My World #17

17

istoria

nato

qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

mecniereba

cnobili adamianebi

regioni

iaponia

margaret tetCeri

elene dariani

lurji tvini

garemo

literatura

politika perestroika

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

ekonomika saqarTvelos ekonomikuri funqcia

haeris dabinZureba

17

56. feTqebadi nivTiereba, romelsac iyeneben sanadiro Tofebis vaznebSi, samTo samuSaoebze da samxedro saqmeSi. 57. frangi poeti, simbolisti. 58. dausabuTeblad, brmad miRebuli debuleba, romelsac miiCneven uryev WeSmaritebad yvela droisa da istoriuli pirobebisaTvis. 59. wyalSi Tu xmeleTze farulad dayenebuli Zlieri feTqebadi Wurvi, romelic feTqdeba garkveul garemoebebSi. 60. mdinare, romelic gadakveTs parizs. 62. yirimSi genuelTa mTavari faqtoria XV saukuneSi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

lado papava irakli menaRariSvili mixeil baxtaZe daviT goginaSvili giorgi badriZe TaTia kuxalaSvili Tornike SaraSeniZe TamTAa melaSvili manana qoClaZe

3. uZvelesi arqeologiuri obieqti evraziaSi, sadac aRmoCenilia evropaSi yvelaze Zveli adamianis Tavis qala. 5. yvela gemis erToblioba. 9. mecniereba, romelic swavlobs manqanebisa da cocxali organizmebis mier informaciis miRebas, Senaxvasa da gadacemas, agreTve am informaciis gamoyenebas marTvisaTvis. 11. dargi, romelic moicavs madnidan liTonis miRebisa da misi pirveladi damuSavebis process. 12. oqtombris qarTuli xalxuri saxelwodeba. 13. qveyana dasavleT aziaSi, romelic „saiqs-pikos“ SeTanxmebiT safrangeTis kontrolis zonaSi aRmoCnda. 14. mecniereba myinvarebis Sesaxeb. 15. visime gardacvalebis gamo gamoqveynebuli werili, statia, romelic Seicavs cnobebs micvalebulis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb. 19. ragbis qarTuli winamorbedi. 20. poloneTis respublikis pirveli meTauri 1918-1922 wlebSi. 22. risame warmoebis an gayidvis gansakuTrebuli ufleba, rac ekuTvnis erT pirs, pirTa jgufs an saxelmwifos. 23. ujredis birTvis is nawili, romlis saSualebiTac mSoblis niSan-Tvisebebi gadadis Svilze. 26. raime mimarTulebis (xelovnebaSi, mecnierebaSi da sxv.) mimdevari, romelsac aklia originaluroba, SemoqmedebiTi damoukidebloba. 27. sportisa da aqtiuri dasvenebis erT-erTi saxeoba, romlis mizania mTebis mwvervalebze asvla. 28. cdis saxeoba, rasac mizanmimarTuli kvlevis xasiaTi aqvs da xorcieldeba xelovnur pirobebSi. 31. induisturi samebis mfarveli RvTaeba, romelic anadgurebs borotebas da aRadgens kanonierebas. 32. qarTvel simbolist poetTa da prozaikosTa SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianeba 1920-ian wlebSi. 34. sofeli parizis siaxloves, sadac saqarTvelos devnili demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis mier 1922 wels SeZenili mamuli (qarTuli kera) mdebareobs. 36. inventari sportuli tanvarjiSisTvis. 37. vrceli, bunebrivad gaCenili siRruve dedamiwis qerqis zeda fenaSi, romelic warmoiqmneba wyalSi napralovani qanebis gadarecxviT da romelic miwis zedapirze gamodis xvrelebis saxiT. 38. jarebis ufrosi, mxedarTmTavari. 39. samxedro saswavleblis axalgazrda msmeneli, romelic oficrobisTvis emzadeboda. 41. miwis savele nageboba, romelsac brZolaSi iyeneben sacecxle poziciad da piradi Semadgenlobisa da sabrZolo teqnikis Sesafareblad. 44. evropis umaRlesi mwvervali. 45. mcenareebis an cxovelebis sxvadasxva saxeobis Sejvarebis Sedegad warmoqmnili organizmi. 46. didi Sejibreba niCbiani, ialqniani an motoriani navebiT. 49. SeTanxmeba meomar mxareTa Soris saomari moqmedebis Sewyvetis da mSvidobis damyarebis Sesaxeb. 52. samxedro nawilis sacxovreblad gankuTvnili Senoba. 53. saxelmwifo organoebis mier miRebuli sasjelis zoma, dasja. 54. mecniereba bavSvis aRzrdis Sesaxeb. 55. XX saukunis dasawyisis evropuli avangardis erT-erTi mimarTuleba. 61. qarTveli politikosi, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare. 63. sportis erT-erTi saxeoba. 64. mogzauroba dasvenebis, Tavisufali drois xarjvis an biznesis mizniT. 65. cecxlsasroli iaraRi (SaSxana an muSketi) damoklebuli luliT. 66. iranuli yaidis vercxlis fuli, abazis meoTxedi.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

gareydaze: iaponuri xelovnebis nimuSi — `amomavali mze~

1. kandidati 3. falanga 4. iezuiti 5. SuamdinareTi 7. lhasa 8. dioskuria 9. emisari 10. demosTene 11. kanibalizmi 14. sinkopa 16. ritorika 17. eizenhaueri 19. diqtatori 21. avaliSvili 24. rubli 25. propaganda 26. nepali 27. uruqi 28. numizmatika 29. sanskriti 33. dirhemi 34. gospeli 35. plesecki 37. zarafxana 39. gilgameSiani 42. aSurbanipali 43. elingtoni 45. pinoCeti 48. populizmi 49. regenti 53. bluzi 54. paqti 55. veto

2. konformizmi 6. kaudilio 8. depre 10. drama 12. narcisizmi 13. bodhisatva 15. inkarnacia 17. enmerqari 18. kontrabasi 20. pariteti 22. pramana 23. tetradraqma 25. potala 26. nabu 30. makarTuri 31. avalokiteSvara 32. rezolucia 36. aTeizmi 38. liandagi 40. konkordati 41. seuli 44. deficiti 46. lama 47. xamurabi 50. proteqtorati 51. gudea 52. konfrontacia 56. laisti 57. nadiraZe 58. trumeni 59. koroliovi 60. fiuJeni 61. lira

17 / 2017

ekonomika lado papava ra saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri funqcia aqvs saqarTvelos?

4

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi irakli menaRariSvili rogor Seiqmna nato?

12

istoria mixeil baxtaZe qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

22

regioni daviT goginaSvili 32 iaponia – izolacionizmis dasasruli da gza axali qveYynis Camoyalibebisken cnobili adamianebi giorgi badriZe 42 margaret tetCeri – rkinis ledi mecniereba TaTia kuxalaSvili lurji tvinis proeqti

50

politika Tornike SaraSeniZe perestroika

66

literatura TamTAa melaSvili elene darianis istoria

74

garemo manana qoClaZe haeris dabinZureba

80

90

ekonomika

ra saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri funqcia aqvs

saqarTvelos? lado papava

Tanamedrove msoflioSi yvela saxelmwifo cdilobs moZebnos sakuTari saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri funqcia. es bunebrivicaa, radganac dRes msoflioSi, roca konkurenciam arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia, didi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu romeli qveyana riTi iqneba mimzidveli potenciuri partniorebisaTvis. es problema gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria saqarTvelosaTvis, romelmac saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba 1991 wels aRidgina.

4

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri funqcia

qveynis ekonomikuri mimzidveloba SeiZleba gadauWarbeblad iTqvas, rom saqarTvelo istoriulad eswrafvis iyos evropis ara marto geografiuli nawili; samwuxarod, gasul saukuneebSi aseTi survilis calmxrivobis gamo, verc sulxan-saba orbelianis epoqaSi, verc 1918-1921 wlebSi, am sanukvari ocnebis asruleba ver moxerxda. saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirvel xanebSi (1991-1993 ww.) evropisaken swrafvis survili, sabednierod, kvlav gaCnda. am mimarTulebiT garkveul warmatebebsac mivaRwieT. 1999 wlidan saqarTvelo evrosabWos wevria, riTac moxda saqarTvelos dasavluri orientaciis saerTaSoriso doneze aRiareba. 2014 wels saqrTvelom evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebas moawera xeli, romelic ZalaSi 2016 wlidan Sevida. 2017 wels ki evrokavSirTan uvizo mimosvlis reJimi amoqmedda. es aSkarad didi miRwevaa, Tumca jer kidev ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelo ukve aris erTiani evropis ganuyofeli nawili.

1999 w.

saqarTvelo evrosabWos wevria

2014 w. xeli moewera evrokavSirTan asocirebis SeTanxmebas

ekonomikis ZiriTadi principebidan unda gamovideT, radganac swored bazaria evropisa da danarCeni msoflios ganviTarebuli nawilis ekonomikuri sistemis safuZveli. uwinares yovlisa, saqarTvelos bazari mimzidvelobis TvalsazrisiT unda Sefasdes. samwuxarod, es Sefaseba mTlianobaSi dadebiTi ver iqneba, radganac ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed samxreT kavkasiis, Tundac Teoriuli (saqarTvelos mier droebiT dakarguli teritoriebis da azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris arsebuli saomari dapirispirebis gamo), integrirebuli bazris masStabebi imdenad mcirea, rom am bazarze arsebuli moTxovnis dasakmayofileblad saqarTvelosa Tu mTlianad samxreT kavkasiaSi Sesabamisi warmoebis srulyofa-ganviTarebis mizniT investiciebis dabandeba sulac ar aris aucilebeli, savsebiT sakmarisia am moTxovnis importis xarjze dakmayofileba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos uSualod iseTi ori sakmaod didi

2017 w. evrokavSirTan uvizo mimosvlis reJimi amoqmdda

imisaTvis, rom evropis organul nawilad iqce, mxolod survili sakmarisi sulac ar aris. survili mxolod aucilebeli pirobaa da masTan erTad saWiroa evropamac moindomos, rom saqarTvelo gaxdes misi organuli nawili. es ki, Tavis mxriv, sul cota ori pirobis Sesrulebas moiTxovs: jer erTi, saqarTvelo demokratiis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, ekonomikis ganviTarebis aRiarebul dasavlur standartebs unda pasuxobdes da meorec, saqarTvelos SemoerTeba evropisaTvis ekonomikuradac xelsayreli unda iyos. mainc riT SeiZleba iyos saqarTvelo ekonomikurad xelsayreli evropisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, sxva danarCeni msofliosaTvis? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad sabazro

masStabis bazris mqone qveyana emezobleba, rogoric ruseTi da TurqeTia, sadac bazrebis sididis gamo strategiuli investorebis Sesvla, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, TavisTavad Zalze xelsayrelia, gasagebi gaxdeba, rom saqarTvelosa da mTlianad samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli moTxovna, uwinares yovlisa, swored am qveynebidan importiT SeiZleba dakmayofildes. maSasadame, saqarTvelo, aq arsebuli moTxovnis dakmayofilebis kuTxiT, arc evropisaTvis da, miT umetes, arc sxva danarCeni msofliosaTvis, samwuxarod, ekonomikurad saintereso arc aris da verc iqneba. samwuxarod, saqarTvelo Tavisi resursebiT, gansakuTrebiT navTobiT, gaziTa Tu oqroTi mdidari ar aris. amitom verc resursebis mxriv aris saqarTvelo didad mimzidveli ucxoeli partniorebisaTvis.

5

ekonomika kvebis mrewveloba navTobi sasargeblo wiaRiseuli msubuqi mrewveloba Zvirfasi liTonebi/ wiaRiseuli manqanaTmSenebloba/ transporti xe-tyis warmoeba eleqtronuli mrewveloba sxva

geografiuli `zRapari~ am TiTqosda uimedo situaciidan gamosavali saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur funqciaSi unda veZeboT.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi (da maT Soris ekonomikurSic) Camoyalibebulia ori, dRes ukve klasikurad qceuli, sqema – `aRmosavleTi-dasavleTi~ da `CrdiloeTisamxreTi~.

cnobisaTvis, Tanamedrove msoflioSi TiToeul saxelmwifos aqvs garkveuli funqcia da imisda mixedviT, es ukanaskneli sxva saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso ekonomikur funqciebTan ramdenadaa Tavsebadi, ganisazRvreba msoflio integraciul procesSi mocemuli konkretuli saxelmwifos roli da misi ekonomikis ganviTarebis done.

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom `aRmosavleTi~ `dasavleTTan~ SedarebiT bevrad ufro mdidaria resursebiT, amitom `dasavleTs~ esaWiroeba am resursebis `aRmosavleTidan~ transportireba. imavdroulad `dasavleTi~, `aRmosavleTTan~ SedarebiT, ekonomikurad da srulyofili demokra-

6

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri funqcia

tiuli institutebis mxriv, ufro ganviTarebulia da, aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikisa da demokratiis miRwevebi `dasavleTidan~ `aRmosavleTisaken~ vrceldeba. bunebrivia, es sqema pirobiTi xasiaTisaa, rac yvelaze reliefurad iaponiis magaliTze Cans, romelic ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT araerT `dasavlur~ qveyanas uswrebs. sqema `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~ kidev ufro meti pirobiTobiT xasiaTdeba, radgan aSS, kanada da CrdiloeT evropis saxelmwifoebi ufro ganviTarebulia (rogorc ekonomikurad, ise demokratiuli institutebis TvalsazrisiT), vidre, Sesabamisad, maT samxreTiT ganlagebuli qveynebi, magram es debuleba ekonomikurad da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT CamorCenil ruseTze veranairad ver gavrceldeba. piriqiT, ruseTi gamorCeulia mdidari bunebrivi resursebiT da is maTi rac SeiZleba ufro sarfiani gayidviTaa dainteresebuli. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri funqciis gamosakveTad aucilebelia mocemul `aRmosavleTi-dasavleTi~ da `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~ sqemebSi misi adgilis gansazRvra. ukve aRiniSna, rom `dasavleTi~ zogadad SeiZleba ganixilebodes, rogorc ekonomikurad bevrad ufro ganviTarebuli, vidre `aRmosavleTi~, romelic ki mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT, magram Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da zogierTi maRalxarisxiani mza produqtis deficits ganicdis. bunebrivia, sabazro ekonomikis umTavresi principebis Tanaxmad, moTxovna-miwodebis gasawonasworeblad dRis wesrigSi dadga `aRmo-

savleT-dasavleTis~ ormxrivi mimarTulebiT satransporto nakadebis gaaqtiurebis saWiroeba, romelTa saSualebiTac aRmosavleTidan dasavleTis mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva bunebrivi resursi, xolo dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken mza produqcia gaigzavneba. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, dRis wesrigSi evropasa da azias Soris damakavSirebeli iseTi satransporto derefnis Seqmnis aucilebloba dgeba, romelic, erTi mxriv, iqneba maT Soris satransporto kavSirisaTvis umoklesi manZili (ufro zustad ki – uiafesi), meore mxriv ki, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi – maqsimalurad usafrTxo. swored aseTi derefnis mniSvnelovani monakveTi gadis samxreT kavkasiaze da, kerZod, or qveyanaze – saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanze. unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri satransporto derefnis formirebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia arsebuli istoriuli gamocdileba, rameTu Cveni winaprebic swored imave principebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen (manZilis simokle da transportirebis usafrTxoeba), riTac Tanamedroveni. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia istoriuli `abreSumis gza~, romlis safuZvelzec `axali abreSumis gza~ gamoigones. miuxedavad imisa, rom istorikosebi dRemde azusteben imas, Tu konkretulad sad gadioda istoriuli `abreSumis gza~, saqarTvelos meore prezidentma eduard SevardnaZem msoflios SesTavaza Tanamedrove `zRapari~ `axali abreSumis gzis~ Sesaxeb, romelsac aucileblad unda gaevlo saqarTveloze. da es `zRapari~ aitaca mTelma msofliom, radganac yvelas xels aZlevda `dasavleTsa~ da `aRmosavleTs~ Soris umoklesi da usafrTxo damakavSirebeli gzis ar-

7

ekonomika seboba. aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom `dasavleTs~ Zalze sWirdeboda ruseTze gamavali `aRmosavleT-dasavleTis~ damakavSirebeli gzis alternatiuli gzis arseboba. ase rom, Tanamedrove `zRapari~ `axali abreSumis gzis~ Sesaxeb sinamdviled iqca da amJamad saqarTveloze gadis azerbaijanidan momavali ori navTobsadeni (baqo-Tbilisi-sufsis navTobsadeni da baqoTbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni) da erTi gazsadeni (samxreT kavkasiis gazsadeni). marTalia, ruseTi am etapze, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ekonomikuradac da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis mixedviTac erTob CamorCenili qveyanaa, magram geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia sqema `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~ perspeqtiulad ar CaiTvalos. kerZod, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi rogorc `CrdiloeTi~ (ruseTi), ise `samxreTi~ (islamuri samyaro) sxvadasxva urTierTSemavsebeli resursiTaa mdidari. maSasadame, ormxriv sasaqonlo nakads `CrdiloeTi-samxreTis~ mimarTulebiT garkveuli perspeqtiva aqvs, magram misi realuri amoqmedeba iseTi mwvave problemis gadawyvetas ukavSirdeba, rogoric afxazeTi da cxinvalis regionia. aqedan gamomdinare, `CrdiloeTi-samxreTis~ saqarTveloze gamavali SesaZlo satransporto derefnis srulfasovani amoqmedeba uaxloes periodSi naklebsavaraudoa (is SeiZleba Soreul perspeqtivad ufro ganixilebodes) da, uwinares yovlisa, ruseTSi mimdinare politikur procesebzea damokidebuli. miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloze gamavali `CrdiloeTi-samxreTis~ gza dResac gamoiyeneba: esaa jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi aSenebuli magistraluri gazsadeni, romelic CrdiloeTidan kveTs saqarTvelos, samxreTidan ki gadadis som-

8

ruseTi

saqarTvelo

somxeTi azerbaijani TurqeTi

magistraluri gazsadeni saavtomobilo gza

xeTSi da saavtomobilo gza, romelic ruseTs somxeTTan akavSirebs. ori xsenebuli sqemidan – `aRmosavleTidasavleTi~ da `CrdiloeTi-samxreTi~ – dReisaTvis ekonomikurad (da ara marto ekonomikurad) saqarTvelosTan mimarTebiT mxolod pirvelia perspeqtiuli. es, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, sqemebis `aRmosavleTi-samxreTi~ da `dasavleTi-samxreTi~ perspeqtiulobas uwyobs xels, sadac Tavisi adgilis damkvidrebas samxreT kavkasiis mesame saxelmwifo – somxeTi – cdilobs. `evropa-kavkasia-aziis~ satransporto derefnis proeqtis fonze saqarTvelo Zalze mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri funqcia

novosibirski

ruseTi baqo-Tbilisi-sufsis navTobsadeni

Savi zRva kaspiis zRva

saqarTvelo sufsa

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni

Tbilisi

baqo

baqo-Tbilisi-erzrumis gazsadeni

azerbaijani erzrumi

TurqeTi

nabuqos gazsadeni (dagegmili)

baqo-novosibirskis navTobsadeni

jeihani

funqcias iZens, radgan igi xdeba am derefnis mniSvnelovani monakveTi. swored amis gamo ganixileba strategiuli investorebisaTvis saqarTvelo, rogorc yuradsaRebi qveyana, radganac saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli investiciis efeqtianoba saqarTvelos an Tundac mTeli samxreT kavkasiis bazris masStabebiT aRar ganisazRvreba, vinaidan, satransporto arteriis gaTvaliswinebiT, es ukanaskneli erTdroulad ori – evropisa da aziis – mimarTulebiT SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gaizardos. saqarTvelos ekonomikis `xerxemali~ `evropa-kavkasia-aziis~ formirebadi satransporto derefnis fonze advilad asaxsnelia, Tu ratom miiRes gadawyvetileba kaspiis adreuli navTobis dasavleTis mimarTulebiT transportirebis mizniT navTobsadenis erT-erTi xazi (baqoTbilisi-sufsa) swored saqarTvelos gavliT gaeyvanaT; aseve gasagebia, Tu ratom ganxorcielda `baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis~ navTobsadenisa da samxreT kavkasiis gazsadenis proeqtebi. `evropa-kavkasia-aziis~ satransporto derefani dRes rkinigzisa da saqarTvelos portebis saSualebiT ukve araerT mniSvnelovan tvirTs atarebs, rac uaxloes momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba. ukve warmatebiT mimdinareobs Cqaros-

9

ekonomika nuli avtomagistralis mSeneblobac, ris gareSec saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT soliduri avtogadazidvebis da mgzavrTa gadayvanis realizeba warmoudgenili iqneba. satransporto derefnis qmediToba, uwinares yovlisa, transportis, rogorc erovnuli ekonomikis prioritetuli dargis, ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba, magram derefnis ideis mxolod am dargis bedze `dayvana~ udidesi Secdoma iqneboda. amocana bevrad ufro rTulia. satransporto derefnis funqcionireba SeuZlebelia, Tu qveyanaSi telesakomunikacio sistema, gamarTul reJimze momuSave energetika, sastumroebis, kvebis obieqtebisa da momsaxurebis sxva sferoebis qseli saTanadod maRal doneze ar iqneba ganviTarebuli. amisaTvis ki ekonomikis yvela sxva dargis ganviTarebaa saWiro, rac CamoTvlili dargebis maRalefeqtiani funqcionirebisTvisaa aucilebeli. es dargebi ki, uwinares yovlisa, aris mrewveloba (satransporto derefnis industriuli xasiaTis gamo) da soflis meurneoba (sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT). gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mSenebloba, romlis samoqmedo arealic satransporto derefnis srulyofis procesTan erTad yoveldRiurad gaizrdeba. satransporto derefani garemosdacviTi da urbanuli procesebis marTvas Tvisebrivad axal WrilSi moiTxovs, raTa, erTi mxriv, derefanma garemoze damangrevlad ar imoqmedos, xolo meore mxriv ki, saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleoba mxolod mis (derefnis) gaswvriv ar iyos gansaxlebuli. amasTan aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom minimumamde unda iyos dayvanili derefnisaTvis sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwebis gamoyeneba. satransporto derefnis zegavlena erovnul ekonomikaze mxolod xsenebuli dargebiT ar Semoifargleba. es zegavlena aSkara iqneba ganaTlebaze (derefnis momsaxurebisaTvis kadrebis momzadeba), jandacvaze (derefnis gaswvriv da Sesabamis msxvil aglomeraciul centrebSi jandacvis obieqtebis ganviTareba), turizmze (ganviTarebuli satransporto da satelekomunikacio qseli mdidari bunebrivi SesaZleblobebis turizmisaTvis gamoyenebas miscems stimuls), mecnierebaze (stimuli miecema gamoyenebiT samecniero samuSaoebs derefnis saTanado teqnikuri donis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo axali `abreSumis gza~ istoriul, eTnografiul, kulturologiur, ekonomikur gamokvlevebs Seuwyobs xels), kulturaze (axali `abreSumis gza~ am `gzaze~ ganlagebuli qveynebis kulturaTa gacnobis mxriv iqneba mimzidveli).

10

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri funqcia

satransporto derefnis uSualo zegavlena, razec zemoT vilaparakeT, aSkaraa erovnuli ekonomikis praqtikulad yvela dargze. magram garda pirdapirisa, sayuradReboa iribi zegavlenac, radgan satransporto derefnis funqcionirebisaTvis ama Tu im dargis ganviTareba, Tavis mxriv, erovnuli ekonomikis sxva dargebis ganviTarebasac moiTxovs. maSasadame, `evropa-kavkasia-aziis~ satransporto derefani saqarTvelos ekonomikis `xerxemlis~ Semqmnelia da, amdenad, scildeba uSualod satransporto problematikas, radgan moicavs mTel erovnul ekonomikas da gansazRvravs misi TiToeuli dargis ganviTarebis strategias. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `evropa-kavkasia-aziis~ satransporto derefnis problema saqarTvelosaTvis zogadekonomikuri xasiaTisaa.

Tavdapirvelad, roca dRis wesrigSi xsenebul satransporto derefanTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi daisva, is aseTi farTo masStabiT ver iqneboda aRqmuli, radgan saWiro iyo SesaZlo ekonomikuri interesebis mqone regionebis saxelmwifoTa derefniT realuri daintereseba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, arsebuli satransporto arteriebis maqsimaluri gamoyenebis efeqtianobis naTelsayofad saWiro pirveli nabijebis gadadgmas moiTxovda. bunebrivia, xsenebul problemaze muSaobac, uwinares yovlisa, saqarTvelos da satransporto derefnis proeqtSi sxva monawile saxelmwifoTa transportis saministroebis doneze Semoifargleboda. am mimarTulebiT dRes ukve garkveuli pozitiuri gamocdileba dagrovda, rac saSualebas iZleva, rom satransporto derefnis problema, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, ara marto satransporto, aramed qveynisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis zogadekonomikuri xasiaTis problemad ganixilebodes. aqedan gamomdinare, dRes ukve aucilebelia `evropa-kavkasia-aziis~ satransporto derefnis problema saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis problemaTa rangSi iqnes ayvanili, raTa is saqarTvelos mTeli mTavrobis saqmianobis umTavresi orientiri gaxdes.

11

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

NATO irakli menaRariSvili

rogor Seiqmna nato

evropuli da evroatlantikuri integracia saqarTvelos strategiuli arCevania da amdenad, warmoadgens Cveni qveynis sagareo politikis mTavar prioritets. evroatlantikuri integraciis gzis arCeva ki niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi mSvidobiani, stabiluri ganviTarebis garantiebs usafrTxoebis evroatlantikur sistemaSi xedavs, romlis centraluri struqturac aris Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia (nato).

Cven mokled mimovixilavT, Tu rogor Seiqmna nato da mis irgvliv Camoyalibebuli usafrTxoebis sistema im saxiT, rogoric dRes aqvs, rogor Seicvala aliansis struqtura da strategiuli xedva, aseve, Sesabamisad, misi funqcia daarsebidan dRemde.

12

rodis da rogor Seiqmna nato? meore msoflio omis Sedegad evropaSi sakmaod rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi politikuri suraTi Seiqmna. faSizmisagan ganTavisuflebuli evropa antihitleruli koaliciis oTxi wevri qveynis okupaciis zonad ganawilda. mokavSireebs am zonebSi cxovrebis mSvidobian relsebze gadayvana da am mizniT iq xalxis nebiT xelisuflebis Camoyalibeba unda uzrunveleyoT. sul male naTeli gaxda, rom erTi maTgani – sabWoTa kavSiri – sulac ar apirebda am SeTanxmebis zustad dacvas. mis mier okupirebul qveynebSi Zalaufleba, iq ganlagebuli sabWoTa armiis, uSiSroebis samsaxurebisa da adgilobrivi ideologiuri mokavSi-

rogor Seiqmna nato

islandia

fi ne Ti

dania

latvia

holandia

belgia

litva

ge d r as ma . ni a ge aR r m ma . ni a

irlandia

sabWoTa kavSiri estoneTi

i neT lo po

Cexo slo vaki a

iu go sl av ia

rumineTi

Savi zRva Ti re ga l bu

i neT erZ sab

xmelTaSua zRva

`rkinis fardis~ sazRvari dasavleT evropasa da socialisturi banakis qveynebs Soris natos damfuZnebeli qveynebi 1949 wels mierTebuli qveynebi

az er ba ij an saqa rTv elo i somxeTi

irani

Ti Turqe

alb ane Ti

alJiri

tu nis i

por tu gal ia

it al ia

espaneTi

i reT ung

va zR

maroko

avstria

ukraina

s ii sp ka

safrangeTi

belorusia

didi britaneTi

no rv eg ia

Sv ed eT i

atlantis okeane

siria

eray Y i

kviprosi

sabWoTa kavSiri socialisturi banakis qveynebi neitraluri qveynebi sabWoTa qveynebis sazRvari omis Semdeg

reebis ZalisxmeviT, marionetuli mmarTvelebis xelSi aRmoCnda. realurad am qveynebSi faSisturi diqtatura komunisturi diqtaturiT Seicvala.

1946 wlis 5 marts fultonSi (aSS) warmoTqmul istoriul sityvaSi uinston CerCilma saqveynod ganacxada, rom evropaSi, baltiis zRvidan adriatikamde, `rkinis farda~ daeSva da mis miRma yovlismomcveli sabWoTa kontrolis qveS aRmoCnda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis uZvelesi qveynebis dedaqalaqebi. es civi omis dasawyisi iyo. sul male mdgomareoba kidev ufro daiZaba. 1948 wlis aprilSi stalinis reJimma dasavleT berlinis blokada daiwyo. qalaqis mosaxleoba SimSilisa da sicivis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. mokavSireebs uprecedento nabijis gadadgma mouxdaT – qalaqis

uinston CerCilis gamosvla fultonSi, 1946 w

13

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

`sahaero xidis~ molodinisas, berlini, 1948

momarageba `sahaero xidis~ meSveobiT. es urTulesi operacia iyo, magram aSS-m, britaneTma da safrangeTma SeZles gamklavebodnen am gamowvevas. dasavleT berlins sakvebs, sawvavs da medikamentebs TiTqmis mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi TviTmfrinavebis meSveobiT awvdidnen. 1949 wlis maisSi sabWoTa kavSiri iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia da qalaqis blokada moexsna, magram am faqtma yvelas daanaxa, Tu ra ZalasTan hqonda saqme evropas.

1948 wlis ivnisSi moskovma CexoslovakiaSi samxedro gadatrialeba moaxdina da iq aRmosavleT evropaSi erTaderTi, Tavisufali arCevnebis gziT Seqmnili mTavroba daamxo. dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es ukanaskneli wveTi iyo, ramac moTminebis fi-

ala aavso. Tavisufali samyarosaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom Zalebis SekavSirebis gareSe sabWoTa agresiul politikas win ver aRudgebodnen.

1949 wlis 4 aprils evropis aTma da CrdiloeT amerikis orma saxelmwifom vaSingtonSi xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT safuZveli Cauyara `Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacias~ (natos), raTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT daecvaT saerTo Rirebulebebi, sabWoTa agresiisagan daecvaT mSvidoba da usafrTxoeba evropaSi. natos damfuZnebeli qveynebia: belgia, kanada, dania, safrangeTi, islandia, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, norvegia, portugalia, gaerTianebuli samefo da aSS.

natos damfuZnebeli qveynebi belgia aSS

kanada

NATO gaerTianebuli samefo

dania

portugalia

safrangeTi

norvegia

islandia

niderlandebi

14

italia

luqsemburgi

rogor Seiqmna nato

natos dafuZneba, vaSingtoni, 1949

natos Stab-bina parizSi ganTavsda.

Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis saqmianoba Tavidanve Semdeg principebs efuZneboda: nato icavs wevri saxelmwifoebis Tavisuflebasa da usafrTxoebas politikuri da samxedro saSualebebiT, gaeros wesdebis Sesabamisad. nato demokratiis, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, kanonis uzenaesobis RirebulebebiT gaerTianebuli saxelmwifoebis aliansia da Seqmnilia am RirebulebaTa dasacavad. nato moqmedebs koleqtiuri Tavdacvis principiT, romlis mixedviTac SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxma aliansis erT-erT wevrze ganixileba Tavdasxmad yvela mokavSireze. es fuZemdebluri principi asaxulia vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-5 muxlSi. nato samTavrobaTaSoriso organizaciaa, romlis SigniT wevri saxelmwifoebi inarCuneben suverenitetsa da damoukideblobas. aliansi yvela gadawyvetilebas konsensusis safuZvelze iRebs. aliansis usafrTxoebis umniSvnelovanesi piroba transatlantikuri kavSiria, rac evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis usafrTxoebis erTianobas niSnavs.

natos Stab-bina, parizi

aliansi ar aris daxuruli klubi. igi Riaa axali wevrebisaTvis, Tu isini iziareben aliansis fuZemdeblur Rirebulebebs da mzad arian Tavisi wvlilis Sesatanad aliansis usafrTxoebaSi. amgvar politikas natos `Ria karis politika~ ewodeba da igi vaSingtonis xelSekrulebis me-10 muxlSia asaxuli.

nato icvleba – natos strategiuli xedvis ganviTareba nato Tavisi arsebobis manZilze arasodes yofila xisti. igi, rogorc struqturiT, ise Tavisi amocanis strategiuli xedviT, yovelTvis moqnilad pasuxobda arsebul gamowvevebs. yvela es cvlileba aisaxeba natos strategiul koncefciaSi, romelic aliansis usafrTxoebis garemos stra-

15

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi tegiul xedvasa da mis winaSe mdgar amocanebs asaxavs. natos miRebuli aqvs sul Svidi aseTi dokumenti (maT Soris oTxi – civi omis periodSi), sadac usafrTxoebis cvalebad garemoze aliansis reagireba adekvaturi SefasebebiTa da praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis saxiTaa mocemuli. zogi maTgani sakmaod radikaluric iyo. pirveli amgvari gadawyvetileba aliansma Tavisi saqmianobis dawyebisTanave miiRo. natos samxedro struqturas daarsebidan klasikuri samxedro koaliciis saxe hqonda. koreis omma naTlad aCvena aliansis samxedro manqanis mWidro integraciis aucilebloba da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebic saswrafod miiRes:

duait deivid eizenhaueri (1890-1969) amerikeli saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvawe, aSS-is armiis xuTvarskvlaviani generali, aSS-is 34-e prezidenti 1953-1961 wlebSi .

1950 wlis seqtemberSi Seiqmna natos gaerTianebuli samxedro Zalebi centralizebuli sardlobiT. imave wlis dekemberSi amerikeli generali duait eizenhaueri dainiSna evropaSi gaerTianebuli samokavSireo Zalebis mTavarsardlad (ingl. SACEUR – Supreme Allied Commander Europe ).

1951 wlis aprilSi muSaobas Seudga natos umaRlesi mTavarsardloba (ingl.

SHAPE – Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe). am gadawyvetilebebma natoSi erTgvar tradiciasac Cauyara safuZveli. dRemde natos gaerTianebul sardlobas tradiciulad amerikeli generali, rogorc wesi, evropuli sardlobis meTauri xelmZRvanelobs. natos meore mTavarsardloba transformaciis dargSi ganlagebulia aSS-Si, norfolkSi (virjinia). natos generaluri mdivani ki evropeli maRali rangis diplomati xdeba. natom aseve operatiulad moaxdina reagireba suecis krizisze, ramac dRis wesrigSi aliansis SigniT politikuri konsultaciebis aucilebloba daayena. amas aliansSi politikur, ekonomikur, samecniero, teqnikur da sainformacio sferoebSi TanamSromlobis praqtikis danergva da Sesabamisi instituciuri cvlilebebi mohyva. civi omis pirobebSi alianss araerTi krizisi hqonia da misi arseboba kiTxvis niSnis qveSac damdgara. erTi aseTi momenti iyo 60-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, roca daZa-

16

natos umaRlesi mTavarsardloba Tavidan parizis gareubanSi mdebareobda. 1967 wels ki belgiaSi gadavida, mas Semdeg, rac safrangeTis prezidentma Sarl de golma miiRo gadawyvetileba safrangeTi natos gaerTianebuli sardlobidan gamoeyvana. suecis krizisi 1956 wels egvipteze jer israelis, xolo Semdgom britaneTisa da safrangeTis Tavdasxma suecis arxze kontrolis SenarCunebisTvis. win uZRoda 1956 wlis 26 ivliss egviptis prezident gamal abdel naseris gadawyvetileba, rom Sesabamisi ekonomikuri kompensaciis sanacvlod moexdina im britanulfranguli erToblivi kompaniis nacionalizacia, romelic 1869 wlidan flobda da amuSavebda suecis arxs. naseris es gadawyvetileba ewinaaRmdegeboda evropelTa mcdelobas gaegrZelebinaT kolonialuri politika da SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi gavlena regionSi. natos wevrebsa da egviptes Soris konfliqtis mogvarebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula amerikis prezident duait eizenhaueris administraciam, kerZod ki, saxelmwifo mdivanma jon foster dalasma. aSS Riad daupirispirda Tavis uaxloes mokavSireebs da aiZula isini egviptidan jarebi gaeyvanaT. suecis krizisis daZlevam bolo mouRo msoflio kolonialur sistemas, britaneTma da safrangeTma dakarges globaluri moTamaSeebis statusi da aSS dasavleTis ganviTarebuli qveynebis erTaderT liderad iqca. am konfliqtis dros gaCnda gaeros samSvidobo samxedro kontingentis Seqmnis idea da misi praqtikuli realizaciac moxda.

rogor Seiqmna nato

suecis arxi, 1956

bulobam saerTaSoriso asparezze, berlinis, karibis, vietnamis krizisebma, aliansis gaerTianebuli sardlobidan safrangeTis gasvlam da gamanadgurebeli SeiaraRebis potencialis zrdam aliansSi gaurkvevlobis gancda gaaCina. magram natom aqac keTilgonivruli arCevani gaakeTa: man mxari dauWira daZabulobis ganmuxtvis, e.w. `detantis~, da am mizniT politikuri dialogis strategiasa da aRmosavleTis blokis Sekavebis gagrZelebas. es midgoma aisaxa aliansis Sesabamis dokumentebSi. amgvarad, nato, msoflioSi usafrTxoebis pirobebis cvlilebis pasuxad, axali funqciebiTa da instrumentebiT aRiWurva.

Sesabamisad icvleboda misi strategiuli xedvac.

li ganviTarebis natoSi miRebul maRal standartebs. magram, rogorc drom aCvena, aliansis es nabiji savsebiT marTebuli iyo. saqme exeboda am evropuli saxelmwifoebis momavals, imas, Tu ra mimarTulebiT ganviTardeboda iq politikuri procesebi. civi omis finaluri akordi germaniis gaerTianeba gaxda da amis Sedegad aRmosavleTi germaniac gaerTianebuli germaniis SemadgenlobaSi SeuerTda alianss. ase damTavrda natos gafarToebis pirveli etapi. am procesis gagrZeleba civi omis Semdgomi dinamikis nawili gaxda da masze qveviT mogaxsenebT. civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg – nato usafrTxoebis sivrces afarToebs

nato farTovdeba arc natos `Ria karis politika~ yofila mxolod formaluri ganacxadi. rodesac 1952 wels TurqeTsa da saberZneTs sabWoTa eqspansiis safrTxe daemuqra, aliansma uyoymanod gadawyvita maTi wevrebad miReba. es iyo natos gafarToebis pirveli nabiji. civi omis periodSi natom kidev ori dasavleTevropuli saxelmwifo miiRo wevrad – germaniis federaciuli respublika 1955 wels da espaneTi 1982 wels. unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvela es gadawyvetileba cxare debatebis Sedegad miiRes. araerTi skeptikosi miiCnevda, rom aliansis wevrobis es kandidatebi srulad ver pasuxobdnen demokratiu-

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg nato seriozuli arCevanis winaSe dadga. dasavleTSi bevri politikosi miiCnevda, rom natom Tavisi istoriuli misia Seasrula da amiT Tavisi funqcia amowura. magram sabolood gaimarjva mosazrebam, rom Secvlil saerTaSoriso garemoSi safrTxeebis mxolod xasiaTi Seicvala da axali gamowvevebis sapasuxod aliansis erTianoba aranakleb saWiro iyo. metic, komunisturi mmarTvelobisagan ganTavisuflebuli evropis aRmosavleTi da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad gaCenili postsabWoTa sivrce sul advilad SeiZleboda qceuliyo umarTavi, destruqciuli procesebis arealad. am `rux zonasTan~ konstruqciuli TanamSromloba iyo aucilebe-

17

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi li, raTa postkomunisturi sivrce ganviTarebis civilizebul, demokratiul gzas dadgomoda. es natos istoriaSi yvelaze radikaluri gadawyvetileba gaxldaT. 1990 wels natom sabWoTa kavSirs da sxva arawevr evropul saxelmwifoebs TanamSromloba SesTavaza. imave wels londonSi aliansis samitze xeli moaweres e.w. londonis deklaracias winadadebebiT aliansis transformaciis safuZvelze, centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan TanamSromlobisa da diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Taobaze. 1991 wlis noemberSi natom gamoaqveyna romis deklaracia mSvidobisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis, romelic postkomunisturi sivrcis qveynebTan TanamSromlobis institucionalizaciis winadadebebs Seicavda. nato partniorebs ikrebs

ruseTi

natos gafarToeba wlebis mixedviT

1991 welsve daiwyo funqcionireba Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWom (NACC). es iyo usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze konsultaciebis forumi, sadac aliansis wevrebi postkomunistur, axla ukve partnior saxelmwifoebTan erTad ganixilavdnen usafrTxoebis problemebs. ase gaCnda natos leqsikonSi termini `partniori~.

1949

1990

1952

1999

1955

2004

1982

2009

natos samiti vaSingtonSi, 1999

18

rogor Seiqmna nato

natos generaluri mdivnis manfred vornerisa da evroatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos damfuZssrk sagareo saqmeTa ministris eduard SevardnaZis nebeli sxdoma, q. sintra, portugalia, 1997 (EAPC) Sexvedra, moskovi, 1990

1994 wels natom partniorebs axali iniciativa – `partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis~ – SesTavaza. am iniciativis farglebSi daiwyo partniorebTan TanamSromloba maTi usafrTxoebis sistemebis reformirebis, maTTvis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis, organizaciuli struqturebisa da kadrebis momzadebis mizniT. imave wels saTave daedo `xmelTaSua zRvis dialogs~ – xmelTaSua zRvis mezobel saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobis formats.

1997 wels portugaliaSi, q. sintraSi, Crdiloatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos bazaze daarsda evroatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWo (EAPC). misi erTerTi damfuZnebeli, sxva partnior qveynebTan erTad, saqarTveloc gaxldaT. es ukve partniori qveynebis aliansTan TanamSromlobis axali etapis daswyisi iyo. ase Semoikriba natom yofili komunisturi sistemis evropuli saxelmwifoebi da maTTan erTad daiwyo evroatlantikuri usafrTxoebis axali sistemis Camoyalibeba. evroatlantikuri TanamSromlobis sabWos wevri partniorebi natos briuselis Stab-binaSi misiebiT arian warmodgenili. isini regularulad xvdebian aliansis elCebs da ganixilaven partniorobis gegmebsa da maT Sesrulebas. partniori saxelmwifoebis ministrebi aseve regularulad monawileoben natos ministrTa SexvedrebSi, xolo rig SemTxvevebSi – maTi saxelmwifoebisa da mTavrobebis meTaurebi aliansis samitebis specialur formatebSi.

partniorebi aliansTan ormxrivi programebiT TanamSromloben. bevri maTgani monawileobs aliansis samSvidobo misiebSi kosovoSi, avRaneTSi da a.S., agreTve – sxva praqtikul saqmianobaSi. ruseTTan, ukrainasa da saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobisaTvis alianss Seqmnili aqvs specialuri ormxrivi formati.

1997 wels ruseTTan TanamSromlobisaTvis nato-ruseTis mudmivmoqmedi sabWo Seiqmna, romelic 2002 wlidan nato-ruseTis sabWoTi Seicvala. sabWos Tavmjdomareoba natos generalur mdivans daekisra. ukrainasTan ormxrivi dialogi natoukrainis komisiis farglebSi mimdinareobs, romelic aseve 1997 wels Seiqmna. saqarTvelosTan natos TanamSromlobisaTvis ormxrivi komisia 2008 wlis seqtemberSi Seiqmna. radgan saqarTvelo natos wevrobas eswrafvis, komisiis muSaobis arsic am procesis xelSewyoba da saqarTvelos mier aliansis wevrobis moTxovnaTa Sesasruleblad mzadebaSi daxmarebaa. nato partniorebTan kidev ramdenime formatis farglebSi TanamSromlobs. yovel maTgans Tavisi konkretuli amocana aqvs, magram aliansis partniorobis mizani saerToa – usafrTxoebisa da stabilurobis sivrcis gafarToeba. dReisaTvis natos partniorobis formatebia: mSvidobisaTvis partniorobis programa – monawileebi: evropis yvela saxelmwi-

19

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi

stambolis TanamSromlobis iniciativa – monawileebi: bahreini, katari, quveiTi, arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi. globaluri partniorebi: avstralia, avRaneTi, axali zelandia, erayi, iaponia, koreis respublika, monRoleTi, pakistani. sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebi: gaero, evrokavSiri, euTo.

NATO

Alliance

OTAN

1999

xmelTaSua zRvis dialogi – monawileebi: alJiri, egvipte, israeli, iordania, mavritania, maroko, tunisi.

NATO

2004

fo da yvela postsabWoTa qveyana, romelic aliansis wevri ar aris.

nato axal wevrebs iZens

es sakiTxic mwvave diskusiis sagnad iqca. aliansis Semdgomi gafarToebis momxreebsac da mowinaaRmdegeebsac sakuTari argumentebi hqondaT. sakiTxis gadasawyvetad 1995 wels specialuri kvlevac ki Catarda. daskvna erTmniSvnelovani gaxldaT – aliansSi axali wevrebis miReba mxolod ganamtkicebda stabilurobas evroatlantikur sivrceSi.

20

2009

civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg partniorobis sistemis SeqmnasTan erTad natos unda gadaewyvita SeinarCunebda Tu ara Ria karis politikas.

rogor Seiqmna nato

1999 wlis 12 marts aliansis wevrebi gaxdnen CexeTi, ungreTi da poloneTi. natos praRis samitze 2002 wels bulgareTi, estoneTi, latvia, litva, rumineTi, slovenia da slovakeTi aliansSi gawevrianebisaTvis miiwvies. isini natos wevrebi 2004 wlidan arian. amgvarad, aliansma yofil sabWoTa sivrceSic Seabija.

Semdegi nabiji gafarToebis gzaze natom 2009 wlis aprilSi gadadga, roca albaneTi da xorvatia SeuerTda alianss. amgvarad natos wevrTa ricxvma 28-s miaRwia. aliansis dRis wesrigi amJamad kidev ramdenime mniSvnelovan Temas moicavs. Cven aq maT mxolod CamovTvliT:

krizisebis marTvaSi monawileoba: nato balkaneTze nato avRaneTSi nato libiaSi antiteroristuli operacia xmelTaSua zRvaSi mekobreobasTan brZola adenis yureSi afrikis kavSiris mxardaWeris misia humanitaruli daxmarebis misia stiqiuri ubedurebisas brZola axal gamowvevebTan: masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis gavrcelebasTan brZola raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis Seqmna kiberusafrTxoeba energousafrTxoeba

yvela es Tema calke ganxilvis sagania, rasac, albaT, sxva dros SevexebiT.

21

istoria

qarTvelebi

meore msoflio omSi mixeil baxtaZe

bedis ukuRmarTobam Tu mZime istoriulma viTarebam XX saukuneSi bevri mebrZoli qarTveli sxvadasxva qveynis, idealisa Tu faseulobis dasacavad gawira...

1939 wlis 1 seqtembers germaniis poloneTze TavdasxmiT daiwyo meore msoflio omi. im droisTvis poloneTis armiaSi araerTi qarTveli generali da oficeri msaxurobda, romlebmac 1921 wels, sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, datoves samSoblo da cxovreba da samsaxuri poloneTSi ganagrZes. qarTvelma generlebma da oficrebma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRes Tavisi meore samSoblos – poloneTis – dacvaSi. dedaqalaq varSavis

22

dacvis calkeul mimarTulebebs xelmZRvanelobdnen podpolkovniki valerian TevzaZe da maiori artem aroniSiZe. krakovis dacvis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli iyo polkovniki roman gvelesiani. brZolebSi monawileobdnen oficrebi: aleqsandre alaviZe, ioseb zautaSvili, mixeil kvaliaSvili, vladimer laRiZe, giorgi mamalaZe, mixeil rusiaSvili, giorgi turaSvili, vitali ugrexeliZe, dimitri SalikaSvili, mfrinavi arkadi sxirtlaZe, sazRvao oficeri viqtor lomiZe da sxvebi.

17 seqtembers meore msoflio omSi ssrk-c Caeba, Tavs daesxa ra aRmosavleTidan poloneTs. or frontze brZola SeuZ-

qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTze, 1939

grmania CexeTisa da slovakeTis CaTvliT ssrk poloneTi – germaniis Tavdasxma poloneTi – ssrk-is Tavdasxma mokavSireebi

molotov-ribentropis paqti – 1939 wlis 23 agvistos moskovSi xelmowerili xelSekruleba Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb ssrk-sa da germanias Soris. am xelSekrulebis saidumlo muxlebi iTvaliswinebda aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis teritoriis ganawilebas xelmomwer saxelmwifoTa Soris.

lebeli iyo da damoukidebelma poloneTis saxelmwifom arseboba Sewyvita. hitlerma da stalinma poloneTis teritoria omis dawyebamde erTi kviriT adre xelmowerili e.w. molotov-ribentropis paqtis Tanaxmad gadainawiles. poloneTis droSis qveS mebrZoli qarTvelebis nawili tyved Cauvarda germanelebs (mag., generali aleqsandre zaqariaZe), nawili ki – ssrk-s. am ukanasknelTa bedi ufro tragikuli aRmoCnda. generali aleqsandre CxeiZe moskovSi

dimitri SalikaSvili (1896-1947) misi vaJi – generali jon-malxaz SalikaSvili – iyo aSS-is SeiaraRebuli Zalebis meTaurTa gaerTianebuli komitetis xelmZRvaneli 1993-1997 wlebSi.

aleqsandre yaramanis Ze zaqariaZe (1884-1957) msaxurobda ruseTis imperiis armiaSi. ruseT-iaponiisa da pirveli msoflio omis monawile. 1917 wlis noemberSi saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg iyo erovnuli sabWos samxedro seqciis ufrosi. 1918-1921 wlebSi msaxurobda saqarTvelos SeiraRebul ZalebSi. 1918 wlis daswyisSi qarTuli korpusis Stabis ufrosia. Semdeg muSaobda saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generalur StabSi. 1919 wels mieniWa generloba da dainiSna generaluri Stabis ufrosad. am Tanamdebobaze iyo sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciamde.

1921 wels emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdeg mcire xans imyofeboda stambolSi, saidanac gadavida poloneTSi. daamTavra poloneTis umaRlesi samxedro skola. 1923 wlidan poloneTis armiis brigadis generalia.

1927 wels mieniWa diviziis generloba. 1939 wels tyved Cauvarda germanelebs, Tumca maleve gaaTavisufles. meore msoflio omis dasasruls sacxovreblad gadavida safrangeTSi. iyo parizis qarTuli saTvistomos wevri.

23

istoria aleqsandre daviTis Ze CxeiZe (1873-1941) msaxurobda ruseTis imperiis armiaSi. pirveli msoflio omis monawile 1918 wlidan saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebSia. iyo samxedro skolis ufrosis moadgile.

1921 wlis TebervalSi, sabWoTa ruseTTan omis dawyebis Semdeg, dainiSna samxedro skolis ufrosad da meTaurobda skolas tabaxmelis brZolebisas. 1922 wlidan poloneTSia.1922-1923 wlebSi aswavlida rembertovos samxedro kursebze. 1923 w. mieniWa brigadis generloba. erTi weli varSavis qveiTTa skolaSi kurirebda qarTvel msmenelTa jgufs.

Semdeg msaxurobda oficerTa sakavalerio skolasa da me-16 qveiTTa polkSi. 1927-1931 ww. poznanSi dislocirebuli me14 qveiTTa polkis meTauria. TadarigSi gasvlis Semdeg cxovrobda lvovSi. iyo „qarTvel mxedarTa kavSiris“ gamgeobis wevri da 1928 w. Seqmnili „qarTvel iunkerTa kavSiris“ sapatio Tavmjdomare. aqtiurad TanamSromlobda emigraciaSi gamomaval qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebTan. avtoria mogonebebisa samxedro skolaze. 1939 w. sabWoTa wiTeli armiis mier lvovis dakavebis dros tyved Cavarda. 1940 w. ivnisSi gadaiyvanes kievSi, xolo dekemberSi – moskovSi, sadac 1941 w. daxvrites.

gadaiyvanes da iq daxvrites. savaraudod, moskovSi daxvrites arkadi sxirtlaZec. giorgi mamalaZe, giorgi ratiSvili, ilia kakabaZe katinSi daxvrites. gadarCenili qarTveli oficrebis nawili aralegalurad mebrZol polonelebs SeuerTda da winaaRmdegobas ar wyvetda. mas Semdeg, rac 1945 wels poloneTi sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis qveS moeqca, sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma moaxerxes qarTvel oficerTa nawilis dapatimreba. maT sxvadasxva braldeba wauyenes, maT Soris – sabWoTa ruseTis winaaRmdeg brZola 1921 wels. marTalia, zogierTi amnistiiT gaaTavisufles, magram nawili cixeebSi datoves, nawili ki cimbirSi gadaasaxles. Tavis gadarCenis mizniT zogma qarTvelma polonuri gvari aiRo. poloneTis armiaSi myofi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb ix. David Kolbaia. Under Polish wings. The Georgian Emigration in Poland 1921-1939 (daviT yolbaia, reCpospolitas frTebqveS, qarTuli emigracia poloneTSi 1921-1939).

poloneTis gayofis Semdeg germaniam samxedro moqmedebebi daiwyo da warmatebiT awarmoa daniis, belgiis, holandiis, safrangeTis, balkaneTis naxevarkunZulis saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg. qarTvelebi ibrZodnen safrangeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SemadgenlobaSi. maTi nawili kadris oficeri iyo, nawili ki moxa-

II msoflio omis droindeli evropa

ssrk-is xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT katinis tyeSi 1940 wlis gazafxulze ramdenime aTasi tyved Cavardnili poloneli oficeri daxvrites. ssrk germania

faSisturi germania (1939 wlis agvisto) dapyrobili regionebi (seqtemberi, 1939 - maisi, 1941) germaniis mokavSireebi (1940) ssrk-is dapyrobili teritoria qveynebi, romlebic germanias ar daupyria neitraluri qveynebi germanelebis Seteva italielebis Seteva

24

ssrk-is Seteva sahaero Seteva

qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

meore msoflio omis dros safrangeTSi mebrZoli qarTvelebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ixileT fransuaza da revaz nikolaZeebis wigni „qarTvelebi safrangeTisTvis brZolaSi“.

dimitri amilaxvris (1906-1942) ojaxma saqarTvelo datova sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg. 1926 w. dimitrim warCinebiT daamTavra sen-siris samxedro saswavlebeli da samsaxuri ganagrZo safrangeTis ucxour legionSi. meore msoflio omis dros, mas Semdeg, rac marSalma petenma xeli moawera safrangeTis kapitulacias, d. amilaxvari londonSi Sexvda general de gols, gaerTianda am ukanasknelis mier Seqmnil „Tavisufal safrangeTSi“ da brZola ganagrZo CrdiloeT afrikaSi. 1942 wlis 24 oqtombers polkovniki dimitri amilaxvari sasikvdilod daiWra TavSi. generalma de golma dimitri amilaxvari sikvdilis Semdeg „sapatio legionis“ ordeniT daajildova. sen-siris samxedro saswavleblis 143-e gamoSvebas (19541956 ww.) dimitri amilaxvris saxeli mieniWa.

lised Caewera. ocamde qarTveli moxalise ibrZoda safrangeTis ucxour legionSi da monawileobda sxvadasxva brZolaSi meore msoflio omis dros. maT Soris iyvnen: giorgi da oTar jayelebi, aleqsandre meliava, arCil ciciSvili, aleqsandre jinWaraZe da sxv. safrangeTis armiis kadris oficrebi iyvnen Tavis droze saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samxedro skolis msmenelebi (iunkrebi): giorgi odiSeliZe – batalionis meTauri da ivane (Jan) vaCnaZe – sakavalerio eskadronis meTauri. safrangeTis armiis rigebSi mebrZol qarTvelTa Soris yvelaze metad saxeli gaiTqva polkovnikma dimitri amilaxvarma, romelic gmirulad daiRupa 1942 wels CrdiloeT afrikaSi el-alameinis brZolaSi. amasobaSi ki sabWoTa kavSirma omi daiwyo fineTTan. patara fineTma gmiruli winaaRmdegoba gauwia wiTel imperias da, marTalia, iZulebuli gaxda teritoriis nawili daeTmo, magram damoukidebloba mainc SeinarCuna. fineTis winaaRmdeg mebrZol sabWoTa SenaerTebSi qarTvelebic

el-alameinis meore brZola gaimarTa meore msoflio omis CrdiloeT afrikis frontze 1942 wlis oqtomber-noemberSi. britanelebma jer SeaCeres, xolo Semdeg daamarcxes germanelTa da italielTa gaerTianebuli jari.

iyvnen. Svid maTgans sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris wodeba mieniWa. hitlerisa da stalinis „mokavSireoba“ xanmokle aRmoCnda. 1941 wlis 22 ivniss germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs. daiwyo meore msoflio omis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gadamwyveti periodi. omis dawyebisas aTeul aTasobiT qarTveli axalgazrda samxedro-savaldebulo samsaxurSi iyo gawveuli da pirvelive dReebidan mouwia sabrZolo moqmedebebSi monawileoba. omis pirveli etapi sabWoTa kavSirisaTvis katastrofuli gamodga. germanelebi win miiwevdnen. marTalia, 1941 wlis dekemberSi moskovTan gamarTul brZolaSi germanelebma marcxi iwvnies da ukan daxevac mouwiaT, magram ssrk-is mdgomareoba mainc Zalian mZime iyo. aseT viTarebaSi sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita daewyo erovnuli diviziebis Camoyalibebac. am nabijs unda gaeRvivebina patriotuli ganwyoba, aemaRlebina brZolisunarianoba.

1942 wlis zamTarSi daiwyo qarTuli SenaerTebis Camoyalibeba. Seiqmna Semdegi qarTuli diviziebi: 224-e, 242-e, 276-e, 296-e,

25

istoria sanWaro maruxi qluxori gagra soxumi oCamCire cxinvali quTaisi

baTumi

349-e, 351-e, 386-e, 388-e, 394-e, 392-e, 406-e, 414-e. maTma umetesobam Tavisi sabrZolo gza kavkasiisaTvis mimdinare brZolaSi daiwyo da metad mZime danakargi ganicada. im sisxlismRvrel brZolebSi, romlebic kavkasionis uReltexilebis (maruxi, sanWaro, qluxori da sxv.) dasakaveblad mimdinareobda, aqtiurad monawileobda adgilobrivi mosaxleobac. gansakuTrebiT gamosayofia qarTvelebis msxverpli qerCis naxevarkunZulze ganxorcielebuli operaciis dros. samxedro xelmZRvanelobis araprofesionalizmisa da uyuradRebobis gamo daSvebulma Secdomebma, arasworma gadawyvetilebebma da sxva mizezebmac ganapiroba didi msxverpli 1942 wlis maisSi, rodesac germanelebma Seteva ganaxorcieles. qerCis naxevarkunZulze dislocirebuli iyo qarTuli SenaerTebi. TiTqmis mTlianad ganadgurda 224-e divizia. saerTod, qerCis brZolebSi daaxloebiT asi aTasamde qarTveli mebrZoli daiRupa. kavkasiisaTvis mimdinare brZolaSi germanelTa damarcxebisa da ukan daxevis Semdeg qarTuli diviziebi sxvadasxva frontze mimdinare brZolebSi monawileobdnen. mag., 242-e divizia ukrainis me-4 frontis SemadgenlobaSi gadaiyvanes da omis bolo etapze is CexoslovakiaSi ibrZoda. 276-e divizia monawileobda qalaq kievisaTvis mimdinare brZolebSi, xolo 414-e divizia – yirimis naxevarkunZulisa da qalaq sevastopolisTvis mimdinare sabrZolo operaciebSi. qarTuli diviziebis garda, cxadia, qarTvelebi sxva (araerovnul) SenaerTebSic ibrZodnen: qveiTTa nawilebSi, aviaciaSi, sazRvao flotSi. qarTveli mebrZolebi monawileobdnen yvela im mniSvnelovan brZolaSi, romelic germania-ssrk-is frontze mimdinareobda 1941-1945 wlebSi. omSi cal-

26

Tbilisi

Telavi

keul sajariso SenaerTebs xelmZRvanelobdnen generlebi: konstantine leseliZe (46-e armiis sardali), porfire CanCibaZe, vladimer janjRava, vladimer naneiSvili, estate tatanaSvili da sxv. qarTvelebi aseve aqtiurad monawileobdnen im partizanul razmebSi, romlebic aqtiurad moqmedebdnen germanelTa zurgSi ukrainisa da belarusis teritoriaze. germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSirma omi gamoucxada iaponias da Tavisi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis nawili aRmosavleTSi gadaisrola. amitom qarTvelebs iaponiis winaaRmdegac mouxdaT brZolebSi monawileoba. meore msoflio omis dros saqarTvelodan sabWoTa jarSi gawveuli iyo 700 aTasze meti mebrZoli, maTgan 300 aTasze meti daiRupa.

250 aTasi mebrZoli dajildovda ssrk-is sxvadasxva ordeniTa da medlebiT. 164 kacs mieniWa sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris wodeba. aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, marTalia, uSualod saqarTvelos teritoukraina rumineTi

ruseTi yirimis n-k qerCi

bulgareTi

Savi zRva saqarTvelo TurqeTi

qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

riaze samxedro moqmedebebi faqtobrivad ar mimdinareobda, magram samagierod saqarTveloSi iseve, rogorc ssrk-is sxva araokupirebul regionebSi, TiTqmis mTeli mrewveloba samxedro warmoebaze iyo gadayvanili. soflebidan sursaT-sanovage frontze igzavneboda. saqarTvelom Seifara sabWoTa kavSiris okupirebuli teritoriebidan gamoxiznuli aTasobiT ltolvili. daaxloebiT 35 aTasi qarTveli ibrZoda germaniis mxares. es iyvnen saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg emigraciaSi wasuli adamianebi an maTi STamomavlebi, umetesad ki, germaniassrk-is omis pirvel etapze tyved Cavardnili qarTveli sabWoTa meomrebi, romlebmac tyveTa banakebSi yofnas germanelebis mxareze gadasvla amjobines. qarTvelTagan Seqmnili iyo calkeuli batalionebi, romlebic monawileobas iRebdnen sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom germaniis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSi arsebobda ara mxolod qarTuli, aramed sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi myofi sxva erebis warmomadgenlebisagan Semdgari sajariso SenaerTebic. iyo somxebis, azerbaijanelebis, CrdiloeT kavkasielebis, kazakebis da sxv. erovnuli SenaerTebi. yvelaze mravalricxovani ki, cxadia, rusebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSi qarTuli legionis Seqmnis gadawyvetileba 1942 wlis zamTarSi miiRes. mis formirebaSi

РОА (Русская Освободителная Армия – qarT. rusuli gamaTavisuflebeli armia), – romelsac ufro vlasovis armiis saxeliT moixseniebdnen, radgan germanelebis mxareze gadasuli sabWoTa generali vlasovi xelmZRvanelobda.

Salva maRlakeliZes (1893-1976) sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani Tanamdeboba ekava 1918 - 1921 ww.-Si: iyo Tbilisis general-gubernatori, afxazeTis generalgubernatori. 1923 w. wavida emigraciaSi. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi TanamSromloba daiwyo germaniis dazvervasTan. 1941 w. gaigzavna germanelebis mier okupirebul poloneTSi, raTa daewyo mzadeba qarTuli legionis Sesaqmnelad. meore msoflio omis Semdeg cxovrobda dasavleT germaniaSi. 1954 wels sabWoTa specsamsaxurebma moitaces miunxenSi da jer aRmosavleT germaniaSi, Semdeg ki sabWoTa kavSirSi gadaiyvanes. garkveuli xani dapatimrebisa da dakiTxvebis Semdeg Salva maRlakeliZe gaaTavisufles da neba darTes sakuTari saxeliTa da gvariT saqarTveloSi ecxovra.

`qarTuli legionis~ (1941-1945) emblema

germanel oficrebze metad qarTveli emigrantebi monawileobdnen. germania-ssrkis omis dawyebis Semdeg qarTuli emigraciis azri orad gaiyo. erTni mxars uWerdnen germanias da miiCnvdnen, rom omSi ssrkis damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda garkveuli saxiT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena. amgvari viTareba iyo pirveli msoflio omis drosac, rodesac qarTveli emigrantebi omSi germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas varaudobdnen. maSinac Seiqmna qarTvelTagan dakompleqtebuli samxedro SenaerTi – „qarTuli legioni“, romelic germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis mxares ibrZoda. emigrantTa meore nawili kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iyo nacistebTan TanamSromlobisa, radgan nacistebi maTTvis ara mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris, aramed dasavleT evropisa da amerikis saxelmwifoebis mtrebi iyvnen da, amdenad, safrTxes mTeli civilize-

27

istoria buli msofliosTvis warmoadgendnen. qarTuli legionis Seqmnas saTaveSi edga Salva maRlakeliZe. legionis Camoyalibeba poloneTSi daiwyo, varSavis maxloblad. vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSi moqmedebda Semdegi qarTuli batalionebi: 795-e batalioni „Salva maRlakeliZe“, 796-e batalioni, 797-e batalioni „giorgi saakaZe“, 798-e batalioni „mefe erekle II bagrationi“, 799-e batalioni „mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli“, 822-e batalioni „Tamar mefe“, 823-e batalioni „SoTa rusTaveli“, 824-e batalioni „ilia WavWavaZe“. qarTvelebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli aseve sadiversio-sadesanto razmebi: „Tamar I“ da „Tamar II“. germaniis samxedro xelmZRvanelobis gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna aseve sagangebo daniSnulebis batalioni „bergmani“, romelic dakompleqtebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, azerbaijanelebiT, somxebiTa da CrdiloeT kavkasielebiT („bergmanSi“ iyo sami qarTuli aseuli). pirveli sabrZolo naTloba vermaxtis SemadgenlobaSi myofma qarTulma Senaer-

28

TinaTin quTelia

germaniis mxares mebrZoli qarTvelebis Sesaxeb sagangebo naSromebi aqvs giorgi mamulias, Грузинский легион в борьбе за свободу и независимость Грузии в годы Второй мировой войны, 2003; Грузинский легион вермахта, 2011.

qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

Tebma 1942 wels kavkasiisaTvis mimdinare brZolebSi miiRes. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac frontis orive mxares qarTuli erovnuli SenaerTebi idgnen. ase iyo mag., mdinare baqsanis maxloblad, sadac germaniis armiis mxridan brZolebSi CarTuli iyo 795-e batalioni, sabWoTa armiis mxridan ki– 392-e divizia. orive mxridan mimdinareobda aqtiuri propagandistuli muSaoba, mowinaaRmdege mxareze myofi qarTvelebis gadasabireblad. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac sabWoTa armiis qarTveli meomrebi germaniis mxares gadadiodnen da piriqiT. kavkasiisaTvis mimdinare brZolaSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg vermaxtis xelmZRvanelobam qarTuli batalionebis umetesoba yirimSi gadaiyvana, sadac isini 1944 wlis dasawyisamde darCnen. qarTuli SenaerTebis erTi mcire nawili 1943 wels kurskis cnobil brZolaSi monawileobda.

1944 wels qarTuli SenaerTebi vermaxtis xelmZRvanelobam dasavleTis frontze gadaiyvana. omis dasrulebas isini safrangeTis, italiis, daniis, holandiis teritoriaze Sexvdnen. aRsaniSnavia holan-

qarTuli legioni

diaSi, kunZul teqselze, dislocirebuli 822-e batalionis bedi. 1945 wlis 5-dan 6 aprilis Rames batalioni leitenant Salva lolaZis xelmZRvanelobiT ajanyda. germanelebma kunZulze damatebiTi samxedro Zalebi gagzavnes. brZolebi ramdenime kvira gagrZelda. batalionis TiTqmis 2/3 brZolaSi daiRupa. gadarCenili da patarpatara razmebad dafantuli qarTveli mebrZolebi 20 maisamde ganagrZobdnen winaaRmdegobas, vidre kunZulze kanaduri SenaerTebi ar gadmosxdnen da germanelebi ar

kurskis brZola gaimarTa 1943 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi. germaniis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam dagegma SeteviTi operacia „citadeli“, romelic mowinaaRmdegis ramdenime armiis alyaSi moqcevasa da ganadgurebas gulisxmobda. sabWoTa jarebma SeZles Setevis mogerieba da warmatebuli kontrieriSiT mowinaaRmdege daamarcxes. am brZolis Semdeg strategiuli upiratesoba sabolood sabWoTa armiis mxares gadavida. kurskis brZola, romelmac II msoflio omis istoriaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi roli iTamaSa, ginesis wignSia Setanili, rogorc yvela drois yvelaze masStaburi satanko dapirispireba.

29

istoria

ganaiaraRes. sainteresoa, rom teqselis ajanyebis monawile gadarCenili qarTvelebi sabWoTa xelisuflebam cimbirSi gadaasaxla da mxolod ramdenime wlis Semdeg gaaTavisufla. aRsaniSnavia, rom safrangeTisa da poloneTis okupaciis Semdeg am qveynebis teritoriaze germanelebis winaaRmdeg mimdinare aralegalur-partizanul brZolaSi am saxelmwifoebSi jer kidev omamde mcxovrebi qarTvelebic monawileobdnen. safrangeTis winaaRmdegobis moZraobaSi monawileobdnen: qeTevan barnovi, giorgi lomaZe, giorgi gvazava, sergi wulaZe da sxv. poloneTSi erT-erTi aseTi pirovneba iyo, Cven mier ukve naxsenebi valerian TevzaZe. 1944 wels varSavis ajanyebisas daiRupa irine sxirtlaZe, kapitan arkadi sxirtlaZis qaliSvili. germania-ssrk-is frontze milionobiT tyved Cavardnil sabWoTa jariskacs Soris, cxadia, qarTvelebic iyvnen. maTi nawili germaniis mier okupirebuli qveynebis teri-

30

ruseTis imperiis armiis podpolkovniki valerian TevzaZe (1892-1983) 1918-1921 wlebSi msaxurobda saqarTvelos respublikis armiaSi, monawileobda TiTqmis yvela sabrZolo moqmedebaSi. iyo generaluri Stabis oficeri da imave dros sajariso wesdebebisa da instruqciebis SemmuSavebeli komisiis mdivanic. 1921 wels wavida emigraciaSi. damkvidrda poloneTSi da Sevida poloneTis jarSi. 1939 wels meTaurobda varSavis CrdiloeT nawilis dacvas. okupaciis dros ibrZoda „armia kraiovaSi“. iyo diviziis Stabis ufrosi. sabWoTa okupaciis periodSi cxovrobda kJiJanovskis gvariT. dajildoebuli iyo „virtuti militaris“ ordeniT. gardaicvala 1983 wels. sikvdilis win gaamxila Tavisi namdvili gvari. saflavze aweria: `rogorc qarTveli, visurvebdi, rom saqarTveloSi vyofiliyavi dakrZaluli, magram bednieri var imiTac, rom davikrZalebi gmiri da keTilSobili polonelebis miwaze~.

qarTvelebi II msoflio omSi

toraze arsebul tyveTa banakebSi iyo gadayvanili. qarTveli tyveebis nawili gaqcevas axerxebda da adgilobriv partizanebs uerTdeboda. qarTvelebi ibrZodnen balkaneTSi, poloneTSi, italiaSi, safrangeTSi. ase, magaliTad, safrangeTSi ramdenime aseuli qarTveli ibrZoda frangi partizanebis mxardamxar. aranaklebi raodenoba qarTvelebisa ibrZoda italiaSic. italiis erovnuli gmiris wodeba mieniWa fore mosuliSvils. italiis saxelmwifos jildoTi, medliT mxedruli mamacobisTvis dajildovda giorgi varazaSvili, igive kapitani monti, rogorc mas italielebi eZaxdnen. orive germanelebTan Setakebisas daiRupa. meore msoflio omis dros saqarTvelos damoukidebloba dakarguli hqonda da qarTvelebi kacobriobis istoriaSi am yvelaze sastik da sisxlismRvrel omSi sxva saxelmwifoTa droSebis qveS monawileobdnen. qarTvelTa udidesi umravlesoba germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. saqarTvelom da qarTvelebma am omisas sxva, teritoriulad did da mosaxleobis mxriv mravalricxovan saxelmwifoebze didi msxverpli gaiRes.

partizanebTan erTad moqmedi qarTveli tyveebi, q. marseli, 1944, irakli gegeWkoris (1911-1987) fotoarqividan

dacemuli raixstagis Tavze sabWoTa droSas aRmarTavs meliton qanTaria, 1945 wlis 30 aprili

31

regioni

iemicu tokugava

iaponia

izolacionizmis dasasruli da gza axali qveynis Camoyalibebisaken daviT goginaSvili

socialur-politikuri foni 1633 wlidan moyolebuli, mas Semdeg, rac Sogunma iemicu tokugavam saTave daudo qveynis izolacionizmisken mimarTul politikas, XIX saukunis Sua wlebamde iaponiis urTierToba gare samyarosTan maqsimalurad SezRuduli iyo. Tavad iaponelebi am periods aRniSnaven terminiT `sakoku~ (daxuruli, Caketili qveyana). tokugavas klani imdenad ufrTxoda evropul saxelmwifoTa kolonialur gavlenas, rom mtrad acxadebda nebismier ideologiur Tu religiur elements, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo dasavlur samyarosTan. amgvarma politikam jer kidev XVII saukuneSi gamoiwvia iaponiis samxreTSi arsebuli qristianuli saTvistomoebis ganadgureba. misioneruli saqmianoba srulad aRmoifxvra, xolo ucxoeli, romelic iaponiaSi SeaRwevda, umal sikvdiliT unda dasjiliyo. igive ganaCeni eloda nebismier iaponels, romelic sazRvargareT gabedavda gasvlas.

32

iaponia

XIX saukunis dasawyisisTvis tokugavas klani, romelic im droisTvis ukve TiTqmis ori saukune marTavda iaponias, Zalaufle-

hokaido

u hok to

Cubu

kanto

Cugoku sikoku

ka ns ai

albaT mcdari iqneboda gveTqva, rom qveyana gare samyaros bolomde iyo mowyvetili. espanelTa da portugalielTa alagmvis Semdeg iaponiam dauyovnebliv daiwyo molaparakebebi koreasa da holandiasTan, raTa qveynisTvis saWiro raodenobis tvirTbrunva da informaciis Semodineba uzrunveleyo.

Sogunati CrdiloeTiT, kunZul hokaidoze vaWrobda ainus tomis mosaxleobasTan, kunZul cuSimas gavliT – koreis samefosTan, sacumas safeodalos riukius samefosTan (dRevandeli okinava da mimdebare kunZulebi) vaWroba ebara, xolo nagasakis porti CineTTan da holandiasTan vaWrobis forpostad iqca. nagasakis portSi Seqmnili iyo xelovnuri kunZuli `dejima~ (gasasvleli kunZuli), sadac xdeboda aRebmicemoba da romelsac ver scdebodnen ucxoeli vaWrebi Tu mezRvaurebi. gansakuTrebuli nebarTvis gareSe `dejimaze~ gadasvla rigiT iaponelebsac ekrZalebodaT. amrigad, Sogunis xelisuflebam sagareo vaWroba mTlianad dauqvemdebara kontrols da maqsimalurad Seamcira dasavluri kolonializmis saSiSroeba.

iu us ki

iaponiis regionebi

Soguni – samxedro sardali, romelsac niSnavda imperatori. 1185 wlidan meijis restavraciamde, TiTqmis 700 wlis ganmavlobaSi Sogunebs absoluturi samxedro-politikuri Zalaufleba hqondaT, imperatori ki mxolod formalur funqciebs inarCunebda.

33

regioni

seqigaharas brZola gaimarTa1600 wels. es iyo gadamwyveti brZola tokugavas momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris, romlis Sedegadac klanis fuZemdebelma, ieiasu tokugavam, xelT igdo qveynis marTvis sadaveebi.

bis mwvervalze iyo. im feodalTa STamomavlebi, romlebic sawinaaRmdego banakSi iyvnen seqigaharas brZolisas, verasdros ikavebdnen wamyvan Tanamdebobebs da, Sesabamisad, sul ufro sustdebodnen. imperatori mxolod simbolur xelisuflebas inarCunebda, xolo sagareo faqtorebi, `sakokus~ politikis wyalobiT, sakmaod Semcirebuli iyo. informacia evropis kolonialuri eqspansiisa da teqnologiuri winsvlis Sesaxeb mainc aRwevda iaponur sazogadoebaSi. inteleqtualTa garkveul nawilSi Zlierdeboda azri, rom evropelTagan Tavis dasacavad aucilebeli iyo maTive miRwevebis Seswavla da aTviseba, Tumca konservatiulad ganwyobili samxedropolitikuri elita sastikad uswordeboda gansxvavebuli azris yovelgvar gamovlinebas. sazRvrebis gaxsnis momxreebs atusaRebdnen, asaxlebdnen Soreul kunZulebze an aiZulebdnen `sepukus~ ritualiT daesrulebinaT sicocxle.

`sepukus~ rituali – TviTmkvlelobis rituali, romelsac xSirad mimarTavdnen samuraebi sakuTari Rirsebis dasacavad. xSirad moixsenieba, rogorc `harakiri~.

34

iaponia

komodore meTiu peri (1794-1858)

komandori peri da iaponiis izolacionizmis dasasruli opiumis pirvelma omma, romelic CineTisTvis kabaluri xelSekrulebebiT dasrulda, iaponiaSi kidev ufro gaaZliera evropuli kolonializmis SiSi. Sogunatma gamalebiT daiwyo edos (tokios Zveli dasaxeleba) yuris gamagreba, xelovnuri kunZulebis Seneba da safortifikacio nagebobebis aRmarTva. 1825 wlidan moqmedebda kanoni, romelic iTvaliswinebda iaponiis wylebSi unebarTvod Semosuli nebismieri ucxo gemis dauyovnebliv gaZevebas an ganadgurebas. kanonis saxelwodeba – `ikokusen muninen uCiharai rei~ – pirdapir iTargmneba, rogorc `brZaneba orjer dafiqrebis gareSe ucxo gemebis gaZevebis Sesaxeb~. magram miuxedavad Sogunatis mcdelobebisa, warsulze orientirebuli politika uZluri aRmoCnda drois spiraluri svlisa da gardauvali samrewvelo ganviTarebis winaSe.

1853 wels iaponiis napirebs miadga amerikuli floti komodore meTiu peris xelmZRvanelobiT. misi gemebi orTqlis ZravebiTa da uaxlesi modifikaciis qvemexebiT iyo aRWurvili, xolo industriuli revoluciis armcnobi iaponelebi ki kvlav gviani Sua saukuneebis afrian gemebsa da primitiul zarbaznebs iyenebdnen. mxrColavi, moguguneZraviani, Savad SeRebili xomaldebis xilvam iaponelebs Tavzari dasca. peris brZanebiT, TiTqosda amerikis damoukideblobis dRis aRsaniSnavad, flotiliam yvela qvemexidan zalpiT gaisrola. Zalis amgvarma demonstraciam naTlad aCvena amerikelTa samxedro upiratesoba. molaparakebebisas amerikelebma mkafiod mosTxoves iaponelebs maTi gemebisTvis portebis gaxsna da CineTisken gaemgzavrnen, riTac garkveuli dro misces iaponelebs Semdegi qmedebebis dasagegmad. edos elita mixvda, rom gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda da CaTrevas Cayola amjobina. 1854 wels CineTidan mobrunebulma perim

opiumis omebi – ori omi did britaneTsa da CineTs Soris (opiumis pirveli omi –1839-1842 ww., opiumis meore omi –1856-1860 ww.). britanelebis mizani iyo inglisis savaWro interesebis dacva CineTSi da vaWrobis gafarToeba, kerZod, opiumis didi raodenobiT gayidva, rac akrZaluli iyo CineTis imperiaSi. omebma da omebs Soris periodis movlenebma daasusta cinis dinastia, Sedegad, CineTi iZulebuli gaxda gaexsna portebi, qveyanaSi SeeSva ucxoeli vaWrebi da evaWra danarCen msofliosTan.

35

regioni SogunatTan dado xelSekruleba, ris Sedegadac amerikeli samxedroebisTvis iaponuri portebi gaxsnilad gamocxadda. xelSekruleba ar uzrunvelyofda sagareo vaWrobas, magram misi arsebobis faqti safuZvlad daedo mTel rig kabalur xelSekrulebebs, romlebic iaponiam momdevno wlebSi dasavlur saxelmwifoebTan gaaforma. amiT wertili daesva 250-wlian karCaketilobas da iaponia aRmoCnda axali, mZime gamowvevebis winaSe.

1858 wels gardaicvala iesada. mas pirdapiri memkvidre ar hyavda, amitom Zalauf-

edo (Zveli tokio)

samuraebi

SogunTa diqtaturis dasasruli

lebis xelSi Casagdebad feodalebs Soris dapirispireba moxda. sabolood qveynis marTvis sadaveebi xelT igdo iemoCi tokugavam, romelmac xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave daiwyo ucxoelebTan vaWrobis mowinaaRmdegeTa devna, rac istoriaSi `anseis represiebis~ an `anseis wmendis~ saxeliT Sevida. amgvarma sisxlianma angariSsworebam cota xniT gaaxangrZliva tokugavaTa klanis mmarTveloba, magram qveyana ukve idga didi samoqalaqo omis winaSe.

1850-iani wlebis bolos portebis gaxsnam da ucxoelTa Semodinebam kidev ufro gaaRviva iaponur sazogadoebaSi arsebuli antidasavluri ganwyoba. xSiri iyo ucxoelebze Tavdasxma da oficialur pirTa mkvlelobebic ki. xalxi `samxreTeli barbarosebis~ SemoyvanaSi iesada tokugavas adanaSaulebda, romelic sinamdvileSi susti janmrTelobis gamo TiTqmis ar monawileobda qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi. mis mmarTvelobas daemTxva gamanadgurebeli miwisZvrebisa da cunamebis seria, qoleris epidemiebi da a. S., ramac ufro metad gaamwvava

qveyanaSi mdgomareoba. xalxSi gavrcelda rwmena, rom es iyo RmerTebis risxva, movlenili ucxoelebisaTvis karis gaRebis gamo. am warmodgenas amagrebda is faqti, rom imperators, romelic Tavad iTvleboda RmerTad, ar hqonda micemuli dasturi dasavleTis qveynebTan xelSekrulebebis gaformebaze.

Sogunatis mowinaaRmdege samuraebma, sacumas, tosas, CoSus da dasavleT iaponiis sxva safeodaloTa xelmZRvanelobiT nel-

`samxreTel barbarosebs~ (iaponurad gamoiTqmis, rogorc nanbanjin) uwodebdnen evropelebsa da amerikelebs. Tavidan ase ixseniebdnen ZiriTadad espanelebsa da portugalielebs, romlebic samxreTidan movidnen iaponiaSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi es termini iqca evropeiduli rasis warmomadgenelTa krebiT saxelad.

36

iaponia

nela daiwyes samxedro modernizacia da sabrZolo potencialis gazrda. ramdenime weliwadSi tokugavas klanis upiratesobas ukve wyali Seudga. dasavleT iaponiis safeodaloTa koaliciam Tavisi gavlenis qveS moaqcia da gadaibira axalgazrda imperatori mucuhito, ramac maT miznebs politikuri legitimacia SesZina. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, koaliciis mier wamowyebuli samxedro kampania ajanyeba ki ara, iaponiis gadarCenisaTvis brZola gaxldaT, romelic RvTaebrivi warmoSobis mqone imperatoris mier iyo xeldasxmuli. omma imperatorisa da Sogunis momxreebs Soris daaxloebiT erT weliwads gastana (e.w. boSinis omi, 1868-1869) da Sogunatis sruli marcxiT dasrulda. Sogunis momxreTa narCenebi CrdiloeTiT, qalaq hakodateSi gamagrdnen da respublikac ki daaarses, magram imperatoris armiam es winaaRmdegobac CaaxSo da TiTqmis 700 wlis Semdeg isev aRadgina imperatoris mmarTveloba iaponiaSi. imperator meijis mmarTveloba axalgazrda imperatorma saocari goniereba gamoiCina da ar ahyva ucxoelTa gandevnis moTxovnebs. mas kargad hqonda gaazrebuli is SesaZlo safrTxeebi, rac emuqreboda iaponias amgvari moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi. istorikosTa umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom pirvel etapze imperatoris roli qveynis mmarTvelobaSi sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da konkretul gadawyvetilebebs ZiriTadad sacumasa da CoSus safeodalodan gamosuli oligarqebi iRebdnen, mag.: ito hirobumi (SemdgomSi premier-ministri da koreis okupaciis erT-erTi mTavari Semoqmedi), iamagata aritomo (samxedro reformis erT-erTi mTavari sulisCamdgmeli) da sxvebi. oligarqiuli elita miznad isaxavda qveynis uTanasworo, kabaluri mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas. amisaTvis aucilebeli iyo ekonomikis dauyovnebeli industrializacia, teqnologiuri da sistemuri modernizeba, raTa iaponia dasweoda dasavlur saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis dones.

iesada tokugava

iemoCi tokugava

37

regioni lozungi `sanno joi~ (Tayvani eci imperators, gaaZeve barbarosebi) Secvala lozungma `fukoku kiohei~ (gaamdidre qveyana, gaaZliere jari).

iaponiis saxelmwifom SeZlo finansuri da inteleqtualuri resursebis maqsimaluri mobilizeba, raTa adgili daemkvidrebina msoflios lider qveynebs Soris. mowinave saxelmwifoTa gamocdilebis Sesaswavlad daigzavna delegaciebi evropasa da amerikaSi. iaponeli mecnierebi Tu studentebi saxelmwifos xarjiT swavlobdnen dasavleTis wamyvan universitetebSi. mowveuli ucxoeli specialistebi aqtiurad muSaobdnen adgilze reformebis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebaze. ramdenimewliani muSaobis Sedegad iaponelebma ukve kargad icodnen, Tu ganviTarebis modelad romeli qveynidan ra sistema unda aeRoT. samxedro reforma

ito hirobumi (1841-1909)

dasavleTis imperialisturi eqspansiis fonze udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro sferos ganviTarebas. saxmeleTo jarebis sistema daefuZna prusiul models, xolo sazRvao ZalebisaTvis SearCies britanuli modeli. samuraebis gansakuTrebuli statusi da privilegiebi gauqmda da nebismier moqalaqes mieca jarSi samsaxuris ufleba. aman samuraebis garkveuli jgufebis ajanyebac ki gamoiwvia, magram SedarebiT maRali ganaTlebisa da samxedro motivaciis mqone samuraebis umetesobam moaxerxa epova adgili axal sajariso sistemaSi. Sesabamisad, e.w. samurais suli da SemarTeba, romelic efuZneboda saukuneebis manZilze gamowrTobil buSidos moZRvrebis principebs, iaponuri jaridan ar gamqrala. metic, SemdgomSi samuraebis Zvelma istoriebma garkveuli romantikuli elferi SeiZina, xolo samxedroTa Soris legendarul samuraebze sworeba erT-erT umTavres sabrZolo motivaciad iqca. jaris samxedro-teqnologiurma modernizaciam, armiis mtkice sabrZolo disciplinis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, maleve gamoiRo Sedegebi. ukve 1894-1895 ww.-Si iaponiam koreis naxevarkunZulze gavlenisaTvis CineTis imperiasTan omSi upirobo samxedro upiratesobas miaRwia. magram, miuxedavad warmatebuli samxedro kampaniisa, evropuli saxelmwifoebis Carevam samSvidobo molaparakebebSi tokio aiZula garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo (mag., iaponuri armia iZulebuli gaxda daetovebina metad mniSvnelovani port arturi da mTeli mimdebare naxevarkunZuli). iaponiaSi es aRiqves, rogorc diplomatiuri marcxi, gamowveuli qveynis arasakmarisi samxedro ZlierebiT, ramac damatebiTi biZgi misca iaponiis militaristul ganviTarebas. am movlenebidan 10 weliwadSi iaponiam SeZlo daemarcxebina iseTi wamyvani samxedro Zala, rogoric iyo ruseTis imperia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am droisTvis iaponelTa sadazvervo-diversiuli saqmianoba scdeboda Soreuli aRmosavleTis geografiul sazRvrebs da ufro globalur masStabebs iZenda. iaponelTa jaSuSuri qseli aqtiurad saqmianobda aRmosavleT evropasa da kavkasiaSic ki. amis erT-erT magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT TanamSromloba baron motojiro akaSisa da giorgi dekanoziSvils Soris, romelic antirusuli moZraobis dafinanseba-SeiaraRebaze iyo orientirebuli.

buSido – sityvasityviT niSnavs mebrZolis gzas. es iyo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli kodeqsi, romelic gansazRvravda samuraebis cxovrebis wess. buSidos principebi dafuZnebuli iyo Rirsebis, erTgulebis da sxva moralur faseulobebze da sabrZolo xelovnebasTan erTad iswavleboda samuraebis skolebSi.

38

iaponia

ruseTi

manjuria

CineTi port arturi

korea

iapinia

koreus naxevarkunZuli da iaponia

ekonomikuri reforma iaponiis globalur samxedro moTamaSed Camoyalibebas win uZRoda industrializaciis uaRresad Sromatevadi procesi. reformebis pirvel etapze saxelmwifos finansuri resursi mimarTuli iyo industriuli, sakomunikacio, savaWro infrastruqturis Seqmnisken. Sendeboda portebi, gzebi, satelegrafo qselebi, rkinigza da a.S. kerZo seqtors ar hqonda sakmarisi re-

sursi, amitom saxelmwifom Tavad itvirTa qveyanaSi dasavluri teqnologiebis Semotana-danergvis finansuri uzrunvelyofa da specialistebis momzadeba. saxelmwifosa da kerZo kompaniebis TanamSromlobiT ganviTarda mZime industriis iseTi dargebi, rogoricaa gemTmSenebloba, metalurgia, manqanaTmSenebloba da a.S. Seiqmna saxelmwifosa da kerZo kompaniebis urTierTobis unikaluri modeli, romelmac, erTi mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mTliani Sida produqtis zrdas da daaCqara ekonomikuri aRmavloba, meore mxriv ki, safuZveli Cauyara oligarqiuli konglomeratebis (e.w. Zaibacu) Camoyalibebas. Zaibacuebis umetesobam gaagrZela finansuri aRmasvla mTeli meoce saukunis ganmavlobaSic da dRemde finansur-sawarmoo kompaniebis saxiT moaRwia. uZveles Zaibacuebs ganekuTvnebian msoflioSi cnobili iseTi iaponuri kompaniebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, `micubiSi~, `micui~, `sumitomo~ da sxva. mZime mrewvelobisa da sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis paralelurad didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda tradiciuli agraruli meurneobis axal etapze gadayvanasac. reformebis sawyis etapze swored am seqtoris xarjze xdeboda mZime mrewvelobis Camoya-

giorgi dekanoziSvili (1868-1910) iyo saqarTveloSi rusuli koloniuri politikis, qveynis rusifikaciis erT-erTi aqtiuri mowinaaRmdege, socialist-federalist arCil jorjaZis marjvena xeli, saqarTvelosTvis Tavgadadebuli patrioti. samTamadno saqmis specialisti studentobidanve (q. peterburgSi) CaerTo revoluciur saqmianobaSi. muSaobda WiaTuris marganecis mrewvelTan besarion RoRoberiZesTan. 1902 wels `Savi qvis mrewvelTa sabWos~ davalebiT imogzaura kubasa da braziliaSi konkurenti qveynebis marganecis maragebsa da Rirseba-naklovanebebze informaciis mosapoveblad. igi aqtiurad iyo CarTuli socialist-federalisturi partiis saqmianobaSi. g. dekanoziSvilis aqtiurobiT parizSi gamoicemoda Tavisufali gazeTi `saqarTvelo~, franguli damatebiT `la JeorJi~. giorgi zrunavda gazeTisaTvis Tanxis moZiebaze, saqarTveloSi mis aralegalurad gavrcelebaze, iaraRisa da sabrZolo aRWurvilobis dasamzadeblad saWiro masalis saqarTveloSi gagzavnaze, TanamebrZolTa janmrTelobazec ki. 1904 wels misi organizebiT JenevaSi qarTvelTa pirveli konferencia gaimarTa, sadac oficialurad gaformda socialist-federalistTa sarevolucio partia, romelSic federalistTa garda Sevidnen anarqistebi da erovnul-demokratiuli mimarTulebis jgufi.

1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis dros, roca yvela politikuri partia aqtiurad ibrZoda rusuli reJimis winaaRmdeg, giorgi dekanoziSvili daukavSirda iaponiis armiis polkovniks – akaSis da misgan gemisa da iaraRis SesaZenad 200 aTasi franki miiRo – ruseT-iaponiis samxedro dapirispirebis gamo iaponelebi dainteresebuli iyvnen ruseTis imperiaSi antirusuli Zalebis gaZlierebiT. giorgi akaSis rusuli specsamsaxurebis agentebisagan malulad Sexvda, organizeba gaukeTa iaraRisa da gemis Sesyidvas, dagegma SeiaraRebis saqarTveloSi Semotanis marSruti da ganxorcieleba. samwuxarod, 1905 wlis noembris bolos foTamde Camosulma iaraRma daniSnulebis adgilamde ver miaRwia – gadmotvirTvisas gamJRavnda saidumlo da gemis kapitani iZulebuli gaxda iaraRis nawili zRvaSi gadaeyara. SeiaraRebis nawili mainc moxvda federalistTa xelSi. am warumateblobis Semdeg giorgi dekanoziSvili aqtiur politikur saqmianobas Camoscilda, janmrTelobamac Seawuxa – Zvelma senma, tuberkulozma, Seaxsena Tavi. igi 1910 wels 42 wlis asakSi q. kanSi gardaicvala. giorgi dekanoziSvils surda, rom saqarTveloSi dasaflavebuliyo. ojaxma misi ukanaskneli neba aRasrula. is 1910 welsve uxmaurod Camoasvenes TbilisSi da dakrZales wm. ninos (kukia) sasaflaoze.

39

regioni

libeba, radgan bunebrivi wiaRiseuliT Rarib iaponias im droisTvis sxva Semosavlis wyaro TiTqmis ar gaaCnda. 1873 wlis miwis reformis aqtis mixedviT, miwa, romelsac glexebi feodalebisTvis amuSavebdnen, maTve gadaecaT sakuTrebaSi. saxelmwifom Seiswavla moTxovna saerTaSoriso bazrebze da Zalisxmeva swored am moTxovnis Sesabamis industriaze mimarTa. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia abreSumisa da bambis warmoebis ganviTareba. axali teqnologiebis danergviT iaponia swrafad iqca msoflioSi teqstilis erT-erT udides eqsportior qveynad. mniSvnelovani dargi iyo Cais warmoebac, romelic aseve eqsportze gadioda. am dargebidan miRebuli SemosavliT saxelmwifo mZime industrias aviTarebda, rac, Tavis mxriv, sasicocxlod aucilebeli iyo qveynis ekonomikuri da samxedro gaZlierebisaTvis. ganaTlebis reforma qveynis swraf modernizacias sWirdeboda Sesabamisi inteleqtualuri resursi, rac axali saganmanaTleblo sistemis Camoyalibebas moiTxovda. 1871 wels iaponiaSi pirvelad miiRes kanoni sayovelTao-savaldebulo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. ganaTleba aRar iyo maRali fenebis privilegia da meijis epoqis dasasrulisTvis wera-kiTxvis mcodneTa raodenobam mosaxleobis 80%-s gadaaWarba. skolebis aSeneba, maswavleblebis momzadeba da sxva Tanamdevi xarjebi did tvirTad daawva saxelmwifos biujets, magram es iyo investicia, romelic SemdgomSi pirdapir aisaxa ekonomikur zrdaze da amave dros xeli Seuwyo qveynis ideologiur centralizacias. pirvelad iaponiis istoriaSi gaCnda saliteraturo enis cneba. iaponuris dialeqtebi imdenad gansxvavebuli iyo,

40

iaponia

rom sxvadasxva regionis warmomadgenlebi erTmaneTs xSirad verc ki ugebdnen. amgvari lingvisturi daqsaqsuloba, romelic xSirad qmnida TviTidentifikaciis problemas, aRmoifxvra, roca mTeli qveynis masStabiT saerTo, centralizebul saliteraturo enad tokios dialeqti SemoiRes. reformaTa Sedegebi da Sefaseba meijis reformebi ar Semofarglula samxedro, ekonomikuri da saganmanaTleblo sistemebis danergviT. prusiul modelze dayrdnobiT Seiqmna konstitucia. germanul models daefuZna iaponiis samedicino sistemac. gardaiqmna da ganaxlda TiTqmis yvela socialur-politikuri instituti. am reformebis Sedegad ramdenime aTwleulSi iaponiam agraruli ekonomikis mqone feodaluri qveynebis rigidan msoflios lider saxelmwifoTa Soris gadainacvla da daimkvidra adgili. ekonomikuri maCveneblebi swrafad izrdeboda, Tavbrudamxvevma samxedro warmatebebma iaponelebs ganumtkica rwmena imperatoris RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, imperia teritoriulad gaizarda da manamde uprecedento centralizacias miaRwia. isic ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom es yvelaferi xdeboda mosaxleobis nawilis ukiduresad mZime yofis, bavSvebisa da qalebis Sromis eqspluataciis, maRali gadasaxadebis, mezobeli erebis dapyrobis da sxva sastiki zomebis xarjze. Tumca msgavsi arahumanuri, imperialisturi politika axasiaTebda im epoqis TiTqmis yvela wamyvan saxelmwifos da arc iaponia yofila am mxriv gamonaklisi. araerTmniSvnelovani Sefasebebis miuxedavad, meijis epoqa udavod iyo erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani xana qveynis Camoyalibebis gzaze. meijis reformebis Sedegad iaponia iqca pirvel aradasavlur saxelmwifod, romelic Tanaswor moTamaSed moevlina msoflios lider imperiebs. dResdReobiT meijis epoqas aswavlian, rogorc erT-erT warmatebul magaliTs ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis. gardamaval safexurze myof araerT saxelmwifos (omis, revoluciis, damoukideblobis miRebis Semdgomi periodebi da a.S.) ucdia qveynis reorganizeba meijis reformebis modelis mixedviT. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs iaponuri gamocdileba iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa saxelmwifosa da kerZo seqtoris urTierToba, mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTareba, industriuli politika da a.S. ra Tqma unda, meijis reformaTa warmatebaze saubrisas gasaTvaliswinebelia iaponiis geopolitikuri mdebareoba, qveynis Sida mowyoba, socialuri foni, imperatoris fenomeni, iaponelTa erovnuli xasiaTi da sxva uamravi faqtori, ramac xeli Seuwyo reformaTa ganxorcielebas, magram miuxedavad am faqtorebisa, iaponiis istoriis es monakveTi nebismieri qveynisaTvis warmoadgens unikalur precedents da siRrmiseul Seswavlasa da gaanalizebas saWiroebs.

41

cnobili adamianebi

margaret tetCeri rkinis ledi giorgi badriZe

vinc msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebs Tvalyurs adevnebs, ecodineba, rom bolo wlebSi raRac mniSvnelovani xdeba – gaaqtiurdnen eqstremistuli da teroristuli dajgufebebi, avtoritaruli reJimebi ar eridebian Zalis gamoyenebas rogorc sakuTar qveynebSi, ise mezoblebTan, mraval demokratiul qveyanaSi midian aRmavali gziT populisturi da nacionalisturi Zalebi. erTi sityviT, civi omis damTavrebis Semdeg Camoyalibebuli msoflio wesrigi, romelSic mravalma erma moipova Tavisufleba da demokratia, safrTxis winaSea. amis umTavresi mizezi ara avtoritaruli qveynebis an eqstremistuli ideologiebis upiratesobaa, aramed demokratiuli samyaros liderebis sisuste. diax, es ara demokratiis, aramed demokratiuli qveynebis liderobis krizisia.

42

dRevandel msoflios ise, rogorc arasdros, aklia TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli iseTi lideri, rogoric britaneTis pirveli qali premier-ministri margaret tetCeri iyo, romelmac marTlac unikaluri roli iTamaSa ara mxolod britaneTis, aramed msoflios istoriaSi. uinston CerCilis msgavsad, is im iSviaT politikur liderTa Sorisaa, vinc istoriis gezi gansazRvra. misi moRvaweobis Sedegad politikur terminologiaSi gaCnda sityva „tetCerizmi“, xolo 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisis sabWoTa gazeTSi pirvelad gamoCenili metsaxeli „rkinis ledi“ sicocxlis bolomde SerCa. es saxeli tetCerma Tavisi mtkice mrwamsisa da gautexeli xasiaTis gamo daimkvidra, rogorc XX saukunis erT-erTma udidesma politikosma da reformatorma. aqve unda iTqvas, rom tetCers rogorc sakuTar samSob-

margaret tetCeri

loSi, ise mis farglebs gareTac TayvanismcemelTa garda mravalricxovani moZuleebic hyavda da misi politikuri memkvidreobis sakiTxi dRemde cxare dapirispirebis sagania. erTi ki cxadia – aravin davobs tetCeris, rogorc politikuri movlenis, udides masStabze. margaret hilda robertsi (tetCeri meuRlis gvaria, 1951 wels margareti biznesmen denis tetCerze daqorwinda da mis gvarze gadavida) daibada 1925 wlis 13 oqtombers Crdilo-aRmosavleT inglisis provinciul qalaq grenThemSi. is Rrmad morwmune qristianul ojaxSi gaizarda, ramac misi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina. mamisgan pataraobidanve iswavla Sromis fasi da imis rwmena, rom adamians yvelafris miRweva SeuZlia, Tuki cdas ar moaklebs. margaretma skolaSive gamoavlina gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi – bejiTi swavlis Sedegad jer skolis stipendia miiRo, xolo Semdeg oqsfordis universitetSi Cairicxa da iqac stipendianti gaxda. 1947 wels tetCerma qimiaSi warCinebiT moipova samecniero xarisxi. man politikisadmi interesic universitetSi swavlisas gamoavlina, rodesac oqsfordis universitetis konservatorTa asociaciis Tavmjdomare gaxda. gamorCeuli niWisa da mizanswrafulobis miuxedavad, tetCeris politikuri kariera didi sirTuleebiT daiwyo. am dros sazogadoeba jer ar iyo bolomde Seguebuli qalTa Tanaswo-

43

cnobili adamianebi robis ideas da axalgazrda qalis politikur ambiciebs bevri sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivad aRiqvamda. magram winaaRmdegobebis gadalaxva tetCeris cxovrebis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli niSani iyo da sakuTari xasiaTis garda amaSi meuRlis Tanadgomac mniSvnelovnad daexmara.

1959 wels, mravali mcdelobis Semdeg, is pirvelad gaxda parlamentis wevri. am droidan daiwyo margaretis politikuri aRmasvla da sanam 1975 wels konservatiuli partiis lideri gaxdeboda, ganaTlebis ministrad muSaobda. swored aq mouwia mas pirveli mtkivneuli Sejaxeba sazogadoebriv azrTan, rodesac ukiduresad arapopularuli gadawyvetileba miiRo: man dawyebiT skolebSi ufaso rZis gacema akrZala, rasac sayovelTao aJiotaJi mohyva. unda iTqvas, rom yvelaferi ise martivad ar iyo, rogorc misi oponentebi warmoaCendnen. tetCers Rrmad swamda, rom sayovelTao socialuri daxmarebebi arc sasargeblo iyo da arc samarTliani: „ufaso rZe~, romelsac moswavleebs urigebdnen, sinamdvileSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis jibidan finansdeboda da gamodioda, rom rZe, romlis safasursac Raribi ojaxebic gaiRebdnen, mdidrebzec nawildeboda. am istoriam tetCeris reputacias erTi mxriv ziani miayena, magram amave dros gamoCnda, rom is iSviaTi principulobis da nebis mqone politikosi iyo, romelic ar moerideboda mtkivneuli da arapopularuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, anu swo red iseTi iyo, rogoric istoriis yvelaze krizisul dros sWirdeba qveyanas.

44

1970-iani wlebi britaneTis istoriiis yvelaze Rrma krizisis xanaa. odesRac yvela drois yvelaze didi da Zlevamosili britanuli imperia ukiduresad dasustebuli iyo da umZimes ekonomikur krizisSi imyofeboda. es iyo urTulesi gardatexis periodi, rodesac tradiciuli kavSirebi imperiis yofil Semadgenel nawilebTan gaqra, xolo ekonomika axal yaidaze jer kidev ver gadaewyo. amas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi britaneTi evropuli Tanamegobrobisa da saerTo bazris (momavalSi evrokavSiri) miRma iyo darCenili. maSin, roca sxva evropuli qveynebi integraciuli procesebis meSveobiT ekonomikur aRmavlobas ganicdidnen, 1970-iani wlebisTvis britaneTi ekonomikurad evropis erT-erT yvelaze warumatebel qveynad Camoyalibda. dRes es Znelad warmosadgenia, magram im droisTvis qveyanaSi ganadgurebuli iyo mravali warmoeba, eleqtroenergia grafikiT miewodebodaT, „ukmayofilebis zamTrad“ wodebuli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi quCebi nagviT iyo Caxergili da mSromelTa gaficvebic yoveldRiurobad qceuliyo.

margaret tetCeri

amas ori ZiriTadi mizezi hqonda: erTi ukve vaxsene – britaneTi 1950-iani wlebidan evrointegraciuli procesebis miRma aRmoCnda da daSlis procesSi myofi imperiis nawilebTan vaWrobis imedad iyo darCenili. meore mizezi ki leiboristuli mTavrobis mier nacionalizaciis procesis `gadamlaSeba~ iyo. meore msoflio omiT dazaralebul ekonomikas marTlac sWirdeboda saxelmwifos Careva, magram leiboristebis midgomam xSir SemTxvevaSi problemebi mxolod gaaRrmava: Tu mrewvelobis an biznesis romelime dargi kriziss ganicdida, mTavroba mis nacionalizacias axdenda da ase xdeboda wamgebiani dargi mTeli qveynis Sesanaxi. leiboristebis dros nacionalizacia ganicada qvanaxSiris da navTobis mopovebam, rkinigzam da fostam, saaviacio gadazidvebma da TiTqmis yvela sxva didma industriam. Sedegad britaneTi naxevrad socialistur qveynad iqca, sadac ekonomikas umetesad ara kerZo biznesi, aramed saxelmwifo moxeleebi marTavdnen. amis Sedegi iyo mudmivi gaficvebi, mosaxleobis gaRatakeba da saxelmwifos dasusteba.

swored es viTareba daxvda margaret tetCers, rodesac misi liderobiT 1979 wels konservatiulma partiam saparlamento arCevnebi moigo da britaneTs pirveli qali premier-ministri moevlina. tetCeris gegma ekonomikis krizisidan gamosayvanad radikaluri aRmoCnda. premier-ministrs Rrmad swamda, rom biznesi da warmoeba efeqturi mxolod maSin iqneboda, Tu misi warmateba an warumatebloba pirdapir aisaxeboda misi mmarTveli adamianebis Semosavalze. amgvarad, tetCerma privatizaciis farTomasStabiani procesi daiwyo, romlis farglebSic saxelmwifo seqtoris mravali warmoeba gaiyida da kerZo an saaqcio kompaniebad gadaiqca. amis saWiroeba tetCeris araerT winamorbedsac kargad esmoda, magram saxelmwifo dotaciebis Sewyvetas da masobriv privatizacias yvela erideboda. marTalia, xSir SemTxvevaSi privatizacia marTlac erTaderTi gamosavalia ekonomikis gamosacocxleblad, magram pirvel etapze mas yovelTvis umuSevrobis zrda mosdevs. umuSevroba ki, Tundac droebiTi, momaval arCevnebSi xmebis miRebas uSlis xels da amitom Zalian arapopularul nabijad miiCneva. amrigad, margaret tetCeris premierobis pirveli wlebi sruliad kritikuli aRmoCnda – privatizaciis Sedegad umuSevrad darCenilebma saprotesto talRa aagores. tetCeris adgilas, Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT, mravali sxva politikosi kompromisze wavidoda, magram is ar gatyda da reformebi gaagrZela.

45

cnobili adamianebi

4250 mili

portsmuTi

gibraltari

mi l i

amaRlebis kunZuli

00 40

folklendis kunZulebi

samxr. jorjia

britanuli operatiuli dajgufebis Tavdasxma folklendis kunZulebsa da samxreT jorjiaze, 1982

swored am dros, 1982 wels, britaneTi da piradad tetCeri axali gamowvevis winaSe aRmoCndnen. argentinis samxedro diqtatorma, generalma galtierim britanuli koloniis – folklendis da samxreT jorjiis kunZulebis okupacia moaxdina. am kunZulebze pretenzias argentina mravali wlis

46

britaneTis samefos samxedro-sazRvao flotis xomaldi HMS Sheffield, 1982

manZilze gamoTqvamda, imis miuxedavad, rom aq britanuli kontroli jer kidev 1841 wels damyarda. margaret tetCeris reaqcia sruliad kategoriuli iyo – araerTi rCevis miuxedavad, ar gaeca samxedro pasuxi, man kunZulebisken britanuli floti gaagzavna da iqidan mtris ukugdeba ubrZana. viTarebas isic amZimebda, rom, Sida sirTuleebis garda, britaneTis mxares arc saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba idga: qveynebis nawili molaparakebebs emxroboda, nawili ki argentinas edga gverdiT. tetCerma Tavisi mTavrobidan daiTxova daTmobis momxre sagareo ministri da argentinasTan omSi Caeba. am omma didwi-

margaret tetCeri

lad gadawyvita misi mTeli Semdgomi politikuri kariera. samxedro damarcxebis SemTxvevaSi tetCers Sidapolitikuri marcxic garantirebuli hqonda. folklendis omSi britaneTis triumfalurma gamarjvebam tetCeris momavali politikuri gamarjvebebic gansazRvra. man advilad moigo 1983 wlisa da 1987 wlis saparlamento arCevnebi da saSualeba mieca gaegrZelebina Zireuli reformebi. tetCeris warmatebis mTavari saidumlo iyo ara politikis xelovnebis siRrmiseuli codna an niWi, aramed is, rom politikaSi yovelTvis, gamonaklisis gareSe, sakuTari mrwamsiT da faseulobebiT xelmZRvanelobda. misTvis miuRebeli iyo am faseulobebis gawirva politikuri sargebelis miRebis sanacvlod da swored aman ganapiroba rogorc misi aRmasvla britaneTisa da msoflio politikis mwvervalebze, ise Zalauflebis dakargvac, rodesac zedized sam arCevnebSi gamarjvebis miuxedavad, 1990 wels sakuTarma Tanagundelebma gadadgoma aiZules.

Znelad warmosadgenia sxva adamiani, romelic britaneTis ekonomikuri da politikuri ufskrulidan gamosayvanad esoden mtkivneul da fundamentur reformebs

SeeWideboda. es reformebi – masobrivi privatizacia, socialuri programebis Sekveca da bevri sxva radikaluri cvlileba, romlebsac „tetCeris revolucias“ uwodeben, dRemde mwvave dapirispirebis sagnad rCeba britaneTSi. memarcxene Zalebs ar warmoudgeniaT tetCerze ufro saZulveli politikuri figura, xolo sxvebisTvis is sworedac rom gmiria, romelmac qveyana srul ganadgurebas gadaarCina. asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom 1979 wlisTvis, roca tetCerma premier-ministris Tanamdeboba pirvelad moipova, britaneTi didxniani ekonomikuri da politikuri qaosis pirobebSi cxovrobda da erT dros msoflios uZlieresi saxelmwifo yofna-aryofnis sakiTxis winaSe idga. 1990 wels tetCerma sul sxva britaneTi datova – ufro darwmunebuli sakuTar TavSi da ekonomikuri aRmasvlis gzaze Semdgari. msoflios aseve gaumarTla, rom globaluri komunizmis winaaRmdeg mebrZol or bumberaz figuras – ronald reigans da margaret tetCers – erTdroulad mouwiaT moRvaweoba, ramac isini uaxloes TanamebrZolebad da megobrebad aqcia. transatlantikuri kavSiri da aSS-britaneTis „gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi“ arasdros yofila iseTi myari, rogoric iyo reigan-tetCeris partniorobis periodSi.

.

ronald reigani da margaret tetCeri, 1979

47

cnobili adamianebi

FRANCIS FUKUYAMA

frensis fukuiama da misi `istoriis dasasruli~

reiganis da tetCeris moRvaweobis miwuruls, 1989 wels, amerikelma mecnierma frensis fukuiamam im droisTvis sensaciuri saTauris mqone statia gamoaqveyna. mas „istoriis dasasruli“ ewodeboda. samarTlianobisTvis unda aRvniSno, rom saTauris bolos dasmulia kiTxvis niSani. statiis Sinaarsic aranakleb pretenziul debulebas Seicavda. masSi laparakia ara samyaros, aramed civi omis dasasrulze, roca erTmaneTs da-

48

upirispirda ara mxolod qveynebis ori jgufi, romlebsac aSS da sabWoTa kavSiri uZRvebodnen, aramed ori politikuri sistema. fukuiama amtkicebda, rom demokratia, Tavisuflebaze, kanonis uzenaesobasa da Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli politikuri sistema, sabolood amarcxebda komunizms – Zalmomreobasa da mTavrobis mier marTul ekonomikaze dafuZnebul sistemas. amiT unda dasrulebuliyo istoriis erTi umniSvnelovanesi faza. amis safuZvels iZleoda is faqti, rom msoflios mravali eri, romelic sabWoTa gavlenas an uSualo batonobas ganicdida, gamoxatavda Tavisufali da demokratiuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis survils. ra Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmob, rom komunizmi reiganma da tetCerma martom daamarcxes. sabWoTa kavSiris marcxi, pirvel rigSi, misma politikurma sistemam da ideologiam gansazRvra, ramac es uzarmazari imperia gakotrebamde miiyvana, magram tetCerisa da reiganis gareSe es sistema kidev didxans iarsebebda.

Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom Cveni drois gamowvevebs – eqstremizmis, nacionalizmis da populizmis aRmasvlas – swored margaret tetCeris msgavsi liderebi daa-

margaret tetCeri

marcxeben, romlebic gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas Tavisuflebisadmi siyvaruliT, mtkice principebiT da mrwamsiT xelmZRvaneloben da ara uaxloesi arCevnebis mogebisa Tu sakuTari keTildReobis gazrdis mizniT. samwuxarod, dRes aseTi liderebis didi naklebobaa. bevrisTvis politika Zalauflebis moxveWis saSualebaa da amisTvis mza-

daa adamianebs rTuli problemebidan martiv gamosavals dahpirdes, uTxras is, rac maT moewonebaT, magram mere dapirebebi daiviwyos. namdvili liderebis roli ki isaa, rom xalxs simarTle uTxran maSinac, rodesac is bevrs ar moswons da swori mimarTulebiT gauZRvnen, roca ioli, magram mcdari gza arsebobs.

`bednierebaa ara roca arafers akeTeb, aramed roca mTeli dRe Sromob, araqaTi gamogecleba da mixvdebi, rom raRac kargi gaakeTe~.

`politikaSi Tu ginda rame iTqvas – sTxove kacs da Tu ginda rame gakeTdes – sTxove qals~.

`siZneleebis gareSe verasodes verafers miaRwev~.

`brbos ki nu gahyvebi, gaiyole!~ margaret tetCeri

49

mecniereba

Blue Brain Project

lurji tvinis proeqti ganviTarebis etapebi TaTia kuxalaSvili

adamianze Wkviani manqanebi, kiborgizacia, adamianis saTadarigo srulfasovani sxeulebi, fiqriT marTuli avatarebi, humanoidi robotebi, marsis kolonizacia da bolos – adamianis ukvdaveba – XXI saukunis damdegis fantastikuri Janris es literaturuli saxeebi ara marto axali, meoTxe industriuli revoluciis wamyvan ideologemebad iqca, aramed gamalebiT mimdinareobs maTi samecniero-teqnologiuri SemuSavebis procesi, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba xelovnur inteleqts. rogorc Cans, am revoluciis masStabi, gaqaneba da, rac mTavaria, siCqare gacilebiT STambeWdavi da Sokismomgvreli iqneba, vidre yvela manamde mom-

50

xdari industriuli transformacia. teqnologiuri singularobis koncefciis Tanaxmad, xelovnuri inteleqtis ganviTareba SeiZleba kontrols aRar daeqvemdebaros da kacobriobas realurad daudges adamianis evoluciuri saxecvlilebis safrTxe, rac absoluturad amoayiravebs dRemde arsebul yvela warmodgenas samyarosa da mis eTikur sistemebze. miuxedavad amisa, msoflio istoria aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri progresis SeCereba ara marto SeuZlebelia, aramed sworic araa, radgan miuxedavad im uamravi riskisa, rac am process axlavs, mas adamianis sakeTildReod Zalian bevri problemis mogvareba SeuZlia.

lurji tvinis proeqti

teqnologiuri singularoba – samecniero codnis eqsponencialurad, anu geometriuli progresiiT daCqarebuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, romlis Teoretikosebis (vernor vinji, rei kurceili)… da mimdevrebis azriT, dadgeba hipoTeturi momenti (sxvadasxva prognoziT – 2030-2045 ww.), roca teqnologiuri progresi imdenad daCqardeba da garTuldeba, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdeba misi Semecneba da marTva.

neiromecniereba _ nervuli sistemis, neironebis da neironuli sqemebis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa erToblioba, romelic sakuTriv neirobiologiasTan erTad moicavs kognitiur mecnierebas, bioqimias, informatikas, lingvistikas,medicinas, fizikas, filosofias, fsiqologias.

kacobrioba Sedis neiromecnierebis xanaSi. tvinis kvleva intensiurad mimdinareobs. es wamyvani qveynebisaTvis mecnierebis strategiuli mimarTulebaa. dRes msoflios masStabiT mimdinare amgvari proeqtebidan umTavresia amerikis, evropis, iaponiisa da CineTis 10-15 weliwadze gaTvlili iniciativebi, sadac ori aTasamde mecnieria CarTuli. es megaproeqtebia:

51

mecniereba BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) _ tvinis kvleva mowinave inovaciuri neiroteqnologiebis meSveobiT, TeTri saxlis TanamSromlobis (nawilobriv saxelmwifo, nawilobriv kerZo dafinansebiT) iniciativa, romlis dawyebac obamas administraciam 2013 wlis 2 aprils gamoacxada.

Blue Brain Project (2005)/Human Brain Project (2013) – Sveicariis tvinis nacionaluri iniciativa, lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis (EPFL) da tvinisa da gonebis institutis (the Brain Mind Institute - BMI) proeqtebi, evrokomisiis `momavlis da ganviTarebadi teqnologiebis~ programis flagmani. xorcieldeba evrokavSiris, lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis da kerZo seqtoris dafinansebiT. Brain/MINDS (Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies _ integrirebuli neiroteqnologiebiT tvinis kartografireba daavadebaTa kvlevisTvis) iaponiis ganaTlebis, kulturis, sportis da teqnologiebis saministros proeqti (2014 wlidan).

China Brain Project _ CineTis mecnierebaTa akademiis neiromecnierebis institutis proeqti, xorcieldeba baidus (vebservisebis Cinuri kompania, saZiebo sistemebis erT-erTi lideri msoflioSi) mxardaWeriT (2016 wlis ivnisidan).

gansxvavebuli midgomebisa da prioritetebis miuxedavad, am proeqtebs aerTianebs tvinis uprecedento detaluri kartografirebis, misi ujredebis gansxvavebuli tipebis, maTi aqtivobebis da urTierTqmedebebis asaxvis ambiciuri mizani. rogorc acxadeben, yvela es proeqti mimarTulia Seqmnan tvinis paTologiebis (Sizofreniis, depresiis, alcheimeris, parkinsonis, autizmis da sxv.) prevenciuli diagnostirebisa da Sesabamisi mkurna-

lobis (simptomatikis daTrgunvis magier) srulfasovani meTodebis safuZvlebi. isic naTelia, rom es kvlevebi fasdaudebeli iqneba xelovnuri inteleqtis srulyofisTvisac. zemoT CamoTvlili proeqtebidan yvelaze masStaburia lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis (EPFL) proeqtebi, romelTa saerTo dafinansebac 1,6 miliard evros aRwevs. yvelaferi daiwyo 2005 wels Blue Brain Project-iT. am farTomasStabiani kvleviTi programis mizani iyo mRrRnelis tvinis struqturis da funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna adamianis neokorteqsis (axali qerqis) modelirebis perspeqtiviT. proeqtis damaarseblis, direqtoris da saxis henri markramis da misi gundis novatoroba is iyo, rom gadawyvites tvinis Semswavleli mecnierebebis im droisaTvis arsebuli yvela miRwevis TavianT kvlevebSi integrireba, sakuTari empiriuli monacemebis damateba da am safuZvelze tvinis funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna.

52

lurji tvinis proeqti

NEOCORTEX

neokorteqsi (axali qerqi) Tavis tvinis didi naxevarsferoebis qerqis yvelaze rTuli agebulebis nawilia, romelic evoluciis gvirgvinad miiCneva _ mis Seqmnas 11 miliardi weli dasWirda. misi ganviTarebis xarisxi swored isaa, rac adamians sxva cxovelebisgan ganasxvavebs. Tevzebs is ar gaaCniaT, qvewarmavlebSi Zalian mcire zomisa da martivad mowyobilia, ZuZumwovrebSi mravalSreobrivi agebuleba aqvs da wilebad iyofa, adamianSi ki rekorduli raodenobis SreebiTaa warmodgenili da Seadgens Tavis tvinis qerqis ZiriTad nawils. neokorteqsi mdebareobs tvinis naxevarsferoebis zeda fenaSi. misi sisqea 2-4 mm. neokorteqsi ganagebs sensorul aRqmas, cnobier azrovnebas, motoruli brZanebebis Sesrulebas da metyvelebas adamianebSi. neokorteqsis Sreebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs saazrovno procesze. ZaRlis tvinSi neokorteqsi oTxSriania, amitomac am cxovels ar aqvs, magaliTad, situaciis prognozirebis da am prognozze dayrdnobiT Semdgomi logikuri moqmedebebis unari. adamianis neokorteqsSi ki eqvsi Srea, rac mas Sesabamisi sirTulis unarebiT aRWurvavs. neokorteqsis SemadgenlobaSi ori tipis neironebia: piramiduli (80%) da Sualeduri (20%). es neironebi gaerTianebulia neironul svetebad, anu kortikalur modulebad.

henri markrami (daibada 1962 wels samxreT afrikis respublikaSi) Blue Brain Projectisa da Human Brain Broject-is damfuZnebeli da direqtori, Sveicariis „tvinis da gonebis institutis“ (BMI) damaarsebeli, lozanis federaluri teqnologiuri skolis profesori da misi neironuli mikrosqemebis laboratoriis xelmZRvaneli. h. markrami ikvlevs sinaptikur plastikurobasa da neokorteqsis mikrosqemebs. mis umniSvnelovanes aRmoCenaTa Sorisaa likviduri informatika da autizmis intensiuri samyaros Teoria. markramis STagonebis wyaro autizmisa da zogadad tvinis kvlevisas aris misi vaJi – kai markrami, romelsac 5 wlis asakSi daudginda aspergeris sindromi (autizmis erT-erTi forma). h. markrams gamoqveynebuli aqvs asze meti samecniero naSromi, romlebic 25000-ze metjeraa citirebuli. henri markrami xuTi Svilis mamaa.

53

mecniereba

Descartes Leibniz

Descartes

Ada Lovelace adamianis gonebis xelovnuri analogis Seqmnis idea ramdenime saukunisaa. mis pirvel Teoriul safuZvlad dekartes meqanikur Teorias miiCneven. dekartem naSromSi „msjeloba meTodis Sesaxeb“ (1637) gamoTqva im droisTvis Zalze eqstravagantuli azri: adamianis sxeuli aris „cxoveluri manqana“ (meqanizmi), romelic SeiZleba mecnierulad SeviswavloT. is fiqrobda, rom adamianis qmedeba aris garemos mxridan stimulaciis sapasuxod „grZnobis organoTi“ kunTebis Sesabamisi jgufisTvis gadacemuli meqanikuri refleqsi. „Wkviani manqanebis“ pirvel realizebul modelebad miCneulia blez paskalis „damTvleli manqana“ da gotfrid laibnicis „ariTmometri“, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad daedo Carlz bebijisa da ada lavleisis (jorj baironis qaliSvilis) pirveli programirebadi manqanis Seqmnis mcdelobebs (1823 wlidan). erTi saukunis Semdeg, meore teqnologiuri revoluciis epoqaSi, anu XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, erTmaneTis miyolebiT gamoqveynda naSromebi, romlebic ukve Tanamedrove xelovnuri inteleqtis Teoriis ganviTarebas daedo safuZvlad: bertran raselis da alfred nort uaiThedis `maTematikis principebi“ (1910-1913), romelmac gadatrialeba moaxdina formalur logikaSi; uoren makkalokis da uolter pitsis statia „nervul aqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli ideebis logikuri gaTvla“ (1943), romelSic pirve-

54

lad alaparakdnen neironul qselebze da xelovnuri neironis modeli warmoadgines; donald hebis „qcevis organizeba“ (1949), sadac aRwerilia adamianis tvinis ujredebis xelovnuri analogebisgan Sedgenili konstruqciis swavlebis meTodebi; alan tiuringis legendaruli statia „gamomTvleli manqanebi da goneba“ (1950), romelSic avtori ayenebs sakiTxs, SeuZliaT Tu ara manqanebs fiqri, anu SeuZliaT Tu ara maT „iseTi moqmedeba, romelic ar gansxvavdeba gaazrebuli moqmedebisgan“. 1952 wels alan loid hojkini da endriu haqsli qmnian maTematikur models, romelmac aRwera neironebSi qcevis potencialis ganvrcoba da warmoqmna (hojkin-haqslis modeli). amisTvis isini 1963 wels dajildovdnen nobelis premiiT fiziologiisa da medicinis dargSi. XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan dRemde xelovnuri inteleqtis kompiuterulma teqnologiebma marTlac eqsponencialuri ganviTareba aCvena. simboluri, logikuri, agentorientirebuli da hibriduli midgomebis srulyofam migviyvana iqamde, rom mecnierebma manqanebs aswavles yureba, obieqtebis gansxvaveba, brZanebebis gageba, saxis mimikiT ganwyobis amocnobac ki. magram Riad rCeba sakiTxi, Tu rogor mivaniWoT manqanebs mgrZnobeloba da cnobiereba. mecnierebi mividnen im mosazrebamde, rom adamianis gonebis fenomeni tvinis biologiuri struqturiT da misi funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT aixsneba. swored es idea daedo safuZvlad „lurji tvinis proeqtis“ wamowyebas.

lurji tvinis proeqti

synapsis sinafsisi (berZn. kavSiri, SeerTeba) – or neirons an neironsa da signalis mimReb ujreds Soris kontaqtis adgili.

markrami xazs usvams, rom adamianis tvinis modelirebis mTavari winaaRmdegoba ufro bolo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi nevrologia-neirofiziologiaSi dagrovili aRmoCenebis uzarmazari moculobis daqsaqsulobaa. jerjerobiT maTi mTlian suraTad Sekvra ver xerxdeba – `dRes aravinaa iseTi, vinc tvinis muSaobis Sesaxeb icis yvelaferi, rac aqamde maszea cnobili. tvinis modeli dagvexmareba yvelafer amis SekrebaSi da saSualebas miscems nebismiers gadaamowmos Teoriebi tvinSi mimdinare procesebis bunebis Sesaxeb“. aseTi iyo gzavnilebi proeqtis dawyebisas, roca markramis gundi neokorteqsis modelirebas Seudga.

Blue Brain Project-Si neokorteqsis neironuli svetebis modelireba IBM-is superkompiuteris Blue Gene-is (lurji geni) saSualebiT xorcieldeba. am samuSaos pirveli miRweva iyo virTxis tvinis neokorteqsis erTi svetis Seqmna. amisaTvis „lurji tvinis“ gundma gamoiyena superkompiuteri, romlis 8192 procesori 10000 neironis modelirebas axdenda. xelovnuri neironebis dasakavSireblad Blue Gene-ma Seqmna 3x107 sinafsisi. aseTi iyo pirveli wlis Sedegebi. momdevno aTi weli virTxis 31000 nei-

ronuli svetisgan Semdgari mTeli neokorteqsis modelirebas dasWirda, risTvisac saWiro gaxda tvinis ujredebis sxvadasxva tipis da maT Soris urTierTqmedebebis TaviseburebaTa Seswavla. virTxis neokorteqsis (misi moculoba mxolod 0,29 mm3-ia) cifruli analogis emulacias dasWirda Blue Gene-is mTeli gamoTvliTi simZlavre, romelic 209 teraflopss udris. mecnierebma daiTvales, rom virTxis tvinis am mcire nawilSi sul 40 000 000 sinafsisia da TiToeuli neironi mezobel an moSorebul ujredebTan 2000 sinafsisiTaa dakavSirebuli. virTxis tvinis cifruli modelis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda gonebis erT-erTi fenomenis safuZvlis mikvleva. aRmoCnda, rom garkveuli nivTierebebis (maT Soris kaliumis ionebis) koncentraciis perioduli cvlileba gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor gadaewyoba individualuri nervuli ujredebis urTierTqmedeba. markramma aseTi fenomenis magaliTad SiSze reaqcia moiyvana: adrenalinis da sxva hormonebis donis gazrdiT tvini SeiZleba gadaerneokorteqsis in silico neironis gamosaxuleba

henri markrami ar fiqrobs, rom adamianis tvinis agebulebis zusti aslis SeqmnisTvis misi sirTulea barieri: „cxadia, tvins ukiduresad rTuli struqtura aqvs, radgan Sedgeba trilionobiT sinafsisis, miliardobiT neironis, milionobiT cilis da aTasobiT genisgan, magram yvela es ricxvi sasrulia. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi imdenad ganviTarebulia, rom mokle vadebSi SevZlebT tvinis konstruqciis agebas“.

55

mecniereba Tos agresiis an gaqcevis reJimze. h. markrami miiCnevs, rom tvinis muSaobaze garkveuli nivTierebebis koncentraciis gavlenis Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems gavigoT, ratom iqceva adamiani ama Tu im situaciaSi araadekvaturad.

aqvs. modeli, romelic markramis gundma Seqmna, kompiuterze tvinis nebismieri struqturis neironuli svetis gamosaxvis saSualebas iZleva, rac SesaZlebels xdis sxvadasxva adamianis mier samyaros aRqmis principebi gavigoT.

BBP-is formatSi muSaobisas mecnierebi gaerkvnen imaSic, Tu rogor qmnian neironebi kavSirebs mezobel ujredebTan. neironuli svetis modelma aCvena, rom sinafsisis modelirebisTvis, romelic neirons tvinis mezobel ujredebTan daakavSirebs, araa saWiro qerqis garkveul SreSi neironis adgilmdebareobis codna. neironuli kavSirebis maRali sizustiT prognozirebisTvis sakmarisia garkveuli tipis neironebis Sesabamis SreebSi ganTavseba iseTi parametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa maTi ganTavsebis simkvrive da saWiro raodenoba.

proeqtis CarCoebSi ikvleven Teorias, romlis mixedviTac adamianis tvini qmnis („sapnis buStis“ msgavs) samyaros erTgvar models, romlis proecirebasac realobaze axdens. es varaudi xsnis, Tu rogor iRebs adamiani gadawyvetilebebs – Cveni yoveldRiurobis mniSvnelovan Semadgenels. Blue Brain Project-is Seqmnili modelis safuZvelze, – ambobs markrami, – SesaZlebeli iqneba imis dadgena, aqvs Tu ara am Teorias realuri mtkicebulebebi, sakmarisia Tu ara tvinis gamoTvliTi simZlavre imisTvis, rom SevqmnaT individis samyaros modeli, gavigoT, ras niSnavs realobis aRqma da ra mizezebiT xdeba masSi darRvevebi“.

BBP-is kvlevebiT dadginda, rom erTi adamianis tvinSic ki ar arsebobs ori erTnairi neironi. tvinis struqturis aseTi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, adamianebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan urTierToba imitom, rom neironebs Soris kavSirebis qsovilis moxatuloba erTnairia yvela adamianSi, anu tvinis qsovili yvelas identuri

56

2010 wels henri markramma 80 evropeli da saerTaSoriso partnioris konsorciumi Seqmna, romlebmac SeimuSaves BBP-is Semdgomi gafarToebis, anu „Human Brain Project“-is (HBP) saproeqto winadadeba. 2013 wlis ianvarSi, mra-

lurji tvinis proeqti

emulacia _ erTi gamoTvliTi (`stumari~) sistemis funqciebis kopireba da gadatana (datana) meoreze.

flopsi – gare sistemuri erTeuli, kompiuteris mwarmoeblobis sazomi.

valsafexuriani ganxilvis Semdeg, proeqti airCies FET-is (The Future and Emerging Technologies) evrokomisiis samecniero programis `momavlis da ganviTarebadi teqnologiebis“ oridan erT-erT flagmanad da gadawyda misi 10wliani dafinanseba. proeqti daiwyo imave wlis oqtombridan da amJamad 112 partniori hyavs. proeqtSi CarTuli mecnierebi erToblivad muSaoben rogorc neokorteqsis, ise tvinis sxva nawilebis – sensor-motoruli qerqis, hipokampis, naTxemis, bazaluri gangliebis – kompiuterul rekonstruqciaze, Semdeg ki gadavlen virTxis mTeli tvinis modelirebaze. miRebuli Sedegebi safuZvlad daedeba adamianis tvinis srul rekonstruqcias. proeqti axali dawyebulia da jer adrea mis Sedegebze saubari.

57

mecniereba

Human Brain Project-i 12 qveproeqtisgan Sedgeba:

1

mRrRnelis tvinis agebuleba

monacemebiTa da Teoriuli baziT exmareba sxva qveproeqtebis muSaobas. virTxa rCeba adamianis tvinis funqciis kvlevis saorientacio modelad. dRes qveproeqti 1 fokusirebulia tvinis oTx mTavar ubanze: neokorteqsze (Talamokortikaluri sistemis CaTvliT), hipokampusze, bazalur gangliasa da naTxemze, aseve tvinis gansakuTrebul ubnebSi molekuluri, genetikuri da anatomiuri modelebis cal-calke Seswavlaze.

2

adamianis tvinis agebuleba

aq SemuSavebul monacemebs, meTodebsa da instrumentebs gamoiyeneben adamianis tvinis mravalSriani da mravalmasStabiani agebulebis, misi pirveli rekonstruqciisa da simulaciis Sesaqmnelad da dasakanoneblad. es monacemebi gaamdidreben HBP-is multimodalur atlass, romelic iqmneba qveproeqt 5-Tan TanamSromlobiT, radgan moicavs rogorc molekulur da ujredovan, ise sistemur doneebs. gamokvleuli iqneba sxvaoba adamianis tvinsa da sxva biologiuri saxeobebis (ara adamianis msgavsi maimunebis, mRrRnelebis) tvinebs Soris.

3

sistemebi da kognitiuri neiromecniereba

qveproeqtis mizania im meqanizmebis gaxsna, romlebic safuZvlad udevs kognitur (SemecnebiT) procesebs – Semecnebas,

58

aRqmas, Zils, cnobierebas da urTierTmoqmedi sistemebis fenomenebs. proeqtis Sedegebi gaafarTovebs safuZvels kognituri da sistemuri donis procesebis gamoTvliTi modelebis ganviTarebisTvis, romelTa realizebac SesaZlebelia robotebsa da neiromorful kompiuterul sistemebSi moxdes.

4

Teoriuli neiromecniereba

aq momuSave Teoritikosebis gundi miznad isaxavs tvinis dabal donesa da didmasStabian aRwerilobebs Soris kavSiris damyarebas. ikvleven modelebs TiTo neironis donidan neironul populaciebamde, aseve tvinis funqciebis fundamentur aspeqtebs – spontanuri aqtivobis geneziss, dabali donis mxedvelobas, motorul kontrols, sensorul-motorul koordinacias, sivrciT navigacias.

5

neiroinformatikis platforma

qveproeqtis farglebSi HBP-is erT-erTi sakvanZo mimarTulebis – adamianisa da mRrRnelis tvinis eqsperimentul monacemTa bazaze kompiuteruli tvinis modelebis agebis mizniT Semdegi instrumentebi da servisebi SeimuSaves: monacemebisa da metamonacemebis Seyvana Knowledge Graph-Si (Google-is semantikuri teqnologiisa da codnis bazaSi), romelic unda gaxdes mTavari resursi tvinis monacemTa farTo wris integraciisTvis;

lurji tvinis proeqti

monacemTaTvis adgilmdebareobis dadgena standartuli atlasis sivrceSi da amiT Knowledge Graph-Si monacemTa dakavSireba Tagvis, virTxis da adamianis atlasebis linkebTan;

si versia, gaerTianebuli algoriTmebi da samuSao gegmebi rekonstruqciis da simulaciisTvis subujredul, ujredul, mikrosqemis da tvinis moniSnuli regionis an sistemis doneebze;

Knowledge Graph-Si aRmoCenil monacemTa dazusteba, ganxilva da analizi;

instrumentebi da oqmebi in silico eqsperimentirebis da modelis dakanonebisTvis.

samecniero proeqtebis organizeba, romlebic xels Seuwyobs urTierTqmedebas, TanamSromlobas da uzrunvelyofs xelmisawvdom vebsacavs HBP-is mTeli kolaboratoriisTvis (e.i. virtualuri saerTo laboratoriisTvis).

6

tvinis simulaciis platforma

es aris internetiT xelmisawvdomi TanamSromlobis platforma, aseve tvinis simulaciis platforma, romelic SemuSavebulia tvinis modelebis winaswari rekonstruqciisa da simulaciisTvis. man unda Seqmnas:

7

maRali siswrafis analitikisa da gamoTvlebis platforma

qveproeqti gankuTvnilia supergamoTvlebis, monacemTa Senaxvis, vizualizaciis resursis rTuli modelebis simulaciis da neirosamecniero monacemebis gansakuTrebiT didi moculobebis analizisaTvis. mimarTulebebia: monacemTa gamaZlierebeli supergamoTvlebi, interaqtiuli vizualizacia, dinamikuri resursis menejmenti, axali maRali siswrafis gamoTvliTi sistemebi.

molekuluri donis grZelaqsoniani neironebis dakiduli modelebi da kortikaluri da subkortikaluri regionebis SerCeuli ubnebis ujreduli donis rekonstruqciebi; Tagvis mTliani tvinis qselis donis modelebi; gamartivebuli modelebi neiromorful kompiuterul sistemebSi dasanergad; tvinis simulaciis platformis sawyi-

kalaTovani ujredi neokortikularuli mikrosqemis cifrul rekonstruqciaSi

59

mecniereba

8

samedicino informatikis platforma

monacemTa marTvis inovaciuri sistema, romelic mecnierebs aRWuravs klinikuri neiromecnierebis anonimuri (depersonalizebuli) monacemebis didi moculobebis miRebisa da analizis meTodologiiT.

9

neiromorfuli gamoTvliTi platforma

saSualebas aZlevs araeqspert neiromecnierebs da inJinrebs warmoadginon eqsperimentebi or rekonfiguraciul neiromorful kompiuterul sistemaSi: BrainScaleS da SpiNNaker. isini gamoSvebulia proeqtis sawarmoo simZlavris fazis boloSi da mTlianad integrirebulia HBP-is platformebis infrastruqturaSi. orive sistema nergavs tvinis gamartivebuli da ganzogadebuli sqemebis modelebs.

10

neirorobotikis platforma

programuli uzrunvelyofis da aparaturis infrastruqtura, romliTac SesaZlebelia tvinis dakanonebuli modelebis robotebis sxeulebis da maTi garemos simulaciebTan dakavSireba. neirorobotikis platformis pirveli versia moicavs rogorc robotebis dizainer, garemos mSenebel da daxSuli ciklis Zravas, ise platformis „maspinZel“ aparaturas. is uzrunvelyofs internetinstrumentebs da robotebis asawyob modelebs, eqsperimentebs da garemos. is mecnierebs TanamSromlobisa da virtualuri eqsperimentebis saSualebas aZlevs.

60

11

centraluri servisebi

exmareba HBP-s gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, ganagebs menejmentis struqturas da evropuli kvlevebis programas, uzrunvelyofs gamWvirvalobis da angariSvaldebulebis garantiebs donorebis da mewileebis mimarT, inarCunebs xarisxis da Sesrulebis standarts. misi umTavresi pasuxismgeblobaa samecniero gzamkvlevis koordinireba da proeqtis ganxorcielebis etapebisa da miRweuli Sedegebis meTvalyureoba HBP-is informaciuli da komunikaciuri platformis servisebSi.

10

eTika da sazogadoeba

eTika da sazogadoeba HBP-is arsebiTi nawilia. is uzrunvelyofs sando kvlevisa da inovaciis (RRI) mimarTulebis gatarebas da proeqtis miznebis eTikuri formiT ganxorcielebas. qveproeqti atarebs HBP-is kvlevebis procesSi gaCenili konceptualuri, socialuri, eTikuri, samarTlebrivi da kulturologiuri Sedegebis da gamowvevebis eqspertizas. swavlobs neiroeTikis da filosofiis prognozebs, Tvalyurs adevnebs sazogadoebis CarTulobas da uzrunvelyofs kvlevebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis informirebas. gundi HBP-Tvis qmnis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis eTikur programebs da TanamSromlobs eTikis damoukidebel mrCevelTa sabWosTan.

lurji tvinis proeqti

unda iTqvas, rom gabeduli ideebis masStaburi wardgena xSirad uamrav oponents aCens. ase iyo, magaliTad, 1990 wels, roca bevrs ar sjeroda genomis gaSifvris proeqtis warmatebisa. arc BBP/HBP aRmoCnda gamonaklisi. amocanis ambiciurobam da kolosalurma saxelmwifo dafinansebam samecniero wreebi aalaparaka. proeqtis kritikosebi mianiSnebdnen, rom SeuZlebelia im sistemis konstruireba, romelzec cota ramaa cnobili. „araferi, ris danaxvasac am modelSi SeZlebT, zustad ar asaxavs tvinSi mimdinare realur procesebs“, – ganacxada kolumbiis universitetis Teoriuli neiromecnierebis centris damaarsebelma, profesorma lari ebotma. imaves amtkicebda ciurixis neiroinformatikis institutis wamyvani specialisti rodni duglasic: „kidec rom gamovides modelis Seqmna, Cven mainc ver gavigebT rogor muSaobs igi. Cven ar gvaqvs kodi, gasaRebi, romelic mis gaSifvraSi dagvexmareba. Tan arsebiTi gansxvavebaa kompiuterul modelsa da adamanis tvins Soris“. „ra saWiroa msgavsi simulaciebis gakeTeba, roca Cven uZlurni varT wvimis Wiayelis moqmedebis simulacia SevqmnaT, roca mas mxolod 300 neironi aqvs“, – ganacxada neirobiologiis profesorma ciurixis politeqnikuri skolidan rihard hanlozerma da proeqts `realuri SigTavsis armqone dapirebebiT savse nageboba“ uwoda.

mokled, saqme skandalamde mivida. cnobili mecnierebis 156-kacianma jgufma xeli moawera evrokomisiisadmi werils („Open Message to the European Commission concerning the Human Brain Project“), sadac eWvqveS ayenebdnen mecnierebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ambiciuri megaproeqtis aucileblobas da misi boikotirebiT imuqrebodnen. maT gaakritikes proeqtis marTvis xarisxi da moiTxoves miznebis gadaxedva. henri markramma xelmomwerebze ganacxada, rom isini „ar iReben meTodologiuri paradigmis cvlilebas“ kompiuteruli modelirebis mimarTulebiT, proeqts ki kvlav mravali mxardamWeri mecnieri hyavs. „dRes yvela neirofiziologi Tavis patara kuTxeSi iqeqeba. Cven ki neiromecnierebis mTel samyaros gaerTianebisken movuwodebT,“ – ganacxada man. miuxedavad uamravi winaaRmdegobisa, markramis da lozanis teqnologiuri skolis proeqti rCeba tvinis kvlevis da didi moculobis neiromonacemTa moZieba-sistematizebis wamyvan samecniero kvlevad da mis ganviTarebas imedis TvaliT Sehyurebs mowinave samecniero sazogadoeba mTel msoflioSi.

61

mecniereba Son hili, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtori, proeqtis neiroinformatikis mimarTulebis xelmZRvaneli, Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis qveproeqtis Tanadireqtori. lozanis federalur politeqnikur skolaSi (EPFL) „tvinis mdgomareobaTa neironuli safuZvlebis“ laboratoriis xelmZRvaneli. SvedeTis samefo institutis `neiroinformatikis saerTaSoriso makoordinirebeli komisiis (INCF)~ aRmasrulebeli (2011-2013) da samecniero direqtori (2014-2016). koordinatoris da mrCevlis statusiT Son hili CarTulia klinikuri informatikis araerT iniciativaSi msoflios masStabiT. misi profesiuli kompetenciaa: didmasStabiani simulacia, neiroinformatika, tvinis mikrosqemebi, neokorteqsi, Talamusi, koneqtomi, Zilis da RviZilis mdgomareobebi, integrirebuli informacia, tvinis atlasebi, TMS (transkranialuri magnituri stimulacia), EEG (eleqtroencefalograma).

me saSualeba momeca gavsaubrebodi am istoriuli samecniero proeqtis erT-erT wamyvan figuras, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtorsa da Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis mimarTulebis Tanadireqtors, profesor Son hils, risTvisac mas madlobas vuxdi Jurnal „Cemi samyaros“ da qarTveli inteleqtualuri sazogadoebis saxeliT. gTavazobT masTan eqskluziur intervius: 1. rogorc viciT, tvini yvelaze rTuli obieqtia samyaroSi da misi Seswavla XXI saukunis mecnierebis mTavar saqmedaa gamocxadebuli. ratom gaxda ara marto saWiro, aramed SesaZlebelic amgvari zeamocanis dayeneba maincdamainc axla?

– mecniereba gvaZlevs analizis da sinTezis safuZvels, romelic STambeWdavad zogadi da mZlavria. me mjera, rom Cven gvaqvs saTanado arsenali tvinis fundamenturi principebis aRmosaCenad da gasagebad.

– Tanamedrove neiromecniereba 100 wlisaa, mas ramon i kaxalma Cauyara safuZveli. dRes tvinis gazomvis da manipulirebis teqnologia Zalian maRal donezea (maRali simkvrivis eleqtrodebi, optogenetika, eqspansiuri mikroskopia da sxv.). amave dros monacemTa didi moculobebis marTva iseT safexurze avida, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvewyo didi moculobis monacemTa integrireba da analizi. paralelurad, neironul qselebs ganixilaven, rogorc xelovnuri inteleqtis formas da es interesic bevrisTvis STagonebis wyarod aqcevs tvins.

3. Tqvenma proeqtma xeli mohkida neokorteqsis – tvinis evoluciurad yvelaze axalgazrda da yvelaze rTuli nawilis – modelirebas. ra aris dReisaTvis tvinis muSaobis modelirebis mTavari problemebi – hojkinis da haqslis mere xom bevri ram Seicvala. magaliTad, wamikiTxavs, rom Tu adre ujredis membranaze gamaval ionis transports ubralod „kaliumis arxs“ uwodebdnen, dRes neironuli kaliumis arxebis uamrav qvetips gamoyofen da maT Soris urTierTkonversiis SesaZleblobazec ki mianiSneben. amgvari axal-axali aRmoCenebi albaT Zalian arTulebs algoriTmebis Sedgenas?

2. skeptikurad ganwyobil mecnierebs kontrargumentad mohyavT kurt giodelis debuleba imis Taobaze, rom ar arsebobs sistema, romelsac masze ufro rTuli sistemis Seswavla SeuZlia. magram Cveni tvinebi xom TavianTi Tavis Seswavlas cdiloben, anu urTulesi sistema swavlobs msgavsi sirTulis sistemas. SeiZleba amaSi optimizmis safuZveli davinaxoT?

– pirveli, rac aucilebelia, aris monacemebis qona, romlebic aRwers ionuri arxebis gansxvavebuli genetikuri tipebis mravalferovnebas. Cven srulvyaviT procesi, romelSic klonirebuli ionuri arxebis aRsawerad avtomatur patchclamp (anu lokaluri fiqsaciis potencialis) robotebs viyenebT. Cven mudmivad vaumjobesebT meTodebs am monace-

62

lurji tvinis proeqti

mebis modelebis asagebad da vaerTianebT maT ufro farTo sqemis modelSi. mTeli Cveni midgoma dafuZnebulia erT-erT iteraciul Sesworebaze – vswavlobT, Tu romel faqtorebs aqvs meti gavlena konkretul kiTxvebze da saWiroebis mixedviT vxvewavT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemis meqanizmebs.

4. Blue Brain Project-is neirofiziologebma da programistebma aTi wlis muSaobis Semdeg SeZles virTxis tvinis pirveli xelovnuri analogis Seqmna, romelic 31000 neironuli svetisgan Sedgeboda. rogor ukavSirdeba es miRweva adamianis tvinis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT proeqtis gafarToebas? rogoria miRebuli modelis masStabirebis mTavari principebi?

– pirveli cifruli rekonstruqciis agebam migviyvana bevr axal warmodgenamde neokorteqsis agebulebis, misi kavSirebis da qselis gaCenis fenomenebze. es principebi TiTqmis utyuarad gvkarxnaxobs im mimarTulebebs, romlebic tvinis sxva areebis agebulebis da funqcionirebis gagebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Cven ganvagrZobT modelis masStabis gafarToebas, rogorc korteqsis, ise tvinis sxva ubnebis doneze.

5. Tqven ara marto didi mecnieri xarT, aramed menejeric. Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebT mecnierebaSi gunduri muSaobis kulturas, TanamSromlobas, gansakuTrebiT ki, monacemTa gaziarebas. bevri giTanagrZnobT samecniero wreebSi? cnobilia, rom kavlis fondis proeqtis Neurodata Without Borders CarCoebSi Tqven TanamSromlobT tvinis kvlevis amerikul da iaponur iniciativebTan. sainteresoa, magaliTad, CineTi Tu TanamSromlobs TqvenTan? Tanaxmaa China Brain Project-is monacemTa gaziarebaze?

– globaluri TanamSromlobis Temis mniSvnelobas tvinis yvela didi proeqti aRiarebs. China Brain project-is warmomadgenlebic adastureben, rom iziareben amgvar midgomas. rogorc Cans, maTi proeqti ise viTardeba, rom maTac xeli unda Seuwyon monacemTa gaziarebas.

6. Teoriulad uSvebT Tu ara imis SesaZleblobas, rom neiroteqnologiebis mxriv aramowinave qveynebis, magaliTad, saqarTvelos laboratoriebSic iyos Tqveni proeqtisaTvis sasargeblo monacemebi? arsebobs aseTi qveynebis monacemTa saerTo bazaSi CarTvis ideebi?

– nebismier qveyanas dedamiwaze aqvs potenciali warmoqmnas faseuli monacemi Tu migneba tvinis sferoSi – laboratoriuli gazomvebidan qceviT monacemebamde. realurad es damokidebulia qveynis masStabiT moRvawe konkretuli mecnierebis interesze da motivaciaze, TanamSromlobis ganviTarebasa da tvinis konkretuli aspeqtebis garSemo monacemTa standartizaciaze.

7. rogorc vxvdebi, Tqveni yvelaze didi ocnebaa tvinis „virtualuri observatoriis“ Seqmna, erTgvari 3D brain map-is. ra stadiazea dRes Tqveni Canafiqri? ra aris saWiro misi xorcSesxmisTvis?

– es marto Cemi ocneba ar aris. bevri adamianis saerTo xedvaa. dResdReobiT Cven ganvixilavT tvinis saerTaSoriso sadguris ganviTarebis gegmebs, rac saSualebas miscems nebismier qveyanas Taviseburad upasuxos tvinis Seswavlisa da gagebis gamowvevas.

8. mecnierTa umravlesoba tvinis Seswavlis saqmeSi gadaulaxav sirTuled asaxelebs cnobierebas – rogorc mis definicias, ise gacifrulebas. ra fenomenia subieqturi realoba, rome-

63

mecniereba lic mxolod Rrma ZilSi an gulis wasvlisas gvtovebs?

– me vTanamSromlob julio tononisTan (nevrologi da fsiqiatri, Zilis da cnobierebis specialisti – T. k.), viskonsinmedisonis universitetidan, romelmac ganaviTara integrirebuli informaciis Teoria (iiT) – Integrated Information Theory (IIT). es Teoria uaRresad mniSvnelovania imis gasagebad, Tu rogor xdeba nervuli sistemis mier cnobieri gamocdilebebis generireba. mjera, dResdReobiT iiT-i aris saukeTeso saSualeba tvinSi mimdinare urTierTqmedebebis da sivrciT-droiTi masStabis integrirebuli informaciis analizisTvis, rac safuZvlad udevs cnobierebas.

9. lozanis politeqnikuri skolis proeqtebis miRwevebs yvelaze didi interesiT hi-tech-iT Sepryrobilebi akvirdebian, isini, vinc ubralod Zlier xelovnur inteleqtze (strong AI) ki ar ocneboben, aramed tiuringis testis gamarjvebulze, fiqriT marTul humanoid robotebze da ukvdavebazec ki (teqnologiurze). maTi Tanamegobrobebis aRmocenebas win uZRoda singularisti mecnierebis prognozebi xelovnuri inteleqtis xanis dadgomaze, rac Cveulebrivi biologiuri adamianis cxovrebidan gaZevebas moitans. sainteresoa Tqveni piradi azri Tqveni proeqtis

64

egzistencialur riskebze, sabolood xom yvela samecniero garRvevas ori mxare aqvs – mSvidoba da omi an – piriqiT. – Cven Zalian Sors varT cnobierebis da inteleqtis arsebiTi elementebis im donis gagebisgan, rom maTi reproduqcia SevZloT. Tanamedrove xelovnuri inteleqti tvinis fiziologiis dawyebiTi klasebis donis xedvazea agebuli. Cven vfiqrobT, rom Cveni proeqtis cifrul rekonstruqciebs da simulaciebs aqvs potenciali axali principebis dasadgenad, romlebic am da sxva aspeqtebs akontroleben. me mjera, rom yovelTvis saWiroa nebismieri axali teqnologiis potenciuri sikeTis da zianis awon-dawonva da misi danergvis usafrTxoebis garantireba.

10. transhumanistebi iseT garRvevas elodebian tvinis codnaSi, romelic fiqriT marTvis mowyobilobebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas moitans. kavlis fondis mrgvali magidis CarCoebSi Tqven laparakobT „SesaZleblobaze viswavloT tvinisgan, rogor mivaRwioT tvinis muSaobas mimsgavsebul gamoTvlebs minimaluri simZlavreebiT“. vxvdebi, neirointerfeisebs gulisxmobT. rogorc vici, dReisaTvis interfeis „tvini-kompiuteris“ gamoyenebas xels uSlis is, rom ver gadailaxa tvinidan momavali metismetad susti signalis problema. me wminda Teoriuli SekiTxva

lurji tvinis proeqti

maqvs: kanonmdeblobam rom dauSvas da moiZebnos kamikaZec, vinc arasamedicino mizniT invaziurad Caidgams tvinSi am siaxles, anu gaikeTebs uSualod tvinze mikroprocesoris implants, nuTu es marTla im doneze gazrdida signalis Zalas, rom misi saSualebiT avatarebis da sxva urTulesi kompiuterebis gadaadgileba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli?

– tvinma gamoamJRavna adaptaciisa da utilitizaciis STambeWdavi unari im mowyobilobebis mimarT, romlebTanac interfeisebulia. Tumca ase xdeba ZiriTadad ara imis gamo, rom Cven sakmarisad kargad gvesmis tvini imisTvis, rom misgan gacnobierebulad SevqmnaT amgvari mowyobilobebi, aramed imitom, rom tvins aqvs TviTrekonfiguraciis unari axali monacemebis miRebis, gaazrebisa da gacemisTvis. sruli potenciali jer kidev Rrma Seswavlis procesSia – am etapze Cven ar viciT misi sazRvrebi.

11. henri markrami TED-is cnobili prezentaciis bolos ambobs, rom Tu momavali dekada warmatebuli iqneba, Catarebul samuSaoze angariSis Casabareblad Tavis nacvlad ukve mis hologramas gamogzavnis. rogoria misi xedva amis Taobaze?

– markramis es komentari yovelTvis xumrobad mesmoda. magram misi xedva monacemebiT marTuli modelirebis tvinis funqcionirebis principebis gasageb instrumentad gamoyenebaze sul ufro mzard mniSvnelobas iZens da, faqtobrivad, aucilebelicaa, Tu Cven gvsurs kavSiris Seqmna genoms, ujredul aqtivobas, sistemebis qcevasa da mentalur janmrTelobasa da avadmyofobas Soris.

12 Tebervali, 2017

65

politika

perestroika

Tornike SaraSeniZe istorias iSviaTad axsovs iseTi moulodneloba, rogoric iyo perestroika. es iyo fenomeni, romelic moulodnelad daiwyo da aseve moulodnelad dasrulda. man moitana aRmosavleT evropis ganTavisufleba, sabWoTa kavSiris dangreva, komunizmis ideis dasamareba. Sesabamisad, man moitana imedi, rom mTel msoflios eloda naTeli momavali, demokratia da mSvidoba. bolodroindelma movlenebma gamoaCina, rom aseTi imedebi naadrevi iyo, Tumca es namdvilad ver akninebs perestroikis dadebiT rols da, miT umetes, mniSvnelobas istoriaSi.

66

perestroika

preistoria 1970-ian wlebSi saqmes iseTi piri uCanda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri ara mxolod mudmivad iarsebebda, aramed civ omsac moigebda. im periodisaTvis amerikam vietnamSi mZime marcxi iwvnia; gaZvirda navTobi, ramac daartya amerikasa da mTlianad dasavleTs, sabWoTa kavSiris Semosavali ki gazarda; sabWoTa kavSiris Cveulebrivi SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da birTvuli potenciali amerikisas ara mxolod tols ar udebda, aramed zogi maCvenebliT jabnida kidec (pirvel rigSi, raodenobrivad). sabWoTa tankebs uproblemod SeeZloT mTeli dasavleT evropis aReba da erTaderTi, rac maT Seakavebda, birTvuli iaraRi iyo. magram 70-iani wlebis bolos moskovma axali birTvuli raketebis, e.w. `pioneris~ didi raodenobiT ganlageba daiwyo, ramac evropaSi birTvuli balansic mis sasargeblod Secvala. komunisturi reJimebi msoflios TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi Cndeboda, amerikam ki 1979 wels kidev erTi didi marcxi igema, amjerad iranSi, sadac islamisturma revoluciam dasavleTis mokavSire Sahis reJimi daamxo. imave wels sabWoTa jarebi avRaneTSi SeiWrnen, rac sabWoTa kavSiris kidev erT gamarjvebas hgavda, magram sinamdvileSi es dasasrulis dasawyisi unda yofiliyo. sabWoTa kavSiri garegnulad marTlac Zlieri Canda, magram SigniT saqme sakmaod rTulad hqonda. qveyanas mZime tvirTad awva mokavSire komunisturi reJimebis rCena (im ubralo faqtis gamo, rom komunistur qveynebSi ekonomika normalurad ver viTardeboda). 70-ian wlebSi navTobis gaZvirebam dasavleTs teqnologiuri ganviTarebis stimuli misca, ris Sedegadac iq masobrivad gaCnda kompiuterebi. sabWoTa kavSiri am ganviTarebis tendencias CamorCa, maT Soris im mizezis gamoc, rom komunistur reJims kompiuterebis Zalian eSinoda – mosaxleobas SeiZleboda axali teqnologia informaciis gasavrceleblad da misaRebad gamoeyenebina.

1980 wels krizisma ifeTqa poloneTSi. komunisturma reJimma qveynis ekonomika kolafsamde miiyvana. ekonomikur kriziss politikuric daerTo – polonelebs protestis muxti gauCina romis papma, warmoSobiT polonelma ioane-pavle II-m, romelmac, religiurTan erTad, patriotuli grZnobebi gauRviZa kaTolike polonelebs (arada komunisturi poloneTi, wesiT, aTeisturi unda yofiliyo). paps daemata sazogadoebrivi moZraoba `solidaroba~, romelmac mosaxleoba reJimis winaaRmdeg darazma da gaficvebic moawyo. gaficvebi sabWoTa kavSirsac ki gadaedo (ZiriTadad – baltiispireTs). aman moskovi daafrTxo da bevri eloda, rom poloneTSi sabWoTa armia iseve daamyarebda `wesrigs~, rogorc manamde sxva komunistur qveynebSi gaakeTa: 1956 wels – ungreTSi, 1968 wels ki – CexoslovakiaSi. miuxedavad amisa, pirvelad Tavisi arsebobis istoriaSi sabWoTa xelisuflebam es ver gabeda: avRaneTSi omis paralelurad (romelic qveyanas poloneli demonstrantebi `solidarobis~ plakatebiT

67

politika ukve mZime tvirTad awva) poloneTSi SeWra ukve moskovisTvisac metismeti iqneboda. sabWoTa kavSirma Tavad poloneTis mTavroba daarwmuna wesrigis damyarebis aucileblobaSi da paralelurad poloneTs dasaxmareblad miliardebi daayara, rac sabWoTa ekonomikas axal tvirTad daawva. amasTanave ekonomikas Signidan xravda saSineli korufcia da is araefeqturoba, romelic saerTod axasiaTebs socializms. am dros moskovs paralelurad axali gamowveva gamouCnda amerikis axali prezidentis – ronald reiganis saxiT, romelmac gadaiaraReba daiwyo da komunizms mTeli msoflios masStabiT sityviTac da saqmiTac brZola gamoucxada. im droisaTvis rusuli `pionerebis~ sapasuxod amerikelebma dasavleT evropaSi `perSingebis~ ganlageba daiwyes (`pionerebiT~ daSinebul evropelebs es ar gauprotestebiaT) da birTvuli balansi evropaSi ukve sabWoTa kavSiris sazianod Seicvala.

1982 wels gardaicvala sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis generaluri mdivani leonid breJnevi, romlis xelSic qveyanam 70-ian wlebSi Zlierebis zenits miaRwia. misi adgili iuri andropovma daikava, ka-ge-bes (uSiSroebis saxelmwifo komiteti) Tavmjdomarem. es iyo energiuli da principuli kaci, romelmac qveynis mobilizeba moindoma, magram am droisaTvis igi mZimed avad iyo da maleve gardaicvala kidec. igi Secvala konstantin Cernenkom, arafrismTqmelma politikurma figuram da `mosiarule gvamma~, romelic kidev ufro male gardaicvala. im dros sabWoTa kavSiris samzareuloebSi (erTaderTi adgili, sadac xalxi simarTlis

birTvuli raketa `pioneri~

birTvuli raketa `perSingi~

68

Tqmas bedavda) aseTi anekdoti gavrcelda: `-alo, kremlia?

-diax.

-generaluri mdivani ar gWirdebaT? -Tqven ra, avad xarT? -diax, avad var da Tan kargi bebruxanac gaxlavarT.~ 1985 wels generalur mdivnad politbiurom airCia axalgazrda (54 wlis) mixeil gorbaCovi, romelic xvdeboda, rom qveyanas cvlilebebi esaWiroeboda. pirovnebis faqtori gorbaCovi sabWoTa liderebis kvalobaze uCveulod gaxsnili da progresuli iyo. mas sjeroda komunizmisa da iyo leninis didi Tayvanismcemeli. axal generalur mdivans miaCnda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri gacilebiT ukeTesi saxelmwifo iqneboda lenins rom didxans ecocxla. Tumca es namdvilad ar niSnavda, rom sabWoTa kavSiris ukeTes qveynad qceva SeuZlebeli iyo. amisaTvis ubralod reformebi iyo saWiro. gorbaCovi imasac xvdeboda, rom reformebis gatareba rTuli iqneboda amerikasTan urTierTobebis dalagebis gareSe. es ara mxolod imitom, rom amerikasTan birTvuli metoqeoba sab-

perestroika

WoTa kavSirs metad Zviri ujdeboda, aramed imitomac, rom gorbaCovsa da mis garemocvas mosvenebas ar aZlevda reiganis `varskvlavuri omebis~ programa (romelic gulisxmobda sabWoTa birTvuli iaraRis ganadgurebas kosmosidan). ase amcno gorbaCovma msoflios `perestroikis~ Sesaxeb, romelic Tavidan ufro ekonomikur reformebs gulisxmobda, Semdeg ki TandaTanobiT gadaizarda sityvis Tavisuflebasa da demokratizaciaSi. cxadia, gorbaCovi marto ar iyo am iniciativaSi da Tanamoazreebi hyavda. es iyo, pirvel rigSi, aleqsandr iakovlevi, adamiani, romelmac 70-ian wlebSi, amerikasa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris urTierTobaTa daTbobis dros, amerikaSi miiRo ganaTleba da kargad xedavda, Tu rogor CamorCa misi qveyana. iakovlevs gorbaCovma Sida fronti miando. sagareo fronti ki Caabara eduard SevardnaZes, romelsac diplomatiis araferi gaegeboda, magram samagierod gorbaCovis ndobiT sargeblobda da reformebsac miesalmeboda. rogorc cnobilia, gorbaCovis saubedurod, saboloo jamSi ekonomikuri reformebidan araferi gamovida, sityvis Tavisuflebam ki sabWoTa kavSiri daangria, rac mas namdvilad ar undoda. gorbaCovis kritikosebi fiqroben, rom perestroikis gamocxadeba misi mxridan mxolod fandi iyo, romelic miznad isaxavda amerikelTa modunebas, reiganis mier gadaiaraRebasa da `varskvlavuri omebis~ programaze uaris Tqmas, ris Sedegadac sabWoTa ekonomika suls moiTqvamda da qveyana male isev gaZlierdeboda. es Sefaseba albaT mar-

aleqsandr iakovlevi, mixeil gorbaCovi da eduard SevardnaZe, 1989

aleqsandr iakovlevi (1923-2005) – sabWoTa politikosi da istorikosi, perestroikis mTavari ideologi da mixeil gorbaCovis inteleqtualuri dasayrdeni. sxvadasxva dros iyo ssrk politbiuros wevri (19871990), sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partiis (skkp) centraluri komitetis (ck) mdivani (1986-1990), sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi kanadaSi (1973-1983), ssrk ck-is propagandis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli (19851986). al. iakovlevi pirveli sabWoTa politikosi iyo, romelmac aRiara ribentropmolotovis paqtis (1939) saidumlo protokoli.

leonid breJnevi (1906-1982)

iuri andropovi (1914-1984)

konstantine Cernenko (1911-1985)

69

politika

mixeil gorbaCovis da ronald reiganis Sexvedra reikiavikSi ,1986

Talia, magram albaT mxolod nawilobriv. gorbaCovs namdvilad surda sabWoTa kavSiris gaZliereba, magram amave dros mas pozitiuri cvlilebebis gatarebac undoda. igi ara mxolod amerikis `varskvlavuri omebis~ programas ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed saerTod birTvuli iaraRis ganadgurebaze ocnebobda. roca im wlebSi sabWoTa SeiaraRebul ZalebSi wvrTna Catarda, gorbaCovma simulaciis drosac ki ar daaWira TiTi birTvul Rilaks (aseve simulaciurs).

1986 wels araefeqtianma sabWoTa ekonomikam gorbaCovs da mTel msoflios siurprizi, ufro sworad ki, koSmari mouvlina ukrainaSi Cernobilis atomuri sadguris afeTqebis saxiT. es iyo katastrofa, romelsac aTasobiT adamianis sicocxle da gacilebiT meti adamianis janmrTeloba emsxverpla. am katastrofam seriozulad Searyia sabWoTa kavSiris prestiJi da kidev ufro metad daarwmuna gorbaCovi, rom birTvuli iaraRi civilizaciasTan SeuTavsebeli iyo. man gadawyvita, rom saWiro iyo kidev ufro aqtiuri muSaoba reiganTan, romelic 1985 wels JenevaSi Sexvedrisas mis winadadebebs arc ise optimisturad Sexvda. Cans, amerikis prezidenti mas ar endoboda. 1986 wels gorbaCovi kidev erTxel, reikiavikSi, Sexvda reigans da SesTavaza evropaSi saSualo siSoris birTvuli raketebis mospoba da saerTod birTvuli iaraRis ganaxevrebac ki, oRond sanacvlod `varskvlavuri omebis~ programaze uaris Tqma sTxova. reigani aseTma radikalurma iniciativam daabnia, magram `varskvlavuri omebis~ programaze uari ar Tqva, ris gamoc iniciativa CaifuSa.

70

gorbaCovisaTvis reikiaviki serozuli imedgacrueba iyo, magram man far-xmali ar dayara. gadawyvita ra, rom reigani mas kvlavac ar endoboda (amerikis prezidentma mas adamianis uflebebze Camougdo sityva), perestroikis kidev ufro gaRrmaveba Caifiqra, raTa yvelas daenaxa, rom mas namdvilad surda pozitiuri cvlilebebi. sabWoTa kavSiri TandaTanobiT gaixsna, mediam warsulis Secdomebis kritika daiwyo. Tumca es kritika ZiriTadad staliniT Semoifargleboda, romelsac braldeboda TiTqmis yvela codva da Secdoma, ris gamoc sabWoTa kavSiri ar iyo iseTi kargi, rogoric `wesiT unda yofiliyo~, anu komunisturi sistema namdvilad kargi iyo da yvelaferSi erTi pirovneba iyo damnaSave. cxadia, stalinis kritikisa da misTvis yvelafris gadabralebis kampaniis dawyebisas gorbaCovi ver warmoidgenda, rom male TviTon gaxdeboda is pirovneba, romelsac Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevas daabralebdnen. 1987 wels man wignic ki dawera saTauriT `perestroika da axleburi azrovneba sabWoTa kavSirisa da mTeli msofliosaTvis~, romelSic qadagebda axal, ukeTes wesrigs msofliosaTvis. am wesrigisken msoflios swored axali, reformirebuli da ukeTesi sabWoTa kavSiri waiyvanda. ukeTesobis survili gorbaCovs namdvilad hqonda da yvelanairad miiswrafoda mSvidobisaken, risTvisac, misi azriT, birTvuli ganiaraReba iyo saWiro. aq erTi problema iyo – sabWoTa samxedroebi, romlebic reikiavikis iniciativam isedac SokSi Caagdo

perestroika

Cernobilis atomuri eleqtrosadguri katastrofis Semdeg

qalaqi Cernobili

da seriozul ganiaraRebaze fiqric ki aSinebdaT. magram 1987 wlis maisSi msoflios sabWoeTidan kidev erTi Soki eloda: germanelma (dasavleT germaniis moqalaqem) moyvarulma pilotma viTom gauvali sabWoTa sazRvari da Tavdacvis sistemebi gaifrina da moskovSi, zed wiTel moedanze dasva TviTmfrinavi. es sabWoTa SeiaraRebuli ZalebisaTvis namdvili katastrofa iyo, magram amave dros gorbaCovs samxedroebis winaaRmdeg gauxsna xel-fexi. sabWoTa liderma armiis elitaSi wmenda daiwyo da wlis bolos vaSingtonSi reiganTan saSualo siSoris raketebis likvidaciaze SeTanxmebas moawera xeli.

miznad. sabolood es mizani ver Sesrulda, samagierod, mosaxleobaSi ukmayofileba gaCnda, saxelmwifos ki Semosavali moaklda. gacilebiT didi problema warmoqmna sityvis Tavisuflebam, romelsac sabWoTa respublikebSi TandaTanobiT nacionalisturi talRis agoreba mohyva. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeodnen baltiispireTis respublikebi da saqarTvelo. 1987 wlis Semodgomaze pirveli opoziciuri mitingi gaimarTa TbilisSi, romelic 1937 wlis stalinuri represiebis wlisTavs mieZRvna. mitin-

ngreva da Tavisufleba 1987 wels sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomikas ukve sagrZnobi krizisi daudga. marTalia, amerikasTan urTierTobebi lagdeboda, magram ekonomikuri reformebi laparakidan saqmed aranairad ar iqca. im periodSi mkveTrad daeca navTobis fasi, rac moskovis SemosavlebisTvis mZime dartyma iyo. paralelurad, biujetSi didi xvreli gaaCina alkoholis akrZalvam – gorbaCovis kidev erTma vaireformam, romelic loTobasTan brZolas da Sromisunarianobis amaRlebas isaxavda

71

politika

mSvidobiani aqciis darbeva, Tbilisi, 1989 weli, 9 aprili

`baltiis gza~ baltiispireTis qveynebis mier mowyobili cocxali jaWvi, 1989 weli, agvisto

gze arc ise bevri adamiani misula, magram es ukve seriozuli precedenti iyo. nacionalizmis safrTxe moskovSic kargad igrZnes da daiwyo msjeloba sabWoTa konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis aucileblobaze – igulisxmeboda konstituciis erT-erTi muxli, romelic sabWoTa respublikebs kavSiridan gasvlis uflebas aZlevda (cxadia, am muxlis avtorebi ver warmoidgendnen, rom odesme mas marTlac gamoiyenebdnen). amas protesti mohyva bevr qalaqSi, maT Soris, TbilisSic, rac ukve mravalricxovan mitingebSi gadaizarda. Sedegad, 1988 wlis bolos moskovma ukan daixia. moskovi ukan ixevda yvela frontze – amerikelebTan molaparakebebSi, sabWoTa respublikebTan, aRmosavleT evropaSi. 1989 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvlis moTxovniT mitingze gamosuli xalxi sabWoTa jarma daarbia, rasac msxverpli mohyva. es ukve dasasrulis bolo fazis dasawyisi iyo. saqarTveloSi nacionalisturma ganwyobebma kidev ufro radikaluri xasiaTi miiRo. sabWoTa jaris mxridan es arc pirveli da ukanaskneli Zaladoba ar yofila. mogvianebiT analogiuri barbarosoba moxda jer baqoSi, Semdeg ki – vilniusSi. magram saqmes es ver Sveloda – gorbaCovi jars solidarobis gamocxadebis nacvlad emijneboda, nacionalizmi ki, saqarTvelos darad, yvelgan ufro Rvivdeboda.

1989 wlis agvistoSi baltiispireTis samive respublikam uzarmazari cocxali saprotesto jaWvi moawyo, romelic 1939 wels xelmoweril nacistur-komunistur paqts mieZRvna (am paqtis Sedegad baltiispireTis qveynebi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Sevidnen). Semodgomaze moskovSi gaixsna sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo deputatTa yriloba, sadac monawileobdnen qveynis istoriaSi pirvelad ase Tu ise Tavisufal arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli deputatebi, romelTa sakmaod didi nawili sabWoTa kavSiris winaaRmdeg iyo ganwyobili. yriloba pirdapir eTerSi gadaicemoda da mTeli qveyana usmenda gansxvavebul azrs, maT Soris, sabWoTa sistemis kritikas. ramdenime TveSi swored yrilobaze, pirdapir eTerSi amcnes litvelebma sruliad sabWoTa kavSirs, rom maTi respublika kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gadioda. samxedroebi gorbaCovisgan litvaSi `wesrigis~ damyarebisaTvis mwvane Suqs iTxovdnen, magram sabWoTa lideri maT isev gaemijna. amasobaSi sabWoTa imperias aRmosavleTi evropa ecleboda xelidan. ori germaniis gamyofi berlinis kedeli daingra da qveyana gaerTianda, komunisturi reJimebi yvelgan emxoboda da sabWoTa jaric TandaTanobiT tovebda iqaurobas (1989 wels

boris elcini demonstraciaze, 1991 weli, 19 agvisto

72

putCi moskovSi, 1991

perestroika

sabWoTa jari tovebs avRaneTs, 1989

saprotesto aqcia litvaSi

jarma avRaneTic datova). litvis magaliTs male sxva sabWoTa respublikebi mihyvnen. gorbaCovi sabWoTa respublikebis mier damoukideblobis gamocxadebas ironiulad `suverenitetebis parads~ eZaxda, magram saqme ukve saxumaro aRar iyo. TviT ruseTSic ki arCevnebis Sedegad xelisuflebis saTaveSi gorbaCovis metoqe – boris elcini movida. procesi Seuqcevadi gaxda da araferi Seucvlia gorbaCovis sabWoTa kavSiris prezidentad arCevas (igive yrilobis mier), rasac TiTqosda qveyana unda gadaerCina. arc mis ideas xvdebodnen didi enTuziazmiT respublikebs Soris axali sakavSiro SeTanxmebis gaformebis Sesaxeb.

1991 wlis agvistoSi moxda is, rac albaT unda momxdariyo. sabWoTa mTavrobaSi gaCnda SeTqmulTa jgufi, romelmac qveynis `gadarCena~ moindoma. putCis liderebi iyvnen sabWoTa kavSiris e.w. vice-prezidenti da armiis, ka-ge-besa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministros xelmZRvanelebi, romlebmac gorbaCovi agarakze Caketes (anu, faqtobrivad, daapatimres) da Zalaufleba gadaibares. maTma xelisuflebam sul ramdenime dRe iarseba. sabWoTa represiebis dabrunebis SiSi gacilebiT ufro Zlieri gamodga, vidre sabWoTa kavSiris gadarCenis survili – Tavad moskovSi putCistebis winaaRmdeg uamravi adamiani gamovida da SeTqmuleba samarcxvinod damarcxda. gorbaCovi patimrobidan dabrunda, formalurad isev prezidentis rangSi, magram esec droebiTi iyo. putCis damarcxebis Semdeg procesi kidev ufro daCqarda.

1991 wlis 8 dekembers ruseTis, ukrainisa da belarusis liderebma sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli ise, rom gorbaCovisaTvis arc araferi ukiTxavT. ase aResrula 1922 wels Seqmnili sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic maSin ruseTma, ukrainam, belarusma da e.w. amierkavkasiis respublikam gaaformes. 8 dekembers Sekrebilebma gadawyvites, rom maT hqondaT iuridiuli ufleba maTive Seqmnili saxelmwifo gauqmebulad gamoecxadebinaT, radgan meoTxe damfuZnebeli (amierkavkasiis respublika) aRar arsebobda (mis adgilas didi xnis win gaCnda saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi). gorbaCovis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlidan sul raRac eqvs weliwadSi, xolo avRaneTSi SeWridan Tormet weliwadSi sabWoTa imperia gaqra. imperia daangria mis gadasarCenad da gasaZliereblad wamowyebulma procesma. am procesis avtori ki jer msoflioSi yvelaze popularul adamianad iqca, Semdeg ki – erT-erT yvelaze saZulvel adamianad misive samSobloSi, ruseTSi, sadac dRes sabWoTa kavSirs mistirian.

berlinis kedlis dangreva

73

literatura

elene darianis istoria

TamTa melaSvili

msoflio literaturaSi mkvidri adgili ZiriTadad kac avtorebs uWiravT. gamonaklisi arc qarTuli literaturaa. saxelmZRvaneloebSi, wignis Taroebze, biblioTekebsa Tu maRaziebSi umeteswilad kac avtorebs vxedavT. es imdenad bunebriv mocemulobad migvaCnia, rom, SesaZloa, kiTxvac ar gagviCndes – sad arian qalebi literaturaSi? da Tu arian, ratom arian isini ase cota? aq mTavari am kiTxvis dasmaa, pasuxi ki – martivi. qalebs, rogorc araprivilegirebul jgufs, saukuneebis manZilze ar miuwvdebodaT xeli wera-kiTxvaze, ganaTlebaze, pirad sivrcesa da finansebze, ojaxuri saqmianobisgan Tavisufal droze. es yvelaferi isaa, rac literaturis SeqmnisTvis upirobod aucilebelia da rac kacebs yovelTvis hqondaT. roca qalebisTvis erT dros sruliad daxSuli sivrceebi gaixsna, maT nel-nela daiwyes gamosvla samwerlo asparezze.

74

elene dariani

saqarTveloSi es procesi XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan iwyeba da maSindel bevr mniSvnelovan politikur, ekonomikur Tu socialur movlenas ukavSirdeba. qalTa masobrivi SeWra literaturaSi ki XX saukunis dasawyisidan SeiniSneba. am dros gamoCndnen qarTul prozaSi iseTi SedarebiT cnobili saxeebi, rogoricaa ekaterine gabaSvili, anastasia erisTavi-xoStaria da despine gelovani. poezia, am mxriv, ufro mravalferovani aRmoCnda. qalTa da socialur sakiTxebze wera aqtiurad am dros bevrma qalma daiwyo. maT Soris iyvnen: babilina xositaSvili, kato miqelaZe, lidia megreliZe, marijani, mariam gariyuli, safo mgelaZe. Tumca dRes qarTul kanonikur literaturaSi maTi saxelebi sruliad miviwyebulia. qalTa samwerlo moRvaweoba gansakuTrebiT 1910-iani wlebidan gaZlierda. am periods miekuTvneba qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli movlena – elene dariani, romlis saxelma pirvelad 1915 wels gaiJRera. elene darianis fenomeni Tavidanve saintereso da skandalur movlenad iqca, rac ara mxolod misma idumalebam, aramed Semoqmedebamac gansazRvra. dariani Tavis leqsebSi pirvelad Seexo qalis sxeuls, emociebsa da gancdebs, mis seqsualobas da es yvelaferi romantikuli grZnobebis prizmaSi warmoaCina. vin iyo elene dariani? didxans, 1950-iani wlebis bolodan moyolebuli, miiCneoda, rom dariani cnobili qarTveli poeti, cisferyanwelTa ordenis wevri paolo iaSvili iyo, ufro sworad ki, misi literaturuli gardasaxva. paolo iaSvili, bevri misi Tanamedrove mwerlis msgavsad, sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis msxverpli gaxda – is 1930-iani wlebis represiebma Seiwira. man tragikulad, reJimis zewolis Sedegad, 1937 wels TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. aRsaniSnavia, rom sicocxleSi paolos poeziis krebuli arc erTxel ar gamocemula, Tumca is Zalian aqtiur literaturul saqmianobas eweoda, iyo cisferyanwelTa poeturi ordenis erT-erTi gamorCeuli lideri, mweralTa kavSiris wevri, araerTi literaturuli gamocemis iniciatori. swored misi xelmZRvanelobiT gamovida 1916 wels quTaisSi poeturi ordenis Jurnalis – `cisferi yanwebis~ – pirveli nomeri. paolo iaSvilis pirvelma poeturma krebulma misi sikvdilis Semdeg, gardacvalebidan TiTqmis 20 wlis Tavze, ixila mzis sinaTle. es 1950-iani wlebis bolos, misi reabilitaciis mere moxda. iaSvilis pirvelive krebulSi, romelic maSindelma sabWoTa literatorebma Seadgines, gamoCnda 1915-1923 wlebSi dawerili 14 leqsi `darianuli ciklis~ saxelwodebiT, romelSic elene darianis leqsebi gaerTianda.

75

literatura didxans qarTul akademiur da literaturul wreebSi erTmniSvnelovnad miiCnevdnen, rom am leqsebis avtori paolo iaSvilia. poeti iSviaTi niWiTa da SemoqmedebiT – transformaciuli sizustiT – aRwerda qalur grZnobebsa da sasiyvarulo gancdebs.

Tumca, 1990-ian wlebSi qarTul presaSi gaCnda sxva versia elene darianis vinaobis Sesaxeb, romelmac Tavidanve didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. versiis avtori istorikosi giorgi javaxiSvili iyo. man mopovebul saarqivo masalaze dayrdnobiT ganacxada, rom elene dariani ara mistikuri pirovneba da paolo iaSvilis poeturi gardasaxva, aramed realuri qali – elene baqraZe – iyo. mogvianebiT, 2001 wels, javaxiSvilma wignic gamosca saxelwodebiT `elene darianis legenda da sinamdvile~, sadac mikvleul saarqivo masalas Tavi mouyara da masze dafuZnebiT argumentirebulad scada darianis vinaobis garkveva. misma versiam Tavidanve mtrulad ganawyo qarTvel literatorTa didi nawili – maTTvis darianis baqraZesTan gaigiveba sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda. vin iyo elene baqraZe? is 1897 wels TbilisSi daibada, bavSvoba monasterSi gaatara, aTi wlisa ki mSoblebTan erTad sacxovreblad ganjaSi, azerbaijanSi, gadavida, sadac wminda ninos saxelobis qalTa saswavlebelSi miabares. elene ganjidan saqarTveloSi yovel wels Camodioda sazafxulo ardadegebze, romelsac, ZiriTadad, qarTlsa da imereTSi atarebda. swored imereTSi, lesevSi, naxa pirvelad 15 wlis elenem paolo iaSvili. sami wlis mere isini kvlav lesevSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. maTi cxovreba ukve radikalurad iyo Secvlili. axalgazrda elene garigebiT iyo gaTxovili giorgi (gigo) beriSvilze, paolo ki axali dabrunebuli iyo parizidan. baqraZis arqivSi SemorCenili werilebis mixedviT, swored im zafxuls gaCnda mZafri sasiyvarulo grZnoba maT Soris. amave arqivSi daculia darianis, rogorc fsevdonimis, warmoSobis istoriac. irkveva, rom Seyvarebulma elenem paolos oskar uaildis gmiris mixedviT doriani uwoda, sapasuxod ki satrfom mas dariani daarqva.

1916 wlis seqtemberSi elene moskovSi gaemgzavra samedicino universitetSi ganaTlebis misaRebad, magram swavlas male daaneba Tavi. rogorc aRmoCnda, mas sxva interesebi hqonda. is Tavisufal msmenelad eswreboda leqciebs filologiasa da filosofiaSi, gaicno da dauaxlovda rus literatorebs.

76

patara elene baqraZe

elenem moskovi male datova. 1918 wels saqarTveloSi dabrunda da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi filosofia-fsiqologiis fakultetze daiwyo swavla. mogvianebiT elene meored, amjerad siyvaruliT gaTxovda. misi rCeuli Salva qarTveliSvili iyo. iqorwina paolo iaSvilmac. baqraZesa da iaSvils Soris romantikuli grZnoba naz megobrobaSi gadaizarda. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTveliSvili swored paolom gaacno elenes cnobil avangardul kafe `qimerionSi~.

elene baqraZe-dariani da gigo beriSvili

statiis saxeli elene dariani

elene baqraZe meuRlis, paolo iaSvilisa da bevri megobrisgan gasxvavebiT, stalinur represiebs gadaurCa. is didi xnis ganmavlobaSi rusul enasa da literaturas aswavlida Tbilisis konservatoriasa da pedagogiur institutSi. elene baqraZe 1979 wels 82 wlis asakSi gardaicvala. darianis istorias met idumalebas is faqti sZens, rom paolo iaSvils sicocxleSi arasodes uTqvams, rom darianuli leqsebis avtori Tavad iyo. Tumca is pirveli iyo, vinc 1915 wels quTaisSi sajarod waikiTxa darianis erT-erTi leqsi. am leqsis erotikulobis gamo iaSvils agresiiT Sexvdnen. msmenelTa didma nawilma darbazi protestis niSnad datova. elene dariani sazogadoebam amoralurad Seracxa. `elene dariani saSiSia. mas temperatura aweuli aqvs. sulieri saunje darians ar gaaCnia. mas ar moepoveba qaluri mokrZaleba da sinaze~, – werda imdroindeli presa. pornografiulad Seracxul leqsebze maSindel periodikaSi aRSfoTebul kritikasTan erTad parodiebi da karikaturebic gaCnda. bevri miiCnevda, rom msgavsi leqsebi qarTveli qalisTvis Seuferebeli iyo da mis bunebas ewinaaRmdegeboda.

elene baqraZe da Salva qarTveliSvili

iq, d mz qo sdu n pi rw iq, d i s d s m bi e davw 1916 wels qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi axali, sdu n bi mz n p i mniSvnelovani furceli gadaiSala – Seiqmna cisferf s n bi, bi ilaze, ni Tv yanwelTa ordeni da maTi pirveli Jurnalic gamoqveynda. imave wels elene darianis saxeliT daibeWda n gaf i, ni mkl a bi, ns c n Tv cnobili da dRemde Zalian popularuli leqsi `pini sina i d ze. i, ramidebSi~. ordeni Tormet mamakacs aerTianebda, yv i, l Tumca maSinve gavrcelda xmebi cisferyanwelTa da n d kocn s ce mecamete dafaruli wevris Sesaxeb. mecamete wevi gorc n tkbi az wo iqn a T ri, ra Tqma unda, qali – elene dariani – iyo. mis f ls s, T mzi c l silaze vinaobas ordenis wevrebi ar amxeldnen, maT Sos Sin n da C ni T cols. af i ris – arc paolo iaSvili, rac darianis figuras aSi g v a g p i kidev ufro met idumalebas sZenda. saarqivo ... bS l j i ir masalebiT dasturdeba isic, rom elene baqrasfinqsT dini si Ze icnobda, aqtiurad urTierTobda da meva, did T Si t iT x s mwv e m gobrobda sxva cisferyanwelebTanac. mis art R din k g ucq s da daR a S qivSi SemorCenilia tician tabiZis, galakg ofx Si dav . i l T i tion tabiZis, grigol robaqiZis werilebi. bT C dauwy n i n s Si sfi sZ n nqs y vn s; noSi T iT, a ss v s.

77

literatura

e. baqraZis arqivSi daculia 1916 wliT daTariRebuli werilebi. maT Soris aris biZisa da megobrisaTvis miwerili sapasuxo werilebic, sadac is uaryofs Tavis darianobas. baqraZisagan sakuTari avtorobis uaryofa advilad SegviZlia avxsnaT im mZafri reaqciebiTa da kritikis qar-cecxliT, romelic erTmniSvnelovnad sajarod amunaTebda avtors – qarTvel qals ase Tavisuflad sakuTar vnebebze ar unda ewera. mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom giorgi javaxiSvilis mtkicebiT, mogvianebiT, ukve 1950-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac paolo iaSvilis pirveli krebuli gamovida, elene baqraZem mweralTa kavSiris maSindel Tavmjdomares, irakli abaSiZes, sTxova, darianuli ciklis leqsebi iaSvilis krebulSi ar SeetanaT, radgan avtori Tavad iyo, Tumca misi Txovna, ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi ar miiRes. logikur kiTxvaze pasuxi, Tu ratom ar isurva elene baqraZem sakuTari saavtoro uflebebis dacva, albaT isev imdroindeli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT unda veZeboT. sabWoTa periodi sruliad araxelsayreli iyo elene baqraZis, rogorc erotikuli leqsebis avtoris, reabilitaciis dasawyebad. mas totalitarul saxelmwifoSi uxde-

78

boda cxovreba, sadac adamianis, gansakuTrebiT ki qalis, seqsualobis kontroli da represireba ideologiisa da praqtikis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiri ki, sadac umravlesoba, ra Tqma unda, kaci iyo, ZiriTadad maskulinur sivrces warmoadgenda da gansakuTrebuli patriarqaluri dinamikiT xasiaTdeboda. iq araTu elene darians, aramed sakuTari saxeliTa da gvariT cnobil mweral qalebs uWirdaT adgilis damkvidreba. mweralTa kavSiris saarqivo masala, aseve mweral qalTa arqivebSi daculi piradi mimowera TvalnaTlad da utyuarad asaxavs imas, Tu rogor xdeboda qali avtorebis gandevna, marginalizacia da uaryofa qarTuli literaturuli sivrcidan. am patriarqalur Seviwroebas Tan erTvoda reJimis politikuri represiebic. totalitarulma saxelmwifom qalTa mimarT specifikuri politika airCia. isini fizikurad ar gaunadgurebia, Tumca maT xma waarTva. rogorc XX saukunis dasawyisis sazogado moRvawe, feministi da poeti kato miqe-

elene dariani

laZe aRniSnavda, saxelmwifom mwerali qalebi `xelovnurad daamunja~. marTlac, maTi didi nawili iZulebuli gaxda fizikuri gadarCenis sanacvlod `damunjebuliyo~, nawilma ki, magaliTad, lidia megreliZem da marijanma sabavSvo literaturaSi hpoves TavSesafari. aRmoCnda, rom swored sabavSvo literatura moiniSna im erTaderT sivrced, sadac qalebs literaturuli saqmianobis ufleba miecaT, magram, raRa Tqma unda, sabWoTa propagandis yvela adaT-wesis dacviTa da gaTvaliswinebiT. is faqti, rom dRes Cven naklebad an sulac ar vicnobT qarTvel mweral qalebs Cveni uaxloesi warsulidan, swored am patriarqalur-tota-

litaruli praqtikis Sedegia. am praqtikam qalebi gandevna kanonikuri literaturidan, maTi saxelebi ki mizanmimarTulad daiviwya. aseT konteqstSi elene baqraZis da misi avtorobis versiis uaryofis mcdeloba sruliad gasagebi xdeba. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos isic, rom jer kidev 1990-ian wlebSi gamoTqmuli azri, rom darianuli ciklis avtori SesaZloa qali yofiliyo, aranakleb miuRebeli aRmoCnda umravlesobisTvis, vidre XX saukunis dasawyisSi am leqsebis gamoCena. aRmoCnda, rom dResac qarTul sazogadoebas miTebisa da legendebis xiblSi yofna ufro metad moswons, vidre warsulis gadaazreba da misi xelaxla Sefaseba. es ki, bevr sxva mniSvnelovan sakiTxTan erTad, realuri qalebis, maTi Semoqmedebisa da Rvawlis aRiarebasac moiTxovs. elene darianis istoria ki am aRiarebis aucileblobis saukeTeso magaliTia.

79

garemo

haeris dabinZureba

Cveni saukunis umniSvnelovanesi garemosdacviTi gamowveva

manana qoClaZe sufTa haeri jansaRi cxovrebis winapirobaa – es TiTqos sayovelTaod aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa, magram adamianebis sakmaod farTo wrem dResac ar icis, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs sufTa haers, ra iwvevs haeris dabinZurebas, ras iwvevs dabinZurebuli haeri, rogor moqmedebs garemoze da ra aris saWiro haeris (atmosferuli Tu Senobis Sida) xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis. atmosferuli haeri biosferos erTerTi mTavari komponentia, romelic umniSvnelovanesia dedamiwis yvela cocxali organizmisTvis. swored amitom sWirdeba dRevandeli msoflios atmosferul haers dacva anTropogenuli (adamianis) saqmianobiT gamowveuli dabinZurebisgan. haeris dabinZureba uSualod moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze. amas uamravi samecniero kvlevac adasturebs. atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba warmoadgens avadobis, invalidobisa da sikvdilianobis potenciur riskfaqtors. daavadebebis speqtri sakmaod farToa da ZiriTadad damokidebulia haerSi damabinZureblebis koncentraciaze, eqspoziciis xangrZlivobasa da organizmis mdgomareobaze. Sesabamisad, haeris dabinZurebas gansakuTrebiT mZime zegavlena aqvs iseT mgrZnobiare jgufebze, rogoricaa orsulebi, bavSvebi, moxucebi, daavadebuli adamianebi, aseve dabalSemosavliani jgufebi.

80

haeris zemoqmedeba janmrTelobaze kargad aris Seswavlili. dabinZurebuli haeri riskfaqtoria ara mxolod gulsisxlZarRvTa da sasunTqi gzebis daavadebebisTvis (magaliTad, asTmisa da qronikuli bronqitebisTvis), aramed bavSvebSi tvinisa da nervuli sistemis ganviTarebis paTologiisa Tu diabetisTvis. msoflio jandacvis organizaciis onkologiur daavadebaTa saagento amtkicebs, rom atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebas SeuZlia filtvis kibos gamowveva. Senobis Sida Tu atmosferuli haeris dabinZureba mravali qronikuli daavadebis mizezia, rac mZime tvirTia rogorc daavadebulebis, ise qveynis janmrTelobis samsaxurebisa da ekonomikisaTvis. haeris dabinZurebis zrdas uaryofiTi gavlena aqvs socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobazec, radgan avadobis zrda iwvevs mkurnalobisa da profilaqtikuri medicinis xarjebis zrdas, samuSao dReebis kargvasa da Sesabamis ekonomikur zarals. amasTan, haeris dabinZureba uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekosistemebze da amcirebs mosavlianobas, azianebs Senobebs da istoriul Zeglebs, auaresebs turistuli adgilebis esTetikur Rirebulebas da a.S.

haeris dabinZureba

haeris dabinZurebis istoriuli konteqsti

organuli sawvavisa da sxva nivTierebebis wvisas warmoqmnili naerTebi atmosferos mTavari damabinZureblebia. haeris dabinZureba yvelaze uCinari dabinZurebaa. praqtikulad uxilavia haeris iseTi nivTierebebiT dabinZureba, rogoricaa naxSirJangi, azotis da gogirdis oqsidebi, myari nawilakebi, aromatuli organuli naerTebi, pirinebi, dioqsinebi, furanebi da sxva. roca atmosferul haerSi am nivTierebaTa koncentracia garkveul zRvars aRwevs, is uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianis janmrTelobaze, ekosistemebsa Tu materialur faseulobebze.

kacobriobis arsebobis manZilze bunebrivi garemo yovelTvis ganicdida anTropogenur zemoqmedebas, magram sanam adamianebis didi nawili agraruli tipis dasaxlebebSi cxovrobda da energiis ZiriTad wyarod SeSas iyenebda, atmosferuli haeris dabinZurebis problema naklebad idga. rac Seexeba Senobis Sida haers, misi dabinZureba yovelTvis awuxebda kacobriobas, magram adamiani egueboda imas, rom kvamli xels uSlida sunTqvas da Wvartlis Savi safari edeboda Wersa da kedlebs, radgan xis wviT miRebuli siTbo bevrad ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre sufTa haeri da sufTa kedlebi.

biosfero (Zv. berZn. βιοςσφαῖρα; βιος – sicocxle, σφαῖρα – sfero) – dedamiwis Txeli fena, sadac arsebobs da viTardeba sicocxle. termini „biosfero“ pirvelad frangma naturalistma Jan batist lamarkma gamoiyena, xolo swavleba biosferos Sesaxeb XX saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna. misi avtoria rusi mecnieri vladimer vernadski. Tanamedrove biosfero moicavs liTosferos, anu dedamiwis qerqs, hidrosferos, anu dedamiwis wylian garss da atmosferos, anu planetis airovan garss. biosferos zeda sazRvari zRvis donidan daaxloebiT 6 kilometrs aRwevs. am simaRleze jer kidev SeuZliaT arseboba qlorofilis Semcvel mcenareebs. biosferos qveda sazRvari vrceldeba 2-3 km.-is siRrmeze xmeleTis pirobebSi da 1-2 km.-is siRrmeze okeanis fskeridan.

qvanaxSiris sawvavad moxmarebam da industrializaciam mniSvnelovnad gazarda haeris dabinZureba. mag., inglisSi pirveli kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, q. londonSi qvanaxSiris dawva aikrZala, 1306 wels gamosca mefe eduard I-ma. Savi sqeli nisli, bolisa da Wvartlis nazavi, e.w. „smogi“, londons XX saukuneSic ki `awuxebda~. aRsaniSnavia, rom kacobriobam XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti wiaRiseuli sawvavi moixmara (qvanaxSiri, torfi, bunebrivi gazi, navTobi Tu sxva navTobproduqtebi), vidre mTeli Tavisi istoriis man-

81

garemo Zilze. Sesabamisad, haeris dabinZurebis problema Seexo TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebul Tu ganviTarebad qveyanas. msoflios energetikuli simZlavreebis, gansakuTrebiT, qvanaxSiris Tboeleqtrosadgurebis mSeneblobam, qimiuri mrewvelobis swrafma ganviTarebam, pirvel rigSi, urbanul centrebs Seuqmna mravalnairi garemosdacviTi problema. avtomanqanebis, aseve sxva saxis manqanebisa da meqanizmebis gamoyenebam gamoiwvia garemos sistematuri da intensiuri dabinZureba. Sesabamisad, gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan garemos dabinZurebis Sedegebi ukve sagrZnobi gaxda. erT-erTi pirveli qveyana, romelmac bunebrivi garemos qimiuri dabinZurebis gavlena igrZno, iyo iaponia. misi teritoriis 80 procentze sawarmoo samZlavreebis zemoqmedebiT haerisa da wylis dabinZurebam sagangaSo dones miaRwia. pirveli e.w. fotoqimiuri smogi oficialurad 1970 wlis ivlisSi dafiqsirda, rodesac smogma dafara tokio da sxva rva qalaqi. smogis gamo aTasobiT adamians daewyo Tvalebis wva da gauCnda yelis daavadebebi. evropis garemos dacvis saagentos gancxadebiT, yvelaze sagangaSo mdgomareoba haeris dabinZurebis TvalsazrisiT evropaSi aqvs did britaneTs, kerZod, londons. miCneulia, rom weliwadSi 20 000 adamiani naadrevad kvdeba haeris dabinZurebiT gamowveuli daavadebebis gamo. amis ZiriTad mizezad miCneulia britaneTSi arsebuli dizelis sawvavze momuSave avtoparki. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mTavroba, saTburi gazebis gamoyofis Semcirebis mizniT,

82

xels uwyobda dizelze momuSave avtomanqanebis gavrcelebas, Tumca aRmoCnda, rom dizelze momuSave manqanebi ufro metad abinZureben garemos (gamoyofs met azotis dioqsids), vidre benzinze momuSave manqanebi.

fotoqimiuri smogi 1950-iani wlebidan damkvidrebuli terminia, romelic aRniSnavs atmosferoSi mzis Suqis, azotis oqsidebisa da mfrinavi organuli nivTierebebis qimiur reaqcias, romelic Seicavs mavne nivTierebebs (atmosferos aldehids; azotis oqsidebs; peroqsiacilis nitratebs; troposferul ozons; mfrinav organul nivTierebebs) da abinZurebs atmosferos.

smogi (ingl. Smog) – haeris dabinZurebis tipi.

Savi, sqeli nisli, romelic warmoiqmneba bolisa da Wvartlisagan did qalaqebsa da samrewvelo centrebSi. sityva „smogi“ damkvidrda 1905 wlidan, rodesac gamoqveynda henri antuan de vos statia „kvamli da nisli“ da warmoadgens am inglisuri sityvebis – kvamlisa (ingl. Smoke) da nislis (ingl. Fog) – Serwymis Sedegs. smogs warmoqmnis didi raodenobiT naxSiris wva; arsebobs Tanamedrove tipis smogi, romelic Cndeba avtomobilTa gamonabolqvis, Sida wvis Zravisa da sawarmoo airebis gamoyofis Sedegad.

haeris dabinZureba

mravali wlis manZilze haeri ukiduresad dabinZurebuli iyo qalaq pekinSic, rac gamowveuli iyo 5 milionze meti avtomobilis moZraobiT, qvanaxSiris eleqtrosadgurebis muSaobiTa da mtvris StormebiT, romlebsac uamravi samSeneblo mtveri mohqonda qveynis CrdiloeT provinciebidan. CineTis mTavrobam am problemas yuradReba mxolod mas Semdeg miaqcia, rac 2013 wels pekinis Tavze ramdenime kviris manZilze smogi dadga – moxda misi identificireba da garkveuli RonisZiebebic gatarda. haeris dabinZureba yvelgan problemaa. kvlevebis mixedviT, evropis qalaqebis mosaxleobis 95% ganicdis mtvris Sewonili

nawilakebisa da miwispira ozonis mavne zemoqmedebas. evrokavSirSi haeris dabinZureba adreuli sikvdilianobis mTavari faqtoria. aq haeris dabinZurebiT gamowveuli adreuli sikvdilianoba 400 000 adamiania weliwadSi, xolo janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi daaxloebiT 330-940 miliard evros aRwevs. haeris dabinZurebasTan brZolaSi yvelaze warmatebuli iyo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, sadac 1970 wlidan moqmedebs e.w. `sufTa haeris aqti~, romlis saSualebiTac qveyanam SeZlo mniSvnelovnad Seemcirebina haeris dabinZureba da Tavidan aecilebina uamravi saxis daavadeba. 1970 wlidan 2014

83

garemo

wlamde haerSi 69%-iT Semcirda eqvsi (mtvris Sewonili nawilakebi, miwispira ozoni, naxSirbadis monoqsidi, gogirdis oqsidebi, azotis oqsidebi, tyvia) ZiriTadi damabinZureblis emisia (anu gamoyofa/gamoSveba), miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros aSSis mTliani Sida produqti 212 %-iT gaizarda. aSS-is garemos dacvis saagentos 2017 wlis ianvris gancxadebiT, `sufTa haeris aqtiT~ SesaZlebeli gaxda daaxloebiT 160 000 naadrevi sikvdilis, 130 000 gulis Setevis (infarqtis), milionobiT respiratoruli daavadebisa da bronqitis Tavidan acileba.

84

aseve SenarCunda 13 milioni samuSao dRe da Semcirda dabinZurebuli haeris zegavlena mosavalsa da satyeo meurneobaze. marTalia, mravali saxelmwifo aRiarebs adamianis janmrTelobisTvis haeris dabinZurebiT gamowveul safrTxeebsa da riskebs da zrunavs maT aRmofxvraze, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom atmosferuli haeri sazRvrebiT ar Semoifargleba da mxolod calkeul qveynebSi gatarebuli RonisZiebebi sasurvel Sedegs ver gamoiRebs. atmosferuli haeris xarisxis gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia mxolod qveynebis

haeris dabinZureba

erToblivi ZalisxmeviT. swored amitom muSaoben msoflio jandacvis organizacia da sxva garemosdacviTi saagentoebi aqtiurad da qveynebs haeris xarisxis gaumjobesebisaTvis rekomendaciebsac sTavazoben. ra aris haeris dabinZureba? atmosferos bunebrivi maxasiaTeblebis cvlilebas, romelic gamowveulia nebismieri qimiuri, fizikuri an biologiuri agentis zemoqmedebiT, haeris dabinZureba ewodeba. haeris mTavari damabinZureblebia: myari nawilakebi, anu mtveri myari nawilakebi, rasac xSirad ubralod mtvers vuwodebT, erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi damabinZurebelia. is haerSi ZiriTadad sawvavis wvis da sxva samrewvelo procesebis Sedegad xvdeba. misi ZiriTadi gamfrqvevebia avtotransporti, cementis qarxnebi da energetikuli industria – Tboenergetika. misi qimiuri Semadgenloba mravalgvaria, is SeiZleba Seicavdes rogorc elementarul naxSirbads, ise dabali aqroladobis mqone organul naerTebsa Tu araorganul naerTebs (nitratebi, sulfatebi, araorganuli ionebi), Wvartls, mZime liTonebs, metalebis oqsidebs (mag., siliciumis oqsids), nacars (kalciumis silikats) da a.S. Sewonil myar nawilakebs Soris yvelaze ufro saSiSia nawilakebi, romelTa hidrodinamikuri diametri 5 mkm.-ze naklebia. SesunTqvisas isini aRweven limfur

kvanZebSi, Cerdebian filtvebis alveolebSi da lorwovani garsis gaRizianebas iwveven. gogirdis orJangi gogirdis orJangi atmosferoSi gogirdis Semcveli sawvavis wvisas xvdeba. misi ZiriTadi wyaroa qvanaxSirze momuSave eleqtrosadgurebi, saqvabeebi, metalurgiuli sawarmoebi, agreTve dizelis sawvavze momuSave avtomanqanebi. daSvebulze maRali koncentraciiT haerSi gogirdis orJangis arseboba aRizianebs sasunTq gzebs, cxvirxaxisa da traqeis lorwovans. naxSirJangi (СO) naxSirJangi ufero da usuno mxuTavi gazia, romelic arasruli wvis produqts warmoadgens. misi ZiriTadi wyaroa avtomobilebis gamonabolqvi (warmoiqmneba sawvavis arasruli wvisas, rasac ganapirobebs arasakmarisi temperatura an Sida wvis ZravaSi mouwesrigebeli haeris mimwodebeli sistema), navTobisa da qvanaxSiris wva, metalurgiuli warmoeba. naxSirJangi CasunTqvisas male gadadis sisxlSi, urTierTqmedebs hemoglobinis rkinasTan da warmoqmnis myar naerTs – karboqsihemoglobins, ris Sedegadac hemoglobins veRar gadaaqvs Jangbadi da iwyeba organizmis Jangbadovani SimSili. adamians, romelic Tundac mcire doziT mudmivad sunTqavs naxSirbadis monoqsids, aReniSneba anemia, sunTqvis gaZneleba, haeris

85

garemo ukmarisoba, Tavis tkivili da sxv. didi odenobiT naxSirJangis CasunTqvisas adamiani iRupeba. azotis oqsidebi (NOx) azotis oqsidebi warmoiqmneba maRal temperaturaze sawvavis wvisas, Jangbadis siWarbis dros. misi ZiriTadi wyaroa avtomobilebis gamonabolqvi, bunebrivi airis namwvi, Tboeleqtrosadgurebi da insineratorebi (specialuri wvis Rumeli, sadac maRal temperaturaze xdeba daavadebul cxovelTa leSisa da sxva biologiuri narCenebis ganadgureba). haerSi arsebuli azotis oqsidebi aRizianebs sasunTq gzebs, upirveles yovlisa, filtvebis qsovils. manganumis oqsidi (Mn2O3) manganumis oqsidis ZiriTadi wyaroa metalurgiuli warmoeba. manganumis oqsidi aris Zliermomwamvleli nivTiereba, romelic moqmedebs centralur nervul sistemaze da mis cvlilebebs iwvevs. tyvia (PB) tyvia da misi naerTebi atmosferoSi ZiriTadad xvdeba avtotransportidan, eTilirebuli benzinis gamoyenebisas, metalurgiuli war-

86

moebidan da a.S. tyvia grovdeba adamianis sxvadasxva organoSi (tvini, RviZli, Tirkmeli, Zvlebi), gansakuTrebul zians ayenebs bavSvebsa da mozardebs, aseve mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs bavSvis embrionul ganviTarebaze. tyviis gafrqvevis nebismieri done saxifaToa. tyviis maRalma gafrqvevam bavSvebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios koma, konvulsiebi da sikvdilic ki, daazianos Tavis tvini, Seaferxos fsiqikuri da fizikuri ganviTareba, gamoiwvios sxvadasxva nevrologiuri da qceviTi problemebi. qvanaxSiris wva qvanaxSiris eleqtrosadgurebi ganixileba energetikis seqtorSi erT-erT mTavar damabinZureblad, radgan qvanaxSiris wvisas gamoiyofa ara mxolod saTburis gazebi, aramed aseve mTeli rigi saSiSi haeris dambinZureblebi, rogoricaa: gogirdis dioqsidi, azotis oqsidebi, policikluraromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi, toqsikuri nivTierebebi, mZime metalebi (merkuri, kadmiumi, tyvia, dariSxani, radioizotopebi), myari nawilakebi da dioqsinebi, rac qars asobiT kilometrze gadaaqvs. amasTan, naxSirbadis wvisas gamoyofili e.w. myari nawilakebi, mcire zomis (diametri – 2,4 mikrometri) gamo, gansakuTrebiT saSiSia adamianis organizmisTvis (iwvevs

haeris dabinZureba

filtvebis muSaobisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis darRvevebs, gulsisxlZarRvTa daavadebebsa da insults). mJava wvimebi atmosferuli naleqebis yvela saxeobas – wvima, Tovli, setyva, nisli da a.S., romelTa tenis SemadgenlobaSi maRalia mJavuri komponenti, mJava wvima ewodeba. normaluri atmosferuli naleqis mJavianoba (pH) daaxloebiT 5,6-ia. is odnav momJavoa, vinaidan naxSirorJangi CO2 ixsneba wyalSi da qmnis sust mJavas – naxSirmJavas (H2CO3). mJava wvimis mJavianoba ki 4,2-sa da 4,4-s Soris meryeobs.

Sotlandielma qimikosma robert angus smitma jer kidev 1852 wels daadgina, rom mJava wvimasa da dabinZurebul garemos Soris kavSiri arsebobs. rac ufro dabinZurebulia garemo, miT ufro imatebs wvimis wylis mJavianoba. mJava wvimis ori umTavresi komponentia gogirdmJava da azotmJava, romlebic warmoiqmneba haerSi gafrqveuli gogirdisa da azotis oqsidebis koncentraciis zrdisas. atmosferoSi moxvedrili mJavuri oqsidebi haeris nakadebiT aTasobiT da aTi aTasobiT kmilometrze gadaadgildeba. mJava wvimebiT yvelaze metad dazaralebulia skandinaviis qveynebi, sadac mJava wvimebis daaxloebiT 7080%-s transsasazRvro xasiaTi aqvs da maT ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens didi britaneTi, germania da sxva qveynebi. mxolod

britaneTidan daaxloebiT 40 000 tona gogirdis dioqsidis mJava modis da SvedeTis Tavze `icleba~. mJava wvimebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs garemosa da adamianebis cxovrebaze, iwvevs tbebisa da tyis ekosistemebis degradirebas, tbebi da wyaroebi xdeba mJavuri, rac klavs qviriTs da safrTxes uqmnis Tevzis populaciebs. mag., SvedeTSi 18 000 tbidan 4000 aTasi degradirebulia mJava wvimebis gamo.

87

garemo mJava wvimebis gavleniT icvleba niadagis struqtura, mcirdeba misi produqtiuloba da biomasis daJangvis siCqare, amis ZiriTadi mizezi niadagis mikrofloris degradaciaa. niadagis xsnaris pH-is Semcireba sxva uaryofiT movlenebsac iwvevs, kerZod, izrdeba mZime liTonebis moZravi, biologiurad aqtiuri formebis koncentracia da advilad irecxeba biogenuri nivTierebebi. aseve seriozuli ziani adgeba tyis ekosistemebs, radganac ziandeba foTlebisa da totebis epidermisi da izrdeba mcenaris daavadebis albaToba. samrewvelo regionebSi tyeebis gaCanagebis erTerTi mizezi mJava wvimebia. mJava wvimebis gamo adamianebs eqmnebaT sunTqvis problemebi, gansakuTrebiT – visac asTma awuxebs. iwvevs Tavis tkivilebs, Tvalebis, cxvirisa da xorxis wvas. smogi fotoqimiuri smogi aris atmosferoSi mzis Suqis, azotis oqsidebis, troposferuli ozonis, nitratebisa da mfrinavi organuli nivTierebebis qimiuri reaqcia. fotoqimiuri smogi yvela Tanamedrove

88

qalaqis problemaa, gansakuTrebiT – iq, sadac aris bevri avtomanqana da mSrali, Tbili da mziani klimati. smogi gadaadgildeba qaris daxmarebiT da SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos agrarul raionebzec. smogi amcirebs xilvadobas, aZlierebs masalebis da nagebobebis korozias, damRupvelad moqmedebs mcenareebze, aryevs adamianis janmrTelobas, iwvevs sasunTqi gzebis dazianebas, pirRebinebas, Tvalis lorwovani garsis gaRizianebasa da saerTo moTenTilobas. intensiuri da xangrZlivi fotoqimiuri smogi SeiZleba daavadebaTa da sikvdilianobis zrdis mizezi aRmoCndes.

Senobis Sida haeris dabinZureba atmosferuli haeris garda, dabinZurebuli SeiZleba iyos haeri Senobis SigniT, rac bevr problemas uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas. Senobis Sida haeris dabinZurebis wyaroebia:

haeris dabinZureba

obis soko Tambaqos kvamli SeSisa da sxva sawvavis wvis produqtebi mtveri, maT Soris, Sewonili myari nawilakebi saojaxo meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli produqtebi da pesticidebi

amrigad, rogorc vnaxeT, haeris dabinZureba mniSvnelovani problemaa, romelic safrTxes uqmnis Cvens janmrTelobasa da garemomcvel samyaros. es am saukunis erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia, romlis Sesaxebac unda icodes TiToeulma moqalaqem da romlis mogvarebac moeTxoveba yvela qveyanas, radgan haers sazRvrebi ar gaaCnia da misi dabinZurebisagan dacva mTeli kacobriobis saerTo da gadaudebeli sazrunavia.

iseTi gazebi, rogoricaa radoni da naxSirJangi SenobaSi gamoyenebuli masalebi, magaliTad, azbesti, formaldehidi, tyvia.

89

krosvordi

1 2

3

4

5

6 7 9

10

13

8

11

12

16

15

14

17

22

21 23

18

20

19

24 25 25 27

28

29

30 31

32 34

33

35

36

38

37

39

40 41

42

43

44

45

49

46 47

50

53

58

48

51

54

52

55

56

57

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

1. xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiros viwro zoli safrangeTisa da italiis teritoriaze. 2. saqarTvelos Sua da zeda paleoliTuri epoqebis mRvimuri Zegli. 3. XIII-XIX ss. jer vercxlis, Semdeg oqros fuli dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. 4. teqnikis ama Tu im dargis specialisti, romelsac umaRlesi teqnikuri ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. 5. avstrieli nevropaTologi, fsiqiatri, fsiqologi, nevrologi, fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli. 6. cnobili alpinisti da mogzauri, man 1868 wels myinvarwveri da ialbuzi daipyro. 7. memkvidreobiTobis Semswavleli mecniereba. 8. revoluciamdel ruseTSi ZiriTadi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli. 10. mecniereba adamianis warmoSobisa da evoluciis, adamianTa rasebis Sesaxeb. 16. oTxwliani periodi olimpiur TamaSebs Soris, warmoadgenda welTaRricxvis erTeuls. 17. qarTveli maTematikosi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis pirveli prezidenti. 18. frangi mwerali, romelmac alfred nobels evropis `yvelaze mdidari mawanwala~ Searqva. 20. mecniereba namarxi organizmebis Sesaxeb. 21. cxenosani jaris erTeuli, romelic daaxloebiT qveiTi jaris aseuls Seesabameba. 22. mwvervali saqarTveloSi (igive mwvervali yazbegi). 24. qarTveli mwerali, cisferyanwelTa ordenis lideri. 25. Tanamedrove adamianis uSualo winapari da piTekanTrofis STamomavali. 29. kerZo sakuTrebis usasyidlod gadaqceva saxelmwifo sakuTrebad. 30. paleoliTuri xanis nasaxlari tyibulis r-is teritoriaze. 33. XIX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani frangi poeti. 35. SemoRobili adgili, saTavso cxovelebisa da frinvelebisaTvis.

37. mzveravi, jaSuSi. 40. evropel vaWarTa axalSeni koloniur qveynebSi. 42. gemis saxeoba, romelic gamoiyeneba Txevadi tvirTis gadasazidad. 43. mimdinareoba dasavleT evropis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iyo konkretuli saxis Secvla simboloTi, irealuri sinamdvilis Zieba. 47. saberZneTis erT-erTi kunZuli, sadac pirveli fuli moiWra daaxloebiT 2700 wlis win. 48. iranuli moneta, romelic Sah abas I-ma SemoiRo da romelsac misi saxeli ewoda. 50. Weqa-quxilis da elvis RmerTi romaul miTologiaSi. 51. erTi erovnebis adamianebis erToba sakuTari qveynis farglebs gareT.

90