da aRmavlobis gadamwyveti piroba da faqtoria. ganaTleba, ra Tqma unda, aRzrdasac gulisxmobs. momavali TaobisaTvis aRzrda-ganaTleba xelmisawvdomi da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, maRali xarisxisa unda iyos. Rirseul moqalaqed aRzrdili da profesiuli codniTa da unar-CvevebiT SeiaraRebuli adamiani warmatebas nebismier sferoSi miaRwevs. es ki qveynis Sedegiani ganviTarebis sawindaria. Tu gadavxedavT warmatebuli qveynebis istorias, advilad davinaxavT, rom mcire gamonaklisis, gansakuTrebiT navTobiT mdidari qveynebis nawilis, garda yvela danarCenma es warmatebuli saxelmwifoebriobisa da Sedegiani ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gziT moaxerxa. ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebriobis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas unariani, sakmarisi politikuri kulturisa da zneobis mqone elita esaWiroeba. amis miRweva ki saskolo ganaTlebis kargi sistemisa da kargi universitetebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. ra Tqma unda, qveynis axalgazrdobis garkveulma (Cveulebriv sakmarisad mcirem!) nawilma SeiZleba ganaTleba ucxour universitetebSi miiRos, magram warmoudgenelia qveyana ganviTarebul saxelmwifod Camoyalibdes, Tuki Tavad ar eqneba kargi umaRlesi ganaTlebis micemis saSualeba.

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politika

CvenSi sityvas `biurokratia~ ufro uaryofiTi mniSvnelobiT iyeneben, magram biurokratia aris saxelmwifo manqana, sajaro samsaxuri. Tu is kargi xarisxis ar aris da cudad funqcionirebs, saxelmwifo ver viTardeba, rCeba CamorCenili, Raribi da umweo. kargi biurokratiis Seqmnis mTavari piroba ki swored efeqtiani ganaTlebis sistemaa.

dResac, XXI saukuneSi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da maTi saZirkveli – qveynis oficerTa korpusi – nebismieri qveynis aucilebeli komponentia. qveynis oficerTa korpusi, romelSic igulisxmeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, specsamsaxurebisa da policiis oficrebi, es is adamianebia, romlebic mSvidobian dros qveynis usafrTxoebis garantebi arian, omSi ki, qveyana maTi vaJkacobisa da profesionalizmis imedad aris. bunebrivia, kargi oficrebi, upirveles yovlisa, patriotebad, moqalaqeebad aRzrdili adamianebisgan miiReba, romelTac Semdgom saukeTeso samxedro saswavleblebi esaWiroebaT.

dRes qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi udidesi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maRali donis teqnologiebs, teqnologiur siaxleebs. globalizaciis pirobebSi nebismieri teqnologiuri siaxle, Tu is perspeqtiulia, masobrivi moTxovnis sagani xdeba da msoflios TiTqmis 7-miliardiani mosaxleobis bazarze saRdeba. `nokia~, `samsungi~, `soni~, `epli~ da bevri sxva brendi amis saukeTeso magaliTia.

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ras niSnavs Zlieri qveyana

maRali donis warmoebas, axal teqnologias ara mxolod saukeTeso umaRlesi ganaTleba, aramed aseve Zvirad Rirebuli kvleviTi centrebi da laboratoriebi sWirdeba. dReisaTvis kvleviT centrSi erTi samuSao adgilis sxvadasxva mowyobilobiT aRWurvaze saSualod 1 mln. dolari ixarjeba. teqnologiur progress, ZviradRirebul ganaTlebas da kvleviT samuSaoebs Raribi, susti ganaTlebis sistemis mqone qveynebi ver qmnian da ukan rCebian. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze samrewvelo warmoebisa da axali teqnologiebis TvalsazrisiT dawinaurdnen iseTebic, romlebic adre an sxvis koloniebs, an ganuviTarebel, CamorCenil qveynebs warmoadgendnen – iqneba es singapuri, taivani, honkongi, samxreT korea Tu zogierTi sxva qveyana. Sveicaria, dania, Svecia, belgia, holandia, luqsemburgi, avstria, fineTi, irlandia SedarebiT momcro qveynebia, magram TavianTi warmoebiTa da uaxlesi teqnologiebiT msoflios wamyvan qveynebs Soris dganan. maTi ekonomikuri warmatebis erT-erTi sawindari mdgradi demokratiuli saxelmwifoebriobaa.

rodesac erovnuli Zlierebis Sesaxeb viwyebT saubars, saWiroa vicodeT, rom qveynis Zliereba misi geografiis Taviseburebebidanac gamomdinareobs. teritoriis sidide, mdebareobis Taviseburebebi, reliefi da hava, cal-calke da erTad, gansazRvraven qveynis Zlier da sust mxareebs, mis usafrTxoebas Tu mowyvladobas. marTalia, Tanamedrove teqnika (transporti, komunikaciis saSualebebi, iara-

45

politika Ri da a.S.) geografiuli, bunebrivi pirobebisa da faqtorebis gavlenas asustebs, magram kargi bunebrivi zRudeebi, mowinaaRmdegis jarisaTvis rTulad gasavleli reliefi (mTebi, udabnoebi, mdinareTa qseli, Waobebi da a.S.) qveynis usafrTxoebas, daculobas zrdis, xolo igive faqtorebi, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ar uwyobs xels qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobas. poloneTi, romelic germaniasa da ruseTis imperias (Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirs) Soris mdebareobda da ZiriTadad vakes warmoadgens, Tavisi ori Zlieri mezoblis – ruseTisa da germaniis – armiebis saTareSo teritoria iyo. avRaneTi ki imis gamo, rom umeteswilad mTagoriania, yovelTvis iyo Zalze Znelad dasapyrobi.

nebismieri qveynis Zlierebis umniSvnelovanesi saZirkveli, myar saxelmwifo institutebTan erTad, misi ekonomikuri Zlierebaa. nebismierma qveyanam rom iarsebos, unda awarmoos rac SeiZleba bevri da sxvebisaTvis saWiro maRalxarisxiani, Rirebuli produqcia. dRevandeli qveyana, gansakuTrebiT patara, aqtiurad unda iyos Cabmuli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. misi eqsporti unda iyos qveynis keTildReobisa da Semdgomi ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari piroba. amgvari qveyana ara mxolod sxva qveynebs sWirdeba, aramed Tavadac viTardeba da Zlierdeba.

Zlieri qveyana is qveyanaa, romelSic ekonomika ara mxolod bevrs da xarisxians qmnis, aramed aris moqnili da dinamikuri, anu swrafad SeuZlia axali teqnologiebis aTviseba, axali sawarmoo dargebis Seqmna da saerTaSoriso bazris cvlilebebTan swrafad Segueba. amas ki maRalkvalificiuri muSaxeli, mecnierebi, inJinrebi, mewarmeebi esaWiroeba. aqac yvelaferi qveynis mosaxleobis xarisxzea damokidebuli.

Tu ara gyavs ganaTlebuli, kvalificiuri mosaxleoba, ver gaxdebi ganviTarebuli da Zlieri qveyana.

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ras niSnavs Zlieri qveyana

nebismieri qveynis winsvla-ganviTareba da, ra Tqma unda, Zliereba damokidebulia qveynis mosaxleobis yvelaze ganaTlebul, yvelaze ganviTarebul nawilze, romelsac xSirad elitas uwodeben. sityvebi `elita~, `elitaruli~ CvenSi xSirad uadgilod ixmareba da amitom kargavs kidec Tavis namdvil mniSvnelobas. elita mosaxleobis is SedarebiT mcire nawilia, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebebs, warmarTavs eris cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferos, iRebs pasuxismgeblobas saSinao da sagareo politikaze, ekonomkuri da socialuri ganviTarebis miznebsa da maTi miRwevisaTvis saWiro strategiaze, uzrunvelyofs Tavisi qveynis erovnul usafrTxoebas da Rirseul adgils saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobaSi. Tu qveyanas hyavs namdvili elita, maSin bevrad ufro advili xdeba qveynis winaSe mdgari problemebis gadaWra da gamowvevebTan gamklaveba. WeSmariti, unariani elitis Seqmnas ara mxolod kargi aRzrda-ganaTleba, aramed stabilurad da efeqturad momuSave saxelmwifo manqana da saTanado dro esaWiroeba. Tu qveyanaSi ver gaizarda, ver Camoyalibda pasuxismgebeli da momzadebuli nadvili elita, am qveyanas kargi momavali ver eqneba.

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didi qarTvelebi

iakob gogebaSvili beqa qurxuli sofeli variani qarTlSi, gorsa da cxinvals Soris, mdebareobs. swored am sofelSi daibada mwerali, pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe da, rac mTavaria, `deda enis~ Semdgeneli da avtori iakob gogebaSvili 1840 wlis 27 seqtembers.

40-iani wlebi Zalian mniSvnelovani da niSandoblivi aRmoCnda Cveni qveynis cxovrebaSi. erTi mxriv, me-19 saukunis Sua gaxldaT dro, rodesac saqarTveloSi sruli mdumareba, nihilizmi da uimedoba iyo gamefebuli, meore mxriv ki, am wlebSi qveynierebas moevlinen adamianebi romlebmac namdvili gadatrialeba moaxdines eris cnobierebaSi: 1837 wels daibada ilia WavWavaZe, 1840 wels – akaki wereTeli da ise gamovida, rom swored am sameulma, iakob gogebaSvilma, ilia WavWavaZem da akaki wereTelma, sxva aranakleb mniSvnelobis da kalibris mwerlebTan, mecnierebTan da sazogado moRvaweebTan erTad, Zireulad Secvales imdroindeli politikuri Tu sazogado cxovreba da me-19 saukunis samociani wlebidan, vidre me-20 saukunis 10-20-ian wlebamde mTeli epoqa Seqmnes. qveyanaSi marTla umZimesi viTareba iyo. `carieli mSvidoba miwaSic gveyofiso~ da swored es `carieli mSvidoba~ iyo mTel saqarTveloSi gamefebuli, romelic gacilebiT saSiSi da Seuqcevadi gza iyo sruli daRupvis, gaqrobis da gadaSenebisaken, vidre yvelaze sastiki Semosevebi, xmlebis jaxajuxi da sisxliani brZolebi.

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iakob gogebaSvili

Tavidan sul sxvanairad iyo saqme: 1801 wels ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aneqsias, zedized ramdenime ajanyeba da SeTqmuleba mohyva. amaTgan yvelaze cnobili 1804 wlis mTiuleTis da 1812 wlis SeiaraRebuli amboxeba, 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba da imereli episkoposebis mier qarTuli eklesiis rusifikaciis winaaRmdeg gamosvla, e.w. `cerkovni bunti~ iyo, romelSic, sxvaTa Soris, akaki wereTlis babua dedis mxridan, Tavadi abaSiZec monawileobda. yvela es ajanyeba Tu gamosvla marcxiT damTavrda da sisxliT CaaxSves. am periods erTi saintereso Tqmulebac ukavSirdeba, TiTqos ruseTis imperator nikoloz pirvels misma mTavarma ministrma CerniSevma urCia: yovel xuT-aT weliwadSi erTxel qarTvelebis buntis CaxSobas sjobs Cin-mendlebi da wodebebi davurigoT da yovelgvari zedmeti Zalisxmevis, xarjis da garTulebebis gareSe davimorCilebTo. axla Znelia imis Tqma, marTla iTqva aseTi ram Tu ara, magram es sentencia rom Zalian zustad axasiaTebs imdroindel situacias da qarTul mentalitets, cxadia. marTlac, aqedan moyolebuli amdeni damarcxebebiT gulgatexili qarTvelebi masobrivad Sevidnen ruseTis imperiis samsaxurSi da an generlis epoletebi daizomes, an yurebCamoyrili Sehyurebdnen TvalebSi rusis mTavarmarTebels, namestnikebs da Cinovnikebs, jildos gamoimetebs Tu maTraxso. da ai, swored am dros modis Taoba – e.w. samocianelebi, igive `Tergdaleulebi~: iakob gogebaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, ivane maCabeli, niko nikolaZe, sergei mesxi, cota mogvianebiT – vaJa-fSavela da aleqsandre yazbegi, romlebic mkveTrad daupirispirdnen, rogorc prorusul ideologias, aseve ruseTis imperiis samsaxurSi myof qarTvel samxedro da samoqalaqo pirebs. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves me-19 saukunis ganTqmuli `mamaTa da SvilTa brZola~. manamde ki Tbilisis da quTaisis guberniad qceul saqarTveloSi, qarTuli mxolod Jurnali `ciskariRa~ SemorCeniliyo, romelsac ivane kereseliZe redaqtorobda. ivane kereseliZes ki erTi kargi sadili Tavs erCia da imdenad gulubryvilo kaci iyo, rom roca axalma, `Tergdaleulebis~ Taobam SemouTvala, Jurnals mimarTuleba SeucvaleTo, gulnatkenma ganacxada: swored axirebuli axalgazrdoba modis, Tqven nu momikvdebiT, rac mTxoves Sevusrule, Cemo batono, adre sxva mimarTulebiT vagzavnidi Jurnals stambaSi da axla sul sxva gziT vagzavni, magram mainc ver movige maTi guli, raRa undaT, raRas merCiano. advili warmosadgenia, aseTi pasuxi ra gunebaze daayenebda `axirebul axalgazrdobas~! samocianelebis absoluturi umravlesobis msgavsad, iakob gogebaSvilzec waruSleli kvali datova mSobliurma sofelma da iq gatarebulma bavSvobam, romelsac mTeli cxovreba saocari siyvaruliT, siTboTi, nostalgiiTa da gulistkiviliT igonebda.

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didi qarTvelebi iakob gogebaSvilis saxli varianSi

iakobis mama, svimon gogebaSvili, mRvdeli gaxldaT. imdroindeli soflisTvis da iq mcxovrebi glexebisTvis, romlebmac wera-kiTxva TiTqmis ar icodnen, mRvdels da mis avkargianobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba Hhqonda, rogorc informaciis, ganaTlebis, sayofacxovrebo da sulieri sazrdos erTaderT wyaros. svimon mRvdeli uyvardaT varianSi. mama svimoni, TviTonac Cveulebrivi glexi, wera-kiTxvas aswavlida soflis bavSvebs. Tanasoflelebs sameurneo saqmianobaSi exmareboda da, rogorc mogonebebSi Cans, Tanasoflelebis keTilganwyobas, maT karg damokidebulebas misTvisac Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda. iakob gogebaSvili rva wlamde Cveulebrivi soflis biWiviT izrdeboda.. Tavidanve CarTuli iyo sasoflo saqmianobaSi, ded-mamas da ufros Zmebs exmareboda, mocaleobis Jams ki fexSiSvela datantalebda fSanSi da liaxvis piras Tevzaobda, lerwmis msubuqi kalaTiT, romelic ufrosma Zmam mouwna. `Tevzis Weras ise gatacebiT mivdevdi, rom xSirad mTel dRes fSanebSi vaRamebdi da marto xmela puris anabara vrCebodi, – igonebs iakob gogebaSvili, – Tevzs saWmelad Zalian naklebad vewyobodi, magram jer sasiqadulo saqmed mimaCnda, yoCaRobada vTvlidi da mere mSoblebisTvis Tevzi sanatreli saWmeli iyo, xolo me maTs siamovnebas da qebas Zvirad vafasebdi~. mxolod erT rameze swydeboda guli, rom verc erTxel ver moaxerxa kalmaxis daWera. Tevzaobas ki Tavi mas Semdeg daaneba, rac Tevzaobisas wyalSi wylis uzarmazari wiTeli gveli Semoexvia da fSanidan saxlamde gulgaxeTqilma gadairbina triali mindori. amis Semdeg samudamod aiRo xeli Tavisi bavSvobis sayvarel saqmianobaze. saerTod, iakob gogebaSvilis bavSvobis mogonebebi, akaki wereTlis `Cems Tavgadasavalsa~ da vaJa-fSavelas mogonebebTan erTad, Zalian mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia da mxatvrul RirebulebasTan erTad unikalur dokumentur masalas warmoadgens

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iakob gogebaSvili

imdroindeli qarTlis, imereTis Tu fSavis wes-Cveulebebze, yofasa Tu cxovrebaze. `Tu ram kargia CemSi, sul iqidan, rom sofelSi da glexebSi aRvizarde~, – werda akaki wereTeli. sofelSi aRzrdam, rogorc Cans, sakmaod didi da sasikeTo gavlena iqonia iakob gogebaSvilzec da albaT, arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom `deda enis~ avtori Sida qarTlSi, liaxvis piras daibada, im mxareSi, sadac tradiciulad yvelaze gamarTulad metyveleben da wminda qarTulad saubroben. mas Semdeg, rac iakob gogebaSvili rva wlis gaxda, mamam gorSi, sasuliero saswavlebelSi miabara. swored aq SeamCnies pirvelad, rom bavSvs susti janmrTeloba hqonda. saerTod sustma agebulebam da janmrTelobis problemebma iakob gogebaSvilis mTel Semdgom cxovrebas Zalian didi daRi daasva. rogorc ki iakob gogebaSvilis ufrosma Zmam, ivanem, misi avadmyofobis Sesaxeb gaigo, staca xeli, swavla miatovebina da ukan, saxlSi, amoiyvana gamosaSuSeblad. TiTqmis erTi wlis Semdeg ki iakob gogebaSvili pirdapir Tbilisis sasuliero saswavlebelSi Seiyvanes, romlis warCinebiT damTavrebis Semdegac swavla Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi ganagrZo. iakob gogebaSvili Tavdapirvelad misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gulmodginebiT swavlobda RvTismetyvelebas da eklesiis istorias da mamis gavleniT mRvdlad kurTxevisTvis emzadeboda.

Tumca mas Semdeg, rac samecniero ganaTleba miiRo, gadaWriT uaryo sasuliero kariera da sazogadoebrivi da pedagogiuri saqmianobisTvis daiwyo mzadeba.

1861 wels, Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis dasrulebis Semdeg, iakob gogebaSvili, miuxedavad janmrTelobis problemebisa, ris gamoc, sxvaTa Soris, man kategoriuli uari Tqva daojaxebaze, radgan eSinoda, col-Svili qvriv-oboli da oxeri ar damrCeso, kievis sasuliero akademiaSi gaemgzavra umaRlesi ganaTlebis kievis sasuliero akademia

51

didi qarTvelebi misaRebad. aq man sabolood gadaifiqra sasuliero moRvaweoba da gamalebiT Seudga samecniero-pedagogiur saqmianobas. safuZvlianad gaecno darvins, humboldts, kants, hegels. mis msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena iqonies rusma e.w. `zapadnikebma~ da `narodnikebma~ – belinskim, CerniSevskim, SCedrinma da sxvebma. iakob gogebaSvili gulmodgined iZenda ganaTlebas da Zalian bevrs muSaobda. mas kvlav Seaxsena Tavi avadmyofobam, radgan Zalian rTulad gadahqonda CrdiloeTis civi hava. daaxloebiT igive problema hqonda sanqt-peterburgSi ilia WavWavaZesac, romelic iqidan gamogzavnil werilSi Tavis das SesCivis: `ra saSineli qveyanaa es peterburRi. dReebi ise gava, mzes ver dainaxav~. iakob gogebaSvili erT zamTars orjer gacivda, filtvebis anTeba daemarTa, rac tuberkulozSi gadaezarda. amis Semdeg igi iZulebuli gaxda kievSi orwliani yofnis Semdeg kvlav samSobloSi dabrunebuliyo.

1863 wels iakob gogebaSvilma Tbilisamde CamoaRwia. aq mas sagrZnoblad gauumjobesda janmrTeloba da kvlav energiulad Seudga saqmianobas. swored am periodisTvis dainaxa iakob gogebaSvilma, ra mZime dReSi iyo rogorc qarTuli ena da mwignobroba, ise mTlianad qarTuli kultura. mdgomareobas arTulebda isic, rom ruseTis imperiam SemosvlisTanave gaauqma saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia da aqedan gamomdinare, qarTulma enam dakarga rogorc religiuri, aseve saxelmwifoebrivi da lamis sayofacxovrebo mniSvnelobac ki da sruli gaqrobis winaSe dadga. saqme iqamde mivida, rom vinme giorgi muxranski, garusebuli qarTveli da Savrazmeli monarqisti `mecnierulad~ asabuTebda rusulis mier sxva enebis da maT Soris qarTulis STanTqmas da amas Seuqcevad da misasalmebel movlenad afasebda. am dros ki, qarTvelebs da qarTul enas, im uzarmazari kulturuli memkvidreobis garda, romelic TiTqos samudamod darCa saukuneTa miRma, realurad Tana-

52

iakob gogebaSvili

medrove pirobebSi xelSi aRaraferi eWiraT platon ioselianis, ivane kereseliZis da petre umikaSvilis qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebis garda. es saxelmZRvaneloebic ukve sakmaod moZvelebuli iyo meToduradac da leqsikiTac. aSkarad saWiro gaxda axali mecnierul-pedagogiuri naSromi, rogorc argumenti da iaraRi sul ufro momZlavrebuli rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg. da ai, am urTules da umZimes saqmes sakuTar Tavze iRebs WleqiT daavadebuli, kievis sasuliero seminariidan CrdiloeTis siciveebs gamoqceuli varianeli mRvdlis Svili, 25 wlis axalgazrda, romelmac amave 1865 wels gamosca saxelmZRvanelo qarTuli saxalxo skolisaTvis `qarTuli anbani da pirveli sakiTxavi wigni~. 1868 wels ki gamoica `bunebis kari~, romelic ara marto bunebis, aramed geografiis saxelmZRvanelodac moiazreba. wignSi aRwerili iyo amerikis kontinenti da misi qveynebic. `didi britaneTidan rom dasavleTisken waxvide xomaldiT, atlantis okeaneze da pirdapir iaro, ori kviris mogzaurobis Semdeg miadgebi erTs metad grZels xmeleTsa, romelsac ewodeba amerika~, – aRwers i. gogebaSvili, mas moxsenebuli aqvs kunZuli `yubac~ (igulisxmeba kuba), aRwers agreTve afrikas da afrikis mosaxleobas: `samxreTiT xmelTaSua zRvisa sZevs veeberTela xmeleTi, romelsac sazogado saxelad afrika hqvian. afrika umetes nawilad dasaxlebulia Sav kana zangebiTa, romelnic dRemdin velurs mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. am sivelures xels uwyobs cxeli hava afrikisa~.‌ TanamedroveobisTvis da dRevandeli dRisTvis cota ar iyos gulubryvilo da Rimilis momgvreli teqstiT Sedgenili saxelmZRvanelo im droisTvis umniSvnelovanesi naSromi gaxldaT, xolo tyveobasa da vakuumSi moyolili saqarTvelos sazogadoebisTvis da axalgazrdobisTvis ki namdvili garRveva dasavleTisa da evropisken. imdenad, rom es saxelmZRvanelo Tavad ruseTis ganaTlebis saministros saswavlo komitetmac ki moiwona.

1876 wels ukve gamoica iakob gogebaSvilis `deda enis~ pirveli saxelmZRvanelo, romelic im droisaTvis ZiriTadi sabaziso naSromi iyo dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebisTvis da, vfiqrob, axlac, 150 wlis Semdegac, ar daukargavs Tavisi pirvandeli xibli da mniSvneloba. saerTod, genialur nawarmoebebs da kulturul Tu materialur Zeglebs drois faqtori naklebad exeba. amas garda, iakob gogebaSvili wers moTxrobebs, maT Soris iseT nawarmoebebs, romlebic me-19 saukunis qarTuli literaturis klasikad aris aRiarebuli: `iavnanam ra hqm-

53

didi qarTvelebi na~, `mefe erekle da ingilo qali~ `aspinZis omi~ da a.S. amave periodSi daiwera iakob gogebaSvilis 150-mde moTxroba. rasakvirvelia, iakob gogebaSvilis aseTi aqtiuri saqmianoba SeumCneveli ar darCenila arc misi Tanamoazreebisa da TanamebrZolebisTvis da arc misi mowinaaRmdegeebisa da arakeTilismsurvelebisTvis. erTi mxriv, iakob gogebaSvili dauaxlovda maSindel qarTvel mowinave inteligencias. 1866 wlidan TanamSromlobda gazeT `droebasTan~ da mis redaqtorTan, cnobil literator giorgi wereTelTan, iyo ioseb mamacaSvilis literaturuli salonis aqtiuri wevri, sadac mis garda gaerTianebuli iyvnen: dimitri baqraZe, konstantine mamacaSvili, anton furcelaZe, niko cxvedaZe da sxvebi. meore mxriv ki, mas aSkara devna dauwyes ruseTis imperiis Cinovnikebma, romlebmac pirdapir dasdes brali, rom iakob gogebaSvili awyobs `axalgazrdobis farul krebebs~, `bavSvebs uaryofiTi mimarTulebis wignebs akiTxebs da maT politikur orgulobas da separatizms uRvivebs~. iakob gogebaSvilis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli demarSi mxolod ideologiuri brZoliT ar Semoifargla. carizmis oxrankis agentebma mas finansur maqinaciebSic ki dasdes brali, xelT igdes saswavleblis sabuRaltro angariSebi, revizia da daiwyo gamoZieba Tanxebis gaflangvisa da Semosavlebis legalurobis dasadgenad (cnobisaTvis: iakob gogebaSvilis saxelmZRvaneloebi 60000 da 150000-iani tiraJiTac ki iyideboda, rac, dameTanxmebiT, ara marto maSin, axlac sakmaod didi cifria). yvelaze sawyeni da samarcxvino is iyo, rom iakob gogebaSvils ruseTis Cinovnikebis devnasTan erTad arc sakuTari Tanamemamuleebis Suri, qiliki da dacinva aklda. eZaxdnen `mogebaSvils~, ybad iyo aRebuli misi mokrZalebuli cxovreba, sufrisa da nadimebisadmi sruli gulgriloba da avadmyofobac ki – Cvili bavSviviT rZes geaxlebaTo. reviziis muSaobam, romelsac e.w. uwmindesi sinodis rwmunebuli beri vinme kerski xelmZRvanelobda, marTalia, xelmosaWidi veraferi naxa da, ra Tqma unda, verc naxavdnen, magram Tavisas mainc miaRwia. iakob gogebaSvili CamoaSores Tavis saqmianobas `politikurad arasaimedoobis braldebiT~. aseTma devnam iakob gogebaSvili Zalian dazafra da srul sasowarkveTilebaSi Caagdo. darwmunebuli iyo, rom ruseTis imperiaSi, am `xalxTa sapyrobileSi~, samarTals versad gaarkvevda. reviziebsa da devnas isic daemata, rom tuberkulozma kvlav Seaxsena Tavi – filtvebidan sisxls aRebinebda. intrigebisa da avad-

54

iakob gogebaSvili

myofobisgan fsiqikuri da nervuli aSlilobis zRvarze myofma da maRali sicxisgan gaTangulma iakob gogebaSvilma veris xidamde CaaRwia da mtkvarSi gadaxta. am dros sanapiroze, sruliad SemTxveviT, iakob gogebaSvilis uaxloesi megobris, niko cxvedaZis Zmam, sandrom, gamoiara, romelmac dainaxa, rom mtkvarSi viRac gadaxta da Tavs ixrCobda. sandro saswrafod Sevarda mdinareSi da swored maSin miswvda iakobs, rodesac igi wyalma sruliad dafara. rodesac sandro cxvedaZem wyalwaRebuli napirze gamoiyvana, mxolod maSin dainaxa, rom iakob gogebaSvili gadaerCina. amis Semdeg mZimed daavadebuli da fsiqikaaSlili iakob gogebaSvili Tveze meti iwva wminda mixeilis nervul daavadebaTaA saavadmyofoSi (anu Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, fsiqiatriulSi). saavadmyofodan gamowerisTanave usamsaxurod da ubinaod darCenili iakob gogebaSvili misma uaxloesma megobarma, niko cxvedaZem, Seifara, mouara da upatrona. amis Semdeg, 1875 wlis gazafxuli da zafxuli iakob gogebaSvilma abasTumanSi, 1876 wlis zamTari ki soxumSi gaatara. sareabilitacio kursis damTavrebis Semdeg is Tavis mSobliur varianSi Cavida da mTeli zafxuli iq dahyo. amxela gansacdelis miuxedavad, da SeiZleba bevrisTvisac moulodnelad, iakob gogebaSvili 1876 wlis Semodgomaze kvlav dabrunda TbilisSi. miuxedavad xelmokleobisa, man veraze `kaliuCka-balkaze~ TveSi 3 maneTad erTi naxevrad bneli oTaxi iqirava. jer cecxli waukida da dawva saxelmwifo akademiidan Tu samsaxuridan miRebuli yvela diplomi, sigeli Tu dokumenti, Semdeg ki gaaTmagebuli energiiTa da sufTa qarTluri sijiutiT Seudga literaturul, sazogado da pedagogiur saqmianobas. rodesac kvlav igrZnobda ruseTis imperiis CinovnikTa wnexs, maSin dasaxmareblad mZime artilerias – ilia WavWavaZes mimarTavda xolme. swored misi TxovniT dawera iliam polemikuri statiebis mTeli seria ianovskisa da ruseTis imperiis sxva moxeleTa winaaRmdeg. saerTod, ilia WavWavaZes Zalian uyvarda iakob gogebaSvili, Zalian afasebda, megobrobda da garkveulwilad mfarvelobda kidec mas.

55

didi qarTvelebi imave 1876 wels iakob gogebaSvilma, kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi saqme gaakeTa: niko cxvedaZesTan erTad safuZveli Cauyara `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~. am organizaciam momavalSi uzarmazari roli iTamaSa saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo saqmianobaSi. sazogadoebas saTaveSi dimitri yifiani Caudga, rogorc adamiani, `romelsac didi saxeli da pativi aqvs qarTul sazogadoebaSic da mTavrobis wreebSic.~ sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom sazogadoebis wesdebaze xelmomwerTa Soris, sadac xels aweren ilia WavWavaZe, besarion RoRoberiZe, vaxtang TulaSvili, Tavad sazogadoebis damaarseblis – iakob gogebaSvilis xelmowera ar aris – `rogorc politikurad arasaimedosi~, rom sazogadoebis saqmianobas xeli ar SeSloda. rodesac ilia WavWavaZisa da iakob gogebaSvilis megobrobasa da Tanadgomaze vlaparakobT, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba, romelsac dauRalavad eweoda iakob gogebaSvili. 1900 wlisaTvis man `deda enisa~ da `bunebis karis~ gamocema-gavrcelebis gansakuTrebuli ufleba gadasca Tavisive daarsebul `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~; misive iniciativiT `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~ SemoiRo maswavleblebis premialuri anazRaureba. man am fondSi pirveli Sesatani 150 maneTi Seitana. saerTod, iakob gogebaSvili gulSematkivrobda da gansakuTrebul daxmarebas uwevda naklebad SeZlebul da xelmokle moswavleebs. axla albaT Zalian cotas axsovs, rom iakob gogebaSvilis daxmarebiT miniWebuli stipendiiT gaemgzavrnen saswavleblad zaqaria faliaSvili da dimitri arayiSvili. agreTve did materialur daxmarebas uwevda xelmokle da misaviT tuberkuloziT daavadebul egnate ninoSvils. dRemdea Semonaxuli egnate ninoSvilis werili iakob gogebaSvilisadmi, sadac is madlobas uxdis fuladi gzavnilisTvis, romlis meSveobiTac egnate abasTumanSi midioda samkurnalod. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom am dros egnate ninoSvili da iakob gogebaSvili erTmaneTs ar icnobdnen. aseve sagulisxmoa mimowera akaki wereTelsa da iakob gogebaSvils Soris, saidanac naTlad Cans maTi guliTadi megobroba. akaki wereTelTan megobroba ki arc ise ioli iyo da mxolod gamorCeuli gonebisa da sulierebis adamians SeeZlo. sxvaTa Soris, akaki wereTeli erT werilSi madlobas uTvlis iakob gogebaSvils materialuri daxmarebisTvis da kidev ufro metad qarTuli enis gamo aseTi Tavdadebuli brZolisT-

iakob gogebaSvilis saflavi mTawmindaze

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iakob gogebaSvili

vis: `ver dagifarav, CubinaSvilis sikvdilma SemaSina. gana sikvdilma, iman ufro, rom vifiqre, vaiTu mec ase rusulad damZaxon Tavze da wampilwon kakali kaci-Tqo... [anu panaSvidze, CubiniSvilis msgavsad, mec rusulad ar amigon wesio] `iveriis~ da `jejilis~ gamoweris saSualeba ara maqvs da magazed mwydeba guli, an amden mglebs, eqimebsa da afTeqebs raRa gadaurCebodao.~ iakob gogebaSvili akaki wereTelze sami wliT adre, 1912 wlis 12 aprils, gardaicvala. manamde ki Tavisi uZrav-moZravi qoneba `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas~ gadasca, anu misive anderZis teqstis Tanaxmad, `rac xalxs ekuTvnoda xalxsve daubrunda~. as-asi maneTi dautova `sindisier asoTamwyobs lado maxvilaZes da sxva TanamSromlebs~. anderZiTve dautova akaki wereTels yovelwliuri Tanxa `deda enaSi~ gamoqveynebuli leqsebis honoraris saxiT. Tavis anderZSi moixseniebs `Raribi mSoblebis niWier ymawvilebs~, mahmadianTa da somexTa saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebs, ekaterine gabaSvilis saxelobis qalTa skolas da a.S. iakob gogebaSvili didubis panTeonSi dakrZales. dasaflavebis dRes saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebidan, maT Soris cxinvalidan da soxumidanac, movida samgloviaro werilebi. soxumidan mosuli samgloviaro werili ase mTavrdeboda: `viglovoT, iakob gogebaSvilze ukeTesi aravin mogvikvdeba...~

57

civilizacia

arabebi da maTi wvlili msoflio kulturaSi giorgi lobJaniZe arabebs, Cveulebriv, semitur modgmas miakuTvneben. semituri an semuri modgma pirobiTi saxelwodebaa da saTaves iRebs bibliuri semis saxelidan. termini XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos Semoitanes germanelma mecnierebma a. l. Slocerma da i. h. eixhornma, raTa misiT aReniSnaT xalxebi, romlebic xasiaTdebodnen erTnairi struqturis eniT, gansaxlebis saerTo arealiTa da materialuri yofa-cxovrebis met-naklebad msgavsi wesiT. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis bolosa da III aswleulis dasawyisisaTvis, enobrivi TvalsazrisiT, semitebi or SedarebiT did jgufad gaiyvnen: aRmosavlur da dasavlur jgufebad. aRmosavluri (Crdilo-aRmosavluri jgufi) Tavdapirvelad mosaxleobda samxreT SuamdinareTis CrdiloeT nawilSi, sadac isini Zv. w. III aTaswleulSi aqtiurad ereodnen SumerebSi. es jgufi laparakobda aqadur enaze. amave aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi aqadelebi aRweven SuamdinareTis samxreT nawilSi da male semitTa Crdilo-aRmosavluri jgufis ena gandevnis Sumeruls. semitebis dasavluri jgufi, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda or an sam qvejgufad. erTi maTgani, Crdilo-dasavluri qvejgufi, dasaxlda qanaanSi (israelSi), siriasa da

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arabebi da maTi wvlili msoflio kulturaSi

mesopotamiis CrdiloeTSi. gadasaxleba or ZiriTad talRad moxda. am jgufis pirveli cnobili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen (Zv.w. III s.) amorevelni, Semdgom – finikielebi, xolo ax. w. II s. bolo xanebidan – ukve ebraelebi da ebraelTa gansakuTrebuli qvejgufi – arameelebi. arameelTa calkeulma tomebma SeaRwies mesopotamiis samxreTSi (qaldeaSi) da mdinare tigrosis meore mxaresac ki gadavidnen. meore, samxreT-semituri qvejgufi Zv. w. II saukunis meore naxevarSi saxlobda arabeTis naxevarkunZulze. am droisaTvis arabeTis muhamedis Sesvla meqaSi da kerpebis ganadgureba (ucnobi avtori, naxevarkunZulis samxerT nawil- XIX s.)

Si cxovrobdnen semitTa uZvelesi saxelmwifoebis – mainebis, sabelebis, katabanelebis da hadramauTelebis warmomadgenlebi. samxreT-semituri jgufis aRmosavlur qvejgufs ki Cveni welTaRricxvis II-I saukuneebSi lihianebi, samudevelebi da sxva tomebi Seadgendnen, romlebic ara ugvianes ax. w. I saukunisa `arabebis“ saxeliT gaerTiandnen.

59

civilizacia

qaabas taZari meqaSi

am droisaTvis Crdilo arabeTSi mcxovrebi arabuli tomebi qmnian kargad ganviTarebul da ayvavebul qalaq-saxelmwifoebs, xolo naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawilSi ZiriTadad momTabare arabi beduinebi saxloben. daaxloebiT I saukunidan arabeTis naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawilSi iqmneba Tadmuris (palmiras), nabateis, lihianelebis, Rasanelebisa da lahmidebis saxelmwifoebi.

qaabasa da Savi qvis gamosaxuleba, XVI s.

aRmosavleT da CrdiloeT arabebs Soris kavSiri myardeba dasavleT arabeTis saqaravno-savaWro gzaTa meoxebiT, romlebic hijazis mxareze gadioda. am regionis mcxovreblebi laparakobdnen arabulad da sakuTar warmomavlobas ukavSirebdnen ibrahimis (bibliuri abraamis) Svils, ismails, an nuhis (bibliuri noes) SviliSvils – nuktans. hijazis mxareSi iyo ramdenime mniSvnelovani da kargad ganviTarebuli qalaqi. erT-erTi maTganSi, meqaSi, mdebareobda qaabas taZari, sadac inaxeboda arabuli tomebis kerpebi. qaabas (arabulad kubi) taZris agebas tradiciulad ukavSireben ibrahims (bibliur abraams), aq jer kidev warmarTuli xanidan inaxeboda kubis formis meteoruli Savi qva (al-hajar al-savad), romelmac mogvianebiT, is-

60

arabebi da maTi wvlili msoflio kulturaSi

lamis gavrcelebis Semdgom, sruliad gansakuTrebuli religiuri datvirTva SeiZina. rac Seexeba islamamdel epoqas, romelsac islamis Semdgom wyaroebSi `jahiliis“ (anu umecrebis) xanad moixsenieben, im dros arabTa didi nawili warmarTi iyo, garda zogi tomisa, romlebic iudevelobas an qristianobas aRarebdnen. warmarTi arabebis umTavres salocavs ki, rogorc ukve iTqva, qaabas taZari warmoadgenda, sadac 365 kerpi iyo dasvenebuli. weliwadSi orjer, gazafxulze da Semodgomaze, arabuli tomebi Tavs sami qalRmerTi: al-laTi, al-manaTi da al-uzza iyridnen TavianTi kerpebis savaneSi da aq imarTeboda didi bazroba, romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda arabul tomTa kavSiris SenarCunebisa da maTSi informaciisa Tu materialuri dovlaTis gacvlis TvalsazrisiT. cxadia, mravalferovani iyo warmarTuli arabuli tomebis RvTaebaTa panTeonic, maTi religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi ki moicavda animizmis, totemizmisa da sxva pirvelyofili da primitiuli religiebis ekleqturad Sereul elementebs. gavrcelebuli iyo sulTa da, gansakuTrebiT, gardacvlil winaparTa sulebis Tayvaniscema.

animizmi – adamianis religiuri cnobierebis sawyis etapze bunebis ZalTa gaRmerTeba da Tayvaniscema. dRemdea SemorCenili zogierT aborigenul xalxSi.

totemizmi – animizmTan dakavSirebuli religiuiri praqtika bunebis romelime sagnis an movlenis gamocxadeba adamianTa garkveuli (ZiriTadad sisxlismieri an tomobrivinatesaobis niSniT gaerTianebuli) jgufis winaprad da mfarvelad, rasac totemi ewodeba. totemizmi totemis Tayvaniscemaa.

mTavarangelozi jibraili ecxadeba muhameds, XIV s. xelnaweris ilustracia

61

civilizacia SedarebiT Zlier RvTaebebad iTvleboda sami qalRmerTi: al-laTi, mualakebi qarTu- al-manaTi da al-uzza, romelTac mamakacuri warmarTuli RvTaebis ladac aris Targmnili profesor nana al-lahis asulebad miiCnevdnen. furcelaZis mier da qarTvel mkiTxvels SeuZlia am leqsebis mSvenierebas mSobliur enaze gaecnos.

warmarT arabebSi moqmedebda dauwereli zneobrivi kodeqsi, e. w. `muruvvaTi“ (`vaJkacoba“), romelic, erTi mxriv, efuZneboda pirvelyofili gvarovnul-Temuri wyobilebis Camoyalibebul wesebs, xolo meore mxriv – udabnoSi mcxovrebi tomebis moralur warmodgenebs. warmarTi arabebi didad afasebdnen adamianis poetur niWs da bazrobebisas imarTeboda Taviseburi poeturi Sejibrebani, romlis gamarjvebulTa nimuSebsac tradiciulad qaabas taZris kedlebze hkidebdnen. am nimuSebis Cvenamde moRweuli nawili, romlebic cnobilia `mualakebis“ (arab.

Camokidebulni) saxeliT, msoflio poeturi saganZuris nawilad iTvleba.

mualaki

saliteraturo (klasikuri) arabuli enis safuZvels, mualakebTan erTad da upirvelesad, qmnis saRvTo wigni – yurani, romelic dRevandlamde arabTa ara mxolod enobrivi, aramed ideologiuri erTianobis umyares safuZvels warmoadgens. yurani im RvTaebriv gamocxadebaTa krebulia, romelic 610 wlidan 632 wlis SualedSi periodulad zegardmoevlineboda winaswarmetyvel muhamads (570-633). meqaSi, bani haSimis arabul tomSi dabadebuli da oblad gazrdili biWi msoflios erT-erTi udidesi da uZlieresi religiis – islamis mqadagebeli da fuZemdebeli gaxda. islamma jer daqsaqsuli arabuli tomebi gaaerTiana, xolo mogvianebiT xeli Seuwyo maT eqspansias erTiani saxelmwifos farglebSi, romlis sazRvrebic Sua saukuneebSi mkveTrad gascda arabeTis naxevarkunZulis farglebs da espaneTSi, evropis misadgomebamde, xolo Crdilo afrikisa da samxreT-dasavleT aziis gavliT indoeTamde mivida. arabul-muslimuri eqspansiis dasawyisisaTvis eTnonimi `arabi“ TandaTanobiT iqca arabuli warmoSobis tomTa aRmniSvnelad. xolo imis miuxedavad, rom Tavidan am eqspansiaSi ZiriTadad beduinebi monawileobdnen, mogvianebiT is qalaqad mcxovrebi, ganaTlebuli adamianebis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda.

yurani

62

arabTa migraciam gamoiwvia arabuli enis farTod gavrceleba da arabuli gaxda ZiriTadi ena erayidan marokomde, ara mxolod islamis aRmsarebelTaTvis, aramed am teritoriaze mcxovrebi iudevelebisa da qristianebisTvisac. Crdilo afrikisa da axlo aRmosavleTis mosaxleoba TandaTanobiT `arabizirda~, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT.

arabebi da maTi wvlili msoflio kulturaSi

am mizezis gamo arabul-muslimuri saxalifos sazRvrebSi VII-XII saukuneebSi iqmneba umdidresi arabuli literaturis gamorCeuli nimuSebi, iTargmneba imdroindeli mecnierebis miRwevebi sxvadasxva, ZiriTadad, berZnuli da laTinuri enebidan, romelTac arabi mecnierebi, Tavis mxriv, axal da uaRresad faseul dakvirvebebs amateben. iwereba iuridiuli kodeqsebi da filosofiur-Teologiuri traqtatebi. gansakuTrebulad viTardeba astronomia, medicina, geografia, istoria da maTematika.

VIII saukunidan arabul-muslimuri sulier-inteleqtualuri centri xdeba saxalifos imJamindeli dedaqalaqi baRdadi. `arabuli oqros xana“, romelmac Tavis mwvervals xalifa harun ar-raSidis (763-809) zeobisas miaRwia, abasianTa dinastiis (750-1258) mmarTvelobis periods emTxveva. am

sityva baRdadis etimologiis Sesaxeb ramdenime versia arsebobs, es qalaqi jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde X saukuneSi ixsenieba asurul warwerebsa da aseve mefe nabuqudonosoris (Zv.w.

VI s.) beWeddasmuli Tixis babilonur warwerebSi. yvelaze swori Cans versia, romlis Tanaxmadac sityva `baRdadi“ momdinareobs saSualo sparsuli `baga dada“-dan da niSnavs `RvTiT boZebuls“, naklebad sarwmunoa meore etimologia, romlis Tanaxmadac, `baR (e) dad“ axali sparsulis `samarTlis baRs“ niSnavs. Zveli qalaqis axali sicocxle iwyeba abasianTa xalifa abu jafar abd al-lah ibn muhamad al-mansuris zeobis xanidan (754-775). man 762 wels praqtikulad xelaxla daafuZna da Semdeg yvelanairad gaamSveniera qalaqi, romelsac `dar as-salami“ -anu mSvidobis saxli, mSvidobis samkvidro uwoda da saxalifos dedaqalaqi da politikuri mmarTvelobis centri abasianTa wina xalifis mier arCeuli qufidan baRdadSi, gadaitana, romelsac, oficialuri arabuli dasaxelebis miuxedavad, mainc yvela Zveli saxeliT moixseniebda.

`qalilasa da dimnas wignis“ es arabuli versia qarTulad bolo xanebamde ar iyo Targmnili. is CvenSi 2002 wels gamoica da arabulidan Targmna am werilis avtorma, giorgi lobJaniZem. `qilila da damana~, arabuli miniatura

63

civilizacia dros daarsda Taviseburi mecnierebaTa akademia `baiT al-hiqma“ – `sibrZnis saxli“, romelic im periodisaTvis udides biblioTekasa da observatoriasac moicavda. aq daiwyes qaRaldis warmoeba da aRmosavleTSi pirvelad gaixsna saavadmyofoebi da afTiaqebi. `baiT al-hiqmaSi“ gacxovelebuli mTargmnelobiTi procesi mimdinareobda da ZvelberZnul da romaul traqtatebs arabulad Targmnidnen arabi da araarabi mwignobrebi, romelTac arabuli ena aerTianebdaT. am qalaqSi moRvaweobdnen eqimi ar-razi, geografi al-iayuTi, istorikosi al-masyudi, mogzauri ibn fadlani, filosofosebi – al-qindi da al-farabi. eraySi arabuli literaturis aRmavloba baRdadis xalifatis pirvel periods (VIII-X ss) emTxveva. am dros aq, ZiriTpoeti abu nuvasi adad, sam qalaqSi – baRdadSi, qufasa da basraSi Seiqmna bevri iseTi literaturuli Zegli, romelic mogvianebiT msoflio

siriis udabnos umSvenieresi qalaqi palmira

64

arabebi da maTi wvlili msoflio kulturaSi

literaturis saganZurSi Sevida. poetebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia cnobili hedonisti lirikosi, `Rvinis mexotbe“ abu nuvasi (gard.

813), romelic didad miRebuli da dafasebuli iyo xalifa harun ar-raSidis karze. amave periodSi iTargmna saSualo sparsulidan induri warmomavlobis arakebis krebuli `qilila da damana“ – `wigni qalilasa da dimnasi“.

Targmanis avtori ibn al-mukafa samarTlianad iTvleba arabuli sityvakazmuli xelovnebis namdvil didostatad. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tuki arabi beduinebi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, ZiriTadad, poeziiT iyvnen saxelganTqmulni, baRdadis daarsebis Semdgom arabul-muslimur saxalifoSi umTavresad mecniereba ganviTarda. jer erTi, aq Camoyalibda yuranis egzegetikis, anu saRvTo werilis ganmartebis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba, romelTa saqmianobac efuZneboda arabuli enis, filosofiis, samarTalmcodneobis, Teologiis nairgvari aspeqtiT Seswavlasa da kvleva-Ziebas. paralelurad, arnaxuli tempiT viTardeboda zusti da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebanic.

al-razi mkurnalobs avadmyofs, 1250-1260ww.-is evropuli naxati

65

civilizacia STamomavalTaTvis umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCnda am epoqis geografebis naSromebi, romelTac dawvrilebiT asaxes da Semoinaxes maSindeli msoflios topografiuli da eTnikuri maxasiaTeblebi.

arabuli kaligrafiis nimuSi

arabulma astronomiam gvaCuqa iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: zeniti, nadiri da azimuti. xolo qimiaSi im periodSive aRiwera iseTi procesebi, rogoricaa: distilacia, sublimacia, kalcinireba da filtracia. Tanamedrove qimikosebi jer kidev iyeneben zog arabul qimiur sazomsa da sawyaos. arabTa warmatebebi ganaTlebasa da mecnierebaSi evropelebs SeumCneveli ar darCeniaT. IX-XIII saukuneebSi maSindeli evropis gamoCenili mecnierebi araerTgzis stumrobdnen arabul saganmanaTleblo centrebs anda ecnobodnen da gulisyuriT swavlobdnen maT naSromebs. al-Razalis, ibn sinasa da sxva arab swavlulTa saxelebi gviani Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZinebis xanis evropaSi klasikurad iqna aRiarebuli. arabebs umniSvnelovanesi wvlili miuZRviT samxedro saqmis, qimiis, astronomiis, maTematikis, geometriisa da sociologiis sferoebSi. medicinaSi ki dRemde xelmZRvaneloben avicenas – abu ali ibn sinas – traqtatebiT, romelmac pirvelad aRwera adamianis anatomia da Sinagani organoebi. arabTa samxedro teqnikam, cifrebma, saaTma, astrolabma, parfiumeriam da saafTiaqo saqmem Zireulad Secvala evropelTa yofa-cxovrebis mravali mniSvnelovani aspeqti. arabebs ukavSireben sayofacxovrebo kulturis bevr elements, ris gareSec dRevandeli civilizaciis arseboba, ubralod, warmoudgeneli gveCveneba. magaliTad, swored arabebma Semoitanes da daamkvidres evropaSi yavis sma, rac sxvadasxva arabul tomSi tradiciulad iyo miRebuli. muslimur aRmosavleTsve unda umadlodes Sua saukuneebis msoflio, magaliT-

arabi mecnierebi baRdadis biblioTekaSi, 1237

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arabebi da maTi wvlili msoflio kulturaSi

ad, abanos kultis arnaxul gavrcelebas. es yvelaferi, xSirad mere gamdidrebuli da damuSavebuli saxiT, evropidan aRwevda arabul qveynebSi da am didi urTierTgacvlis Sedegia, arsebiTad, dRevandeli teqnikuri da teqnologiuri aRmavloba, romelSic ukve aRmosavlelsac da dasavlelsac – yvelas Tanabrad miuZRvis wvlili.

abu ali ibn sina – avicena

67

literatura

didi mwerali levan berZeniSvili msoflioSi uaRresad popularulia sxvadasxva tipis nusxebi: „yvela drois asi saukeTeso wigni“, „ormocdaaTi wigni, romelic unda waikiTxo, sanam cocxali xar“, „Cveni drois udidesi mwerlebi“ da a.S. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda msoflio meoce saukunis bolos da Sedga axali siebi: `msoflios orasi saukeTeso wigni mkiTxvelTa azriT~, `saukeTeso mwerlebi gamomcemelTa azriT~, `aTaswleulis wignebi~ da a.S. mkiTxvelebis, kritikosebisa Tu gamomcemelTa azri imdenad gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda, rom bevri daibna. magaliTad, kritikosebis erTi nawili mwerlad saerTod ar aRiarebs joan roulings, xolo mkiTxvelebi da gamomcemlebi mas, rogorc „hari poteris“ avtors, saukeTesoTa xuTeulSi asaxeleben da xSirad Seqspirze did avtorad miiCneven. gaCnda SegrZneba, rom saukeTeso mwerlebisa da saukeTeso nawarmoebebis SerCevis procesi uaRresad subieqturia da „namdvili“ pasuxis, romelic yvelas daakmayofilebda, povna SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. swored imisTvis, rom msoflio mwerlobis Taobaze met-naklebad obieqturi suraTi mieRoT, 2002 wels norvegiis wignis klubma msoflios 66 qveynidan yvelaze ufro saxelovani da aRiarebuli 100 mwerali moiwvia. ra Tqma unda, mwerlebis azri mwerlobaze SeiZle-

68

didi mwerali

ba bevrad ufro obieqturi iyos, vidre kritikosebis, gamomcemlebisa da mkiTxvelebisa. im mwerlebs Soris, romlebsac unda SeedginaT msoflios yvela drois 100 saukeTeso wigni, iyvnen yirgizi Cingiz aitmatovi, amerikelebi pol osteri da norman meileri, meqsikeli karlos fuentesi, Cexi milan kundera, ingliselebi jon le kare da doris lesingi, germaneli zigfrid lenci, Svedi astrid lindgreni, Turqi orhan famuqi, frangi alen rob-grie, indoeli salman raSdi, nigerieli vole soiinka – Tanamedrove msoflios marTlac rCeuli mwerlebi. norvegiis wignis klubis TaosnobiT Sekrebilma mwerlebma marTlac Seqmnes msoflios yvela drois asi saukeTeso wignis nusxa, romelSic yvelaze meti, oTxi wigniT, warmodga fiodor dostoevski, sam-samiT – uiliam Seqspiri, lev tolstoi da franc kafka, or-oriT – homerosi, gustav floberi, uiliam folkneri, Tomas mani, gabriel garsia markesi da a.S. amave dros, am mwerlebis azriT, yvelaze didi wigni, rac ki odesme dawerila, aris servantesis „don kixoti“, Tumca servantesis verc erTi sxva wigni asi wignis am CamonaTvalSi ver moxvda. mwerlebi mxolod nusxas adgendnen; maT ar gviTxres, ratom aris „don kixoti“ aseTi kargi wigni; ar gviTxres, ratom iyo Sedevrebis weraSi dostoevski balzakze ufro nayofieri, Tu balzakma masze bevrad meti wigni dawera da gacilebiT ufro „uxvmosavliani“ iyo, rogorc mwerali. „norvegiul“ siaSi dostoevskis „danaSauli da sasjeli“, „idioti“, „eSmakni“ da „Zmebi karamazovebi“ Sevida, xolo balzakisa — mxolod „mama gorio“. mwerlebma ar gviTxres, Tu ratom moxvda msoflio Sedevrebis am nusxaSi Seqspiris „hamleti“, „mefe liri“ da „otelo“ da ar moxvda ara mxolod genialuri tragediebi „makbeti“, „riCard mesame“ an „romeo da julieta“, aramed misi aranaklebi sidiadis komediebi, magaliTad, „zafxulis Ramis sizmari“, „venecieli vaWari“ da „Wirveulis morjuleba“ an, Tundac, saqveynod cnobili sonetebi.

Cingiz aitmatovi (1928-2008)

pil osteri (dab. 1947)

norman meileri (1923-2007)

rogori unda iyos didi mwerali, saerTod ras niSnavs sidide mwerlobaSi? cnobilia, rom didi mwerlebis sias, rogor wesi, qronologiurad saTaveSi udgas didi berZeni poeti, „iliadisa“ da „odiseis“ namdvili da misi saxeliT cnobili himnebis an sxva poemebis savaraudo avtori – homerosi. jerjerobiT iseTi mecnieri, kritikosi, mwerali an kvalificiuri mkiTxvelic ki ar gamovlenila, romelic homerosis sidideSi eWvs Seitanda. esaa, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, utyuari avtoriteti mwerlobis sferoSi. modi, vnaxoT, ras warmoadgens misi sidide da rogor izomeba igi. upirveles yovlisa, mwerali didia, Tu misi nawarmoebi didi iyo maSinac, roca daiwera da didi rCeba an kidev ufro gazrdilia dRes. Tu

karlos fuentesi (1928-2012)

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literatura

milan kundera (dab. 1929)

jon le kare (dab. 1931)

homerosi

doris lesingi (1919-2013)

zigfrid lenci (1926-2014)

70

igi upasuxebda Tavis drosac da upasuxebs dRevandelobasac. ra Tqma unda, ufro mniSvnelovania, dRes rogor fasdeba esa Tu is mwerali. iSviaTi ar aris SemTxveva, rom sicocxleSi uaRresad popularuli mwerali Semdgom epoqebSi am simaRles veRar inarCunebs. samagaliTod gamogvadgeba SesaniSnavi berZeni poeti hesiode, romelsac Zveli berZnebi homerosis gverdiT ayenebdnen da xandaxan upiratesobasac ki aniWebdnen, dRes ki mxolod klasikuri filologiis specialistebisa da calkeuli dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvisaa cnobili. amave dros dasamali ar aris, rom, homerosisa da hesiodesgan gansxvavebiT, arseboben mwerlebi, romelTa sidide bevrisTvis SeumCneveli darCa maT cxovrebaSi da mxolod sikvdilis Semdeg daikaves Tavisi Rirseuli adgili. XX saukune icnobs ramdenime aseT SemTxvevas. klasikuri magaliTia didi mwerali franc kafka, romlis sidide mis sicocxleSi mxolod erTeulebma icodnen, dRes ki sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rogorc meoce saukunis mwerlobis erT-erTi udidesi geniosi. garda zemoTqmulisa, mwerlis sidide ganisazRvreba im gavleniT, romelic mas mouxdenia Tavis TanamoZmeebze, sxva mwerlebze. mag-

didi mwerali

aliTad, cnobilia, rom homerosma gavlena iqonia did romael poetze, romauli nacionaluri eposis Semoqmedze – publius vergilius maronze da, Sesabamisad, Semdgom mTel evropul literaturaze. rogor moaxdina homerosma gavlena vergiliusze? homerosis „iliada“ aRwers trois oms da „odisea“ am omidan odisevsis Sin dabrunebis faTerakebs. vergiliusis poema „eneida“ aRwers eneasis faTerakebiT savse mogzaurobas axali samSoblos saZebnelad („odiseis“ aSkara gavleniT) da brZolas italiaSi adgilis dasamkvidreblad („iliadis“ aSkara gavleniT). „iliada“ da „odisea“ berZnuli anbanis 24 asos mixedviT Zvelma mecnierebma 24-24 simRerad dahyves, xolo vergiliusma sruliad gaazrebulad Tavisi poema ocdaoTxis naxevar, Tormet simRerad dahyo da pirveli eqvsi mTavari gmiris mogzaurobas dauTmo da bolo eqvsi – italiur oms. homerosi iqca Tavisi xalxis namdvil maswavleblad. berZnuli ganaTlebis sistema gulisxmobda swored homerosis Seswavlas. cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts berZnebi homerosis gaTvaliswinebiT awyobdnen da cdilobdnen, politikuri mowyobac ki misi poeziisTvis miesadagebinaT. cxovrebis yovel sferoSi homerosi gaxda etaloni, misabaZi magaliTi an aTvlis wertili, saidanac unda momxdariyo ganviTareba. homerosma waruSleli gavlena moaxdina mTel berZnul kulturaze, ar arsebobs arc erTi berZeni dramaturgi, tragikosi iqneba es Tu komikosi, arc erTi prozaikosi, mxatvruli prozis ostati Tu istorikosi, arc erTi filosofosi, romelsac homerosi Tavis maswavleblad ar hyavda aRiarebuli. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom „iliada“ da „odisea“ berZeni xalxisTvis gaxda nacionaluri eposi, rogorc „eneida“ – romaelebisTvis an rogorc „vefxistyaosani“ – qarTvelebisTvis. ragind didi ar unda iyos ama Tu im mwerlis nacionaluri avtoriteti, saerTaSoriso aRiarebis gareSe misi sidide lokalur teritorias an enas ver gascdeba. kolumbias uamravi „didi“ mwerali hyavs, magram msofliom maTgan mxolod gabriel garsia markesi, „martoobis asi wlisa“ da „qoleris droindeli siyvarulis“ avtori aRiara. arabul samyaros aTasobiT uniWieresi mwerali hyavs, magram msofliom „miramaris“ avtori najib mahfuzi gamohyo; argentineli geniosebidan ki imave msofliom mxolod kortasarisa da, gansakuTrebiT, borxesis saxelebi gamoarCia. zogierTs hgonia, rom didi mwerali didi qveynidan unda iyos. didi qveyana niSnavs did enas, mraval mkiTxvels, did auditorias, did tiraJebs da a.S. saukeTeso avtorebisa da wignebis siebi adasturebs am Teziss: bevri didi mweralia didi britaneTidan, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan, germaniidan, safrangeTidan, ruseTidan. bunebrivia, didi qveyana „exmareba“ Tavis did mwerals, magram am wess aqvs Tavisi

astrid lindgreni (1907-2002)

orhan famuqi (dab. 1952)

alen rob-grie (1922-2008)

salman raSdi (dab. 1947)

71

literatura

vole soiinka (dab. 1934)

lev tolstoi (1828-1910)

gamonaklisebi: norvegiis mosaxleoba xuT milions odnav aRemateba da, bunebrivia, norvegias did qveynad ver CavTvliT, magram swored am qveyanam, romelic teritoriiTa da mosaxleobiT sul odnav uswrebs saqarTvelos, msoflios misca iseTi aRiarebuli didi mwerlebi, rogorebic iyvnen „SimSilis“, „misteriebisa“ da „viqtoriis“ saxelganTqmuli avtori, didi mwerali knut hamsuni da „gareuli ixvisa“ da „Tojinebis saxlis“ avtori, msoflios yvela drois erT-erTi udidesi dramaturgi – henrik ibseni. arc aTmilioniani portugaliaa aRiarebuli did qveynad, magram erovnuli eposis – „luiziadebis“ avtori luiS de kamoesi, didi poeti fernando pesoa da 1988 wlis nobelis premiis laureati Joze samaragu mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli didi mwerlebi arian. am TvalsazrisiT „Cempionia“ patara irlandia, romelic mosaxleobiTac da teritoriiTac saqarTvelos utoldeba; igi ar gaxlavT daCagruli msoflio talantebiT da didi mwerlebiT: „guliveris mogzaurobis“ avtoriT, jonaTan sviftiT, dawyebuli, „tristram Sendis“ SemoqmediT, lorens sterniT, „dorian greis portretisa“ da SesaniSnavi zRaprebis avtoriT – oskar uaildiTa da „pigmalionis“ avtoris, SesaniSnavi dramaturgiT – bernard SouTi gagrZelebuli da msoflios yvela drois erT-erTi udidesi poetiT, uiliam batler ieitsiTa da meoce saukunis erT-erTi udidesi mwerliT, „ulises“ avtoriT – jeims joisiT damTavrebuli. marTalia, irlandielebs is exmareba, rom isini inglisurad weren. rogor wers didi mwerali? magaliTisTvis aviRoT igive homerosi da misi „iliada“ – evropuli literaturis pirveli Zegli. raze mogviTxrobs es wigni? am kiTxvaze pasuxi TiTqmis yvelam icis: „iliada“ trois omze mogviTxrobs. rogor aRwerda vinme sxva, ara homerosi, am oms? modi, warmovidginoT, rom es davaleba Cven mogveca, Cven unda aRvweroT trois omi. SevasruloT es amocana da Semdeg Cveni mokrZalebuli Sedegi homerosis ocdarvasaukunian Sedevrs SevadaroT.

franc kafka (1983-1924)

gustav floberi (1821-1880)

72

trois omis dawyeba xdeba ab ovo, anu „kvercxidan“. laTinuri gamoTqma ab ovo iTargmneba, rogorc „Tavidan“ an „sul Tavidan“ da gulisxmobs, rom raRac daiwyo kvercxidan gamoCekili sicocxliT. trois omi ki daiwyo kvercxidan gamoCekili adamianiT, saxelganTqmuli mSvenieri heleneTi. upirveles yovlisa, saidan gaCnda kvercxi? ase mivadgebiT ara mxolod trois omis, aramed, Zveli berZnebis azriT, „yvelafris“ kidev erT dasawyiss, adamianTa da RmerTTa mamas, zevss. berZnuli miTebis moyvarulebma ician, rom samyaro zevsamde Seiqmna, magram wminda religiuri TvalsazrisiT, zevsi manamdec iyo, sanam daibadeboda. axla ar gamovedevnoT manamde momxdar ambebs (qaosi-uranosi-kronosi) da daviwyoT zevsiT. rom vTqvaT, zevss qalebi uyvarda da Tavisi meuRlis, heras, eWvia-

didi mwerali zevsi

uiliam folkneri (1897-1962)

nobas gamudmebiT aZlevda sababso, es niSnavs, araferi vTqvaT – zevss ara mxolod uyvarda qalebi, is Tavad siyvaruli iyo. da es siyvaruli misi axireba ki ara, misi arsi iyo: WeSmaritad, RmerTi siyvarulia. sayvarel arsebasTan SerTva da misgan STamomavlobis miReba zevsis erT-erTi upirvelesi funqciaa. sxvadasxva qals is sxvadasxva saxiT moevlineboda, radgan namdvili saxiT misi danaxva mokvdavisTvis SeuZlebeli iyo. mSvenier qals, etoliis mefe Testiosis asulsa da spartis mefe tindarevsis meuRles, ledas, igi arwivisgan Zlivs TavdaRweuli sabralo gedis saxiT moevlina, acduna qali da SeeuRla. imave RamiT leda dauwva Tavis meuRlesac. am fantastikuri movlenis Sedegad ledam dado ori kvercxi, romlidanac gamoiCeknen debi – helene da klitemnestra da Zmebi – kastori da polidevkesi. ledas Svilebidan erT-erTs, helenes, anu „mSvenier helenes“ Cven kargad vicnobT, rogorc trois omis gamomwvev mizezs. mivatovoT helene mokvdavi da gamzrdeli mamis (Tumca Cven ukve viciT saidumlo, sinamdvileSi is zevsis asulia), tindarevsis sasaxleSi, spartaSi, da Tavad gadavinacvloT TesaliaSi, CrdiloeT saberZneTSi, qalaq fTiaSi.

gabriel garsia markesi (1927-2014)

aqac yvelaferi zevsiT iwyeba. zevss moewona zRvis mefis, nerevsis, qaliSvili – vercxlisfexeba Tetisi, magram moulodnelad metoqe gauCnda promeTevsis saxiT. promeTevsma (misi saxeli SeiZleba „winaswar momfiqrebels“, „winaswarmetyvelsac“ niSnavdes) gaafrTxila adamianTa da RmerTTa mama, rom TetisTan SeuRlebis SemTxvevaSi mas SeeZineboda vaJi, aqilevsi, romelic sidiadiT mamas gadaaWarbebda. zevss tyuilad ar uwodebdnen „brZens“, daujera promeTevss da arc mas dauTmo Tetisi, rom axali mZlavri RmerTis dabadebisTvis xeli SeeSala. ori metrfis saboloo gadawyvetilebiT, ukvdavi Tetisi mokvdav pelevss – mirmidonelTa mefes miaTxoves.

xulio kortasari (1914-1984)

Tomas mani (1875-1955)

73

literatura

leda da gedi, mxatvari leonardo da vinCi, 1510-1515, galerea borgeze, romi

xorxe luis borxesi (1899-1986)

knut hamsuni (1859-1952)

henrik ibseni (1828-1906)

luiS de kamoesi (1524(?)-1580)

74

adamianisa da qalRmerTis qorwilSi bevri adamiani da uamravi RmerTi dapatiJes. mowveul RmerTebs Soris ar aRmoCnda erisi – qaosis, uTanxmoebisa da areulobis qalRmerTi. qalRmerTs ewyina, daawera oqros vaSls „yvelaze mSvenier qals“ (τή καλλίστη – „te kalliste“) da Seagora qorwilSi. samma qalRmerTma miiCnia, rom vaSli mas ekuTvnoda: zevsis meuRlem, Zalauflebis, ojaxisa da mSobiarobis mfarvelma qalRmerTma, didebulma heram; zevsis asulma, sibrZnisa da samarTliani omis qalRmerTma, qalwulma aTenam da silamazisa da siyvarulis qalRmerTma afroditem (homerosis mixedviT, zevsisa da diones asulma, Tumca arsebobs kronosis mier uranosisTvis mokveTili asoTi gaCenili zRvis qafidan afrodites dabadebis ufro dramatuli da poeturi versia). gaCnda kiTxva: ra aris mSveniereba – Zalauflebis sidiade, sibrZne da vaJkacoba Tu fizikuri

didi mwerali

silamaze? zevsi Tavisianebis kamaTSi ar Caeria da sami qalRmerTi trois ufliswulTan, mefe priamosis ZesTan, parisTan, gagzavna. parisisTvis Zneli gadasawyveti aRmoCnda am ulamazes qalRmerTTagan idealuri silamazis qali SeerCia da daiwyo „winasaarCevno“ SemoTavazebebi: hera mas mTel evropasa da azias dahpirda; aTena – omSi sworupovar vaJkacobas, sibrZnes da didi meomris Tvisebebs; xolo afrodite – dedamiwis yvelaze lamazi qalis, spartis dedoflis, helenes siyvaruls. parisma swored helene airCia da gamarjvebulad afrodite daasaxela. trois momaval omSi ganawyenebuli hera da aTena misi da misi samSoblos dauZinebeli mtrebi iqnebian. helene ukve gaTxovili iyo spartis mefe menelaosze (es ar uTqvams afrodites), ase rom, pariss isRa darCenoda, stumrad Casuliyo menelaosTan da moetaca helene (zogi versiiT, helenes Seuyvarda parisi da sakuTari nebiT gahyva mas). Tavis droze helenes, rogorc dedamiwis ulamazes qals, uamravi mTxovneli hyavda. odisevsis rCeviT tindarevsma yvela sasiZos fici daadebina, rom pativs scemdnen helenes arCevans da daicavdnen mis qorwinebas. rodesac parisma helene moitaca, menelaosma yvelas Seaxsena swored es fici. berZnebma gadawyvites, helene daebrunebinaT; Tavi mouyares mTeli saberZneTis mefeebsa da winamZRolebs, did gmirebs – aqilevss, odisevss, aiass, diomedess, nestors da sxvebs; Seqmnes uzarmazari laSqari, romelsac saTaveSi menelaosis Zma, mikenis mefe agamemnoni Cauyenes da uamravi xomaldisgan Semdgari uzarmazari flotiT miadgnen parisis

fernando pesoa (1888-1935)

Joze saramago (1922-2010)

bernard Sou (1856-1950)

uiliam batler ieitsi (1865-1939) mSvenieri helene da parisi, mxatvari Jak lui davidi, 1788, luvris muzeumi, parizi

75

literatura

nagib mahfuzi (1911-2006)

samSoblos, troadis napirs. ase daiwyo trois omi. omi aT wels grZeldeboda da sabolood uamravi gmiris, maT Soris saukeTeso berZeni da troeli gmirebis – aqilevsisa da heqtoris sikvdiliT, trois saboloo daqceviTa da helenes saberZneTSi dabrunebiT dasrulda. viliam Sekspiri (1564-1616)

oskar uaildi (1854-1900)

jeims joisi (1882-1941)

76

homerosi rom ara didi, aramed Cveulebrivi mwerali yofiliyo, Tavis poemas zevsiT Tu ara, ledas kvercxiT Tu ara, ganxeTqilebis vaSliT Tu ara, helenes motacebiT Tu ara, trois omis gaCaRebiT mainc daiwyebda; magram homerosi Cveulebrivi mwerali ar aris – „iliadaSi“ trois omis arc dasawyisia aRwerili da arc dasasruli, am poemaSi aRwerilia trois omis mxolod meaTe wlis ormocdaTormeti dRe (es dReebi iyofa samoqmedo da umoqmedo dReebad da ganawilebulia wriuli simetriiT, ix. qvemoT sqema); „iliada“ iwyeba aqilevsis ganrisxebiT da mTavrdeba mamisTvis – priamosisTvis mokluli vaJis – heqtoris cxedris gadacemiT da misi dakrZalviT. miuxedavad amisa, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom vinmes ise srulad gadmoeca trois omis ambavi, rogorc es homerosma moaxerxa. kacma rom Tqvas, amgvari, TiTqmis jadosnuri ostatoba aris kidec pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris didi mwerali. homerosi drois im mcire monakveTidan, romelsac aRwers, drois isrebs isvris warsulsa da momavalSi da misi gmirebis, RmerTebisa da adamianebis mogonebebSi cocxldeba warsuli da maTsave winaswarmetyvelebaSi realuri xdeba momavali. ase, magaliTad, zevsis winaswarmetyveleba gvimJRavnebs trois omis ganviTarebisa da misi dasrulebis detalebs:

didi mwerali

„gaqceulebi mivardnen aqilevs pelevsis Zis lamazgembanian xomaldebs da man brZolaSi CarTos Tavisi megobari patroklosi; igi SubiT gangmiros saxelovanma heqtorma ilionis win mas Semdeg, rac es gmiri mraval sxva troel Wabuks gamoasalmebs sicocxles, maT Soris Cems sakuTar vaJsac, RvTaebriv sarpedons. da maSin moklas heqtori ganrisxebulma aqilevsma. amis Semdeg brZolas samudamod gadmovanacvleb xomaldebidan da manam gavagrZeleb, sanam aqavelebi ar aiReben maRal ilions aTenas rCevebis mixedviT~.

fiodor dostaevski (1821-1881)

es didi mwerlobis mxolod erTi magaliTia. danarCenebis moZieba TqvenTvis mimindvia.

Sesabamisad, mwerali didia, Tu • didia misi nawarmoebi; • gavlena moaxdina sxva mwerlebze; • aqvs nacionaluri aRiareba; • aqvs saerTaSoriso aRiareba; • did mwerals „exmareba“ didi qveyana, Tumca cnobili arian patara qveynebis didi mwerlebic; • mwerlis sidides yvelaze ukeT gansazRvravs misi ostatoba

onore de balzaki (1799-1850)

dReebis simetriuli ganawileba „iliadaSi“ 1

9

1

12

1

1

1

1

Rame

1

1

1

1

12

1

1

qriseisis moTxovna

9

Savi Wiri, aTenelebi wvaven gvamebs

1

aqilevsis risxva, qriseisis dabruneba

12

RmerTebi eTiopiaSi da maTi dabruneba

1

Tetisi sTxovs daxmarebas zevss

1

pirveli orTabrZola, diomedesi, meore orTabrZola

1

aqavelTa galavnis ageba

1

troelTa Seteva

Rame

9

1

ernest hemingue (1899-1961)

elCoba aqilevsTan, dolonia

1

heqtori klavs patrokloss

1

aqilevsi klavs heqtors

1

patroklosis dakrZalva

1

dakrZalvis Semdgomi TamaSebi

12

heqtoris gvamis Seuracxyofa da dabruneba

1

priamosis dabruneba, heqtoris datireba

9

heqtoris koconis momzadeba

1

heqtoris dakrZalva

jein ostini (1775-1817)

77

mxatvroba

daviT kakabaZe ekaterine metreveli dazguri suraTi mxatvrobis is formaa, romelic damoukideblad arsebobs da, gansxvavebiT monumenturi mxatvrobisgan, romelic arqiteqturuli ansamblis organuli Semadgeneli komponentia, misi aRqma ar aris damokidebul garemoze, romlisganac igi CarCoTia gamoyofili. dazguri suraTi iqmneba tiloze, dafaze, muyaoze, qaRaldze, xolo ZiriTad masalad gamoiyeneba zeTi, tempera, akvareli, guaSi, pasteli, akrili Tu Sereuli teqnika.

78

albaT, yvela Tqvengans gaugia daviT kakabaZis saxeli da saqarTvelos erovnul galereaSi unaxavs misi imeruli peizaJebi, misi „ca“, misi avtoportretebi, zeTsa da akvarelSi Sesrulebuli abstraqtuli Tu naxevrad abstraqtuli kompoziciebi, mTawmindaze ki – akakis saflavis Zegli, romelic swored daviT kakabaZis proeqtis mixedviT daidga 1931 wels.

Tuki SegviZlia laparaki Tanamedrove xelovnebis msoflio donis qarTvel Semoqmedze, maT Soris erT-erTi pirveli namdvilad daviT kakabaZea. igi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelovanebis figuraa qarTuli xelovnebis istoriaSi da mis saxelTan aris

daviT kakabaZe

Tanamedrove xelovneba ukavSirdeba me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi mimdinare movlenebs, kacobriobis ganviTarebis axal etaps, teq­ nikur revolucias, romelmac Tan arsebiTi cvlilebebi moitana da gavlenis gareSe ar datova adamianis saqmianobis arcerTi sfero. Seicvala cxovrebis ritmi, stili, ga­ moicvala gemovneba, upiratesoba mieniWa yovelive novatorulsa da eqsperimentuls, ramac asaxva hpova xelovnebis yvela dargSi – arqiteqturaSi, mxatvrobasa Tu qandakebaSi.

qandakeba Z, ielis universitetis galerea, aSS

dakavSirebul qarTuli mxatvrobis ganviTarebis axali etapi – rodesac wina planze modis mxatvruli formis erovnulobis Rrma gageba, Serwymuli evropuli dazguri mxatvrobis principebTan. amave dros daviT kakabaZes gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs msoflio Tanamedrove, novatoruli xelovnebis istoriaSic. mis Rvawls aRniSnaven me-20 saukunis dasawyisis Tanamedrove xelovnebis mniSvnelovani mkvlevrebi da mxardamWerebi.

amave dros, xelovneba, romelsac Cven Tanamedroves vuwodebT, sruliadac aRar aris im epoqis Tanamedrove, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT. ai, ukve TiTqmis saukune gavida mas Semdeg, rac sxvadasxva `izmebis~ warmomadgenlebi – fovistebi, kubistebi, eqspresionistebi, dadaistebi, futuristebi, siurealistebi moRvaweobdnen, xolo saukuneze meti, rac vasili kandinskim pirveli abstraqtuli an, rogorc am dargis specialistebi uwodeben dasavleTSi, arafiguratiuli xelovnebis nimuSi Seqmna (1910). magram miuxedavad droisa, saukuneebis mijnaze Tanamedrove xelovnebam is cvlilebebi moitana, romelTaganac ukan dabruneba aRar SeiZleboda da Taviseburi wyalgamyofi Seqmna Zvelsa da axals Soris.

1920-1927 wlebSi, msoflio xelovnebis centrad aRiarebul parizSi moRvaweobisas, daviT kakabaZis namuSevrebi mudmivad ifineboda Salon des Independants-Si. swored es sagamofeno sivrce gansazRvravda me-20 saukunis dasawyisis xelovnebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebsa da gemovnebas. qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis naklebad cnobili qandakeba Z-is foto ki, win uZRoda Tanamedrove xelovnebisadmi miZRvnil im periodisTvis metad mniSvnelovan gamocemaTa Sesaval werilebs, igulisxmeba

Société Anonyme 1920 wels daaarses cnobilma mecenatma qeTrin draierma da Tanamedrove xelovnebis warmomadgenlebma – man reim da marsel diuSanma. am sazogadoebam moawyo bruklinis 1926 wlis Tanamedrove xelovnebis sanimuSo gamofena.

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mxatvroba

qeTevan maRalaSvili, lado gudiaSvili, daviT kakabaZe da elene axvlediani parizSi

Societie Anonyme-is mier gamocemul Tanamedrove xelovnebis enciklopedias da ielis universitetis galereis katalogs. daviT kakabaZis namuSevrebi warmodgenili iyo 1926 wels niu-iorkSi, bruklinis muzeumSi, Tanamedrove xelovnebis sanimuSo gamofenaze, iseT xelovanTa gverdiT, rogorebic arian vasili kandinski, Jan arpi, paul kle, albert glezi, marqs ernsti, jorjo de kiriko, xuan miro, pablo pikaso, jino severini, pit mondriani, JorJ braki. abstraqtuli xelovnebis am gamofenas cnobili mecenati da Tanamedrove mowinave xelovnebis Seqmnis aqtiuri monawile qeTrin draieri xelmZRvanelobda. swored draierma SearCia gamofenisTvis daviT kakabaZis namuSevrebi. igi kakabaZis Sesaxeb werda: xelovanma „miaRwia rig SesaniSnav Sedegebs skulpturaSi, skulpturul reliefsa da ferweraSi, rogorc akvareliT, ise zeTiT. is iyo im pirvel xelovanTa Soris, vinc pirveli msof-

80

daviT kakabaZe, avtoportreti, 1917

daviT kakabaZe

lio omis Semdeg pirvelma Semoitana poliqromia Tavis abstraqtul skulpturul formebSi“. draieri imasac aRniSnavda, rom daviT kakabaZis namuSevarTa originaluri, momxibvleli stili ganapiroba saqarTvelos usazRvro siyvarulma, romelic Canda ara kakabaZis namuSevrebis gamosaxulebaTa Tu siuJetis TaviseburebaSi, eTnografiul Tu istoriul peizaJebSi, aramed mis mier gamoyenebul formasa da feris xasiaTSi. amave mosazrebas iziarebda daviT kakabaZis Tanamedrove da megobari lado gudiaSvili – `dakvirvebul Tvals kargad SeuZlia SeamCnios, rom es suraTebi ar hgvanan Cveulebriv abstraqtul namuSevrebs, arc feriT, arc kompoziciiT. me, magaliTad, maTSic vgrZnob saqarTvelos miwa-wyals, zecas, haers, kolorits~. marTlac es ori elementi – Tanamedroveobis umaRlesi xarisxi da erovnuloba – gansazRvravs daviT kakabaZis xelovnebis unikalurobas da mis adgils Tanamedrove xelovnebis istoriaSi. daviT kakabaZe scdeba mxolod qarTul sivrces da igi mTeli msoflio xelovnebis monapovaria. igi scdeba erovnul, provinciul Caketilobasa da dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kulturaTa sinTezs warmoadgens. miSel seifori, abstraqtuli xelovnebis erT-erTi pirveli mkvlevarTagani, Tavis `abstraqtuli xelovnebis leqsikonSi~ mimoixilavs yvela im mxatvars, romelic ama Tu im TvisebaTa gamo originalurobiTa da TviTmyofadobiT gamoirCeoda abstraqtuli xelovnebis gariJraJze da maT Soris Cvens Tanamemamules, daviT kakabaZesac, moixseniebs. avtori Tavis mimoxilvas kakabaZis Sesaxeb am sityvebiT asrulebs: `misi dRevandeli adgilsamyofeli ucnobia~. samwuxarod, 1928 wels parizidan samSobloSi dabrunebuli daviT kakabaZisTvis SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda moRvaweoba im mimarTulebiT gaegrZelebina, romliTac midioda dasavleTis xelovneba. 1928 wlis maisSi TbilisSi, sastumro `oriantSi~, imarTeba xelovanis namuSevarTa gamofena. gamofenasTan dakavSirebul recenziebSi erTxmad aRniSnavdnen, rom daviT kakabaZis magaliTze kargad gamoCnda is, Tu rogor CixSi moeqca dasavleT evropuli xelovneba da urCevdnen mxatvars gadarTuliyo warmoebaze, sadac misi miRwevebi funqciur datvirTvas miiRebdnen. samwuxarod, sabWoTa ideologiis gamo samSobloSi jerovani Sefaseba ver miecaT swored im namuSevrebs, romlebic Tanamedrove xelovnebis moRvaweTa interess imsaxurebdnen. kakabaZe iZulebuli gaxda dahyoloda oficialuri presis moTxovnas, romelic sabWoeTis ideologTa Sexedulebebs aJRerebda da Tavisi

daviT kakabaZe, avtoportreti broweulebiT, 1913

81

mxatvroba

Teatrisa da kinos eskizebi: `dakarguli samoTxe~, 1933; `ninoSvilis guria~, 1934

niWi, ostatoba, gemovneba da gamocdileba Teatrisa da kinos sferoSi gadaitana. swored 1928 wlis maisSi mowyobil am sabediswero gamofenaze miiRo daviT kakabaZem kote marjaniSvilisgan TanamSromlobis SeTavazeba. aqedan iwyeba misi warmatebuli moRvaweoba rogorc Teatris, operisa da kinos mxatvris. pirveli speqtakli, `hopla, Cven vcocxlobT~, ukve 1929 wels daidga quTaisSi. daviT kakabaZe aformebs aseve daviT rondelis yvelasaTvis sayvarel mxatvrul films `dakarguli samoTxe~ (1937). sastumro `oriantSi~ gamarTuli gamofena kidev imiT aRmoCnda sabediswero, rom man gansazRvra Semoqmedis tragikuli bedi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kakabaZe aRarasdros mibrunebia abstraqtul mxatvrobas, mas sicocxlis bolomde ar moscilebia formalistis saxeli, ris gamoc daiTxoves kidec samxatvro akademiidan 1948 wels. aseve es iyo daviT kakabaZis ukanaskneli personaluri gamofena, mowyobili mis sicocxleSi.

sastumro `orianti~ rusTavelze, parlamentis Senobis win idga, mogvianebiT aq `mxatvris saxli~ ganTavsda. Senoba Tbilisis omis dros daiwva.

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daviT kakabaZe

saocari emociuroba da amave dros swrafva gonis primatisa da samyaros mecnieruli aRqmisken; bunebis movlenebis Seswavlis dauokebeli survili da am movlenebis ganzogadebuli, zogjer ki abstrahirebuli gadmocemis unari; Tanmimdevruloba, mizanswrafuloba da ukompromisoba; gansxvavebuli teqnikisa da mxatvruli gamoxatvis formebis mravalferovneba, saerTo SemoqmedebiTi xazidan gadaxvevis gareSe, dasrulebulobis umaRlesi xarisxi – ai, es aris Zalian mokled daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis kredo da arsi. am midgomiT aixsneba is, rom Cveulebriv daviT kakabaZe qmnis nawarmoebTa seriebs, romlebSic erTi da imave Temis sxvadasxva variaciebia warmodgenili, Tumca TiToeuli namuSevari TavisTavad dasrulebuli da srulyofilia. daviT kakabaZe, kubisturi kompozicia, 1920 mxatvris es damokidebuleba gansazRvravs imasac, rom daviT kakabaZis mTeli moRvaweoba mudmiv ZiebasTan, zrdasTan, progresTan aris dakavSirebuli. 19091918 wlebSi petrogradSi, dimitriev-kavkazskis saxelosnoSi xatvis dauflebas igi uTavsebs universitetSi fizika-maTematikis fakultetze swavlas. petrogradSi interesdeba kakabaZe sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebiT, im miRwevebiT, romlebic me-20 saukunis teqnikur revolucias daedo safuZvlad. mTeli Semoqmedebis manZilze mecnieruli midgoma, msjeloba da eqsperimenti iqneba arsebiTi kakabaZisTvis. petrogradSive yalibdeba misi mxatvruli gemovneba. 1914 wlis ruseTi cnobilia larionovis, gonCarovas, rus futuristTa gamofenebiT, tatlinis pirveli reliefebiT, maleviCis alogikuri periodiT. es mravalk.maleviCi, torsi, ferovneba ar xiblavda axalgazrda Semoqmeds, romelic werda, 1928-1929 rom ruseTSi gavrcelebuli uamravi deklaraciebi, xSirad romelime `izmiT~ daboloebuli evropuli mowinave xelovnebis romelime miRwevis ganmeorebas warmoadgenda. aseT mravalferovan garemoSi igi erTiandeba rusuli avangardis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis – pavel filonovis TaosnobiT Seqmnil kavSirSi `gakeTebuli suraTebi~ (Cделанные картины), sadac upiratesoba eniWeba xazs, organulobas, inteleqts, suraTis dasrulebulobas da `gakeTebulobas~. daviT kakabaZis TiToeul namuSevarSi, iqneba es misi portretebi, imeruli peizaJebi Tu abastraqtuli v. tatlini, III interna83 cionalis monumentis modeli, 1919-1920

mxatvroba formebi, CarCoianad yvela detali bolomde gaazrebuli da dasrulebulia. kakabaZis laTinurSriftiani warwerac ki namuSevris Semadgenel nawilad warmogvidgeba.

fovizmi (les Fauves) mimdinareoba Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi 1904-1908 wlebSi. momdinareobs franguli sityvidan `gareuli mxecebi~. misi warmomadgenlebi upiratesobas aniWebdnen ferwerulobasa da mWaxe ferebs. fovizmis wamyvani wevrebi iyvnen henri matisi da andre dereni. saxeli fovizmi xmarebaSi Semovida mas Semdeg, rac 1905 wels parizSi, Salon d’Automne-Si SemdgomSi fovistebad cnobili mxatvrebis namuSevarTa gamofenis daTvalierebisas, erT-erTma kritikosma SesZaxa: `donatelo gareul mxecebSi~.

Tanamedrove xelovnebis miRwevaTa gasacnobad daviT kakabaZe ruseTis Semdgom parizSi miemgzavreba, sadac rCeba kidec 1920-1927 wlebSi. 20-iani wlebis parizi msoflio xelovnebis centrad gvevlineba. aq ikribebodnen xelovnebis mowinave warmomadgenlebi, awyobdnen gamofenebs, uziarebdnen erTmaneTs gamocdilebebs, ayalibebdnen mimdinareobebs, aqveynebdnen manifestebs. mxatvrisTvis parizi iyo saukeTeso skola xelovnebis Sesaswavlad da lado gudiaSvili ixsenebs kidec Tavis mogonebebSi, rogor urCies mas da daviTs akademiaSi ar CaebarebinaT, darCeniliyvnen parizSi, Tvali edevnebinaT mxatvruli mimdinareobebisTvis, emuSavaT damoukideblad, monawileoba mieRoT gamofenebSi. ra suraTi xvdeba parizSi Casul kakabaZes? fovizmi da kubizmi ukve gardasuli etapia. xdeba kubizmis miRwevaTa Taviseburi gadamRereba gansxvavebuli mimdinareobebis mxatvrebTan. kubizmis gavlenam moicva mTeli msoflio, plastikuri xelovnebis yvela dargi. parizi icnobs eqspresionistTa namuSevrebs, Seqmnilia pirveli abstraqtuli kompoziciebi, gamoqveynebulia futuristuli da siurealisturi manifestebi.

termini kolaJi modis franguli sityvidan coller, rac miwepebas niSnavs. kubistebma, kerZod ki, brakma da pikasom, pirvelebma gamoiyenes aramxatvruli masala – qviSa, naxerxi, gazeTi, savarZlis sazurge da a.S. Tavisi namuSevrebis, kolaJebis Sesaqmnelad (1912). es zedapirs aniWebda materialur faqturas, risi saSualebiTac daxatuli formebi mxatvrulad ufro realuri iyo, vidre imitirebuli. kolaJisa da gansxvavebuli masalis gamoyenebiT kubistebma sagnebi abstraqciamde daiyvanes, daamuSaves isini eqspresiulad da konstruqciulad erTdroulad. maT mier Seqmnili namuSevari ufro simbolos warmoadgenda, vidre xiluli faqtis warmoCenas.

parizSi yofnisas, 1920-1927 wlebSi, kakabaZe asrulebs gansxvavebul kompoziciaTa seriebs, romlebSic asaxva hpova parizSi miRebulma gamocdilebam. aseTia misi kubisturi, bretanisa da abstraqtul formaTa seriebi, konstruqciul-dekoratiuli kompoziciebi. daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis ori umniSvnelovanesi Tezisi – suraTi unda iyos mudam gakeTebuli da cxovrebis ritmi unda aisaxebodes nebismier namuSevarSi – yvelaze srulyofil gamoxatulebas poulobs parizSi Sesrulebul, 1924-1925 wlebis konstruqciul-dekoratiul kompoziciebSi, romelTac aseve kolaJebad moixsenieben. kolaJs

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mxatvrobis

daviT kakabaZe

daviT kakabaZis bretanuli peizaJebi, 1921

TiTqmis yvela mimdinareoba. kolaJi gaxda simbolo im revoluciisa, romelsac adgili hqonda me-20 saukunis dasawyisis xelovnebaSi. futuristebi iyenebdnen kolaJs, raTa gadmoecaT TavianTi protesti politikur Tu socialur faseulobaTa mimarT. rusuli avangardi mimarTavda fotomontaJs – kolaJis nairsaxeobas, axali, `progresuli~ wyobis mimarT Tavisi damokidebulebis gamosaxatad; siurealistebi – qvecnobieris gadmosacemad da a.S. daviT kakabaZis kolaJebi scdeba kolaJis tradiciul gagebas, masTan irRveva sasuraTo zedapiris tradiciuli sibrtyovani xasiaTi da gamoirCeva dinamikurobiTa da sasicocxlo tempiT. axali epoqa axlebur xelovnebas da gamosaxvis axlebur saSualebebs saWiroebda. mas aRar akmayofilebda aRweriTi xasiaTis namuSevrebi. Tanamedrove xelovnebis

daviT kakabaZe, kubisturi kompoziciebi, 1924

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mxatvroba

daviT kakabaZe, abstraqtuli kompozicia, 1926

nimuSs Tanamedrove cxovreba, misi ritmi, dinamizmi unda gadmoeca. teqnikuri revoluciis miRwevebma, warmoebam, manqanebma, anu `maSinizmma~ – rogorc amas kakabaZe uwodebda, Secvala ara mxolod cxovrebis stili da wesi, aramed adamianTa azrovneba, fsiqika, aRqmis unari, sivrcis gancda. amaSi udidesi roli kinematografmac Seasrula. Tanamedrove epoqis Sesabamisi dinamikuri sivrcis eqspresiis gadmosacemad ki sruliad gansxvavebuli xerxebi da formebi iyo saWiro, vidre adre: arqiteqturaSi wina planze modis rkina-betonis konstruqciebi; minis masobrivi gamoyeneba da yovelgvari plastikuri ornamentis uaryofa. axali dizainis saSualeba gaxda ganaTebis SesaZleblobani. daviT kakabaZis kolaJebSi brtyeli zedapiri cocxldeba zedapiris gabrwyinvalebiTa da feris aqcentebiT. amisTvis ki yvelaze Sesaferisi masala liToni da minaa. daviT kakabaZis kolaJebSi gamoyenebul minas, sarkesa da liTonis elementebSi iseve airekleba maT miRma mimdinare procesebi – mosiarule adamianebi, rogorc gropiusisa da mis van der roes mier daproeqtebul axali stilis SenobebSi, romlebic garedan ZiriTadad minis sartyliT ifareboda, xolo am minebSi irekleboda Tanamedrove cxovrebis ritmi, rac mudmiv moZraobasa da dinamizms gadmoscemda garSemo mdebare sivrceSi.

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daviT kakabaZe kargad grZnobs im cvlilebebs, romlebic mis garSemo xdeba da TviTon, rogorc suliTa da xorciT Tanamedrove, novatori adamiani, iwyebs cdebs plastikuri reliefis sferoSi, romelTa saSualebiTac `SesaZlebeli xdeba kinematografiuli suraTis reliefiT gacocxleba~. 1922-1923 wlebSi xelovani muSaobs usaTvalo stereokinos gamogonebaze da aRwevs kidec dadebiT Sedegebs, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba rigi wamyvan qveynebSi patentis miReba. samwuxarod, usaTvalo stereokinos sistemis saeqsploataciod gamzadeba safrangeTSi ver moxerxda. parizSi Sesrulebul namuSevarTa seriebidan umetesoba naxevradabstraqtuli da abstraqtuli kompoziciebia. ratom mimarTavs daviT kakabaZe arafiguratiul xelovnebas? ras warmoadgens misTvis abstraqcia? xelovani miiCnevs, rom siuJeti ar

daviT kakapaZe, industria, 1927

daviT kakabaZe, abstraqtuli kompozicia, 1926

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mxatvroba

daviT kakabaZe, imeruli naturmorti, 1919

warmoadgens namuSevris Rirebulebis Semqmnel elements, radganac igi aris `movlenaTa konkretuli gamosaxuleba~ da xelovnebis nimuSi `imdenad ufro Zlieria, ramdenadac is gadmogvcems araCveulebriv da moulodnel movlenebs~. ideis gadmocema SeiZleba `organizaciul da ritmul wesebze damyarebuli formiT~. xelovnebis nimuSi swored Sinagani organizaciiTa da ritmuli wyobiT zemoqmedebs mayurebelze, rogorc `damoukidebeli obieqturi sagani~. xelovnebis mizani aris ara samyaros kopireba, aramed misi Sinagani saxis gadmocema. sainteresoa, rom Tanamedrove epoqis sulis Zlieri gancdis miuxedavad, daviT kakabaZes Rrmad swams, rom TiToeuli epoqis kulturas `axsovs warsuli, magram ara Seucvleli, aramed saxeSecvlili, TanamedroveobasTan TanxmobaSi mosuli saxiT~. novatoroba mxatvrul procesebSi tradiciis nayofieri gagrZelebaa da kakabaZis, rogorc novatorisa da eqsperimentatoris xelovnebis safuZveli swored qarTuli Suasaukuneebis xelovnebis da saqarTvelos Rrma codna da Semecnebaa. kakabaZe Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli mxatvrobis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia Zveli qarTuli xelovnebis, kulturuli danatovris Seswavla da am codnis Sexameba me-20 saukunis Tanamedrove xelovnebis monapovarTan formis dargSi. da marTlac, daviT kakabaZe mSvenivrad icnobs qarTul xelovnebas, mas ekuTvnis fundamenturi kvleva qarTul ornamentze, igi aris avtori dokumenturi filmisa `saqarTvelos materialuri kulturis Zeglebi~, romelic, samwuxarod, dakargulad iTvleba, aseve qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebis 300-ze meti fotosi, Sesrulebuli aqvs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli freskebisa da miniaturebis aslebi.

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dabolos, ar SeiZleba kakabaZeze saubari davasruloT da araferi vTqvaT mis imerul peizaJebze. miuxedavad misi mravalmxrivi miRwevebisa, daviT kakabaZis saxelis xsenebisas pirveli, rac Tvalwin warmogvidgeba, aris misi mSobliuri imereTis peizaJebi. imereTi, rogorc amas leo rCeuliSvili aRniSnavs, kakabaZis `sakuTari~ Temaa, Sinaganad misTvis axlobeli, mis mier bolomde gaazrebuli da srulyofilebamde gancdili. imerul peizaJebs mxatvari jer kidev daviT kakabaZe, imereTi parizSi wasvlamde asrulebs. misi 1918 wlis `imereTi-dedaCemi~, romelic pirvelad “didebis taZarSi gamoifina” 1919 wels, ara konkretulad dedis portrets, aramed mSobeli dedis da mSobliuri peizaJis ganzogadebul ferwerul saxes warmoadgens. “imereTi” mxatvris esTetiur “gulis-nadebaT” unda CaiTvalos”, werda grigol robaqiZe. (ilustracia, imereTi dedaCemi, peizaJi, 1918 wlis da gviani periodis)

daviT kakabaZEe, rionhesi, 1934

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mxatvroba

akakis saflavi mTawmindaze, avtori daviT kakabaZe

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miuxedavad imisa, rom imerul peizaJebs xelovani mogvianebiT, 30-ian wlebSic ubrundeba, rodesac misi ferTa gama bevrad ufro xalisiani da Tamami xdeba, es namuSevrebi, mainc saerTo, imeruli peizaJebis seriis ganuyofeli nawilia, sadac dekoratiulobis didi xarisxi, feradovani laqebi da sibrtyeze maTi ganawileba abstrahirebis zRvarze meryeobs. amaSi mdgomareobs kakabaZis, rogorc xelovanis ukompromisoba. miuxedavad im Seviwroebisa, romelsac formalistis damRis gamo xelovani ganicdida 30-40-ian wlebSi, daviT kakabaZe mainc Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi kredos erTguli darCa da misi namuSevrebi `mitingi~ Tu `rionhesi~, (ilustracia) miuxedavad socialisturi ideologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tematikis Setanisa tradiciul imerul peizaJebSi, mainc Tanamedrove xelovnebis mowinave namuSevrebad gvevlinebian da ver jdebian socialisturi realizmis CarCoebSi.

daviT kakabaZe, wiTeli mTa, 1944

daviT kakabaZe

daviT kakabaZe daibada imereTis sofel kuxSi, Raribi glexis ojaxSi 1989 wels. quTaisis gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1910-1915 wlebSi peterburgis universitetSi, fizika-maTematikis fakultetze gaagrZela swavla, paralelurad ki xatvas eufleba dimitriev-kavkazskis saxelosnoSi.

1948 wils 12 ivniss daviT kakabaZes aTavisufleben samxatvro akademiidan, mizeziT, rom man ver uzrunvelyo studentTa aRzrda socialisturi meTodis safuZvelze.

daviT kakabaZe gardaicvala 1952 wlis 10 maiss. dakrZales vakis sasaflaoze, 1962 wels ki gadaasvenes didubis panTeonSi.

1919 wlis 4 maiss axlandeli suraTebis erovnul galereaSi, maSindel `didebis taZarSi~, gaixsna qarTvel mxatvarTa gamofena, sadac qarTuli sazogadoeba pirvelad gaecno daviT kakabaZis, lado gudiaSvilis, Salva qiqoZis, elene axvledianis da sxvaTa Semoqmedebas. vaxtang kotetiSvili maRal Sefasebas aZlevs gamofenas da Tavis werils amTavrebs sityvebiT: `‌ es qarTuli xelovnebis didi gamarjvebaa. urwmunoT unda naxon `didebis taZari~, rom darwmundnen qarTveli eris SemoqmedebiT siZliereSi~.�

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sporti

lxini Jamianobisas biZina mayaSvili

daviT yifiani _ Tbilisis `dinamos~ yvela drois erT-erTi saukeTeso fexburTeli

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CaatareT gamokiTxva saqarTveloSi, Tu ra moxda 1981 wlis 13 maiss, da darwmunebuli brZandebodeT, rom jansaRi fsiqikis mqone adamianTa umravlesobis pasuxi erTnairi iqneba. im dros es ricxvi zustad or sazeimo TariRs Soris iyo moqceuli – 1 maissa da 26 maiss Soris. 1 maisi normaluri adamianebisTvis imdenad iyo zeimi, ramdenadac SeiZleboda yofiliyo kidev erTi uqme dRe (Tu ra Tqma unda, maT sadResaswaulo aRlumze ar gaamwesebda SromiTi koleqtivis partkomi (anu partiuli komiteti)). 26 maiss ki imave normalur adamianebs rom moewyoT demonstracia, RmerTma uwyis, sad amoayofinebdnen Tavs. dRes ki yvelaferi Seicvala: 1 maisi kalendarSi sxva dReebiviT gaaSaves, 26 maisi ki wiTlad gaaferades.

Tavis motyueba ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom am zeimis `erTjeradobis~ miuxedavad, 1981 wlis 13 maisis Rame grZnobebis

lxini Jamianobisas

gamoxatvis siwrfeliT, emociurobiTa da saerTo urTierTkeTilganwyobis atmosferoTi WeSmaritad saxalxo dResaswauli iyo, romelsac Tanabrad iziarebda yvela, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sqesisa, religiisa da asakisa – erTi sityviT, mTeli saqarTvelo. is, riskenac ase iswrafvian Cveni politikosebi da rac ase sWirdeba saqarTvelos, im saRamos gaakeTa fexburTma. Taviseburi dro iyo, SedarebiT stabiluri – tyuilad ar daarqves uZraobis periodi. maSin xalxi naklebad Relavda. Tu ar CavTvliT 1978 wels gamarTul qarTuli enis saxelmwifo statusTan dakavSirebul studentur demonstracias, Cveni xalxi grZnobebs ZiriTadad stadionze, safexburTo matCebis dros gamoxatavda. ufros Taobas exsomeba 70-iani wlebis bolos Cvens stadionze momxdari incidenti: luganskis `zariasTan~ matCis dasasruls msajis gadawyvetilebis samarTlianobaSi daeWvebulma mayurebelTa erTma nawilma javri wesrigis damcvelebsa da maT avtoteqnikaze iyara. mdgomareoba imdenad garTulda, rom gaafTrebuli brbos dasamSvideblad respublikis meTauri (eduard SevardnaZe) gadavida moedanze. oriode saaTis ganmavlobaSi situacia stadionis mimdebare teritoriaze absoluturad ukontrolo iyo, magram iqve, borjomis quCis kuTxeSi mdebare sakomisio Tu saiuveliro maRaziidan raime rom waeRo vinmes im Rames, ar momxda-

vladimer gucaevis finti da saxtad darCenili mowinaaRmdege

1978 wlis 14 aprils TbilisSi qarTuli enis konstituciuri statusis Secvlis sapasuxod Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa TaosnobiT mravalricxovani demonstracia gaimarTa. 1977 wels axali sabWoTa konstituciis SemoRebis Semdeg sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi Semavali respublikebis konstituciaSi arsebuli Canaweri saxelmwifo enad mSobliuri enis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb unda amoRebuliyo. amgvarad ssrk-is saxelmwifo enad mxolod rusuli ena rCeboda. am iniciativam saqarTvelos mosaxleobaSi mZlavri protesti gamoiwvia. viTareba mxolod mas Semdeg ganimuxta, rac eduard SevardnaZem SeZlo moskovis centraluri xelisuflebis Tavkacebis gadarwmuneba, rom axal konstituciaSi SenarCunebuliyo qarTuli enis statusi. e. SevardnaZe demonstrantebis winaSec gamovida uzenaesi sabWos SenobasTan da Seecada xalxi daeSoSminebina. am movlenebis aRsaniSnavad 1990 wlidan 14 aprili dedaenis dRed aRiniSneba.

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sporti ra. 10 wlis Semdeg ki, ufro mZime pirobebSi, rusTaveli gamzirze tyviebis zuzunSi, marodiorebma sakmaod moiTbes xeli samxatvro salonisa da sxva maRaziebis saqonliT. magram, etyoba, maSin marTla `sxva dro~ iyo. ruseTis imperiis lideris, breJnevis marazmi zenits aRwevs. dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa saTaveSi ki modian axali xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic momavalSi did rols Seasruleben Tanamedrove msoflios SeqmnaSi. es aris TetCeris premier-ministrobis mesame weliwadi da is uaxlovdeba `rkinis ledis~ statuss. es aris fransua miteranis prezidentobis pirveli weliwadi da, rac mTavaria, 80-ani wlebis popularuli politikosis – ronald reiganis mmarTvelobis dasawyisi. axla bevri ram ucnaurad gveCveneba, maSin ki xalxi centraluri da respublikuri gazeTebis kiTxvas meoTxe gverdidan iwyebda, sadac satelevizio programebi da sportuli informacia ibeWdeboda da iSviaTad Tu gadaxedavda sxva gverdebs. qarTulenovani gazeTebidan axalgazrdebsa da mamakacebs Soris didi popularobiT sargeblobda `lelo~, xolo SedarebiT asakovani qalbatonebi gansakuTrebuli siamovnebiT ecnobodnen gazeT `Tbilisis~ meoTxe gverdis samgloviaro gancxadebebs. msoflios 64-ma qveyanam da maT Soris, pirvel rigSi, aSS-m boikoti gamoucxades 1980 wlis moskovis olimpiur TamaSebs da masSi monawileoba ar miiRes. es protesti ukavSirdeboda 1979 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa kavSiris avRaneTSi SeWras. ssrk-is am qmedebebis winaaRmdegi iyo islamuri samyarosa da natos wamyvani qveynebi.

Tavisi paradoqsebi hqonda televiziasac. yvelaze saintereso `gadacemebad~ mxatvruli filmis demonstracia da sportuli reportaJebi miaCndaT. dRes Zneli warmosadgenia, rom maSindel erTaderT qarTul sainformacio programas, `moambes~, mxolod amindis prognozisaTvis uyurebdnen, sakavSiro “Время”-s ki – sportuli informaciisTvis. xandaxan sportis meSveobiT politikur ambebsac vigebdiT. moskovis olimpiuri TamaSebis wyalobiT ukve kargad vicodiT avRaneTSi sabWoTa kavSiris interesebis WeSmariti arsi da am interesebis dakmayofilebis gzebi. rogorc maSin xumrobdnen, Sepirebuli komunizmis nacvlad, 1980 wels moskovSi olimpiuri TamaSebi Catardao, da Zalian komikuri iyo, roca TamaSebis daxurvis dRes, miuxedavad imisa, rom mas Zalian bevrma qveyanam boikoti gamoucxada, xmaCawyvetili sabWoTa diqtorebi eTerSi gahyvirodnen: Олимпиада удалась! (qarT.: olimpiada gamovida!)

TamaSebze damajereblad gaimarjves sabWoelebma, magram kuriozebic sakmaod moxda: xSirad ucxoeli sportsmenebi Sejibrze mosaxvedrad taqsiT sargeblobdnen, anda uaresi – Subis mtyorcnelTa asparezobisas, rogorc ki sabWoTa sportsmeni gadioda arenaze, iReboda `luJnikebis~ stadionis WiSkari, rom Sedegze haeris nakads emoqmeda. rac Seexeba sportul reportaJebs, maTi naxvis Sansi mxolod maSin gvqonda, roca sabWoelebic monawileobdnen. gamonakliss mxolod fexburTis msoflio Cempionatebi warmoadgenda. ekrans

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lxini Jamianobisas

miRma rCeboda Zalian popularuli evropuli saklubo turnirebi. am turnirebis sawyisi etapis TamaSebis translacia regularulad xdeboda sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, xolo finalur matCebs 50-60 qveyana uyurebda. samwuxarod, maT Soris ar iyo Сверхдержава sabWoTa kavSiri, magram qarTvelTa gasaxarad Tavis gulSematkivrebs TurqeTi akmayofilebda da 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi, aprilis bolodan maisis Sua ricxvebamde, oTxSabaTobiT, saRamos 7-8 saaTidan Tbilisidan iwyebdnen gasvlas fexburTis gulSematkivrebiT savse msubuqi manqanebi. mogzaurobis saboloo punqti yvelaze xSirad pantianis Semogareni da is adgilebi iyo, sadac ris vaivaglaxiT xdeboda Turquli satelevizio programebis miReba.

Sav-TeTri gamosaxulebis dabali xarisxisa da televizoris dinamikebis kolorituli aqcentis miuxedavad, xandaxan pantianSi ufro meti mayurebeli iyrida Tavs, vidre stadionze, sadac matCi mimdinareobda. midiodnen Tbiliselebi `barselonas~ da `iuventusis~, `baiernis~ da `hamburgis~, `liverpulis~ da `realis~ sanaxavad. Camodiodnen gvian RamiT da meore dilas samsaxurebsa da saswavleblebis derefnebSi uyvebodnen amxanagebs kruifsa da bekenbauerze, kigansa da rumenigeze, rosize, platinize, Susterze, raSze da sxvebze. Semdeg saubari, bunebrivia, `dinamoze~ gadadioda da guli swydebodaT, rom aseTi maRali potencialis gundi evropaSi jerjerobiT verafers axerxebda. Sedarebebi daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: CivaZe – bekenbaueri, xinCagaSvili – saimedoobis garanti, daraselia – gundis motori, sulaqveliZe – profesionali, romelsac evropis nebismieri klubi aiyvanda, gucaevi – misi donis flangi evropaSi ubralod ar arsebobda, Sengelia – miuleri, yifiani – TviTon iyo etaloni, romelsac sxvebi edrebodnen. didi bataliebi imarTeboda verisa da muStaidis parkebis gulSematkivarTa araoficialur klubebSi. kamaTobdnen manuCar maCaiZis gamo: sWirdeboda Tu ara gunds misi TamaSis manera? CelebaZe sjobda Tu Sengelia? mere mividoda vinme `superznatoki~ da `farsadanoviCs~ gaakritikebda imis gamo, rom guSindel matC-

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Si `biWebi CeresCur grZeli `SipebiT~ gaiyvana namian mindorze~ anda `saSa imitom iyo mZime guSin, rom diRmis bazaze dilamde kiTxulobda~. ase grZeldeboda dilidan saRamomde, momaval matCebamde da mere isev Tavidan. amasobaSi ki gundis klasi aSkarad maRldeboda – gaizarda TamaSis xarisxi, fexburTelebi Tavdajerebulebi gaxdnen. es iyo namdvili profesionalebis gundi, romlis TamaSi maRali organizebulobiT gamoirCeoda. `dinamos~ aRmasvla 1976 wels daiwyo, roca mTavar mwvrTnelad `farsadanoviCi~ – nodar axalkaci dainiSna. imave wels dasrulda `dinamos~ stadionis rekonstruqcia da qarTuli absurdis saukeTeso tradiciebSi mas leninis saxeli mianiWes. magram saxels vin Cioda, roca gundi TamaSobda da mayurebelic dadioda maT sanaxavad. 1976 wlidan `dinamos~ winsvla aSkara iyo: im wels or gaTamaSebaSi – 2 brinjao da pirvelad gundis istoriaSi sabWoTa kavSiris Tasi; 1977 wels – vercxli; 1978 wels – Cempionoba; 1979 wels – isev Tasi; 1980 wels – Tasis finali. aseTi stabilurobiT `dinamos~ verc erTi Taoba ver daikvexnida. sakavSiro arena dapyrobili iyo; rCeboda evroturnirebi, romlebSic Cvenebis yvelaze maRali miRweva 1/8 finalSi gasvla iyo. turnirebi, romlis matCebze Tbilisis stadionze saSualod 80 aTasi mayurebeli dadioda da orjer meti ubileTobis gamo gareT rCeboda. im periodSi gunds sabWoTa kavSirSi yvelaze didi auditoria hyavda da bileTs ki ara, wliur abonementsac ki mxolod CawyobiT Tu iSovidi.

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saerTo arasaxarbielo Sedegebis miuxedavad, `dinamos~ am turnirebSi didi gundebic daumarcxebia da, rac mTavaria, didi TamaSi uCvenebia. pirveli aseTi gamarjveba milanSi izeimes, `interTan~, ukve moberebuli faketis gundTan 1977 wlis 14 seqtembers, magram mas Tavisi mniSvnelobiT aRemateboda 1979 wels didi angariSiT gamarjveba msoflios yvela drois erTerT saukeTeso gundTan – `liverpulTan~. aseTi donis gundis damarcxebis Semdeg bunebrivia gagiCndes garkveuli pretenziebi, magram bedis ironiiT kenWisyram “dinamos” metoqed kvlav superklubi – `hamburgi~ arguna. naxevari wlis Semdeg germaniis federaciuli respublikis nakrebi evropis Cempioni gaxda da gundis naxevars hamburgelebi Seadgendnen. maT garda klubSi TamaSobdnen iugoslaveli buliani da evropis saukeTeso fexburTeli, `miki mausad~ monaTluli ingliseli kevin kigani. aseT klubTan damarcxdnen dinamoelebi, magram am damarcxebam rogorc maT, ise maT gulSematkivrebs bevri ram aswavla.

nodar axalkaci

gavida erTi weli da `dinamo~ Tasebis Tasis gaTamaSebaSi Caeba. pirveli metoqe – `kastoria~ saberZneTidan, ra Tqma unda, did Tavsatexs ar warmoadgenda, asec moxda. TamaSs tyibulis sastumros holSi vuyureb. mayurebelTa Soris erTi moskovelicaa, romelic qarTvelebTan erTad gulSematkivrobs Cvenebs. `dinamos~ gamarjvebis Semdeg aCveneben moskovis `dinamos~ TamaSs, romlebic belgielebTan marcxdebian. moskoveli marcxze ufro iman gaamwara, rom qarTvelebi aRfrTovanebiT SevxvdiT misi gundis damarcxebas. gaognebuli rusi sirbiliT gaeSura Tavisi nomrisken, saqarTvelom ki, kidev erTi mteri SeiZina.

Semdegi metoqe kidev ufro sustia – irlandiuri `voterfordi~. yovelgvari problemebis gareSe pirvelad gavdivarT meoTxedfinalSi. es ukve winsvlaa, Tumca

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sporti umniSvnelo. fexburTelebi isveneben gazafxulamde. TamaSidan erTi Tvis Semdeg ki msoflios Soks hgvris XX saukunis yvelaze uazro danaSauli – klaven jon lenons. dadga 1981 weli. momavali metoqe inglisuri `vest hemia~. ai iq ki gulSematkivrebs SiSi uCndebaT. metoqis siZlieris garda SiSis safuZvels zrdis e.w. gazafxulis sindromi – saTamaSo praqtikis uqonloba. inglisSi gaxurebuli sezonia, CvenTan ki Cempionati arc ki dawyebula, Tumca meore mxriv, `dinamos~ 13 (!) moTamaSe sabWoTa kavSiris sxvadasxva nakrebSia miwveuli. londonSi Catarebuli pirveli matCis Sedegisa da Cvenebis TamaSis xarisxis mixedviT cxadi xdeba – saqarTvelo ramdenime Tve mxolod fexburTiT icxovrebs da rom `dinamos~ Seswevs Zala Tass daeuflos. rCeboda SesaZleblobis materializacia. aRar SegawuxebT `feinoordTan~ Catarebuli naxevarfinalis peripetiebiT. SegaxsenebT imdroindeli msoflio Cempionis – argentinis mwvrTnelis, menotis sityvebs pirveli naxevarfinalebis Semdeg: `karl caiss~ finalSi gasvlis meti Sansi aqvs, vidre `benfikas~, finals ki moigebs evropis uZlieresi klubi Tbilisidan~. SegaxsenebT, ra daZabul viTarebaSi Catarda ganmeorebiTi matCi holandiaSi: travmebis garda, `dinamos~ ar CauTvales 3 goli da ar misces 2 penalti. finalis win gulSematkivrebi ise gavTavxeddiT, rom vambobdiT, sjobda finalSi `benfika~ Segvxvedroda, gamarjveba ufro saxelovani iqnebodao. `karl caisi~ rom ver dagvamarcxebda, vicodiT, ubralod gveSinoda `dinamos~ SemTxveviT ar waego. saerTod, sportsmenebi germaniis demokratiuli respublikidan msoflioSi cnobili iyvnen TavianTi maRali SedegebiT sportis e.w. hormonalur saxeobebSi: mZleosnobaSi, curvaSi, niCbosnobaSi da a.S. am saxeobebSi kargad SeniRbuli dopingiT bevris miRweva SeiZleboda. sul sxvaa sportis saTamaSo saxeebi, sadac warmatebis miRweva mxolod aTletizmis da fizikuri momzadebis xarjze, maRali teqnikisa da improvizaciis unaris gareSe Zalian Znelia.

kote maxaraZe

1981 wlis 13 maiss finaluri TamaSi imdenjer gadaica Cveni televiziiT, rom axals verafers davamateb. `dinamom~ kidev erTxel daumtkica evropas maRali esTetikuri fexburTis upiratesoba mSral praqticizmTan SedarebiT. gulsatkeni iyo, rom finals mxolod 9 aTasi mayurebeli daeswro (amaze naklebi mayurebeli Tasebis Tasis finals mxolod erTxel hyavda). amis mizezi, albaT, is iyo, rom orive gundi socialisturi qveynebidan iyo. warmoidgineT, finalSi rom inglisuri klubi gasuliyo – 9 aTasze meti marto britaneli Cavidoda diuseldorfSi. Znelia, ar gaixseno am matCis komentatori – kote maxaraZe, romelsac mTeli sabWoTa kavSirisTvis rusulad mihyavda reportaJi da romelic Cveuli gulmodginebiT gamoTqvamda ucxoeli fexburTelebis gvarebs da yvelaze kritikul momentSic ki ar aviwydeboda germanelebis saxeliTa da gvariT moxsenieba: hans-ulrix grapentini, riudiger Snupxaze, msaji rikardo latanci da a.S.

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(SeadareT es rusebis Пиле-s). swored latancis safinalo sastvenis xmaze wamiZaxa b-ma kotem fraza, romelic, albaT, Zalian bevrs Zalian didxans emaxsovreba saqarTveloSi: Представляю что сейчас творится в Тбилиси!

Tbilisi ki zeimobda. zeimobda mTeli saqarTvelo. es marto gulSematkivrebis zeimi ar iyo – yvelas uxaroda. garkveulwilad, `dinamo~ yovelTvis saqarTvelos nakrebi iyo. gundi TiTqosda saqarTvelos models warmoadgenda da xSirad respublikis ganwyobilebis barometri iyo. amis Semdeg nu gagikvirdeba, rom qarTvelebma sabWoTa kavSiridan gamoyofa fexburTiT daiwyes. saqarTvelos fexburTis federacia iyo pirveli oficialuri organo, romelmac sabWoTa struqturebidan damoukidebloba moipova. sabWoTa presam uyuradRebod ar datova `dinamos~ gamarjveba. igi sabWoTa fexburTis triumfad monaTla da sazRvargareT Zalian cotam Tu icoda, rom `tifilis~ ruseTis qalaqi ar iyo. rogorc nebismieri met-naklebad Rirebuli beWduri gamocema, 70-iani wlebis bolo xanebidan moskovuri yovelkvireuli Футбол-Хоккей Zneli saSovneli iyo Tbilisis jixurebSi. gazeTis maSindeli redaqtori filatovi fexburTis mcodne da Semfasebeli iyo, amitom ar aklda Cvens gunds obieqturi recenziebi. gansakuTrebuli gulTbilobiT gamoirCeodnen kuCerenkos da radCukis werilebi. iyo piriqiTac. maxsovs lobanovskis erTi statia, sadac is momabezreblad cdilobda, daemtkicebina gundis momzadebis sakuTari meTodis upiratesoba axalkacis meTodTan SedarebiT da bolos askvnida – Tbiliselebs aseTi TamaSiT lokaluri turniris mogeba SeuZliaT, magram Cempionats ver moigebeno; Tumca es werili saCuqari iyo iseTi statiebis fonze, romlebSic rusi Jurnalistebi qarTuli gundis sxvadasxva turnirebSi warmatebas mandarins, dafnas da sxva subtropi-

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sporti kul kulturebs ukavSirebdnen. `dinamom~ im periodSi uamravi mosaloci miiRo mTeli msofliodan – oficialuric da araoficialuric, formaluric da gulwrfelic. piradad CemTvis dauviwyaria litveli megobris, vaidasis aRtaceba im periodis `dinamoTi~. vaidasi saocrad zustad afasebda Cveni fexburTelebis SesaZleblobebs da, rac mTavaria, gulwrfelad gulSematkivrobda maT. es ucnaurad meCveneboda civi litvelebisagan, romelTac maSin Tavisi gundic ki ar hyavdaT umaRles ligaSi, magram oriode wlis Semdeg, roca mec sxva qarTvelebTan erTad mTeli guliT veqomagebodi `Jalgirisis~ kalaTburTelebs goroz ce-es-ka-sTan brZolaSi, CemTvis gasagebi gaxda vaidasis grZnobebi. sporti dapyrobili erebisTvis imperiasTan brZolis erT-erTi legaluri forma iyo..

13 maisis Semdeg Zalian male TbilisSi aRiniSna saqarTvelos gasabWoebis 60 wlisTavi. dResaswauli Tavisi CamobrZanebiT breJnevma `gaalamaza~, romlis sazeimo sityvis fragmenti zepirad icis yvela gulSematkivarma: Не подвели и Тбилисские динамовцы; овладели одним из самых почетных европейских призов. Не зря мы все за них болели. etyoba dro iyo cota ucnauri, Torem iseTi ra moewonaT am sityvebSi qarTvel Jurnalistebs, rom epigramad waumZRvares gamarjvebasTan dakavSirebiT gamosul broSurebs? msofliom male daiviwya Cveni warmateba – oriode wlis Semdeg aRaravis axsovda Cveni eleganturi gundi. wlis bolos kidev erTxel gaielva `dinamos~ saxelma, roca CivaZe da Sengelia `frans futbolis~ klasifikaciis aTeulSi moxvdnen. kontinentis saukeTeso fexburTelad ki rumenige daasaxeles. im wels CempionTa Tass `liverpuli~, xolo UEFA-s Tass `ifsviCi~ daeufla. Cveni gamarjvebidan Tve-naxevris Semdeg makinroim daamxo borgis xuTwliani mefoba uimbldonSi. karpovi jer isev leonid breJnevis viziti TbilisSi mtkiced inarCunebs saWadrako taxts. rusebi agrZelebdnen avRanelebis `daxmarebas~. msoflios saukeTeso sportsmenad ingliseli morbenali sebastian koe daasaxeles. lenonis mkvlels 20 weli miusajes. poloneTSi gamwvavda social-ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisi. pirveli formulis manqanebSi samgzis gamarjvebuli nelson pike daeufla pirvel `gran pris~. nobelis premia literaturaSi elias kanetis mianiWes. saimonma da garfankelma aTwliani Sesvenebis Semdeg niu-iorkis sentral parkSi ufaso koncerti gamarTes, romelsac naxevari milioni adamiani daeswro. fexburTis samSoblom, inglisma, folklendis krizisi msoflios Cempion argentinasTan iaraRiT gadawyvita. harisonma waago My Sweet Lord-Tan dakavSirebuli procesi. evropaSi daamzades msoflioSi pirveli kompaqt-diskebis fleieri, gardaicvala rokis pioneri bil heili da regeis mama bob marli. samyaro emzadeboda espaneTis msoflio CempionatisTvis. am movlenebiT daRlilma zafxulis ori kvira afxazeTSi gavatare – aguZeraSi visvenebdi megobrebTan erTad. marTlac Taviseburi dro iyo, ara?

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1981 wlis Semdeg `dinamos~ saqmeebi sul ukan-ukan midioda. praqtikulad es ukusvla dRemde grZeldeba. gansakuTrebiT guldasawyveti iyo `dinamoelebis~ wlevandeli gamosvla CempionTa ligis sawyis etapze, rogorc sportuli, ise eTikuri TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, SeiZleba am katastrofam sabolood dadebiTi Sedegi moitanos: klubis xelmZRvaneloba gamofxizlda da garkveuli nabijebi gadadga mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad. am Sedegis miRebamde jer Zalian adrea, amitom fexburTis moyvarulebi saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT isev `liverpulis~, `realis~, `baiernis~ `arsenalis~, `barselonas~ da sxva evropuli klubebis gulSematkivrobiT iklaven safexburTo vnebas; jerjerobiT isev didebuli warsulis mogonebebiT cxovroben. axla mTavaria am warsuls droze wamoeSvelos awmyo, Torem zemoT aRwerili movlenebi iseve Soreulad mogveCveneba, rogorc daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis droindeli saqarTvelo.

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Sveulad 1. sasimRero-sacekvao Janris musikaluri stili, romelic efuZneba 1930-1940-iani wlebis bluzisa da jazis mimrTulebebs. 2. profesia, romelsac ronald reiganma 15 wlis asakSi mokida xeli da sicocxlis bolomde samarTlianad amayobda amiT. 3. mravalerovani, Tavisufali onlainenciklopedia, romelSic nebismier adamians SeuZlia Seitanos cvlilebebi da damatebebi. 4. pirveli seriozuli rok-jgufi qarTuli rokis istoriaSi. 5. rusi mwerali, nobelis premiis laureati, avtori wignisa `gulagis arqipelagi~. 9. valutiT vaWroba bankebisa da sxva finansuri organizaciebis meSveobiT. 10. sazogadoebrivi organizacia, romelic agrovebs masalebs sabWoTa represiebisa da gulagis Sesaxeb. 14. Zveli saberZneTis (eladis) mkvidri. Zveli berZeni. 16. qveyana, romelTanac aris dakavSirebuli politikuri partiebis warmoSoba. 17. musikalur mxatvrul filmSi `mziuri velis serenada~ monawile orkestris xelmZRvaneli. 22. aleqsandre makedonelis dafuZnebuli qalaqi egvipteSi, cnobili Zveli msoflios erT-erTi udidesi biblioTekiT. 23. qarTuli popansambli 70-ian wlebSi. 24. mazdeanobisa Tu cecxlTayvanismcemlobis gadmonaSTi, romelsac dRemde vxvdebiT saqarTveloSi. 25. qalaqi germaniaSi, sadac 1965 wlis 2 marts mixako wereTeli gardaicvala. 29. safrangeTis samefo dinastia, romelic safrangeTis taxts ganagebda 1328-1589 ww-Si. 30. Stati amerikaSi, sadac 1966 wels reigani gubernatorad air-

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Cies. 31. qarTveli mwerali, romelmac gulagis banakSi ramdenime weli dahyo. 37. babilonuri eposi, romelic kacobriobis pirvel eposad aris miCneuli. 38. safrangeTis saxelmwifo moRvawe, kardinali, aleqsandre diumas romanis `sami muSketeri~ erT-erTi personaJi. 39. sabWoTa kavSirs xelmZRvaneli 1985 wlidan, romelic ronald reiganis swori politikis gamo iZulebuli gaxda daTmobebze wasuliyo, rasac saboloo jamSi sabWoTa kavSiris daSla mohyva. 42. logikuri an eTikuri principi, qcevis wesi, norma, romelic gamoTqmulia mokle formulis saxiT. 44. Zveli berZeni filosofosi, avtori gamoTqmisa: `boroteba ukiduresobebSi imaleba~.

45. cecxlTayvanismcemelTa taZari, romelic mematianis cnobiT sofel niqozSi iyo aRmarTuli. 47. gulagis yofili patimari, rusi mwerali, wignis `kolimuri moTxrobebi~ avtori. 48. iranuli warmoSobis saxelmwifo moxelis tituli. 50. cnobili rokkritikosi, romelmac 1980 wels saqarTvelos respublikaSi Catarebul rokfestivals yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena uwoda sabWoTa rokis istoriaSi. Tarazulad 6. amerikis rigiT me-40, erTi-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli prezidenti. 7. romanis `sami muSketeri~ mTavari moqmedi gmiri 8. gulagis erT-erTi ududesi banaki. 11. sofeli saCxeris raionSi, sadac 1878 wlis 3 dekembers daibada mixeil (mixako) giorgis Ze wereTeli. 12. romanis `sami muSketeri~ avtori. 13. frangi mecnieri, romelmac gaSifra rozetis qva da safuZveli Cauyara egviptologiis kvlevas msoflioSi. 15. ronald reiganis meore coli, romelic amerikis erT-erT gamorCeuli pirveli ledi iyo. 18. safrangeTis erT-erTi mTiani kuTxe iyo, saidanac iyo warmoSobiT dartaniani. 19. Zvel saberZneTSi erTpirovnuli mmarTveli. 20. banakebis mTavari sammarTvelo, monebis gamoyenebis sabWoTa sistema. 21. qalaqi Zvel saberZneTSi, sadac arsebobda warmarTuli RvTaeba apolonis saxelobis taZari Tavisi samisnoTi. 26. mamakacis Zalian wvrili, qaliseburi xma. 27. saqarTveloSi rokmusikosebis meore Taobis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli. 28. qarTuli saestrado ansambli, romelic 70-ian wlebSi popularuli gaxda mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT. 32. nawarmoebi, romelic germanulad Targmna mixako wereTelma. 33. amerikeli qalbatoni, romelsac ekuTvnis gulagis Sesaxeb yvelaze cnobili gamokvleva `gulagi – istoria~. 34. jaris elituri nawilis warmomadgeneli XVII saukunis safrangeTSi. 35. Zveli iranuli religia, romelic aseve cnobilia, rogorc zoroastrizmi. 36. romanis `sami muSketeri~ erT-erTi mTavari moqmedi gmiri. 40. amerikis Stati, sadac 1911 wels daibada ronald reigani. 41. mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis im ZvelaRmosavlur enebsa da civilizaciebs, romlebic lursmul damwerlobas iyenebdnen. 43. 70-iani wlebis rokmusikos Tamaz kapanaZis metsaxeli, romliTac mas melomanebi icnobdnen. 46. qalaqi britaneTSi, sadac 2010 wels Catarda `gilgameSis eposisadmi~ miZRvnili msoflio kongresi. 49. aleqsandre diumas romanis `sami muSketeri~ personaJi. 51. qarTuli rokis legendad monaTluli musikosi. 52. nizami ganjelis poema, romelic qarTulad iTargmna XII saukuneSi. 53. adamianisTvis mosaxerxebeli formiT miwodebuli informaciuli resursis dasaxeleba, anu unikaluri internetmisamarTi, romlis meSveobiTac es resursi xelmisawvdomi xdeba. 54. iranuli enebidan Semosuli sityva, igivea rac jari. 55. qveyana evropaSi, sadac qalebma arCevnebSi xmis ufleba mxolod 1971 wels miiRes. 56. erTi an ramdenime adamianis, anda organizaciis mier kontrolirebadi vebsaiti, sadac aTavseben postebs. 57. politikuri dajgufeba, romelic warmoadgens da SeZlebisdagvarad xorcs asxams sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis mier gaziarebul ideebsa da miswrafebebs.

wina nomris pasuxebi: Sveulad 1. haveli 2. Senoni 3. avtokefalia 4. jageri 5. artileria 8. dornbergeri12. breJnevi 13. hirosima 14. obligacia 17. motorizacia 20. avRaneTi 22. SavSeli 25. gorbaCovi 27. botneti 29. faustpatroni 31. adenaueri 32. xelaia 33. pieri 37. gaero 38. orTaRi 39. martvili 42. katiuSa 44. dubCeki 45. kenani 46. kare 48. nadi Tarazulad 2. SevardnaZe 6. nato 7. TviTmfrinavi 9. mitropoliti 10. kibersivrce 11. nairobi 15. veto 16. vineri 18. taleirani 19. depoziti 21. aviamzidi 23. svimeonwminda 24. trapeza 26. redstouni 28. SaSxana 30. konstantinopoli 34. teilori 35. berlini 36. fiSingi 40. krediti 41. safrangeTi 43. ivironi 47. elinofiloba 49. perestroika 50. orueli 51. reigani 52. peni 53. anani

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