My world 19

2018

19

geopolitika globalizacia da kultura

resursebi

rogor gavzomoT ekonomika?

ganaxlebadi energetika

sastumroebi TbilisSi

qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi

kultura

literatura

wignebi

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

ekonomika

cnobili adamianebi

nikoloz II

istoria

didi qarTvelebi eqvTime TayaiSvili

guruli mojiriTeebi

19 2018

generali, iaponiis elCi germaniaSi. 59. organuli nivTiereba, romelic xels uwyobs organizmSi mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebis aCqarebas. 61. sastumro, romelsac hqonda sasadilo. 62. amerikeli gamomgonebeli, pirveli seriuli cecxlsasroli iaraRis mwarmoebeli. 63. gardaqmna, risame Secvla. 65. inglisis umaRles Tavad-aznaurTa memkvidreobiTi tituli. 66. simReris, musikis kilo, melodia. 67. erT teritoriaze gansaxlebuli adamianebis erToba, romelTac saerTo interesebi da identifikacia aqvT. 70. memkvidreobis fizikuri da funqciuri erTeuli, romlsac informacia gadaaqvs organizmebis erTi Taobidan meoreSi.

TinaTin evdoSvili

merab miqelaZe arCil CaCxiani zurab daviTaSvili Tornike SaraSeniZe lado papava daviT mircxulava arCil qiqoZe daviT xoStaria irakli maxaraZe

3. Tqmuleba, legenda. 5. samSoblos monatrebis sevda. 8. italieli generali da politikosi, didi roli Seasrula italiis gaerTianebaSi. 11. inglisis saxelmwifo moRvawe XIX saukuneSi, didi britaneTis me-40 da 42-e premier-ministri. 12. perangis an axaluxis gulispiri. 13. seriozuli uTanxmoeba, ganxeTqileba.

15. Sejibri aSuRebs Soris simRerebis SeTxzvaSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi. 16. nadirobis qalRmerTi berZnul miTologiaSi. 18. Tbilisis daZmobilebuli qalaqi germaniaSi. 20. sityvis an gamoTqmis gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT xmareba, emyareba msgavsebas, Sedarebas, analogias. 22. igivea, rac kontinenti. 24. protestantul-reformaciuli eklesiebis mRvdelmsaxuri. 26. safosto kareta, romelsac mgzavrebic gadahyavda da fostac gadahqonda. 29. RvTismSoblis saxelobis somxuri eklesia TbilisSi. 33. kinoJanri, romelic veluri dasavleTis mkvidrTa cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs. 34. sawarmos mier warmoebuli asortimentis gafarToeba, saxecvlileba, warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRlebisa da ekonomikuri sargeblis miRebis mizniT. 35. azri, Canafiqri; risame mTavari azri. 36. amerikeli msaxiobi, vesternSi `diliJansi~ mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli. 39. adgili CrdiloeT amerikaSi, samxreT afrikasa da avstraliaSi, sadac iZulebiTi wesiT arian dasaxlebuli adgilobrivi mkvidrni. 40. saxnavi miwa, yana. 41. damcveli, momxre. 43. Zv. saberZneTSi Tavisufali qcevis Wkviani, ganaTlebuli, lamazi gauTxovari qali. 45. erT-erTi mimdinareoba luTeranul eklesiaSi. 48. kavkasiel aSuRTa yvelaze saxelganTqmuli warmomadgeneli. 50. mdidruli saxli, agaraki. 51. cnobili amerikeli geopolitikosi, 1911 wlis CineTis revoluciisa da cinis dinastiis damxobis aqtiuri monawile. 52. literaturuli nawarmoebis Sesavali nawili. 53. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebisa da kanonis aRsrulebaze pasuxismgebeli samarTaldamcveli aSS-Si. 55. cxovelTa da mcenareTa jiSebis gaumjobeseba an axali jiSebis gamoyvana xelovnuri SerCeviT, SejvarebiT. 57. fotografirebis pirveldawyebiTi meTodi, roca suraTs iRebdnen iodovani vercxliT dafarul liTonis firfitaze. 60. erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli struqturebis kompleqsi, romlebic garkveuli amocanis gadaWras emsaxureba. 63. adamianis Cagvra kanis feris, rasis, eTnikuri kuTvnilebis gamo. 64. meore msoflio omis periodSi germania-ssrk-is omis oficialuri germanuli koduri saxelwodeba. 68. siyvarulis qalRmerTi berZnul miTologiaSi. 69. mecnieruli an filosofiuri Teoria, sistema. 70. sxvadasxva (politikuri, religiuri, savaWro, TavdacviTi da a.S.) gaerTianeba Sua saukuneebis dasavleT evropis qalaqebSi. 71. ZiriTadi midgoma an meTodi gansazRvruli miznebis, prioritetebis misaRwevad. 72. saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mniSvnelobis mqone zogi dokumentis saxelwodeba. 73. momavlis rwmena, ukeTesis molodini. 74. XVIII saukunis qarTveli lirikosi poeti, misi Semoqmedeba gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli melodiurobiT.

wina nomerSi gamoqveynebuli krosvordis pasuxebi

garekanze: giorgi axuaSvilis ilustracia statiisTvis `1918 wlis `bolSevikuri revoluciebi~ afxazeTSi~

1. inteleqti 2. sakoku 3. naTxemi 4. kurski 5. nisli 6. Zaibacu 7. smogi 11. mucuhito 14. reputacia 16. koalicia 18. traqea 20. izolacionizmi 22. emulacia 24. eqstremizmi 25. torfi 26. aliansi 29. bergmani 31. neokorteqsi 32. asTma 33. paqti 37. parodia 38. standarti 42. kolonializmi 44. epidemia 45. privatizacia 47. logika 48. investori 53. perSingi 56. krizisi 57. sinafsi 59. buSido 60. peri

8. samurai 9. industrializacia 10. vermaxti 12. konsensusi 13. kompromisi 15. harakiri 17. nato 19. prioriteti 21. detanti 23. perestroika 27. teqseli 28. amnistia 29. blokada 30. algoriTmi 34. portugalia 35. genomi 36. konservatori 37. putCi 39. institucionalizacia 40. meiji 41. dotacia 43. SevardnaZe 46. flopsi 49. marsi 50. Soguni 51. autizmi 52. biosfero 54. tyvia 55. Cernobili 58. kolafsi 61. neironi 62. okupacia 63. eqspansia 64. qviriTi 65. edo 66. legioni

19 / 2018

didi qarTvelebi merab miqelaZe samSoblosTvis Sewiruli cxovreba

4

istoria

arCil CaCxiani 1918 wlis `bolSevikuri revoluciebi~ afxazeTSi

16

geopolitika zurab daviTaSvili globalizacia da kultura

24

cnobili adamianebi Tornike SaraSeniZe nikoloz II

36

ekonomika lado papava rogor gavzomoT ekonomika?

46

resursebi daviT mircxulava ganaxlebadi energetika

52

literatura arCil qiqoZe wignebi

60

kultura daviT xoStaria 66 adreuli sastumroebi TbilisSi qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi irakli maxaraZe guruli mojiriTeebi

74

82

didi qarTvelebi

samSoblosTvis Sewiruli cxovreba merab miqelaZe amboben, rom rodesac 1945 wels Tbilisis aeroportSi dajda TviTmfrinavi, romliTac saqarTvelos gasabWoebis gamo bolSevikebs garidebuli qarTuli saganZuri parizidan samSobloSi daabrunes, am saganZuris erTgul mcvels, eqvTime TayaiSvils, TviTmfrinavidan gadmosvla dauyovnebia, Turme erideboda iq momlodine qarTul sazogadoebasTan Tavisi `SelanZRuli da daxeuli~ pijakiTa da fexsacmliT gamoCena... imasac amboben, rom eqvTime TayaiSvilsa da mis meuRles, umSvenieres nino poltorackaias, safrangeTSi ukiduresi gaWirvebisa da uamravi siZnelis gadatana ar mouxdebodaT, ase erTgulad da TavdadebiT rom ar eguSagaT qarTuli saganZurisTvis da iqidan Tundac erTi umciresi nivTi gaeyidaT...

gangebam eqvTime TayaiSvili, momadlebul niWTan erTad, samSoblos gamorCeuli siyvaruliTa da maRali zneobiT daajildova. gonisa da gulis gansakuTrebulma sikeTem SeaZlebina mTeli sicocxlis manZilze etarebina erovnuli saganZuris moZiebisa da movla-patronobis arcTu msubuqi tvirTi. misma mecnierulma alRom, Tavdauzogavma Sromam da mizanswrafvam saqarTvelos ara mxolod SeunarCuna materialur-kulturuli memkvidreobis gansakuTrebulad Zvirfasi nawili, aramed es yvelaferi sistemuri da mravalmxrivi samecniero kvlevis sagnadac aqcia.

4

eqvTime TayaiSvili

eqvTime TayaiSvili daibada lixaurSi, guriis erT patara sofelSi, 1863 wlis 3 ianvars, kordonis oficer simon TayaiSvilisa da nino nakaSiZis ojaxSi. adre daoblda da misi aRzrda mamidam da bebiam iTaves. wignis moyvaruli bebia kargi mTxrobeli yofila, patara eqvTimes Turme xSirad TavisTan iwvenda da gvianobamde uyveboda zRaprebs... samiode wlis eqvTime xidan gadmovardnila, marjvena fexi moutexavs da ueqimobis gamo samudamod dakoWlebula.

7 wlis eqvTime ozurgeTis samazro saswavlebelSi SeuyvaniaT, sadac saRmrTo rjuls Turme dekanozi simon qiqoZe aswavlida, gabriel episkoposis Zma, romelsac didi gavlena mouxdenia masze. Semdeg eqvTimem swavla quTaisis klasikur gimnaziaSi ganagrZo, vercxlis medliT daamTavra (1883) da Cairicxa peterburgis universitetSi, istoriul-filologiur fakultetze, berZnul-laTinuri enebis ganxriT. studentobis periodSive misi iniciativiT qarTvel moswavleTa jgufs peterburgis universitetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetis profesor aleqsandre cagarelisTvis uTxovia saqarTvelos istoriisa da qarTuli literaturis Sesaxeb leqciebis wakiTxva. ase rom, momaval swavluls im droisaTvis Sesaferisi farTo istoriul-filologiuri ganaTleba miuRia da Tan qarTvelTmcodneobaSic gawafula. albaT amitomac moicavs misi mravalmxrivi saqmianoba humanitaruli mecnierebis farTo speqtrs, iqneba es istoriografia, epigrafika, geografia, arqeologia Tu xelovneba... ganaTlebamiRebuli da samSobloSi dabrunebuli eqvTime TayaiSvili 1887 wels muSaobas iwyebs Tbilisis saTavadaznauro skolasa da gimnaziaSi. am periodSi misi erTerTi mTavari mizani xdeba saqarTvelos siZveleTa Sekreba da maTi mecnieruli damuSaveba, riTac agrZelebs wyaroTmcodneobis dargSi Tavisi maswavleblebis – mari brosesa da dimitri baqraZis gzas. maSin mxolod ramdenime kacs Tu anaRvlebda siZveleebis gadarCenis saqme. Zalian didia eqvTime TayaiSvilis wvlili Zveli qarTuli xelnawerebis, sigel-gujrebisa da materialuri kulturis Zeglebis gadarCenis, gamomzeurebisa da Seswavlis saqmeSi. misi naSromebi orjer (1907 da 1911 ww.) daajildoves ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis oqros medliT da miiCnies `iSviaT da Zvirfas Senamatad rusuli orientalistikisa~.

aleqsandre cagareli (1844-1929) – qarTveli istorikosi da filologi, qarTuli mwerlobis mkvlevari. ganaTleba miiRo peterburgsa da germaniaSi. eZebda da swavlobda qarTul xelnawerebs, am mizniT mogzaurobda sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, moinaxula qarTuli kulturis savaneebi sazRvargareT, aRwera qarTuli kulturis 1184 nimuSi: 946 xelnaweri, 162 Zveli nabeWdi wigni da 76 warweriani nivTi.

mari brose (1802-1880) – frangi orientalisti da qarTvelologi, evropaSi mecnieruli qarTvelologiis fuZemdebeli, didi wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli enisa da literaturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. swored broses TargmaniT gaecno evropa pirvelad `vefxistyaosans~. mari broses damsaxurebiT moxda qarTuli Sriftis Camosxmac. mas gamoqveynebuli aqvs 270-mde naSromi, romelTa umravlesobac saqarTvelosa da somxeTis istoriisa da kulturis Seswavlas emsaxureba.

5

didi qarTvelebi eqvTime TayaiSvili Tavisi saqmianobiT gverdiT edga ilia WavWavaZes. `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelma sazogadoebam~ mas xelnawerTa mecnieruli katalogis Sedgena daavala da swored amis Sedegia sakuTari safasuriTa da didi teqnikuri dabrkolebis gadalaxviT calke wignad Sedgenili publikacia `sami istoriuli xronika~. naSromi moicavs imJamad `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebisTvis~ Sewirul, qarTuli istoriografiisTvis udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone `Satberdis krebulSi~ Sesul Txzulebas `moqcevai qarTlisais~, sumbat daviTis Zis qronikas (1884 w. dimitri baqraZis mier aRmoCenil mariamiseul `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ rom iyo Setanili) da TviT eqvTimes mier wignsacavisaTvis SeZenil e.w. mesxur daviTnze miweril qronikas. amasTan, eqvTimes Tavisive mikvleulma da danamdvilebiT daTariRebulma `parxlis saxarebam~ saSualeba misca, rom imave piris mier gadawerili `Satberdis krebulic~ zustad daeTariRebina (X saukuniT). garda am saxarebisa, xsenebul naSromSi CarTulia arqeologiuri mogzaurobis dasawyisSi eqvTimes mikvleuli ramdenime sxva xelnaweris, warwerisa Tu nivTis aRwerac. `sam qronikas~ mohyva `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ gamocemac. calke unda aRiniSnos eqvTimes mier Catarebuli samuSao `vefxistyaosnis~ ormocdaaTiode mTel Tu naklul xelnawerze, ris Sedegadac dadginda, rom XVII saukuneze ufro adrindeli xelnaweri Cven jer ar mogvepoveboda, rom vaxtang VI-s kritikuli gamocema daubeWdavs, rom sxvadasxva pirs bevri rame Caumatebia xelnawerSi da a.S. kvlevis amave rigSi moixsenieba `abdulmesianis~, `rostomianis~, `beJanianis~, `qilila da damanas~, `rusudanianis~, `omanianis~, Teimuraz I-is TxzulebaTa, Teimuraz batoniSvilis rusTvelologiuri SeniSvnebi da sxva xelnawerebi. samecniero moRvaweobasTan erTad eqvTime TayaiSvili mraval sazogadoebriv da kulturul saqmes edga saTaveSi: 1888 wels igi airCies `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ gamgeobis wevrad, 1889 wels, dimitri baqraZis winadadebiT, – saeklesio muzeumis komitetis wevrad, xolo 1907 wlidan – saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis Tavmjdomared. 1894 wels eqvTime airCies saimperatoro arqeologiuri komisiis wevrad, moskovis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis kavkasiuri ganyofilebis wevrad, 1901 wlidan – geografiuli sazogadoebis

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dimitri ba qraZe (182618 istorikosi, arqeologi d 90) – qarTveli a iniciativiT daarsda kavk eTnografi. misi asiis arqeol moyvarulTa ogiis sa misive Tavmj zogadoeba, romlis baza zec domareobiT Se istoriisa da arqeologiis iqmna kavkasiis sazogadoeba.

kavkasiis ganyofilebisa da aRmosavleTmcodneobis Tbilisis ganyofilebis wevrad, xolo 1907 wels – kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuri institutis direqtoris moadgiled. safrangeTSi emigraciis Semdeg, 1922 wels, eqvTime safrangeTis numizmatikuri sazogadoebisa da parizis aziuri sazogadoebis wevradac airCies. eqvTime TayaiSvili Tbilisis universitetis erT-erTi damaarsebelicaa – misi profesori da arqeologiis kaTedris gamge. sagangebod Sedgenili saleqcio kursis konspeqtebSi eqvTimes SedarebiT vrclad swored wiaRiseuli arqeologia aqvs warmodgenili – es iyo Cvens universitetSi arqeologiis kursis SemoRebisa da qarTuli arqeologiuri terminologiis Seqmnis pirveli yuradsaRebi cda, risi daviwyebac ar SeiZleba.

1917 wlamde eqvTime sakuTar Tavs erTaderT mTxrel arqeologs uwodebs da marTlac, igi erTnairi profesionalizmiTa da nayofierebiT ikvlevs rogorc wiaRiseul nivTier Zeglebs, ise miwiszeda Zeglebsa Tu werilobiT saistorio wyaroebs.

eqvTime TayaiSvili

ilia WavW E avaZe, dimitri baqraZe da eqvTime TayaiSvili arqeologiur gaTxrebze mcxeTaSi

jvris monast ris kompleq Semswavlel sis i komisia

unda aRiniSnos, rom swored eqvTime TayaiSvilis iniciativiT Segrovda Tanxa da gadaudebeli sarestavracio samuSao Cautarda mcxeTis jvris monasters. am didi mecnieris wyalobiT dainerga ramdenime ZiriTadi arqeologiuri xasiaTis debuleba. aseve unda iTqvas, rom eqvTime TayaiSvilma momdevno TaobaTa arqeologebs winaswar miuTiTa usaTuod Sesaswavli iseTi Zeglebi, rogorebicaa amJamad ukve safuZvlianad gamokvleuli vanis naqalaqari, saCxeris yorRanebi, walka-TrialeTis Zveli samarxebi da sxva. mkvlevars bevri arqeologiuri nivTi sakuTari xarjiTac ki SeuZenia, magaliTad, saCxeris gaTxrebis nimuSebi.

1908 wels axalgoris sofel saZegurTan gzis gayvanisas aRmoCenila adrindeli antikuri periodis mdidari qalis samarxi. adgilobriv mosaxleobas nivTebi maSinve dautacebia. eqvTimes xerxisTvis miumarTavs – mZarcvelebi Tbilisis gubernatorisa da adgilobrivi pristavis meSveobiT dauSinebia da iZulebuli gauxdia nivTebi daebrunebinaT. ase SeunarCunda saqarTvelos axalgoris unikaluri ganZi, romlis xelSi Cagdebasac ukve safrangeTSi yofnisas britaneTis muzeumi moindomebs – erTi nivTi mainc dagviTmeT da saganZuris srul, ferad katalogs ufasod gavakeTebTo – am mizniT molaparakebebze eqvTimesTan gagzavnes qarTvelologi uiliam aleni, romelic eqvTimem civi uariT gaistumra. dRes es ganZi s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos muzeumis arqeologiur saganZurSia gamofenili.

sasafeTqleebi axalgoris ganZidan, Zv.w. IV s.

7

didi qarTvelebi eqvTime TayaiSvils, imis magivrad, rom mxolod samecniero muSaobiT yofiliyo dakavebuli, Tavadve uxdeboda siZveleebis moZieba-gadarCena da amisTvis mTel saqarTveloSic mogzaurobda. amas aRniSnavda moskovis arqeologiuri sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebis wevri n. derJavinic, romelmac erT-erT sxdomaze dananebiT ganacxada: `samwuxaroa, rom eqvTime TayaiSvils ar SeuZlia mTeli Tavisi dro mecnierul muSaobas moaxmaros~. amasve Cioda Tavad mecnieric:

`saqarTvelo daviare da d uzarmazari avinaxe, Tu r masalaa ganw a iruli daviw da xSirad daR yebisa upvisTvisac , pirdapir am na fanatiur itama miswrafeb am, rac SeiZl ti momeswro eba me, miT umetes , rom Cem Tan roveTagan aR amedaravin misdev da am saqmes... dens vcdilo rambdi, ras ar vk idebdi xels, ram ramdeni magram mainc ver movaswari... ar xalxi, TiTo iyo -orola kacis meti ar ekar da aseT saqmes ebo; ar esmodaT amis mniSvnel da gemo!... T oba iTqos gvyavd a inteligen magram namdvi cia, lad da Rrma d veravin xvd da kulturu eboli memkvidr eobis movlaronobisa da pa tadgilobriv i Seswavlis leblobas!~ aucieqvTime TayaiSvili

eqvTime TayaiSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba saocari Tavmdablobis magaliTia – igi ar moridebia im `Sav saqmes~, rac momavali Taobis mecnierebs gaukvalavi gzis siZneles gauadvilebda. gos, is `sul imas vSiSobdi, is ar daikar leba SeiZ rac o, ar waxdes, yvelaferi aRvwer vaSemo , Zino Sevi meti gamovce, gadmoviRo, es s axo Sein rom wirvino, muzeumi Sevqmna, amuS Cemi a iod yvelaferimeTqi da ase mid rom ba, ale saSu oba... sad mqonda imis dro da evebi medavmjdariyavi da namdvili gamokvl rogor ! irs mikv wera?! rac movaswari, isic en raamd bdi rxe ar mezareboda? rogor vaxe rs afe yvel amas mes – pirdapir sakvirvelia! debo Cnd gamo e imisTvis vakeTebdi, rom mer idwavl Seis rs nen mkvlevarebi da yvelafe a javanen. marTlac, aba ras izamda, Tu gind iliyo yof ar xiSvili, Tugind sxvebi, es rom gaCemi xom i isin Sekrebili da gamocemuli?! ..~ mocemebiT sargeblobdnen.

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eqvTime TayaiSvilis dauRalavi Sromis nayofia saqarTveloSi erovnuli samuzeumo saqmis dawyeba. igi, rogorc Tavadve ambobda, `meZebari ZaRliviT eZebda nivTebs~, misxal-misxal agrovebda erovnuli saganZuris fasdaudebel nimuSebs. ase, magaliTad, `vefxistyaosnis~ unikaluri xelnaweri lamis xelidan aurTmevia daviT sarajiSvilisTvis, romelsac misi Cuqeba cnobili frangi mogzaurisTvis – baron de baisTvis moundomebia. erTxel eqvTimes Zma avad gamxdara, magram eqvTimes, mouclelobis gamo, mis sanaxavad ozurgeTSi wasvla ver mouxerxebia, wamlebi ki gaugzavnia. Zmas naxevrad xumrobiT usayveduria: aba, raime nivTi aRmoeCinaT aq, maSin xom kisristexiT Camoqandebodio...

1910 wels eqvTime TayaiSvilma masStaburi eqspedicia moawyo raWa-leCxumSi. iq miiwvia fotografi dimitri ermakovi, arqiteqtori svimon kldiaSvili da ivane niJaraZe – svanTa didi moamage. leCxumidan eqspedicia svaneTSi gadavida, saidanac Camoitana svanuri droSa – lemi da iSviaTi nakeTobis sva-

eqvTime TayaiSvili

nuri sakurcxili, aseve aRwera lagurka – wm. kvirikes da ivlitas sax. taZari da iq arsebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi (eqvTimem gauxsna gza qarTuli saeTnografio skolis fuZemdebels – giorgi Citaias, romelic peterburgSi miavlina saswavleblad da stipendiac dauniSna). eqvTime did mniSvnelobas aniWebda xalxuri yofis, zne-Cveulebebis, dResaswaulebis, ritualebis aRweras, Tavadac sainteresod aqvs ganxiluli guriaSi SemorCenili meRvineobasTan da nayofierebasTan dakavSirebuli rituali – aguna. aseve mTeli sisruliTa da eTnografiuli sizustiT aqvs aRwerili guriis mosaxleobis empiriuli codna frinvelze nadirobasTan – `CitbadobasTan~ dakavSirebiT, romlis fesvebic Soreul warsulSia saZiebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom eqvTime TayaiSvilis uSualo davalebiT aRwera mose janaSvilma saingilo, romelic amave saxelwodebiT gamoica kidec 1911-1913 wlebSi. saeTnografio masalis Sesagroveblad eqvTimem Turme mTaSi vaJa-fSavelac ki miavlina.

mose janaSvili (1855-1934) – qarTveli istorikosi, enaTmecnieri, eTnografi, publicisti, pedagogi, sazogado moRvawe.

„lemi“– zoomorfuli droSa, gamohqondaT zafxulis dResaswaulze – xiliSze. setis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi dacul „lems“ hqonda xis tari, zed Camocmuli vercxlis Subisebri TaviT, romelzec wmindanTa gamosaxulebebi da asomTavruli warwera iyo orive mxares. keravdnen abreSumis qsovilisagan, ukeTebdnen vercxlis ybebs, kbilebsa da enas. Tavze akerebdnen yurebs, Tvalebi da cxviri gamohyavdaT vercxlisferi sirmiT. droSas, kudis CaTvliT, 2,4 m. sigrZe hqonda. swrafi moZraobisas haeriT ivseboda da cxovelis formas iRebda. xalxuri gadmocema pirveli „lemis“ damzadebas qalRvTaeba lamarias miawers, zogi ki – Tamar mefes. lems ganagebda da icavda privilegirebuli gvaridan arCeuli meleme, romelic lemiT xelSi win uZRoda laSqars omianobisas. dReobis bolos imarTeboda doRi, sadac melemec iRebda monawileobas. lemi arqaul warmodgenebs efuZneba. analogiuri droSebi gavrcelebuli iyo skviTebs, sarmatebsa da parTelebs Soris, saidanac gadaiRes romaelebma da sasanurma iranma. aqedan ki – bizantielebma da Sua saukuneebis evropelebma.

sakurcxili (svan.), sakarcxuli (raWa) saufroso savarZeli, romelSic svaneTSi ojaxis ufrosi, qora maxvSi jdeboda. Tlidnen xisgan, hqonda sazurge da mklavsayrdeni. wina svetebis piri Semkuli iyo geometriuli ornamentiTa da astraluri simboloebiT. sakurcxils sakulto daniSnulebiTac iyenebdnen.

9

didi qarTvelebi XX saukunis dasawyisSi `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis~ muzeumi saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis muzeumma Secvala da swored am ukanasknelma itvirTa qarTuli kulturis Zeglebis, nivTebisa da warsulis sxva naSTebis moZebna, Seswavla, Segroveba da gadarCena. saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis saqmianobasac eqvTime TayaiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. sazogadoebam daiwyo farTo saeqspedicio samuSaoebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier pirveli msoflio omis miwuruls, 1917 wels, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mowyobili tao-TorTum-speris eqspedicia. albaT utyuari intuiciiT iyo nakarnaxevi saqarTvelos am uZvelesi da yvelaze daucveli mxaris moxilva da aRwera, sadac qarTuli istoriuli Zeglebi ganadgurebis piras iyo. mecnierma isargebla garemoebiT, roca TurqeTis frontze ruseTis jaris winsvlis Sedegad ganTavisuflda mtkvrisa da Woroxis saTaveebi – qarTuli kulturis umniSvnelovanesi adgilebi da, miuxedavad mgzavrobis sirTulisa da arcTu usafrTxo pirobebisa, iq eqspedicia moawyo. eqvTimes anderZic ki dautovebia meuRlisTvis: Tu cocxali ar davbrundi mokrZalebiT dammarxeT, qoneba ki saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebas darCeso.

am eqspediciam Seiswavla xaxulis, eqeqis, oSkis, iSxnis, banas, parxlis taZrebi, TorTumis cixe da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sxva Zeglebi. Sesrulda maTi mecnieruli anazomebi da gegmebi, dafiqsirda materialuri kulturis Zeglebi da maTi arqiteqturuli detalebi. freskebidan gadmoiRes aslebi. rogorc eqvTime TayaiSvili werda: `am eqskursiebis dros aris umetesad Segrovili Cveni muzeum-biblioTekis nivTebi, xelnawerebi, sigel-gujarni, suraTebi, freskebi da gegmebi~.

Svili eqvTime Tayai ckaia ra to l po nino

eqvTime TayaiSvili oSkis svetTan

10

da

saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis samecniero samuSaoTa Sedegebi xSirad qveyndeboda sazogadoebis gamocemebSi. amisaTvis daarsda ori seria: `Zveli saqarTvelo~ da `saqarTvelos siZveleni~. pirvelSi ZiriTadad qveyndeboda samecniero Sromebi humanitaruli mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi, meoreSi ki ibeWdeboda TviT wyaroebi: sigel-gujrebi, xelnawerebi, istoriuli werilebi da sxva dokumentebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom `saqarTvelos siZvelenis~ gamocema ganaaxla g. CubinaSvilis saxelobis qarTuli xelovnebis istoriisa da ZeglTa dacvis kvlevis erovnulma centrma prof. iuza xuskivaZis TaosnobiT. saqarTvelos samuzeumo ganZeulobis sapatronod eqvTime TayaiSvilis emigraciaSi wasvlis Semdeg, 1922 wels, saistorio sazogadoebas saTaveSi ivane javaxiSvili Caudga.

eqvTime TayaiSvili

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom eqvTime TayaiSvils gverdiT hyavda Rirseuli meuRle da megobari, saTnoebiT, sikeTiTa da ganaTlebiT gamorCeuli, mSvenieri nino poltorackaia – polonuri warmoSobis cnobili iuristis, notariusis, graf ivane poltorackisa da nadeJda gabaSvilis qaliSvili. ninos da eqvTimes daqorwineba Turme ilia WavWavaZis xelSewyobiT momxdara. eqvTimesa da nonos erTmaneTis mimarT simpaTia hqoniaT, Tumca ninos ojaxi am qorwinebis winaaRmdegi yofila – poltorackebs ar sdomebiaT Raribi da usaxlkaro, Tanac koWli siZe. imxanad eqvTimes ukve daarsebuli hqonda saegzarqoso muzeumi da Tbilisis saTavadaznauro saswavlebelsac xelmZRvanelobda, magram Raribi iyo, saxlic ara hqonia da iakob gogebaSvilTan cxovrobda qiriT. ilias TavisTan, nacnob-megobrebis tradiciul Sekrebaze, sxvaTa Soris ukiTxavs: rodemde unda idges batoni eqvTime baton iakobTan binad? axla is droa nino poltorackaia SevrToT colado (ivane poltoracki da ilia gimnaziis megobrebi yofilan, poema `aCrdili~ iliam swored ivanes uZRvna, poltorackis uTargmnia rusulad ilia WavWavaZis „kacia adamiani?!“, „oTaraanT qvrivi“, „glaxis naambobi~). axalgazrdebma daqorwineba mxolod ninos mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1895 wels SeZles da mejvareebad ilia winamZRvriSvili da ilia WavWavaZis meuRle olRa guramiSvili (ilia maSin TbilisSi ar imyofeboda) wauyvaniaT. es qorwineba bednieri aRmoCnda saqarTvelosTvis – samSoblom eqvTime TayaiSvils mZime da sapasuxismgeblo misia daakisra da am saqmeSi misi mTavari damxmare da megobari swored erTguli da Tavdadebuli nino poltorackaia iyo.

baTu mi

xofa arxavi

Zve i xidl i

mere cixe s

mamawm inda

focx ovi tamal i

mt kv ar i

Savi zRva

senop parex tbeTi i Ta zegan x i x a a naki nukas nZTa sayda SavSeT ri karwa i arTv saTle xis SaiTa tba ini doli n syana artaa k a l a artan n art uji cixe is Crdil is cixeanujis urTa tba Wala parxa li arta gurj ieni rabaT aani a i ni feqra Seni vaCeZo arfaC r i o i l o T x T usufe uri susuz ai li ekl i esiaa iSxani kavkas s o lomo cixe iZeTa n kala bana anisi kinepo yarsi si esbeki oSki TorTu m is xi tba To ro Wo olTi xaxul rTumis olTi sis ci i si cixe xe uzund kopi e r e speri selim cixe s i narman i sariy amiSi mt kv ar i

viwe

erTi saintereso detalic gavixsenoT: ukve emigraciidan dabrunebuli mecnieri tao-TorTum-speris ZeglTa fototabulebis siis Sejerebaze muSaobda giorgi lomTaTiZesTan erTad. axalgazrda kolegas misTvis ukiTxavs: `batono eqvTime, xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebze samuSaod universitetSive emzadebodiT gana, ase safuZvlianad rom gcodniaT es yvelaferi? – ah, ara, batono, universitetSi me pedagogad vemzadebodi da mere Camovedi da vnaxe, rom Zeglebi iRupeba da kaci magaTi Semswavleli aRaravinaa (baqraZe xom adre gardaicvala!), movkide xeli, CemiT Seviswavle literatura da ise gaviwafe. axla ki mTeli skola da institutia da detalurad swavloben...~

11

didi qarTvelebi rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg bolSevikebs xelSi rom ar CavardnodaT, safrangeTSi gadaxvewilma qveynis menSevikurma mTavrobam saqarTvelodan gaitana sabanko valuta, qveynis samuzeumo ganZeuloba da xelnawerebi. mTeli samuzeumo qoneba erT RameSi SefuTes da mcvelad gaayoles eqvTime TayaiSvili meuRlesTan erTad . swored eqvTime TayaiSvils daevala safrangeTSi waRebuli erovnuli saganZuris movla-patronobis urTulesi saqme. rogorc amboben, col-qmari ise swrafad gamgzavrebula, rom ninos sasadilo magididan WurWlis alageba da Tokebidan sarecxis Camoxsnac ki ver mouswria. saxlidan mxolod saqorwino kelaptrebi wauRiaT. qarTuli saganZuris mcveli eqvTime safrangeTSic ganagrZobda samecnierokvleviT muSaobas. emigraciaSi ukidures siduxWireSi myofi mecnieri evropel antikvarebTan moxvedrili qarTuli Zeglebis SeZenazec ki zrunavda. rac unda ucnaurad mogveCvenos, ucilo faqtia, rom emigraciaSi yofnisas, 1937 wels, eqvTime TayaiSvilma qarTul enaze dastamba `arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 wels~. es xdeba maSin, rodesac xan niu-iorkis xelovnebis muzeumi sTxovda qarTuli minanqris miyidvas, xan britaneTis muzeums undoda axalgoris ganZis xelSi Cagdeba, xanac Tavad obo-

lenskis qvrivi, dadianis asuli salome iTxovda mamiseuli qonebis dabrunebas, visTan davamac mecniers didi dro da energia waarTva... faSistebis mxridanac iyo erovnuli ganZis xelyofis mcdeloba, ris gamoc ganZi versalSi gadaitanes da iq, sardafSi, samSeneblo nagavTan erTad sagangebod gadamales. da mainc, miuxedavad saganZuris xelyofis araerTi safrTxisa, mecnieris Tavdadebam qveyanas SeunarCuna erovnuli saganZuri da myari niadagic moumzada samSobloSi dasabruneblad. amisaTvis politikuri amindic xelsayreli aRmoCnda: 1944 wels safrangeTis lideri Sarl de goli Cadis moskovSi, xvdeba ioseb stalins, romelic mas pirdapir sTxovs saqarTvelos erovnuli ganZis dasabruneblad zomebis miRebas, razedac Tanxmobas iRebs. de golma sityva pirnaTlad Seasrula – parizSi dabrunebisTanave gaica brZaneba ganZis dabrunebisa, saqmeSi CaerTo sabWoTa kavSiris elCi bogomolovic, visTanac eqvTimes aqtiuri mimowera hqonda. 1945 wels dRis wesrigSi dadga qarTuli ganZis samSobloSi dabrunebis sakiTxi, risTvisac parizSi miavlines akademikosi Salva amiranaSvili. masve daevala koleqciebis aRwera da siis Sejereba Tbilisidan Camotanil siebTan. dokumenturad dadginda, rom mTeli koleqcia, yoveli nivTi da dokumenti uklebliv iyo Senaxuli.

Semoqmedis kvadrifoliumi

tondo wminda mamis gamosaxulebiT Y , gelaTi

12

eqvTime TayaiSvili

eqvTimesaTvis parizTan damSvidobebas tkivilnarevi sevda axlda – Zvirfasi meuRlis nino poltorackaias saflavTan samudamo ganSorebiT gamowveuli sevda... ukiduresad duxWirma emigrantulma yofam naadrevad gatexa am natifi qalbatonis isedac faqizi janmrTeloba da nino mtanjveli avadmyofobiT gardaicvala. igi levilSi dakrZales da, anderZis Tanaxmad, saflavSi Tbilisidan waRebuli saqorwino kelaptari Caatanes (1987 wels nino poltorackaias neSti levilidan TbilisSi gadmoasvenes da meuRlis gverdiT dakrZales).

rodesac laparakia saqarTvelos erovnuli saganZuris gadarCenaze, aucileblad unda vaxsenoT arqimandriti grigol feraZec – qarTveli Teologi, istorikosi, poloneTSi moRvawe didi qarTveli. rodesac faSistebis mier okupirebul safrangeTSi saqarTvelos menSevikuri mTavroba gadaxdisuunaro aRmoCnda, wamoiWra saqarTvelos saganZuris auqcionze gatanis sakiTxi. germanelebs am ganZis SeZenis survili gamouTqvamT da misi materialuri Rirebulebis Taobaze profesionaluri daskvna grigol feraZisaTvis dauvalebiaT. mama grigols qarTuli siwmindeebi gulmodgined aRunusxavs da saeqsperto daskvnaSi Cauweria, rom es nivTebi materialurad naklebad faseulia da mxolod qarTveli erisTvis aqvs istoriuli mniSvneloba.

banas sakaTedro taZari TurqeTi, arzrumis provincia oqros Tasi Zv.w. XIX-XVIII ss.

TrialeTi, walka

13

didi qarTvelebi ninos gardacvalebis Semdeg eqvTime sulierad Zalian mZimed yofila. es kargad Cans axlo megobris – irodion sonRulaSvilisaTvis miweril mis werilSic: `Cemo Zvirfaso, raRa mogwero! gonebiT minda davmSvidde, magram guli ar memorCileba, nino aRar myavs! es albaT sakmarisia, rom Cemi sioble, Cemi martooba da umweo mdgomareoba usityvodac kargad gaigo. ubeduri SemTxveva sabediswero Seiqmna, oci Tve icocxla, me erTi saaTiTac ar movcilebivar mis sawols. saocari simSvidiT Sexvda aRsasruls. ori dRiT adre miTxra, iqneb mec dedaCemiviT male goneba davkargo da axla minda yvelaferi giTxrao. ise momialersa da damatkbo, rom veRar moviTmine, guli amomeskvna da cremli momeria. gaukvirda, ufro magari nervebis patroni megoneo. mec Rone movikribe da Cemi vuTxari, gavuxsene misi amagi, misi saTnoeba, misi Cemdami samsaxuri da siyvaruli. amiT TiTqmis gamoveTxoveT erTmaneTs. me ise aRelvebuli viyavi, rom ukanaskneli gankarguleba sxvebs daavala, mandilosnebs: dRes eqvTimem imdeni kargi sityva miTxra, rom sruliad damSvidebiT vkvdebio. kuboSi Cemi da eqvTimes jvrisweris sanTeli CamayoleTo. is sanTeli saqarTvelodan hqonia wamoRebuli. aTi wuTis Semdeg umtkivneulod Sewyda majiscema da samudamod miiZina... dakrZalvas mTeli qarTveloba daeswro. ninos saTnoebas, adamianobasa da kacTmoyvareobas aq didi saxeli hqonda~.

eqvTime TayaiSvili svaneTSi eqspediciis wevrebTan erTad

eqvTime TayaiSvili levilSi

ocdaoTxwliani ganSorebis Semdeg, 1945 wlis 11 aprils, eqvTime TayaiSvili ganZTan erTad saqarTveloSi dabrunda. `82 wlis moxucs amixda didi xnis natvra, davubrundi samSoblos da davubrune mas misi kuTvnili ganZeuli. saSualeba momeca Cems universitetSi da axalSobil akademiaSi damewyo muSaoba, oRond Zalze miklavs guls is garemoeba, rom Cemi sacodavi meuRle, Cemi xangrZlivi sicocxlis erTguli Tanamgzavri, safrangeTis miwaSi damrCa damarxuli...~ (werda eqvTime TayaiSvili erT-erT werilSi). mgzavrobiT gadaRlili da naavadmyofari eqvTime rogorc ki saxlidan gasvlas SeZlebs, maSinve Zvirfasi kolegisa da Tanamoazris – simon janaSias gardacvalebas ojaxs piradad miusamZimrebs. 82 wlis mxcovani mecnieri Zveleburi SemarTebiT ubrundeba samecniero saqmianobas –

14

eqvTime TayaiSvili

igi airCies mecnierebaTa akademiis wevrad da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSic aRadgines profesorad. eqvTime asrulebs adre dawyebul Sromebs da sistemaSi mohyavs wlebis ganmavlobaSi naRvawi, kiTxulobs sajaro leqciebs saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglebis Sesaxeb. 1946 wels universitetSi sajaro moxsenebiT warsdgeba: `evropaSi naxuli qarTuli Zeglebi da iqve Sekrebili cnobebi qarTuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb~. misive iniciativiT 1949 wels gamoica XI saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTveli istorikosis, sumbat daviTis Ze bagrationis qronika tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa Sesaxeb. da mainc, sabWoTa reJimma emigrantoba `ver apatia~ eqvTimes da 1951 wels misi Seviwroeba daiwyes: jer universitetidan gamouSves, Semdeg erTaderTi momvleli, Svilobili lida poltorackaia daupatimres, mere ki Tavadac Sinapatimroba dauweses... xandazmuli mecnieris janmrTelobam amden gansacdels veRar gauZlo da 1953 wlis 21 Tebervals gulis dambliT gardaicvala. reJimis SiSiT mxolod ormociode kacma gabeda ukanasknel gzaze gaecilebina es didi mamuliSvili, romelmac mTeli Tavisi xangrZlivi sicocxle mSobeli qveynis samsaxurSi galia... mas STamomavloba ar darCenia. amiT iseve, rogorc farTo samoRvaweo aspareziT, hgavs eqvTime saqarTvelos mamad wodebul ilia WavWavaZes. maTTvis xom mamobrivi zrunvis sagani mxolod saqarTvelo iyo...

`dammarxeT sul ubralod, arc gvirgvinebi, arc sityva, xolo vinaidan me qristianul wesze var aRzrdili, minda qristianulad davimarxo mRvdlis TandaswrebiT... Cems skivrSi, TeTreulebTan, inaxeba kelaptris didi sanTeli, romelic jvrisweris dros vixmareT eklesiaSi. ninos wamoeRo, sikvdilis Semdeg unda dagvinTon kubos wino da Semdeg kuboSi Cagvatanono. ninos es survili avusrule da, misi survilisamebr, minda mec amisruloT!~ (eqvTime TayaiSvilis anderZi, dawerli 1943 wlis 26 dekembers).

2000 wels eqvTime TayaiSvili da nino poltorackaia mTawmindaze gadaasvenes da ilia WavWavaZisa da olRa guramiSvilis gverdiT dakrZales, 2002 wels ki erovnulma wminda sinodma eqvTime TayaiSvili wmindanad Seracxa da mas `eqvTime RvTiskaci~ uwoda.

15

istoria

arCil CaCxiani 1917 wlis oqtombris bolSevikurma gadatrialebam mZlavri biZgi misca yofili ruseTis imperiis teritoriaze umarTavi procesebis dawyebas. xelisuflebis mitacebisaTvis SeiaraRebuli brZola bolSevikTa politikuri aqtivobis qvakuTxedad iqca. 1918 wlis dasawyisidan ideologiuri da samxedro TvalsazrisiT soWidan mxardaWerilma soxumelma bolSevikebma aSkara SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebisaTvis daiwyes mzadeba. calsaxad da gadaWriT unda aRiniSnos, rom am movlenebis mTavar ganmsazRvrel faqtorad kavkasiis frontis moSla da frontidan dabrunebuli `revoluciurad~ ganwyobili, realurad ki, gadezertirebuli, umarTavi da zneobadakarguli rus jariskacTa nakadebi iqcnen. araviTari miTiuri `muSaTa klasi~ da araviTari `revoluciuri masebi~ am momentisaTvis arc soxumSi da, miT umetes, arc mTlianad afxazeTSi, ubralod, ar arsebobda. gadezertirebul jariskacTa da matrosTa am damangrevel nakadebs maTi gadaadgilebis mTel marSrutze `morodioruli Sleifi~ mosdevda. kavkasiis frontis swored es `revolucioneri~ jariskacebi da Savi zRvis flotis matrosebi iqcnen soWis olqis wiTeli gvardiis ZiriTad birTvad, xolo soxumis olqSi – `bolSevikuri revoluciis~ maprovocirebel mTavar faqtorad. am `revoluciis~ mTavar arss ki arsebuli adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis damxoba, `proletariatis diqtaturis~ damyareba da eqspropriacia-konfiskaciebis Catareba warmoadgenda. cxadi iyo, rom leninur-bolSevikuri lozungebi – `Бей буржуев!~ da ,,Грабь награбленное!~ – agresiuli mowodebebis formidan realuri xorcSesxmis fazaSi Sedioda.

16

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

ukve 1918 wlis 16 TebervlisaTvis, isargebla ra amierkavkasiis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi osmaluri SenaerTebis mier kavkasiis frontis garRveviT, saerTo qaosiTa da amierkavkasiis mTavrobis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sisustiT, rusi bolSevikebis samxedro daxmarebis imediT afxazeTis bolSevikTa e.w. `samxedro revoluciurma komitetma~, efrem eSbas xelmZRvanelobiT, soxumSi xelisuflebis sadaveebi igdo xelT. e.w. `sabWoTa xelisuflebis~ damyareba ki, soxumis portSi Savi zRvis eskadris damxmare kreiser `Дакия~-s Semosvlas ukavSirdeba, romelsac kavkasiis frontidan wamosuli dezertiri da garevolucionerebuli matrosebi mohyavda. am e.w. `gasabWoebis~ uSualo sababad erTob prozauli momenti iqca – soxumis portSi gadmosul matrosebsa da afxaz Tavads, `kavkasiis veluri diviziis~ yofil oficers, poruCik nikoloz emuxvars Soris momxdari incidenti, rodesac `revolucionerma~ galeSilma jariskacebma Tavads samxreebis Camogleja daupires. cxadia, Rirsebis mqone oficeri jariskacTa Tavxeduri moqmedebebis Sesabamisad moiqca: man erTi jariskaci iqve mokla, meore daWra, TviTon ki miimala. `Дакия~-s kapitanma soxumis xelisufalT emuxvaris gadacema mosTxova, rac maT droulad ver Seasrules da rasac `Дакия~-s sagembano artileriidan soxumis dabombva, bortze myofi gaveSebuli piradi Semadgenlobis qalaqSi gadasvla da mosaxleobis masobrivi terori mohyva. es iyo ruseTis `didi oqtombris socialisturi revoluciis~ gamoZaxili soxumSi. Semdeg ferebi ufro gamuqda da soxumi da soxumis olqi saomari moqmedebebis zonad aRsaniSnavia, rom swored es istoriuli faqti da movlena daedo safuZvlad didi qarTveli mwerlisa da publicistis, leo qiaCelis moTxrobis `haki aZbas~ siuJets. igi pirvelad 1933 wels gamoqveynda da maSinve miipyro mkiTxvelis yuradReba, male ki mwerlis saukeTeso nawarmoebadac aRiares. komunisturi reJimis mkacri cenzuris gamo mweralma realuri subieqtebi da personebi gamogonili personaJebiT Secvala. literaturis kritikosTa azriT, nawarmoebSi ori erisa da ori epoqis fsiqika upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. nawarmoebi ramdenime aTeuli welia erovnul sagamocdo programaSia Setanili, 2007 wels ki, bakur sulakauris gamomcemlobam `haki aZba" yvela drois saukeTeso qarTuli mcire romanis seriaSi Seiyvana. morodioroba (frang. Maraudeur – Zarcva) – samxedro danaSauli. saomari moqmedebebis zonaSi daRupulebis, daWrilebis an mSvidobiani mosaxleobis Zarcva an maTi qonebis miTviseba. termini `morodioroba~ Cndeba 1618-1648 wlebSi evropaSi mimdinare e.w. `ocdaaTwliani omis~ periodidan.

axalcixe

baTumi xofa

artaani arTvini yarsi

rize trapizoni

erevani olTisi igdiri

sariyamiSi yaraqurTi alaSkerti gumuShane arzrumi

sarai

muSi

vanis tba

xoi dalmani

vani

urmiis tba

xanesuri

osmalTa II armia

kavkasiis armiis koncentraciis raioni

Turqebis koncentracia da Setevis mimarTuleba 1915 wlis ivnisSi

ajanyebis raioni rusebis Seteva, 1914 wlis noemberi Turqebis Seteva, 1914 wlis noemberi 1914 wlis dekembris fronti Turqebis koncentracia sariyamiSis operaciis win Turqebis Seteva, 1914 wlis dekemberSi da 1915 wlis ianvarSi rusebis manevri sariyamiSis operaciis win daiaris jgufis manevri

frontis xazi arzrumis aRebis Semdeg 1915 wlis aprilis fronti Turqebis koncentracia arzrumis operaciamde rusebis koncentracia arzrumis operaciamde Turqebis II armiis koncentraciis raioni fronti 1915 wlis aprilSi IV kavkasiuri korpusis Setevis fronti frontis xazis cvlileba 1916 wels

dRevandeli soWi-tuafses raioni uZvelesi droidan saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTi nawilis – afxazeTis – SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda... da ase grZeldeboda saukuneebis manZilze... kavkasiaSi ruseTis gabatonebis Semdeg ki afxazeTis samTavros moCvenebiTi `damoukideblobisagan~ kvalic aRar darCa. afxazeTis samTavros ukanaskneli `mflobeli~ 1823-1864 wlebSi, Zveli afxazuri aristokratuli modgmis warmomadgeneli, Tavadi mixeil SarvaSiZe, romelmac imperatoris winaSe gansakuTrebuli damsaxurebebis gamo generlis Cinic ki miiRo, saboloo jamSi, mwared motyuvda. motyuebuli darCa misi STamomavlobac da saerTod, mTlianad afxazi xalxic. 1864 wels mixeil SarvaSiZe voroneJSi gadaasaxles, sadac male gardaicvala kidec. misi qoneba ki rusma oficrebma da Cinovnikebma daitaces. afxazeTi `soxumis samxedro olqad~ gadakeTda. carizmis amierkavkasiaSi SemosvliT, sruli okupaciisa da aneqsiis Semdeg, afxazeTis samTavro, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos ganuyofeli nawili, iseve, rogorc danarCeni qarTuli samefoebi da samTavroebi, qreba. saerTo jamSi, XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTvelo srulad iqna dapyrobili da aq rusuli imperiis mmarTvelobiTi administraciuli sistema SemoiRes. istoriuli qarTuli miwebi ki axali sistemiT gadanawilda. 1883 wels soxumis okrugi quTaisis guberniaSi Seiyvanes, SavizRvispireTSi ki Seiqmna teritoriul-administraciuli erTeuli, e.w. `SavizRvispireTis okrugi~. 1896 wlis maisSi, nikoloz II-is brZanebiT, es teritoria moeqca axladCamoyalibebuli Savi zRvis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi, sami administraciuli erTeuliT – soWis, tuafsesa da novorosiiskis olqiT (okrugiT). guberniis centrad qalaqi novorosiiski dadginda, xolo misma samxreTis administraciulma sazRvarma soxumis okrugTan (afxazeTTan) – mdinare mzimTaze gaiara.

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istoria gadaiqca. imdroindeli presa gvatyobinebs: `modarajeTa polkma am dros gaaTavisufla tusaRebi. ganTavisuflebulebi modarajeTa polks miemxrnen. qalaqSi da mis midamoebze hidroplanebi ireodnen da yumbarebs isrodnen eSeraSi, sadac afxazTa saxalxo sabWo gaemgzavra. mohkles 2 bavSvi. wiTeli gvardia marto darCa da iZulebuli iyo eSerisaken wasuliyo da afxazebs SeerTeboda. Tebervlis 19-Si movida javSnosani `princ karli~ da xangrZlivi srola autexa qalaqs. Semdeg srola eSerebzec gadmoitana. Tavzardacemuli macxovreblebi gaiqcnen. gamefda carcva-gleja... qalaqs gadaaxdevines kontribucia 15000 maneTi~.

oqtombris bolSevikuri gadatrialebis Semdeg, 1917 wlis 11 noembers, sayovalTao qaosis Tavidan asacileblad da amierkavkasiis droebiTi mTavrobis mowyobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, am sazogadoebrivi da profesiuli organizaciebis warmomadgenlebma TbilisSi moiwvies sagangebo TaTbiri. qarTveli social-demokratebis ZalisxmeviT Seiqmna amierkavkasiis samxareo xelisuflebis droebiTi organo – amierkavkasiis komisariati, riTac amierkavkasia oficialurad gaemijna sabWoTa ruseTs. 1918 wlis 10 Tebervals amierkavkasiis komisariatma amierkavkasiis saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo warmomadgenlobiTi xelisuflebis organo – amierkavksiis seimi moiwvia, romelic ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis amierkavkasieli deputatebiT dakompleqtda. seimis Tavmjdomared qarTveli social-demokrati nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe airCies.

soxumis olqis komisari am procesebis paralelurad amoqmedd. zaxarovi ityobineboda: `javSnosnis wasvl is Semdeg wiTeli gvard da bolSevikuri okupaciis Cveuli sqema, ielebi SeuerTdnen afxaze bs, berZnebs, somxebs, Serac sxva qveyanaSi jarebis Seyvanamde iTvidnen qalaqSi, iaraRi ahyares modarajeTa ro valiswinebda adgilze ukmayofilebisa tas da qalaqSi wesiereba Cam oagdes. Sedga sazogado ebrivi wesrigis dacvis kom da viTom saxalxo ajanyebis inspirireiteti... saWiroa soxumS i samxedro nawilis Seqmna bas, `mSromelTa interesebis damcveli~ . aseTi iqneba afxazTa bat alioni, romelic moiTxo e.w. `revkomis~ Seqmnas da mis droebiT vs yovelmxriv daxmareba s~. mTavrobad gamocxadebas. bolo fazas ki warmoadgenda sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTva da qveyanaSi rusuli samxedro SenaerTebis Semoyvana. okupaciis am sqemas sabWoelebi warmatebiT axorcielebdnen ukve SemdegSic, aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi...

qalaqis moTareSebisa da mniSvnelovani `kontribuciis~ arTmevis Semdeg, maleve, kreiseri `Дакия~ tovebs soxumis ports, mas ki morigi `revoluciuri xomaldebi~ – saeskadro naRmosani `Дерзкий~ da javSnosani `Король Карлос~ da maTi ekipaJebi – gabolSevikebul yaCaRTa axali brboebi esxmian Tavs. sisxlis samarTlis damnaSaveebis, gayaCaRebuli matrosebisa da bolSeviki uzurpatorebis winaaRmdeg agorebul masobriv saxalkreiseri `Дакия~ xo winaaRmdegobas afxazTa saxalxo sabWo Caudga saTaveSi.

efrem (duru) eSba (1893-1939) – bolSeviki, 1917-1918 ww.-Si samurzayanos aralegaluri bolSevikuri organizaciis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli, rsdm(b) soxumis saolqo komitetis Tavmjdomare, afxazeTis revkomis Tavmjdomare, romelic misi iniciativiT Seiqmna. damxmare kreiseri `dakia~ ruminuli sazRvaosno kompaniis `Serviciului Maritim Roman~ dakveTiT 1907 wels aages safrangeTSi, sen nazeres gemTsaSenSi, Tavdapirvelad – rogorc samgzavro gemi. miweris adgili – konstancas porti. 1907-1916 wlebSi igi asrulebda regularul reisebs konstanca-konstantinopoli-pireaaleqsandriis marSrutze. 1916 wels rumineTi antantis mxareze CaerTo I msoflio omSi. ramdenime ruminuli gemi, maT Soris `dakia~ da `karol karlosi~, ruseTis saimperatoro samxedro flotis SemadgenlobaSi Seiyvanes, sadac isini damxmare kreiserebad gadakeTda. maTze ramdenime qvemexi damontaJda da hidroTviTmfrinavebic ganTavsda. `dakiam~ SeinarCuna Tavisi saxeli da teqnikuri personali, Tumca sabrZolo ekipaJi da sameTauro Semadgenloba ruseTis samxedro-sazRvao flotis oficrebiTa da matrosebiT dakompleqtda.

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bolSevikuri revoluciebi

pirvel rigSi, xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom 1918 wlis TebervalSi soxumSi datrialebuli sisxliani vandea iyo ara qarTul-afxazuri eTnikuri dapirispireba, ris kultivirebasac adrec cdilobdnen da axlac cdiloben imperiuli da separatistuli Zalebi, aramed – qarTul-rusuli ideologiuri omis Semadgeneli nawili, bolSevikur-kriminaluri agresia saqarTvelosa da iq macxovrebeli xalxebis winaaRmdeg da am xalxis brZola Tavisuflebisa da demokratiisaTvis. bolSevikuri SeiaraRebuli agresiis mizans sabWoTa xelisuflebis ZaliT damyareba da ganmtkiceba, Semdeg ki axali tipis rusul-bolSevikuri imperiis Sekowiweba warmoadgenda, rasac xalxi win aRudga. am e.w. `revoluciis~ CaxSobis saqmeSi soxumis mosaxleobis didi nawili, rogorc qarTvelebi da afxazebi, ise berZnebi da somxebi, erTad idga.

quTaisis guberniis ruka

bolSevikuri e.w. `revolucia~ afxazeTSi iseve moulodnelad dasrulda, rogorc daiwyo. `Дерзкий~-isa da misi garevolucionerebuli matrosebis mier soxumis morigi moTareSebis Semdeg saeskadro naRmosanma, 21 Tebervals, porti datova. rogorc ki `Дерзкий~ Tvals miefara, social-demokratebma mTeli Tavisi Zalebis mobilizacia moaxdines. naRmosani da misi ekipaJi soxumidan wavida, adgilobrivma SeiaraRebulma banditebma da cixidan gamoSvebulma kriminalebmac saswrafod datoves soxumi da drandis raions Seefarnen. maT Tavi bolSevikebad gamoacxades da aqve daiwyes adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleobis Semokreba `afxazebisa da menSevikebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. sabolood, 4-9 marts soxumSi gamarTul glexTa II yrilobaze miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa gatarebis safuZvelze mosaxleobam moaxerxa soxumis olqsa da mTlianad afxazeTSi erTi muWa avantiuristebisa da kriminalebis sisxliani TareSis aRkveTa da mdgomareobis dastabilureba. amave dros, yrilobaze miiRes gadawyvetileba amierkavkasiis xalxTa erTian ojaxSi afxazeTis Sesvlis Sesaxeb, raTa `demokratiul saqarTvelosTan erTad gamoWediliyo ukeTesi momavali~. bolSevikTa mier afxazeTis `sovetizaciis~ ufro mZime da xangrZlivi eqsperimenti (vidre es 1918 wlis TebervalSi iyo), romelic ВЧК-is wameba-daxvretis poligonad iqca, 1918 wlis gazafxulze `Catarda~. TavisTavad cxadia, rom politikuri stabilizaciis SenarCuneba amierkavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi ar Sedioda kremlis gegmebSi da gazafxulze bolSevikebma kvlav SeZ-

ВЧК (Всероссийская чрезвычайная комиссия по борьбе с контрреволюцией и саботажем) kontrrevoluciasa da sabotaJTan brZolis sruliad ruseTis sagangebo komisia.

Seiqmna leninis brZanebiT, 1917 wlis 7 (20) dekembers. igi warmoadgenda sabWoTa ruseTis saxelmwifo uSiSroebis damcav `proletariatis diqtaturis~ xelmZRvanel organos `ruseTis mTels teritoriaze~. `sagangebo komisia~ iyo bolSevikebis mier klasobrivi mtrebisa da ruseTis sxvadasxva socialuri fenebis warmomadgenelTa, agreTve kontrrevoluciaSi eWvmitanilTa winaaRmdeg gamocxadebuli `wiTeli teroris~ ganmaxorcielebeli mTavari instrumenti da sadamsjelo organo. mxolod 1917-1922 wlebSi ВЧК-m 140 aTasi adamiani daxvrita. vandea (frangulad Vendée) – istoriuli departamenti safrangeTis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, luaris regionSi. Seiqmna safrangeTis didi revoluciis periodSi, 1790 wels. opoziciisa da roialisturi kontrrevoluciis mTavari kera, sadac1793 wels daiwyo kontrrevoluciuri amboxeba. ixmareba kontrrevoluciuri amboxebis, keris sinonimad. `sapatio Cekistis~ samkerde niSani

19

istoria les aq morigi amboxis provocireba. am droisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi bolSevikTaTvis ramdenadme xelsayreli samxedro-politikuri viTareba Seiqmna. afxazi bolSevikebis gaTvla martivi iyo. saqme isaa, rom am droisaTvis amierkavkasiis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, qarTuli da somxuri nawilebi, umZimes TavdacviT brZolebs awarmoebdnen general mehmed vehib faSas osmalTa me-3 armiis diviziebis winaaRmdeg trapizoni-baTumisa da yarsi-aleqsandropolisis SesanarCuneblad, riTac bolSevikebma kargad isargebles.

1918 wlis 8 aprils CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, soWi-tuafses olqSi moqmedi rusi bolSevikebisagan mxardaWerilma afxazma bolSevikebma adgilobrivi glexebis nawili amierkavkasiis seimis winaaRmdeg kvlav aajanyes – amierkavkasiis da ara saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. am momentisaTvis `saqarTvelo~, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, jer kidev ar arseboboda. soxumis bolSevikuri okupaciis Semdeg soxumSi da afxazeTis nawilSi isev sabWoTa xelisufleba gamocxadda da baqos msgavsad aqac Seiqmna e.w. `soxumis komuna~. bunebrivia, sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamocxadebas afxazTa saxalxo sabWom da afxazeTis mosaxleobis didma nawilma isev ar dauWira mxari. es gansakuTrebiT kodoris xeobasa da mTlianad samurzayanos (dRevandeli gali) exeba.

momxdariyo am flangze Zalebis koncentracia. amave dros, efrem eSba daukavSirda kidev erT bolSevikur subieqts – `yubani-SavizRvispireTis Tavdacvis sabWos~ da sTxova mas cocxali ZaliT, fuliT, iaraRiTa da sursaTiT daxmareba, aseve zogadi strategiuli miTiTebebis micema. `Cven organizebas gavukeTebT Zalebs, romelic gaTvlili iqneba centridan gaweuli daxmarebisa da miTiTebebis Sesabamisad~, – ambobda eSba. soxumis olqis bolSevikTa mxardasaWerad, e.w. `yubani-SavizRvispireTis sabWoTa respublikis~ centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis gadawyvetilebiT, soxumisaken beloreCenskis kargad SeiaraRebuli da aRWurvili rusuli bolSevikuri polki gaigzavna. rogorc vxedavT, amjerad bolSevikTa moqmedebebi gacilebiT momzadebuli da kargad gaTvlili iyo, vidre `afxazeTis pirveli bolSevikuri revoluciis~ dros. saqmeSi CaerTo kargad SeiaraRebuli razmebi da, rac mTavaria, artileriiTa da tyviamfrqvevebiT aRWurvili beloreCenskis rusuli wiTeli polki. bolSevikebma sabrZolo poziciebi md. kodorTan moawyves, aqve ganlagda maTi saartilerio batareebi. cxadi gaxda, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi mxolod afxazTa saxalxo sabWosa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ZalisxmeviT bolSe-

bolSevikTa mier afxazeTis mSvidobiani mosaxleobis darbeva, yaCaRoba, Zarcva-gleja da sisxliani angariSsworeba gaaTkecebuli ZalebiT daiwyo. amave dros `afxazeTis revkomma~ daxmarebisaTvis sabWoTa ruseTs da `proletariatis did belads~ – lenins mimarTa. 1918 wlis maisis pirvel ricxvebSi Catarda afxazeTis `revkomis~, aseve soWis olqis sabWoebis yrilobis deputatTa delegatebisa da tuafses sabWoebis sxdoma. bolSevikTa am saerTo Tavyrilobaze miiRes gadawyvetileba, soxumi CaTvliliyo rusuli revoluciuri frontis marjvena flangad da saerTo interesebidan gamomdinare

Seteti) – bol uciuri komi l o siev o am (r eb mi l revko ngebo uf nili da saga i qm iT Se eb er o r mi d s vikebi uflebis irvili xelis l Wu xe aR o aq iT l eb qa leb da samo mebi samxedro bobda organo. revko obdnen. arse l f s r t eq sp ul suflebis sr o revkomebi. bernio, samazr samxareo, sagu

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amierkavkasiis wiTeli (mogvianebiT saxalxo) gvardiis pirveli Semadgenlobis mTavari Stabis wevrebi. pirvel rigSi, SuaSi, muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, SemdgomSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe Jordania, misgan marjvniv – valiko juReli, marcxniv – aleqsandre dgebuaZe.

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

vikTa axali agresiis aRkveTa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. saWiro iyo ufro qmediTi da efeqturi RonisZiebebis gatareba. saWiro iyo centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis daxmarebis Txovna soxumsa da soxumis olqSi ganxorcielebuli axali bolSevikuri agresiis aRkveTisaTvis. aseT viTarebaSi afxazTa saxalxo sabWosa da qalaq soxumis mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTma delegaciam TxovniT mimarTa im droisaTvis Coloqi-natanebis poziciebze osmalTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTuli SenaerTis meTaurs, general giorgi mazniaSvils. generali mazniaSvili igonebs: `delegacias ganvucxade, rom am sakiTxis gadawyveta Cemi kompetenciis gareSea, rom daniSnuli var im razmis ufrosad, romelic eomeba mxolod osmalebs da rom afxazeTis daxmarebis sakiTxis gadawyveta damokidebulia saqarTvelos mTavrobisagan. delegacia gaemgzavra tfilisSi mTavrobasTan~. afxazTa saxalxo sabWos Txovnis safuZvelze, amierkavkasiis seimis sagangebo sxdomaze miiRes gadawyvetileba afxazeTis mimarTulebaze `soxumis olqSi wesrigis aRdgenis~ mizniT gagzavniliyo seimis samxedro Zala – amierkavkasiis wiTeli (mogvianebiT saxalxo) gvardia. anarqiis mospobis, wesrigis damyare-

generali i zniaSvil giorgi ma

bisa da stabilizaciis operaciaze pasuxismgebloba wiTeli gvardiis mTavari Stabis ufross – vladimer (valiko) juRels daevala. gvardiis razmebi foTidan gemiT gaemgzavrnen oCamCirisaken, romelsac mcire zomis mcuravi saSualebebi, e.w. `gamanadgurebeli katarRebic~ umagrebdnen mxars. razmi oCamCireSi 9 maiss Cavida. gvardielebi soxumisaken daiZrnen da 11 maiss amierkavkasiis federaciis sabrZolo Zala – wiTeli gvardia – mdinare kodors miadga. gvardielTa Sereuli razmi Sedgeboda Tbilisis gvardiis razmebis, aRmasrulebeli komitetis sagangebo razmis, foTis wiTeli gvardiisa da SaraSiZis saartilerio divizionis piradi Semadgenlobisagan. daiwyo poziciebis mowyoba, savele Stabi ki sofel aZiubJaSi moewyo. valiko juReli: `bolSevikebs Cvens frontze didi Zalebi hyavT Tavmoyrili. maT daaxloebiT 10 qvemexi, uamravi tyviamfrqvevi da 2000 kacamde hyavT. magram maTi ar gveSinia: Cveni mcire razmi gaacamtverebs am meomar bandas...~

valiko juRelma molaparakebebis dawyeba gadawyvita da maT iaraRis dayrisa da danebebis Sesaxeb winadadebiT mimarTa da 24saaTiani ultimatumic wauyena. bolSevikebma gvardielTa pirobebi TiTqos miiRes, magram ultimatumis vadis amowurvamde, gaufrTxileblad, gvardielebs tyviamfrqvevebisa da artileriis cecxli gauxsnes. gvardielTa StabisaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom kodorze gamagrebuli bolSevikebi mSvidobian molaparakebebze uars acxadebdnen da poziciebsac ubrZolvelad ar datovebdnen. saWiro gaxda ZalTa gadajgufeba, SeteviTi operaciis kargad momzadeba da mowinaaRmdegis poziciebis SturmiT aReba. manamde ki, mTeli erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi kodorTan poziciuri brZolebi gaimarTa. brZolis pirvelive dRes eSbam lenins, aseve CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi bolSevikTa gansakuTrebul komisars, orjonikiZes, telegramiT mivaliko ju Reli marTa. igi bolSeviki xelmZRvanelebisagan iTxovda, rom Savi zRvis flotisaTvis gaecaT gankarguleba soxumis frontze sabrZolo xomaldebis gagzavnis Sesaxeb. magram am droisaTvis Savi zRvis akvatorias germanuli xomaldebi akontrolebdnen da amitom sabWoTa ruseTma afxaz bolSevikTa sazRvao mxardaWera ver SeZlo.

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istoria 16 maisis saRamos, sabrZolo gegmis saboloo koreqtirebis mizniT, gvardielTa gamanadgurebelma katarRebma zRvidan mowinaaRmdegis poziciebis dazverviTi samuSaoebi Caatares da cecxli gauxsnes sanapiro zols kodoris SesarTavidan soxumamde. am qmedebebma mowinaaRmdegis banakSi sagrZnobi SfoTi Seitana. mTavari ki isaa, rom am taqtikuri manevriT mowinaaRmdegis poziciebis Zlieri da susti mxareebi mosinjes. imave dRes juRelis razms samtrediis da yvirilis, dRevandeli zestafonis, gvardielTa razmebi SeuerTdnen. samTavrobo jarebis saerTo Setevis dawyebis TariRad 17 maisi dasaxelda. Semtevi avangardis meTauroba giorgi lomTaTiZesa da leonid (lev) novikovs daevalaT. gvardielTa SeteviTi operacia 17 maisis gamTeniisas, dilis 4 saaTze, daiwyo. valiko SaraSiZis gvardielTa artileriam moZravi gadamRobi cecxli gaxsna, qveiTebi ki saerTo SetevisaTvis moemzadnen da saartilerio cecxlis safarqveS winsvla daiwyes mowinaaRmdegis poziciebisaken. rogorc ki artileriam cecxli mowinaaRmdegis sangrebze gadaitana da maTi dabombva daiwyo, gvardielebi saerTo ieriSze gadavidnen. maT mZafri da xanmokle brZolis Semdeg daikaves kodoris xidi da ukuaqcies mowinaaRmdege. valiko juReli: `17 maisi... Cven ukve adgilze varT, gadavirbineT xidi da SevutieT mowinaaRmdegis sangrebs. isini TiTqmis mTlianad daclilia. darCenil mebrZolebs sacodavi, SeSinebuli saxeebi aqvT. Cvenebi maT aniaraReben da Tavze abijeben, magram maTze ar Zaladoben. energiulad vdevT mowinaaRmdeges. viyvanT tyveebs. xelSi CavigdeT qvemexebi, tyviamfrqvevebi da sasursaTo sawyobebi. didi warmatebaa. Cven mxolod 7 msubuqad daWrili gvyavs...~ valiko juRelisa da aleqsandre dgebuaZis, agreTve polkovnik aleqsandre qoniaSvilis saerTo xelmZRavnelobiT gvardielebma maT winaSe dasmul sabrZolo amocanas didi warmatebiT gaarTves Tavi. ricxobrivad mniSvnelovnad aRmatebul mowinaaRmdegesTan dapiris-

22

valiko juReli gvardielebTan erTad

pirebaSi, umciresi sabrZolo danakargebis fasad, gadalaxes md. kodori, aiyvanes tyveebi da didi sabrZolo alafic moipoves. SeteviTi moqmedebebis tempi da siRrme Zalian maRali iyo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia gvardielTa saartilerio batareis kargi moqmedebebi da misi meTauris – valiko SaraSiZis kompetencia da maRali profesionalizmi.

1918 wlis 17 maiss, dRis 3 saaTze, gvardiis mewinave qvedanayofebi valiko juRelis meTaurobiT soxumSi Sevidnen. soxumis e.w. `bolSevikuri komuna~, baqos komunis es maxinji gadmoZaxili saqarTveloSi, likvidirebul iqna. isev valiko juReli: `SeuZlebelia soxumelTa sixarulis gadmocema. mozeime xalxi aRtacebis SeZaxilebiTa da yvavilebiT gvxvdeboda... bolSevikebi ar moelodnen aseT swraf da samarcxvino dasasruls. maTi gazeTi `Сухумская Правда~ dRevandel nomerSic aqveynebs cru informaciebs maTi gamarjvebebis Sesaxeb da gabedulad acxadeben, rom frontebze maTi mdgomareoba mtkicea. vkiTxulobT `Правда~-s da mxiarulad gvecineba maT sicrueze! bolSevikTa Stabi gaiqca da bedis anabarad datova Tavisi mebrZolebi. rogorc Cans, es maTTan karg tonad iTvleba! bolSevikebi gabeduli da wesieri beladebi rom yofiliyvnen, namdvilad dagvamarcxebdnen! isini xom Cvenze gacilebiT Zlierebi unda yofiliyvnen, arada Cveni razmis Semadgenlobaze erTnaxevarjer meti mxolod tyve aviyvaneT, alafad, 18 qvemexi da 30 tyviamfrqvevi movipoveT! magram maT namdvili ki ara, mxolod TavkerZa beladebi hyavdaT da am beladebs, etyoba, Zalian uyvardaT kargi cxovreba. isini didebul

bolSevikuri revoluciebi

valiko juReli da aleqsandre dgebuaZe soxumSi

saxalxo gvardiis nawilebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi

sastumroSi iyvnen ganTavsebulni da rCeuli kerZebiTac ikvebebodnen. StabisTvis gansazRvruli maTi sadili Cven dagvrCa da didxans vicinodiT, roca eSbas, siovas, lakobas, amberkisa da sxva rCeulebis msuye sadils mivirTmevdiT! maTi sia kedelze ekida da mkacrad iyo miTiTebuli, rom am magidasTan dajdoma da ufaso sadilebis Wama Stabis wevrebis garda, yvelas ekrZaleboda. Cven am magidas SemovujeqiT da Cvens xumrobebs dasasruli ar hqonda... madloba Tqven, gaqceulo `amxanagebo~, aseTi gemrieli sadilisaTvis!.. Cven xom TqvenTan SedarebiT gacilebiT uaresad vcxovrobT da jariskaculi qvabic mxolod saerTo viciT...~ soxumis gaTavisuflebis Semdeg gvardiam ganagrZo bolSevikuri bandebis devna. bolSevikebi gagraSi gamagrdnen. efrem eSba soWSi gaemgzavra da `revoluciis gadasarCenad~ adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan Semdgari sabrZolo razmebis Camoyalibeba moiTxova. soWis mosaxleobam am moTxovnebze uari Tqva. eSbam ekaterinodarsac mimarTa, sadac finansuri daxmarebac miiRo razmebis organizebisaTvis, maikopSi ki axali sabrZolo razmebis Sedgena daiwyo. samTavrobo jarebis winsvla ki grZeldeboda. swrafad ganviTarebuli Setevis wyalobiT gvardiis nawilebma gaagrZeles svla da axal aTonsa da gudauTaSic Sevidnen. magram maTi Semdgomi winsvla aq dasrulda. moewyo TavdacviTi poziciebi. wiTlebma adgilze datoves 11 zarbazani, 21 tyviamfrqvevi, didZali tyvia-wamali. gudauTasTan daakaves wiTlebis 1 xomaldic. `afxazeTis bolSevikuri revoluciis~ meore talRac Cacxra, `soxumis komuna~ daamxes. am ubadrukma fsevdopolitikurma Tu fsevdosaxelmwifoebrivma warmonaqmnma mxolod 40 dRe iarseba, Tumca Tavisi arsebobis am mokle periodis ganmavlobaSic moaswro afxazeTSi sisxliani kvalis datoveba.

Tu bolSevikTa marcxis mizezebs gavaanalizebT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom `afxazeTis revkomma~ Tavis moqmedebebSi ramdenime Secdoma dauSva. yvelaze didi Secdoma gvardiis Zalebis arasaTanadod Sefaseba iyo. ra Tqma unda, mravalricxovani, magram cudad organizebuli, naklebadmotivirebuli da sabrZolo gamocdilebis armqone e.w. `afxazeTis revkomis~ bolSevikuri bandebis moqmedebebi amierkavkasiis mcirericxovani wiTeli gvardiis razmis winaaRmdeg araefeqturi da naklebi Sedegis momtani iyo. amave dros, gvardiis moqmedebebisaTvis mZlavr mxardamWer faqtors, ra Tqma unda, afxazTa saxalxo sabWos, kodori-samurzayanosa da, saerTod, afxazeTis mosaxleobis didi nawilis patriotizmi, saxelmwifoebrivi poziciebi da maTi antibolSevikuri ganwyobebi warmoadgenda.

1918 wlis maisis bolos afxazeTis frontidan dabrunebulma valiko juRelma amierkavkasiis seims, respublikis sakanonmdeblo organos, moaxsena, rom rusi da afxazi bolSevikebi yvelanairi gzebiT cdilobdnen erovnebaTaSorisi SuRlis gaRvivebas, gansakuTrebiT qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris, magram mizans ver miaRwies. gvardielebs gansakuTrebiT guliTadi daxvedra ki samurzayanoSi gaumarTes: `ise aRtacebulad mosaxleoba arsad ar gvxvdeboda, rogorc oCamCireSi. ramdeni aplodismentebi, ramdeni yvavilebi, ramdeni dResaswauli... kodoris afxazebi CvenTan iyvnen, gudauTisa ki – bolSevikTa mxareze~.

23

geopolitika

globalizacia da kultura dRevandeloba da istoriuli analogebi zogadi Taviseburebani

zurab daviTaSvili

kultura erovnuli identobis erT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebelia. saukuneebis manZilze xalxebi TavianTi TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas sakuTari erovnuli kulturis SenarCunebis fasad axerxebdnen. swored erovnuli kultura da erovnuli ena iyo is ganmasxvavebeli niSani, romelic ama Tu im xalxs sxvisgan gamoarCevda da erovnuli identifikaciis saSualebas iZleoda. amdenad, erovneba da erovnuli kultura TiTqmis gaigivebul cnebebad aRiqmeboda da pirovneba maSin iTvleboda garkveuli erovnebis warmomadgenlad, roca am erovnuli kulturis matarebeli iyo. globalizacia ki piriqiT, swored erovnuli gansxvavebebisa da sazRvrebis waSlis procesia da aq mxolod politikuri da ekonomikuri sazRvrebi ar igulisxmeba. globalizaciis procesma iseTi TiTqosda xelSeuxebeli sferoc moicva, rogoric kulturaa. e.w. globalistebis azriT, TandaTan qreba erovnuli kulturebis unikaluri mravalferovneba da yalibdeba globaluri, zeerovnuli masobrivi kultura, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara dasavleTis, kerZod, aSS-is surogatuli kulturis mTel msoflioSi gavrceleba. e. i. erovnuli kulturebis nacvlad yalibdeba kosmopolituri kultura, sadac yvelaferi erovnuli ikargeba. sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobas acvia erTnairad, Wams erTsa da imave saWmels (makdonaldsizacia), svams erTsa da imave sasmels (`kokakoli-

24

globalizacia da kultura

zacia~), usmens erTsa da imave musikas, uyurebs erTsa da imave filmebsa da telegadacemebs da yovelive amis Sedegad aqvs erTnairi Rirebulebebi da erTnairad fiqrobs. mokled, yalibdeba uerovnebo, kosmopoliti, msoflio moqalaqe.

des. swored amitom, roca Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi kulturis homogenizaciazea laparaki, bevris mier is aRiqmeba, rogorc dasavleTis kulturuli imperializmi – vesternizacia, ufro konkretulad ki – amerikanizacia.

bevri ar iziarebs aseT ukidures Tvalsazriss da miaCnia, rom erovnuli kultura kvlavac rCeba adamianis erovnuli identifikaciisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTavar faqtorad. xdeba mxolod sxvadasxva kulturis urTierTgacnoba da ara erTiani kosmopolituri kulturis Camoyalibeba. arian iseTebic, romlebic miiCneven, rom kulturebs Soris gansxvaveba ufro da ufro aRrmavebs winaaRmdegobas da civilizaciaTa Sejaxebisken mivyavarT.

bolo saukuneebSi dasavleTis dawinaurebam rogorc politikurad, ise ekonomikurad da kulturulad, Camoayaliba RirebulebaTa sistema, romelic dasavleTSi aRiqmeba universalur da erTaderT WeSmarit sistemad. amitom yvela sxva Sexeduleba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba dasavlurs, iTvleba ucxod da miuReblad. amocana swored isaa, rom moxdes dasavluri azrovnebis, dasavluri faseulobebis da dasavluri cxovrebis stilis sayovelTao, globaluri gavrceleba. msoflios unda ecvas, Wamdes, fiqrobdes, afasebdes ise, rogorc dasavleTi. ra Tqma unda, amas ZaliT aravin akeTebs, magram dRevandeli komunikaciis pirobebSi (da esec dasavleTis miRwevaa) ubrZolvelad, usisxlod, SeparviT da SeumCnevlad xdeba dasavluri cxovrebis stilis damkvidreba.

faqtia, rom mimdinareobs erovnuli kulturebis transformacia. sadavo ar aris, rom isini globalizaciis pirobebSi seriozul cvlilebebs ganicdian, magram sainteresoa, Tu rogor da ra mimarTulebiT icvleba kultura. am TvalsazrisiT gamoyofen sam ZiriTad formas – homogenizacias, polarizacias, hibridizacias. kulturis homogenizacia homogenizacia gulisxmobs kulturebis gaerTianebas, imgvar Serwymas, rom warmoiSoba erTi, araerovnuli, kosmopolituri, globaluri kultura. xdeba kulturis gaerTferovneba da xalxebi TavianTi kulturiT sul ufro da ufro naklebad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. swored ase esaxebaT globalistebs kulturis momavali. magram bunebrivia kulturebis homogenizacia SeuZlebelia ise moxdes, rom romelime kulturis dominanti ar figurireb-

magram TviTon dasavleTic ar aris homogenuri da dasavlur erovnul kulturebs Sorisac sakmao gansxvavebaa. amitom TviT dasavlur kulturebs Soris dapirispirebisas upiratesoba politikurad da ekonomikurad yvelaze Zlieri qveynis – aSSis mxarezea. Sesabamisad, amerikuli kulturis dominanti udavoa da vesternizacia, upirveles yovlisa, amerikanizaciaa. amerikelebi amaSi arabunebrivs arafers xedaven, radgan miaCniaT, rom amerikuli kultura ukve TviTonve warmoadgens sinTezur kulturas, romelic sxvadasxva (maT Soris – zogierTi aradasavluri) kulturis Serwymis Sedegad warmoiSva.

25

geopolitika cxadia, sul sxvagvarad aRiqvamen dasavluri da, kerZod, amerikuli kulturis moZalebas aradasavluri civilizaciebi. maTTvis amerikuli musika Tu teleserialebi, `makdonaldsi~ Tu `koka-kola~, holivudi Tu CNN da, rac mTavaria, amerikuli liberalizmi da demokratia aris is iaraRi, romliTac nadgurdeba maTi civilizacia, erovnuli kulturebi, religia, TviTmyofadoba da identuroba. amitomac sul ufro da ufro met qveyanaSi Cndeba aSkarad eqstremistuli nacionalisturi Tu religiuri jgufebi, romelTa mizani amerikis da saerTod dasavleTis gavlenis gaZlierebis winaaRmdeg brZolaa. marto islamisturi organizaciebis gaxsenebac ki sakmarisia, raTa warmovidginoT is masStabebi, rac dasavluri kulturuli imperializmis gavrcelebas da mis sawinaaRmdego moqmedebebs mohyva. yvela zemoCamoTvlili problemidan gamomdinare, bevri mkvlevari, kerZod, isini, vinc skeptikurad uyureben globalizacias, miiCneven, rom kulturis homogenizacia Cveulebrivi miTia, realurad ki xdeba sul sxva procesi, romelsac kulturis polarizacia SeiZleba ewodos. kulturis polarizacia polarizaciis cneba gaigeba, rogorc kulturebis araTu daaxloebis da Serwymis procesi, aramed piriqiT, maTi mzardi urTierTdapirispireba da urTierTwinaaRmdegoba. am mimarTulebis mimdevrebi miiCneven,

26

rom globalizaciis procesma ukuSedegi moitana da erovnuli kulturebi erTmaneTs daaSora, metic, isini erTmaneTis mimarT mtrulad Camoayaliba. im avtorTa Soris, romlebic globalizaciaSi kulturis polarizacias xedaven, pirvel rigSi samuel hantingtoni da benjamen barberi unda vaxsenoT. hantingtonis `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ erT-erT popularul wignad iqca, sadac avtori msoflios mTavar safrTxes civilizaciaTa omSi, kerZod, dasavlur da islamur-konfuciur civilizaciaTa dapirispirebaSi xedavs. barberi ki Tavis monografiaSi `jihadi da Mcmsoflio~ (aq Mc makdonaldsis mniSvnelobiTaa da msoflios `makdonaldsizacias~, anu amerikuli faseulobis globalur gavrcelebas gulisxmobs) Tanamedrove msoflios ganviTarebis dinamikas im winaaRmdegobaSi xedavs, romelic, erTi mxriv, globalur momxmareblobiT kapitalizms, komerciul eSmakobebs, teqnologias, popkulturasa da disneis, xolo, meore mxriv, tomobriobas, eTnikurobas, religiurobas da gamorCeulobis TviTrwmenas Soris warmoiSva. am ori, TiTqosda emociebis doneze dawerili, naSromis safuZveli aris mkacri normatiuli da faseulobaze orientirebuli midgoma. barberisaTvis makmsofliosa da jihads Soris polarizaciis problema isaa, rom orive Zala mtrulad aris ganwyobili demokratizaciisadmi: pirveli – globaluri ekonomikuri siZlieris, meore ki – yove-

globalizacia da kultura

live gansxvavebulisadmi fundamenturi miuReblobisa da siZulvilis gamo. hantingtonisTvis ki gamoricxulia sxvadasxva civilizacias Soris moraluri Tanabaruflebianoba. hantingtoni gverds uvlis im faqtebs, rom yvelaze ufro eqstremisti antivesternistebic ki yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe iyeneben dasavlur teqnologiebs – kompiuters, internets, mobilur telefonebs, videoaparaturas, televizors, rom araferi vTqvaT dasavlur samedicino teqnologiebze da, rac mTavaria, samxedro teqnikaze, romliTac isev dasavleTs unda ebrZolon. barberi piriqiT, xazs usvams dapirispirebuli mxareebis urTierTgadaxlarTvas da urTierTSeRwevas. igi aRwers rogor aqvs iranel fanatikoss erTi Tvali mipyrobili molasaken, romelic saRvTo omisken mouwodebs, meoreTi ki amerikul serialebs misCerebia. Cineli mewarmeebi erTmaneTs ecilebian, romeli miipyrobs partiuli xelmZRvanelobis yuradRebas da imavdroulad Tvals adevneben dasavluri korporaciebis

privilegiebs. rusuli marTlmadidebeli eklesia, romelic ibrZvis Zveli sarwmunoebis nebismieri ganaxlebis winaaRmdeg, kaliforniel biznesmenebTan erTad Cabmulia naturaluri wylebis Camosxmasa da gayidvaSi, orTodoqsi hasidebi da pirwavardnili neonacistebi, oriveni, rok-musikas mimarTaven, roca axali Taobis winaSe warsdgebian xolme. moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom kulturebis sruli polarizacia iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc sruli homogenizacia. amitom sakmaod bevri mkvlevari uaryofs ra kulturis homogenizaciasac da polarizaciasac, mxars uWers mesame gzas, romelsac kulturis hibridizacias uwodeben.

samuel filip hantingtoni (1927-2008) – amerikeli profesori, politikur mecnierebaTa specialisti, TiTqmis naxevari saukune iyo harvardis universitetis saerTaSoriso saqmeTa centris direqtori. is mravali naSromis avtoria, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia: `jariskaci da saxelmwifo: samoqalaqo-samxedro urTierTobaTa Teoria da politika~ (1957), `cvalebadi sazogadoebebis politikuri wyoba~ (1968), `mesame talRa – demokratizacia XX saukunis bolos~ (1991), `civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba~ (1993), `vin varT Cven? amerikuli nacionaluri identobis gamowvevebi~ (2004).

27

geopolitika kulturis hibridizacia hibridizaciaSi igulisxmeba calkeuli kulturebis daaxloeba, urTierTgamdidreba da urTierTSerwyma ise, rom erovnuli xasiaTi ar ikargeba. igi ubralod inovacias ganicdis da sxva erovnuli kulturebis elementebiT ivseba.

cavs arabuli (maRribuli) da afrikuli kulturebis elementebs. savsebiT sxva mdgomareoba iyo asi wlis win, roca frangul kulturaSi am elementebze saubars ubralod uazrobad CaTvlidnen. magram maSinac da dResac es aris franguli erovnuli kultura da aravis mouva azrad igi kosmopolitur kulturad miiCnios.

aseTi kulturis Camoyalibebis mizezi xalxTa, ideaTa da RirebulebaTa intensiuri moZraobaa, romelic politikur da kulturul sazRvrebs ar cnobs. igi zogjer iZulebiTia (mag., monebiT vaWroba, ramac afrikuli musikaluri tradiciebi Seitana amerikaSi), zogjer bazari marTavs (nebayoflobiTi migraciebi, ramac mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moutana amerikul, evropul Tu avstraliur kulturas). kulturuli hibridizaciis magaliTebia bangra musika britaneTis aziuri warmoSobis axalgazrdebSi, romelic induri musikisa da evropuli sacekvao ritmebis kombinaciaa, anda rai musika, rac arabuli simRerebisa da dasavluri popis sinTezia.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas deteritorizaciaze. evropasa da amerikaSi migrirebuli azielebi Tu afrikelebi, miuxedavad TavianT kulturaSi evropuli elementis Semosvlisa, xSirad ufro nacionalisturi ideebiT da moqmedebebiT gamoirCevian, vidre samSobloSi darCenili maTi Tanamemamuleebi (mag. qurTebi, somxebi da a. S.). amrigad, kulturis hibridizacia, romelic xels ar uSlis erovnuli TviTSegnebis SenarCunebas da xSirad ganmtkicebasac, rogorc Cans, yvelaze ufro Seefereba kulturuli globalizaciis dRevandel suraTs.

kulturis hibridizacia ar niSnavs kosmopolitizacias da deteritorizacias. hibridizaciis dros kultura erovnulobas inarCunebs. dRevandeli franguli kultura ukve uxvad Sei-

mkvlevrebi globalur kulturaSi, romelic axla yalibdeba da, bevris azriT, momavalSi marTlac sayovelTao, globaluri gaxdeba, sam Taviseburebas xedaven. esaa misi universaluroba, teqnikuroba da drois gareSe arseboba.

kulturis globalizaciis sami Tavisebureba

universaluroba gamoixateba mis sayovelTaoobaSi. verc erTi aqamde arsebuli imperiuli da, erTi SexedviT, `kosmopolituri~ kultura universalurobas ver daiCemebs. CineTis, romis, bizantiis Tu sabWoTa imperiebis kulturebi anda msoflio civilizaciebi (budisturi, islamuri, qristianuli) garkveul sazRvrebSi iyo moqceuli da TavianTi dro da

benjamen barberi (1939-2017) – amerikeli mecnieri, politikis mecnierebaTa Teoretikosi

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globalizacia da kultura

adgili hqonda. dRevandeli da xvalindeli globaluri kultura, miuxedavad imisa, rom pirvel rigSi dasavleT evropasTan da CrdiloeT amerikasTan asocirdeba, Znelad eqvemdebareba drosa da sivrceSi gansazRvras. teqnikurobaSi igulisxmeba, rom dRevandeli globaluri kultura pirveli wminda teqnikuri civilizaciaa. kulturis eTnikuri da nacionaluri elementebis mimarT igi ZiriTadad neitraluria. igi emyareba Tanamedrove teqnikur miRwevebs, teqnologiur bazas, komunikaciur sistemebs, rac qmnis erTmaneTze damokidebul socialur qselebs, romelic Tavis gamoxatulebas standartizebuli, teqnikuri, xSirad raodenobrivi formiT poulobs. amiT aixsneba teqnikuri inteligenciis gadamwyveti roli Tanamedrove (ufro sworad, gviani modernizmis) epoqaSi da mis mier humanitaruli da nacionalisturi inteleqtualebis Seviwroeba.

globaluri kultura drois gareSe kulturaa. mas ar aqvs istoriuli foni, ganviTarebis ritmi, ara aqvs drois da Tanamimdevrobis grZnoba. aseTma xelovnurma, arabunebrivma globalurma kulturam SeiZleba warsuli ubralod ilustraciis mizniT da ekleqtikuri kaprizebis dasakmayofileblad gamoiyenos, TviTon ki uars ambobs adgilze istoriaSi. uaryofs ra ganviTarebis istoriul fesvebs, globaluri kultura aris uformo, yvelgan arsebuli da zedapiruli. rogorc vxedavT, es Sefaseba sakmaod kategoriulia. bunebrivia, aseTi mkveTri daskvnebi ar SeiZleba ar iwvevdes sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebs. gansakuTrebiT sakamaToa imis mtkiceba, rom globalur kulturas ar aqvs istoriuli fesvebi. mravali avtori piriqiT amtkicebs, rom kulturis globalizacias mravali istoriuli analogi moeZebneba. amdenad, saintereso iqneba am sakiTxzec SevCerdeT. kulturis globalizaciis istoriuli analogebi miuxedavad imisa, rom kulturis globalizacia im mniSvnelobiT, rac am cnebaSi igulisxmeba, udavod axali fenomenia da sul ramdenime aTwleuls moicavs, kulturebis urTierTSerwyma, maTi difuzia yovelTvis mimdinareobda da am procesis gareSe SeuZlebelia ama Tu im erovnuli kulturis ganviTareba. mecnierTa umravlesoba nebismieri erovnuli kulturis Camoyalibebis da ganviTarebis mTavar, ganmsazRvrel faqtorad kulturaTa difuzias miiCnevs da Tvlis, rom izolirebulad warmoSobili da ganviTarebuli kulturebi saerTod ar arsebobs. magram kulturuli difuziisagan gansxvavebiT, kulturuli globalizacia kulturaTa Serwymas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed erTiani zenacionaluri, globaluri kulturis Camoyalibebas. amdenad, kiTxva ase daismis: iyo Tu ara kacobriobis istoriaSi iseTi momentebi, roca adgili hqonda erTiani, zenacionaluri kulturis Camoyalibebas da gavrcelebas? istorikosTa mniSvnelovani nawili am kiTxvas dadebiTad pasuxobs da ramdenime aseT moments asaxelebs.

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geopolitika msoflio religiebi nebismieri religia rwmenas erovnebasa da saxelmwifoze maRla ayenebs da yovelgvari idea, qmedeba Tu Rirebuleba, rac mis dogmebs ewinaaRmdegeba, miuReblad miaCnia. roca qristianoba, budizmi an islami vrceldeboda ama Tu im xalxSi, aucilebeli iyo xalxs uari eTqva im wes-Cveulebebze, tradiciebsa da ideebze, romlebic maTTvis axlobeli da winaprebisagan momdinare iyo, magram axal sarwmunoebas ar Seesabameboda. e. i. xalxi uars ambobda erovnuli kulturis sakmaod did nawilze da mis nacvlad axal, religiur kulturas iTvisebda. es kultura ki zeerovnuli da zesaxelmwifoebrivi iyo. religiuri moralidan gamomdinare, mxolod Senive sarwmunoebis adamiania Seni sulieri Zma da igi ufro axlobelia, ra erovnebisac ar unda iyos, vidre Seni erovnebis is warmomadgeneli, romelic sxva sarwmunoebas aRiarebs. aqedan gamomdinare, romelime religiis gavrceleba ukve TavisTavad iyo Taviseburi `religiuri globalizacia~. islami, magaliTad, saerTod uaryofs erovnul dayofas da yvela muslimi erTiani sazogadoebis – `ummas~ wevrad miaCnia. Sesabamisad, arsebobs erTiani islamuri sazogadoeba, muslimi xalxi da islamuri kultura, xolo sakuTar enebze locva kategoriulad akrZalulia da am mizniT mxolod arabuli ena gamoiyeneba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas qristianul religiaze, gansakuTrebiT ki, kaTolicizmze, sadac wirva-locva mxolod laTinur enaze unda Sesrulebuliyo. es Taviseburi enobrivi globalizaciis magaliTebia. cxadia, veravin uaryofs qristianuli (mis SigniT ki – marTlmadidebluri, kaTolikuri, protestantuli), islamuri, budisturi, induisturi, konfucianuri kulturebis arsebobas. arc is aris sadavo, rom erTi da imave religiis mimdevari xalxebis kulturebs gacilebiT meti aqvT saerTo erTmaneTTan, vidre sxva religiis kulturebTan (mag., qarTveli, rusi, berZeni, rumineli saerTo marTlmadidebluri kulturis matareblebi arian da erTmaneTTan ufro axlos dganan, vidre frangebTan, ingliselebTan, amerikelebTan da, miT umetes, arabebTan da iaponelebTan). magram erovnuli kulturebis sruli Serwyma da erTiani zenacionaluri religiuri kulturebis warmoqmna mainc ar moxda. qarTuli kultura, magaliTad, sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba aseve marTlmadidebluri bulgaruli an serbiuli kulturisagan. igive Seileba iTqvas sxva, erTi da imave sarwmunoebis, magram sxvadasxva erovnebis xalxTa kulturebis Sesaxebac. maSasadame, kulturis globalizacia religiam ver SeZlo, Tumca swored man iTamaSa yvelaze didi roli istoriaSi im procesebze, romlebsac dRes globalizacias vuwodebT.

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globalizacia da kultura

imperiebi msoflio istoriaSi arcTu iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, roca calkeul imperiebSi mizanmimarTulad (zogjer ki stiqiurad) mimdinareobda procesi, romelic imperiaSi mcxovreb xalxebs Soris enobrivi, kulturuli Tu religiuri gansxvavebis waSlas isaxavda miznad, raTa warmoqmniliyo erTiani xalxi, saerTo TviTSegnebiT, eniT, religiiT da kulturiT. marTalia, aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro gabatonebuli eTnikuri jgufis mier sxva xalxebis asimilaciasTan gvaqvs saqme da xdeboda ara erovnebebis waSla, aramed erTi erovnebis gabatoneba, magram es procesi mainc hgavs garkveulwilad dRevandel kulturul globalizacias (dResac xom bevrs miaCnia, rom globalizacia sxva araferia, Tu ara `amerikanizacia~). jer kidev aleqsandre makedonelis mier dapyrobil teritoriaze, sadac erTiani imperia faqtobrivad SeqmnisTanave daiSala da calkeuli saxelmwifoebi warmoiqmna, moxda aRmosavluri da berZnuli kulturebis unikaluri sinTezi, rac elinizmis saxeliTaa cnobili. elinisturi kultura faqtobrivad erTiani kulturaa, saerTo oficialuri da literaturuli eniT (berZnuli) da erTiani RirebulebebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom elinisturi saxelmwifoebis mosaxleoba eTnikurad sakmaod Wreli iyo, xolo adgilobrivi enobriv-kulturuli gansxvavebebi – sakmaod sagrZnobi, saerTo elinisturi kultura sruliad aSkara da gamokveTili fenomenia da kulturuli globalizaciis erT-erT pirvel magaliTad SeiZleba miviCnioT. kulturuli globalizaciis aSkara niSnebi igrZnoboda romis imperiaSi. miuxedavad uzarmazari teritoriisa da mosaxleobis siWrelisa, aq es procesi sakmaod warmatebiT mimdinareobda. dapyrobili da SemoerTebuli teritoriebis saboloo damorCileba da imperiis nawilad gadaqceva imdenad samxedro ZaliT ar xdeboda, ramdenadac romauli kulturisa da laTinuri enis damkvidrebis meSveobiT. romi amas imiT axerxebda, rom omiT dakavebul teritoriebze mmarTvel elitas imave poziciebze tovebda, rac adre ekava da cdilobda maT kulturul da politikur Serwymas romis saxelmwifoSi. Sedegi TvalsaCino iyo – xdeboda SemoerTebuli xalxebis (gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabal safexurze myofi eTnikuri jgufebis, romlebisTvisac saxelmwifoebrioba da damwerloba ucnobi iyo) masobrivi romanizacia – laTinizacia da romauli kulturis samyaroSi maTi CarTva. Sua saukuneebSi igive procesi mimdinareobda bizantiis imperiaSi, sadac marTlmadidebluri religiisa da berZnuli enis safuZvelze xdeboda imperiis farglebSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis erTian kulturad da erTian eTnosad Camoyalibeba. kidev ufro intensiuri iyo es procesi arabTa saxalifoSi, sadac islamuri religia da arabuli ena gaxda is faqtorebi, romlebmac uamravi sxvadasxva xalxi da tomi gaaerTiana erT eTnokulturul erTobad. cota mogvianebiT msgavsi movlenebi ganviTarda osmaleTis imperiaSic, roca Camoyalibda Turqi eTnosi da masSi mravali adgilobrivi eTnikuri jgufi CaerTo.

petra, elinisturi kulturis Zegli iordaniaSi

romauli akveduki espaneTSi

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geopolitika axal periodSi unda aRiniSnos britaneTis imperia, romelic, albaT, yvelaze globaluri imperia iyo istoriaSi. gansxvavebiT zemoxsenebuli antikuri da Sua saukuneebis imperiebisagan, igi ar warmoadgenda saxmeleTo, kompaqtur da teritoriulad erTian sivrces – Seadgenda erTmaneTisagan zRviT daSorebul, sxvadasxva kontinentze mdebare xalxebisa da qveynebis konglomerats, romlebic erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnen TavianTi enebiT, religiiT, kulturiT da mentalitetiT. aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iyo maTi ise daaxloeba, rom raRac saerTo socialur-kulturuli erToba Camoyalibebuliyo, magram kulturebis hibridizacia udavod xdeboda. es, pirvel rigSi, exeba inglisuri enis sayovelTao gavrcelebas imperiaSi da inglisuri ganaTlebis sistemis danergvas. Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti, rom adgilobrivi elitis Svilebi umaRles ganaTlebas iRebdnen ra kembrijisa da oqsfordis universitetebSi, Semdeg cdilobdnen TavianT qveynebSi iseTi reformebi gaetarebinaT, rac maT `evropeizacias~ Seuwyobda xels. britaneTis imperiis calkeuli nawilebis urTierTdakavSirebasa da urTierTdaaxloebaSi didi roli iTamaSa teqnikurma progresma, kerZod, telegrafma. mas Semdeg, rac didi britaneTi telegrafis kabeliT daukavSirda, erTi mxriv, CrdiloeT amerikas, xolo, meore mxriv, indoeTis da indoCineTis gavliT avstralias, informaciis gacvla metropoliasa da koloniebs Soris swrafi da yoveldRiuri gaxda, rac, Tavis mxriv, mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo inglisuri enisa da inglisuri kulturis farTod gavrcelebisaTvis. britaneTis imperiisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis imperia teritoriulad kompaqturi saxmeleTo imperia iyo. amitom masSi Semaval eTnikurad ararusul teritoriebs koloniebis statusi ar hqonia da uSualod iyo mierTebuli imperias. Sesabamisad, ararusul teritoriebze avtonomiasa da gansxvavebul politikaze laparakic ki zedmeti iyo. erovnebebis mimarT erTaderTi oficialuri politika iyo rusifikacia. rogorc ganaTlebis, ise saqmeTwarmoebis ena mTel imperiaSi rusuli unda yofiliyo. am politikas garkveuli warmateba hqonda im xalxebSi, romlebsac istoriulad arasdros hqoniaT TavianTi saxelmwifo an politikur-teritoriuli erTeuli da warmarTul anda marTlmadideblur religiebs aRiarebdnen (volgispireTis, uralis, cimbiris, Soreuli aRmosavleTisa da ukiduresi CrdiloeTis xalxebi, agreTve ukrainelebi da belarusebi). danarCen xalxebSi rusifikacia did winaaRmdegobas awydeboda – erTi mxriv, islabritaneTis imperiis ruka

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globalizacia da kultura

muri sarwmunoebis Zlieri, xSirad fanatizmamde misuli poziciebis gamo (CrdiloeT kavkasiis, Sua aziis da azerbaijanis mosaxleoba), meore mxriv ki, sxva, ufro dawinaurebuli civilizaciisaTvis kuTvnilebis gamo (baltiispireTi, fineTi, poloneTi) da mesame – Zveli saxelmwifoebriobisa da kulturuli tradiciebis arsebobis gamo (qarTvelebi, somxebi). ase rom, miuxedavad mizandasaxuli mcdelobisa, ver Camoyalibda saerTo ruseTuli kultura, Tumca imperiis xalxebis kulturebis garkveuli daaxloeba rusul kulturasTan da zogierTi saerTo niSnis warmoqmna udavod moxda. kidev ufro intensiurad xdeboda asimilaciisa da eTnosTaSorisi integraciis procesebis araTu waxaliseba, aramed, xSir SemTxvevaSi, SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba sabWoTa imperiaSi. oficialuri sabWoTa propaganda acxadebda, rom Seiqmna axali istoriuli erToba – `sabWoTa xalxi~, rac erTiani sabWoTa eris Camoyalibebis winapirobad cxaddeboda. aSkara faqtad miiCneoda erTiani sabWoTa kulturis arseboba, romelic SinaarsiT socialisturi, formiT ki erovnuli (mravalerovnuli) iyo. amgvarad, is, rac oficialurad aRiarebuli iyo da risi propagandac xdeboda, Tavisuflad SeiZleba miviCnioT kulturuli globalizaciis gamovlinebad erTi qveynis farglebSi. sxva sakiTxia, rom sabWoTa xalxi da sabWoTa kultura ufro komunisturi propaganda iyo, vidre realoba, magram aseve absoluturad arasworia am procesis uaryofa. sabWoTa xelisuflebis TiTqmis 75 wlis manZilze marTlac Camoyalibda xalxis raRac raodenoba, romelsac sabWoTa xalxi SeiZleba ewodos. es adamianebi realurad ar miekuTvnebodnen konkretulad romelime erovnebas da ar iyvnen romelime erovnuli kulturis matareblebi. maTTvis samSoblo mTeli sabWoTa kavSiri iyo da ara romelime respublika. cxadia, maTi absoluturi umravlesoba rusulad laparakobda da rusul ganaTlebas iRebda, magram Tavs rusebad ar miiCnevdnen. zogadad, isini rusulenovan (русскоязычное) mosaxleobad iwodebodnen da sabWoTa xelisuflebis dasayrdenad iTvlebodnen erovnul respublikebSi. maTi ricxvi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda da sabolood unda gadaqceuliyo kidec sabWoTa kavSiris mosaxleobis umravlesobad. am process bevri rusifikaciis Tanamedrove variantad miiCnevda, magram is faqti, rom garkveuli sabWoTa kulturuli (da ara marto kulturuli) globalizacia aSkarad xdeboda, sadavo ar unda iyos.

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geopolitika ideologiebi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelmac sagrZnobi roli iTamaSa kulturis globalizaciaSi, aris sekularuli ideologiebis warmoqmna da gavrceleba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia iseTi politikuri ideologiebi, rogoric aris socializmi da liberalizmi. socializmi da, kerZod, misi ukiduresi varianti – komunizmi, saTaves XIX saukunis evropuli kapitalisturi industrializaciisa da urbanizaciisgan iRebs da gulisxmobs rogorc filosofiur, Teoriul moZRvrebas, ise praqtikul qmedebas da brZolas. igi Zalian swrafad gavrcelda mTel msoflioSi da gansakuTrebiT ekonomikurad da kulturulad SedarebiT CamorCenil qveynebsa da regionebSi. Tumca man sakmao cvlilebebi ganicada adgilobrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare da dRes SeiZleba laparaki iseT cnebebze, rogoricaa sabWoTa, Cinuri, iugoslaviuri Tu dasavleTevropuli komunizmi anda afrikuli, arabuli da laTinuramerikuli socializmi. zogadad, ideebi saerToa da, amdenad, igi erTian ideologiad warmoCindeba. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa marqsizmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi debuleba, rom istoriis ganviTarebis obieqturi kanonebidan gamomdinare msoflio revoluciur procesSi proletariatis gamarjveba gardauvalia da, Sesabamisad, mTel msoflioSi damyardeba uklaso, socialisturi sazogadoeba. socialisturi msoflio sistema, romelic mTel dedamiwas moicavs, Semdgomi ganviTarebis da srulyofis Sesabamisad gardaiqmneba msoflio komunistur sistemad. roca mTel msoflioSi komunizmi gaimarjvebs, TavisTavad gamoiricxeba saxelmwifoebis arsebobis aucilebloba. politikuri sazRvrebi aRar iarsebebs da erTi adgilidan meoreSi gadaadgileba Tu saqonlis gacvla uproblemo iqneba. ekonomikuri gansxvavebebi ganviTarebis doneSi moispoba, yvelgan siuxve da simdidre iqneba da warmoeba moTxovnilebis Sesabamisi gaxdeba. fulis arseboba azrs dakargavs. yovelive amis Sedegad kulturuli gansxvavebebi xalxebs Soris moispoba, Camoyalibdeba erTi saerTo ena, romelic ara dRes arsebuli romelime ena, aramed axali, sinTe-

34

globalizacia da kultura

zur safuZvelze warmoSobili ena iqneba. yovelive amis Sedegad ki erebis gaqroba da maTi TandaTanobiTi Serwyma erT enaze molaparake da erTiani kulturis mqone axal erad gardauvali gaxdeba. zemoaRniSnuli debuleba (sxva saqmea, rom igi faqtobrivad sruli utopia gamodga da miuxedavad uamravi brZolis da msxverplisa, kraxiT dasrulda) sruli globalizaciis klasikuri magaliTia. amgvarad, Tu Tanamedrove gagebiT globalizaciis analogebs warsulSi davuwyebT Ziebas, marqsizmi, albaT, yvelaze naTeli da Sesaferisi magaliTia. rac Seexeba liberalizms, igi ukve didi xania warmoadgens dasavluri faseulobebis msoflioSi gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis ideologias. dasavluri liberalizmis iseTi debulebebi, rogoricaa demokratia, individualizmi, adamianis uflebebi, TviTgamorkveva da sxva, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sakvanZo sakiTxebia da saerTaSoriso samarTlis normad iqca. liberalizmis sul ufro farTod damkvidreba msoflios iseT regionebSi, sadac adre sul sxva ideologiebi iyo gabatonebuli, ueWveli faqtia. swored sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis yvela sferos liberalizacia miiCneva globalizaciis aucilebel pirobad. metic, `demokratiuli mSvidobis~ Teoriis Tanaxmad, Tu yvela qveyanaSi liberaluri reJimi iqneba, saxelmwifoTa Soris omi gamoricxulia. es ki mTavari xelSemwyobi piroba iqneba msoflios qveynebisa da xalxebis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli daaxloebisTvis. ase rom, liberalizmi globalizaciis winapirobaa. amasTan ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom liberalizmisa da, kerZod, dasavluri faseulobebis gavrceleba aradasavlur qveynebSi xSirad vesternizaciad da axal imperializmad aRiqmeba, rac mZafr ukureaqcias iwvevs da nacionalizmisa da religiuri fundamentalizmis afeTqebis wyaro xdeba.

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cnobili adamianebi

nikoloz II

ruseTis ukanaskneli imperatori Tornike SaraSeniZe

erT-erT sabWoTa anekdotSi pensionerTa jgufi stalins madlobas uxdis bednieri bavSvobisaTvis. ki, magram, – Cumad Seaxsenebs pensionerebs iqve myofi studenti, – Tqveni bavSvobisas ruseTs stalini ki ara, imperatori nikolozi marTavda. – hoda, magitomac vuxdiT madlobas, – iyo pasuxi. imperator nikolozis xelSi ruseTSi gaCnda parlamenti, daiwyo qveynis modernizacia da iqamde arnaxuli ekonomikuri aRmavloba. ruseTs hqonda msoflioSi udidesi oqros maragi da misi valuta (rubli) erT-erTi yvelaze stabiluri da saimedo iyo. 1914 wels (pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisaTvis) ruseTi, marTalia, jer kidev CamorCeboda iseT qveynebs, rogoric iyo inglisi Tu germania, magram Tavisi ganviTarebis kvalobaze imgvar masStabebs miaRwia, rogoric Semdeg veRarasodes gaimeora. sabWoTa kavSiris mmarTvelebi am qveynis mTeli arsebobis manZilze TavianT miRwevebs 1914 wlis ruseTis imperiis maCveneblebs adarebdnen. ruseTis maSindeli ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi rom SenarCunebuliyo, 1950 wels igi ukan Camoitovebda inglissac, germaniasac da amerikasac.

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nikoloz II

aqedan gamomdinare logikuri iqneboda daskvna, rom nikolozi iyo uniWieresi mmarTveli, magram sinamdvileSi, piriqiT, is iyo ruseTis erT-erTi yvelaze susti monarqi. nikolozma uzarmazari imperia Caibara, uaxloesi naTesauri kavSirebi hqonda evropis udides imperiebTan (iyo inglisis mefis deidaSvili da germaniis imperatoris gare biZaSvili), mas emsaxurebodnen ruseTis didi reformatorebi, magram misi mmarTveloba dasrulda ruseTSi bolSevikebis xrovis gabatonebiT, Tavad nikolozi ki ojaxTan erTad daxvrites da bolo moeRo evropis erTerT udides, romanovebis, samefo dinastias. gamefeba nikolozamde ruseTs misi mama – imperatori aleqsandre III marTavda. es iyo Zlieri rusi monarqis namdvili ideali – saocari fizikuri Zalis mqone, mtkice xasiaTis adamiani, romelsac sityvas veravin ubrunebda da romelic uzarmazar imperias Tavis Wkuaze uZRveboda. misi eSinodaT da pativs scemdnen. aleqsandres saubedurod, memkvidre nikolozi misi sruli antipodi iyo: adreuli asakidanve etyoboda meryevi da susti xasiaTi, gansakuTrebul niWs veraferSi avlenda, xolo saxelmwifo saqmeebi saerTod ar ainteresebda. aleqsandre kargad xedavda yvelafer amas, magram ixtibars ar itexda – imedi hqonda, rom asakTan erTad nikolozisgan raRac dadgeboda, rom Tavad didxans icocxlebda... iqamde ki nikolozs saxelmwifo saqmeebiT didad ar tvirTavda, radgan rogorc mamas, Svili ecodeboda. ruseTis saubedurod, imperatori aleqsandre moulodnelad SeuZlod Seiqna da maleve gardaicvala (1894 w.). nikolozi 26 wlis asakSi avida taxtze – sruliad gamoucdeli da uwvrTneli. „ra vqna, ra gzas davadge? me xom araferi vici?!“ – moTqvamda udidesi imperiis mmarTveli, romelsac marTvis aranairi xalisi ar hqonda da yvelafers Tavis axladmoyvanil colTan yofna erCia. misi coli ki iyo hesenis princesa aleqsandra, inglisis dedoflis – viqtorias SviliSvili da germaniis imperatoris biZaSvili. nikolozis mama germanelebs didad ar swyalobda da Svils aleqsandraze daqorwinebis uflebas ar aZlevda. man mxolod sikvdilis win darTo nikolozs amis neba da, Sesabamisad, ise moxda, rom momavali dedoflis ruseTSi CabrZaneba imperatoris sikvdils daemTxva da xalxmac miiCnia, rom nikolozis sayvarel cols „cudi fexi hqonda“. amas daemata dedoflis germaneloba, ramac mogvianebiT, pirveli msoflio omis dros, misadmi agresia kidev ufro gaamZafra. isic unda iTqvas, rom aleqsandras mxolod ubralo xalxTan ar hqonda problemebi – Wirveuli da isteriuli xasiaTis gamo man verc peterburgis elitasTan aawyo urTierToba, riTac qmars kidev ufro aleqsandre III gaurTula saqme. yvelafer amas daemata romanovebis ojaxSi aleqsandras motanili genetikuri daavadeba – hemofilia. didi xnis nanatri vaJiSvili, taxtis memkvidre, hemofiliiT iyo daavadebuli, rasac saguldaaleqsandre III (1845-1894) – ruseTis imperatori (1881-1894), poloneTis mefe da fineTis gulod ki malavdnen, magram, cxadia, es didi hercogi, rbili da mSvidobiani politisaqmes ar Sveloda...

kis gamo mas `mSvidobismoyvare~ Searqves.

mokled, 1894 wels nikolozi taxtze avida. mamamisis erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobiT imedgacruebuli rusi liberalebi imedovnebdnen, rom SedarebiT rbili xasiaTis axa-

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cnobili adamianebi li imperatori politikur reformebs gaatarebda da ruseTs TandaTanobiT evropul qveyanas daamsgavsebda, magram nikolozs aranairi reformis gagoneba ar surda. ruseTi mas unda emarTa ise, rogorc marTavdnen misi winaprebi – erTpirovnulad, radganac ruseTis marTvis ufleba mis dinastias `maRali RmerTisgan hqonda miRebuli~. nikolozs amis Tavadac gulwrfelad sjeroda da amaSi kidev ufro metad arwmunebda Tavisi coli, romelsac raime reformaze laparakic ki Ralatad miaCnda. col-qmars ar esmoda, rom erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis modelma ukve ruseTSic moWama dro, Tan – aseTi modelisaTvis saWiro iyo Zlieri mmarTveli. nikolozs ki Zlieri namdvilad ar eTqmoda. roca mas taxtze asvlisas ruseTis sxvadasxva fenis (samRvdeloeba, vaWrebi, xelosnebi, glexoba) warmomadgenlebi eaxlnen, erT-erT maTgans axali imperatoris danaxvisas xelidan tradiciuli rusuli puri da marili gavardnia – imperator aleqsandres Semdeg tandabali, damfrTxali nikolozi, Tavisi wvrili, TiTqmis qaluri xmiT namdvili karikatura iyo. mokled, imperator nikolozs kargi mmarTvelisa araferi ecxo, magram amave dros igi iyo albaT erT-erTi yvelaze wesieri da keTilSobili adamiani evropis samefo dinastiebSi. mas ar uyvarda saxelmwifo saqmeebi da kidev ufro metad ejavreboda Zaladoba da sisxlisRvra. magram bedma ise ineba, rom misi gamefeba sisxliT daiwyo (da,

nikoloz II (1868-1918) da dedofali aleqsandra (1872-1918)

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rogorc cnobilia, sisxliTve dasrulda) – mis koronaciaze misul xalxSi raRac mizezis gamo panika atyda, rasac Wyleta da aTasobiT adamianis daRupva mohyva. cxadia, mTavrobam es tragediac miaCumaTa, magram faqti iyo, rom nikolozis mmarTveloba erTob uiRblod daiwyo.

1905 wlis ianvarSi peterburgSi uzarmazari demonstracia gaimarTa, romlis monawileebs mefesTan Sexvedra da misTvis TxovniT mimarTva surdaT (Camyayebuli erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi ruseTs cvlilebebi esaWiroeboda), magram jarma demonstrantebs tyvia dauSina, rasac aseulobiT udanaSaulo adamiani Seewira. amis Semdeg ukve ruseTis yvelaze rbil da kacTmoyvare imperators „sisxliani nikolozi“ Seerqva. iZulebiTi reformebi da didi imedebi 1905 wlis ianvris movlenebma ukvalod ar Caiara. ruseTSi ukve didi xania mwifdeboda ukmayofileba, rasac daerTo im periodSi iaponiasTan mimdinare warumatebeli omi. moqalaqeebi bevr rames itandnen, magram roca maTma imperiam aziur qveyanasTan ramdenime sastiki marcxi ganicada, xalxi quCebSi gamovida da qveyana namdvilma revoluciam moicva. sabolood yvelaferi kargad dasrulda. 1905 wlis Semodgomaze ruseTma iaponiasTan sakmaod normaluri pirobebiT gaaforma samSvidobo zavi, raSic didi wvlili miuZRoda ruseTis yofil finansTa midemonstraciis darbeva, peterburgi, 1905 weli

nikoloz II

nistrs, brwyinvale reformators – sergei vites. vitem male did hercog nikolozTan erTad (imperatoris gare biZa, romelsac farulad „romanovebis ojaxis erTaderT mamakacs“ eZaxdnen) imperatori daarwmuna, rom xalxis dasaSoSmineblad da revoluciasTan gasamklaveblad raRac daTmobebze wasvla iyo saWiro: konkretulad, konstituciis SemoReba da xalxisaTvis parlamentis arCevis uflebis micema. nikolozs amis gagoneba ar undoda da mTeli qveynis teritoriaze samxedro mdgomareobis SemoReba surda, magram bolos biZamissa da vites dauTmo. Sedegad, misma colma viteca da didi hercogic moiZula – misTvis xom warmoudgeneli iyo, rom mis qmarsa da Semdeg mis vaJs Zalaufleba vinmesTvis gaeyoT. arada, ruseTis parlaments evropul parlamentebTan SedarebiT mxolod sasacilo uflebebi hqonda. nikolozis daTmobebi aranairad ar akmayofilebdaT rus radikalebs, romelTac erTaderT swor gamosavlad revolucia da reJimis damxoba miaCndaT. radikalTa ukiduresi frTa ukve didi xani iyo, rac mTavrobis winaaRmdeg namdvil teroristul oms awarmoebda (am terors odesRac nikolozis

ruseT-iaponiis omi – ruseTisa da iaponiis imperiebs Soris 1904-1905 ww.-Si mimdinare omi manjuriasa da koreaSi kontrolisaTvis. ruseTi cdilobda sakuTari gavlena ganemtkicebina Soreul aRmosavleTSi, risi mTavari winaaRmdegobac iyo momZlavrebuli iaponia. ruseTs sakuTari samxedro da savaWro miznebisaTvis sWirdeboda iseTi porti, romelic, vladivostokis portisagan gansxvavebiT, mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi iqneboda Ria. swored aseTi iyo CineTSi, liaodunis provinciaSi, yviTel zRvaSi mdebare portarturi (liuiSuni), romelic ruseTma CineTisgan 25-wliani ijariT miiRo (1898). iaponias ki, Tavis mxriv, aSfoTebda ruseTis gaZliereba, amitom ruseTs SesTavaza eRiarebina iaponiis gavlena koreaSi, Tavad ki aRiarebda ruseTis gavlenas manjuriaSi. ruseTma ar miiRo es winadadeba da moiTxova koreaSi, 39-e paralelis CrdiloeTiT, ruseTsa da iaponias Soris buferuli zonis Seqmna. iaponias sxva araferi darCenoda, Tu ara sabrZolo moqmedebebSi CarTva ruseTTan. iaponia 1904 wlis 27 ianvars (Zv. stiliT) Tavs daesxa ruseTis aRmosavleTis flots port-arturSi. swored es movlena miiCneva ruseT-iaponiis omis dawyebad. ruseTisTvis omi didi danakargebiT warimarTa. sabolood aSS-is prezident Teodor ruzveltis SuamavlobiT ruseTsa da iaponias Soris zavi daido. iaponiis sruli gamarjveba moulodneli iyo msofliosTvis. amis Sedegad Seicvala ZalTa balansi aRmosavleT aziaSi da iaponia axleburad Semovida msoflio avanscenaze. es Tanamedove epoqaSi iyo aziuri qveynis pirveli didi gamarjveba evropul qveyanaze.

dumis uflebamosileba kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobiT Semoifargleboda, Tumca imperatoris Tanxmobis gareSe arc erTi kanonis miReba ar xdeboda. ministrebi dumis gverdis avliT iniSnebodnen da isev da isev imperatorTan agebdnen pasuxs. nikoloz II da hercogi nikolozi

sergei vite 1849-1915

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cnobili adamianebi papa – imperatori aleqsandre II Seewira). parlamentis arCevis uflebis miuxedavad, isini terors ganagrZobdnen, rasac yovelwliurad asobiT rusi samarTaldamcavi ewireboda. omSi damarcxebuli, revoluciagadatanili qveyana mZime dReSi iyo. da aq nikolozma albaT Tavis cxovrebaSi yvelaze Wkvianuri gadawyvetileba miiRo, daniSna ra premier-ministrad namdvili patrioti, uSiSari saxelmwifo moRvawe da uniWieresi reformatori piotr stolipini. am ukanasknelma jer teroristebis problemas mixeda – maT Tavad mouwyo namdvili terori da damnaSaveebi sisxlSi CaaxrCo. liberalebs stolipinis sastiki meTodebi ar moswondaT, magram meTodebma gaamarTla da male ruseTs simSvidec moutana. amis Semdeg stolipinma radikaluri ekonomikuri reformebi gaatara, romlebmac, marTalia, bolomde ver imuSava (stolipins same929) – nikokolozi (1856-1 ni i og rc fo karisgan mxardaWera aklda, CamorCenihe loz I-is Svididi Ze romanovi, niko loz nikolozis oz II-is biZa, rusi generali, li mosaxleoba ki mis proeqtebSi monawilel liSvili da niko Si xelmZRvanelobda ZiriTad obas ufrTxoda), magram mainc moaZliera rvel msoflio om mias. 1915-1917 wlebSi iyo pi qveyana da tradiciulad CamorCenili rus ar frontze ruseTi vali. 1919 wlidan iyo emigraac sn seTi ekonomikur Zalad aqcia. stolipini fi kavkasiaSi me politikuri reformebis gatarebasac eswciaSi. rafoda, magram, cxadia, aq nikolozisgan veranairi mxardaWera ver miiRo. amasobaSi dedofali aleqsandra qmars CasCiCinebda: stolipini pirvel rigSi rulomde Seni erTguli ar ariso. roca 1911 seTs emsaxureba da wels stolipini teroristebma imsxverples ara Sen, bo(premier-ministri imdenad daRala nikolozTan uSedego brZolam, rom yvelaferze xeli Caiqnia da usafrTxoebis zomebs TiTqmis aRar icavda), nikolozs aranairi sinanuli ar gamouxatavs. aqedan moyolebuli nikolozs mTavrobaSi ZiriTadad sul araraobebi hyavda, romlebic niWs mxolod imperatoris qeba-didebaSi Tu avlendnen. araraobebi kidev ufro momravlda aRviraxsnilobiT cnobili beris – rasputinis wyalobiT, romelic rogorRac axerxebda nikolozis avadmyofi vaJi-

40

nikoloz II

saTvis emkurnala da amis wyalobiT uzarmazari gavlena moipova aleqsandraze. saqme iqamde mivida, rom dedofali qmars ministrebsac rasputinis CagonebiT aniSninebda. xalxSi Wori gavrcelda, rom rasputini aleqsandras sayvareli iyo. es Wori ar dadasturebula, magram nikolozis politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebi mas mSvenivrad iyenebdnen. katastrofa 1914 wels daiwyo pirveli msoflio omi. ruseTi omisaTvis mzad ar iyo, miT umetes, rom oms evropaSi arc aravin eloda da arc aravis interesebSi Sedioda. omi daiwyo avstriis imperiasa da serbeTs Soris konfliqtis gamo. nikolozma avstrielTa Sekaveba-daSineba gadawyvita da nawilobrivi samxedro mobilizacia gamoacxada (mxolod avstriis winaaRmdeg). magram gairkva, rom nawilobrivi mobilizaciis gegma ar arsebobda da mxolod sruli mobilizacia xerxdeboda. es ki germaniam mtrul aqtad da safrTxed miiCnia. germaniis imperatori vilhelmi nikolozs werils werilze swerda da mobilizaciis SeCerebas sTxovda. saerTod, vilhelmsa da nikolozs bavSvobidan hqondaT metad axlo urTierToba, vilhelmi kargad xedavda nikolozis sust xasiaTs da cdilobda masze gavlena moepovebina, rasac xSirad axerxebda kidec. magram amjerad es ver SeZlo – nikolozi Tavisma ministrebma daarwmunes, vilhelmi eSmakobs, rom mere Tavs dagvesxaso da imperatorma mobilizacia gamoacxada, ris pasuxadac germaniasTan omi miiRo. rusuli armiebis meTauroba did hercogs miandes, oRond, aleqsandras CagonebiT, nikolozi frontze mis gasacilebladac ki ar misula. pirvelive TveebSi ruseTma sastiki marcxi iwvnia germaniasTan. korumpirebuli, uniWo da uniaTo mTavrobis gamoisobiT jari cudad iyo SeiaraRebuli. germanelebma 1914 welsve maT teritoriaze SeWrili ori rusuli armia mospes, 1915 wels ki Setevaze gadavidnen da ruseTi poloneTidan gandevnes. nikolozma gadawyvita, rom jaris sabrZolo suliskveTebis asamaRleblad frontze unda gamgzavrebuliyo da sardloba TviTon Caibara. es iyo, albaT, misi yvelaze didi Secdoma. frontze ruseTis saqmeebi ar gamosworebula da aqedan moyolebuli yvela marcxi ukve piradad imperators braldeboda. peterburgs

grigol rasputini (1869-1916)– rusi glexi sofel pokrovskoedan, romelmac saxeli gaiTqva, rogorc mkurnalma da naTelmxilvelma. didi siaxlove hqonda nikoloz II-is ojaxTan. igi mkurnalobda hemofiliiT daavadebul ufliswuls. religiiTa da misticizmiT gatacebuli grigol rasputinis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva winaaRmdegobrivi mosazreba arsebobs.

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cnobili adamianebi ki am dros aleqsandra da rasputini marTavdnen, yvela aqedan gamomdinare SedegiT. aleqsandra qmars gamamxnevebel werilebs swerda da rasputinis megobari eqimbaSis mier damzadebul damamSvidebel wamlebs ugzavnida. nikolozi Secdomas Secdomaze uSvebda da 1916 wels premier-ministrad vinme Sturmeri daniSna. peterburgSi `germanel dedofals~ Zlivs itandnen da axla `germaneli premieric~ daemataT. Sturmers male parlamentSi gankiTxvis dRe mouwyes da germaniis jaSuSoba daabrales, rac sabolood misi gadayenebiT dasrulda. wlis bolos ki nikolozis axlo naTesavis saxlSi rasputini mokles, romelic dedofals sul imas umeorebda, me Tu rame damemarTeba, rusi xalxi Tqvenc Cems kvals gamogayolebTo (rasputini aleqsandras Turme imasac eubneboda, Tuki ruseTi omSi Caebmeba Tqveni ojaxi gaqrebao). dasasruli 1916-1917 wlebis zamTari ruseTSi gansakuTebiT civi gamodga. mTavrobis uniaTobiT qalaqebis sakvebiTa da SeSiT momarageba ver xerxdeboda. 1917 wlis 8 marts cotaTi daTba (Zveli kalendriT – TebervalSi) da mosaxleoba qalTa dRis aRsaniSnavad gareT gamovida, magram msvleloba male mTavrobis sawinaaRmdego saprotesto gamosvlaSi gadaizarda – omSi marcxiT damcirebuli da autaneli zamTriT gatanjuli demonstrantebi imperatoris gadadgomasa da `germaneli dedoflis~ dasjas moiTxovdnen. ise moxda, rom nikolozi swored 7 marts gaemgzavra frontze, mas Semdeg, rac raRac periodi ojaxTan erTad peterburgTan axlos gaatara. mas ukve didi xania mosdioda SemaSfoTebeli cnobebi, magram yuradRebas ar aqcevda. mTavrobis wevrebis mxridan samefo ojaxTan xalxSi dagrovil ukmayofilebaze saubari aleqsandras isterikebiT mTavrdeboda, romelic qmars arwmunebda, rom xalxs uyvarda da problemebs erTi muWa avantiuristebi qmnidnen. frontze dabrunebis win nikolozma parlamentis daSlis brZaneba gasca, ramac sabolood daasxa cecxlze navTi: jer iyo da mTavrobam 8 martis gamosvlebs veraferi mo-

42

nikoloz II

uxerxa da roca premier-ministrma parlamentSi am ukanasknelis daSlis brZaneba miitana, parlaments es siciladac ar eyo da pasuxad revolucias SeuerTda. 13 marts nikolozma dedaqalaqSi dabruneba gadawyvita, magram ukve Zalian gviani iyo. ajanyeba ukve jarsac gadasdeboda da nikolozi mixvda, rom situaciis gamosworebisaTvis misi gadadgoma iyo saWiro – winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs qaosi da omidan samarcxvino gamosvla eloda. amasobaSi nikolozis sayvarel ojaxSi wiTela gaCnda da dedofali Svilebis movlaze gadaerTo, risi wyalobiTac rasputinis sikvdilis Semdeg pirvelad daubrunda realur cxovrebas. miuxedavad amisa, qmars mainc ar eSveboda da uTvlida aravisaTvis araferi daeTmo. nikolozi cols yovelTvis uwevda angariSs, magram axla ukve amis SesaZlebloba ar hqonda – sasworze misi qveynis bedi da prestiJi ido. 15 marts nikolozi gadadga. erTi periodi memkvidred Tavisi vaJis datovebas apirebda, radgan iluziebi hqonda, rom bavSvi hemofiliisgan droTa ganmavlobaSi ganikurneboda (es iluzia odesRac rasputinma gauCina), magram eqimebma amis imedi gadauwures da nikolozmac gadaifiqra, radgan avadmyofi SvilisTvis ar undoda im tvirTis akideba,

namdvilad progresuTebervlis revolucia iyo avtokratiuli sismxo li movlena, romelmac daa gadasca. magram Tebervtema da Zalaufleba dumas n mdgari duma mudmivad lis mTavroba da mis uka gaewia e.w. `petrogradis iZulebuli iyo angariSi memarcxene radikalebiT sabWosaTvis~, romelic didi simpaTiebiT uyuda i bul iyo dakompleqte n ganapiroba sabolood rebda bolSevikebs. ama i Sevikebis mier mowyobil mTavrobis marcxi da bol . gadatrialebis warmateba

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cnobili adamianebi romelsac Tavad ver gaumklavda. memkvidred nikolozis Zma – mixeili iqca, magram igi kargad xedavda qveyanaSi Seqmnil viTarebas da sul or dReSi gadadga. romanovebis dinastiis mefobac amiT dasrulda. nikolozi ki daubrunda saqmes, romelic albaT yvelafers erCia cxovrebaSi – Tavis sayvarel da mravalricxovan ojaxze zrunvas. magram masac da mTel ruseTs win gacilebiT uaresi elodaT. Tebervlis revoluciiT mosuli demokratiuli mTavroba noemberSi bolSevikebma daamxes, romelTa liderebic (kidev aTasi sxva juris rus radikalebTan erTad) nikolozis gadadgomis Semdeg dabrundnen ucxoeTSi devnilobidan. bolSevikebis mier Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas samoqalaqo omi da arnaxuli represiebi mohyva. erTi periodi saqmes iseTi piri uCanda, rom isini didxans veRar gaatandnen, magram bolSevikebi ar iyo is xalxi, vinc Za-

lauflebis SesanarCuneblad raimes an vinmes dazogavda. maT sWirdebodaT yvelasTvis daenaxebinaT, rom ruseTi warsuls arafriT daubrundeboda da rom isini gamarjvebisaTvis yvelaferze wavidodnen. swored aq bolSevikebs nikolozi da misi ojaxi gaaxsendaT, romlebic revoluciis Semdeg wynarad cxovrobdnen qalaq tobolskSi. iq aleqsandram, rogorc iqna, normaluri Tvisebebi gamoavlina, qmars gverdSi edga da amxnevebda. bolSevikebs eSinodaT ojaxi ar gaqceuliyo da maTi moskovSi gadayvana gadawyvites. mTeli ojaxis gadayvana ver moxerxda, radgan nikolozisa da aleqsandras erTaderTi vaJi SeuZlod iyo da amitom bolSevikebma mxolod nikolozis wayvana moindomes. aleqsandram qmari ar miatova da mas SuaTana qaliSvilTan erTad gahyva (vaJi ufros qaliSvilebs dautova). sabralo nikolozs didxans egona, rom moskovSi bolSevikebs germaniasTan zavze xelis mosawerad mihyavdaT.… gzad bolSevikebma gadaifiqres da nikolozi aprilis bolos qalaq ekaterinburgSi gamoamwyvdies, sadac male ojaxis

aleqsandre III da maria fiodorovna nikoloz II SvilTan aleqseisTan erTad

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nikoloz II

darCenili nawilic Caiyvanes. aq maT gacilebiT uaresi pirobebi daxvdaT, vidre tobolskSi, magram yvelafers Rirseulad itandnen. ase gagrZelda 16 ivlisis saRamomde, sanam ojaxis wevrebi maT sam msaxurTan da eqimTan erTad, maTda moulodnelad da gaufrTxileblad, ar Caiyvanes sardafSi da ar daxvrites. Semdeg maTi gvamebic gaanadgures. evropis istorias ar axsovda, rom monarqi (da miT umetes misi ojaxi) sasamarTlos gareSe daesajaT sikvdiliT. SeiZleba swored amitomac iyo, rom nikolozis ruseTidan gamoyvanaze (da, Sesabamisad, gadarCenaze) ar izrunes arc misma deidaSvilma inglisis mefem (igi mTavrobis wevrebma daarwmunes, rom diskreditebuli ruseTis yofili diqtatoris Sefareba liberalebis did ukmayofilebas gamoiwvevda) da arc misma ga-

re biZaSvilma vilhelmma, romelmac bolSevikebs umZimes zavze moawerina xeli da Tavisuflad SeeZlo yofili imperatoris gadacemac moeTxova. samefo ojaxidan gadarCa mxolod nikolozis deda – daniis princesa maria. gadarCa mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg yirimSi gadasaxlda, saidanac 1919 wels inglisSi gaiyvanes. iqaurma mefem deida mainc ar gaswira. maria raRac periodi inglisSi Tavis dasTan cxovrobda, Semdeg ki Tavis samSoblos, danias, daubrunda, sadac 1928 wels gardaicvala. yofil dedofals sicocxlis bolomde ver daejerebina, rom misi sayvareli SviliSvilebi amqveynad aRar iyvnen. mis am iluzias bolSevikebi uwyobdnen xels, romlebic nikolozis daxvetas ar malavdnen, magram misi ojaxis amoxocvas arafriT aRiarebdnen. swored bolSevikebis am sicruem da marias iluziebma daudo saTave legendas anastasiaze (nikolozis umcros qaliSvilze), romelic viTomdac cocxali gadarCa.

nikoloz II ojaxTan erTad anastasia romanova

45

ekonomika

rogor gavzomoT qveynis ekonomika?

lado papava

mecnierebis bevri dargisaTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs gazomvas. amisaTvis logikurad unda SeirCes mocemuli konkretuli sferos, movlenis Tu procesis is Sesatyvisi erTeuli, raSic unda moxdes maTi sididis an am ukanasknelis cvlilebis gazomva. gazomva aranakleb mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri mecnierebisaTvis da Tavs iCens maSinve, roca gvinda mTlianad ekonomikis an misi calkeuli sferos, movlenis Tu procesis raodenobrivi mdgomareobis Sefaseba. ekonomistebisaTvis erT-erTi Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia is, Tu rogor unda moxdes ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikis sididisa da am sididis cvlilebis gazomva.

46

rogor gavzomoT ekonomika ?

produqciis da momsaxurebis saxeobaTa mravalferovneba da maTi SeTanazomebis sirTule qveynis ekonomikaSi iwarmoeba sxvadasxva saxeobis produqcia, romelTac, rogorc wesi, aSkarad gamoxatuli gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi aqvT da ris gamoc maTi odenoba sxvadasxva fizikur erTeulSi izomeba. ase, magaliTad, karaqi izomeba wonis erTeulebSi (kilogramebSi), qsovili – sigrZis erTeulebSi (metrebSi) da a.S. aseve gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa sxvadasxva saxeobis momsaxureba. marto zogierTi maTganis dasaxelebac ki kmara imis misaxvedrad, Tu ramdenad didia maT Soris Sinaarsobrivi gansxvaveba. ase, magaliTad, iuridiuli, saganmanaTleblo, samedicino, sabanko Tu dalaqis/vizaJistis momsaxureba erTmaneTisagan Tvisebrivad gansxvavdeba. roca gvinda qveynis ekonomikis gazomva, aucilebelia am Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli sxvadasxva saxeobis produqciis erTad aReba, rac maTematikurad unda moxdes maTi dajamebiT. gansxvavebul fizikur erTeulebSi gazomili produqciis da momsaxurebis saxeobebis dajameba ki principulad SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, 5 kg. karaqs ver davumatebT 7 m. qsovils. maSasadame, pirveli, rac unda gadawydes qveynis ekonomikis sididis gasazomad, es aris im aspeqtis gansazRvra, romelic saerToa am mravalferovani produqciisa da momsaxurebisaTvis. saerTo maTTvis ki aris fasi, riTac xdeba TiToeuli maTganis bazarze Sefaseba sabolood maTi yidva-gayidvis mizniT.

fasis saSualebiT gamoixateba, Tu ra Rirs ama Tu im produqciis (aseve momsaxurebis) erTi fizikuri erTeuli. magaliTad, SeiZleba 1 kg. karaqi Rirdes 9 lari, an 3,6 dolari, an 3,1 evro da a.S. fasis gamoyenebiT Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli produqciisa da momsaxurebis odenoba izomeba mocemuli qveynis fulad erTeulSi. Tu romelime saxeobis gamoSvebuli produqciis (an momsaxurebis) raodenobas, gamoxatuls fizikur erTeulebSi, gavamravlebT Sesabamis fasze, miviRebT am produqciis raodenobas ukve fulad erTeulSi gamoxatuls. xolo fulSi gazomili konkretuli saxeobis produqciis (an momsaxurebis) raodenoba ki SeiZleba Tavisuflad davajamoT imave gziT gazomil sxva saxeobaTa produqciis (da momsaxurebis) raodenobebTan. magaliTad, Tu vawarmoeT 100 kg. karaqi, romlis 1 kg-is fasia 9 lari, da 200 m. qsovili, romlis erTi metric Rirs 17 lari, maSin sul gviwarmoebia 100x9 + 200x17 = 900 + 3400 = 4300 laris jamuri produqcia. drois erTeuli sxvadasxva saxeobis produqciis erTeulis warmoebaze, aseve sxvadasxva saxeobis erTeuli momsaxurebis gawevaze gansxvavebuli raodenobis droa saWiro. marTalia, drois sazomi erTeulebi (saaTi, dRe-Rame,

fasi ki izomeba mocemuli konkretuli qveynis fulad erTeulSi. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi fasi izomeba larSi, aSS-Si – dolarSi, evrozonis qveynebSi – evroSi, azerbaijanSi – manaTSi, TurqeTSi – liraSi, ruseTSi – rublSi, somxeTSi – dramSi da a.S.

47

ekonomika Tve, weli) didi xania dadgenilia, magram imisaTvis, rom moxerxdes qveynis ekonomikis sididis gansazRvra, aucilebelia drois im erTeulis SerCeva, romlis ganmavlobaSic warmoebuli produqcia Tu gaweuli momsaxureba unda dajamdes Sesabamisi fasis gamoyenebiT.

anma uSualod unda moixmaros). magaliTad, Tu fqvili gamoiyeneba sacxobSi puris gamosacxobad, aSkaraa, rom es fqvili sawarmoo moxmarebisTvisaa gamiznuli, xolo puri ki – piradi moxmarebisaTvis. pirobiTad SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom gvaqvs produqciis ori jgufi – sawarmoo da piradi moxmarebis.

adamiani sicocxlis, swavlis Tu sxva saqmianobis xangrZlivobis dasaTvlelad drois erTeulad iyenebs wels (anu drois im erTeuls, romelic bunebrivad aris mocemuli, radganac swored es dro esaWiroeba dedamiwas mzis garSemo erTi brunis Sesasruleblad).

sayuradReboa, rom calkeuli saxeobis produqciis mikuTvneba sawarmoo Tu piradi momxarebis jgufisaTvis yovelTvis advili rodia. magaliTad, igive fqvili, romelic moyvanil magaliTSi sawarmoo moxmarebisTvisaa gankuTvnili, SeiZleba kerZo pirma SeiZinos piradi moxmarebisTvisac, raTa saxlSi Tavad gamoacxos, magaliTad, namcxvari an Rvezeli. aqedan gamomdinare, winaswar imis dadgena, rom mocemuli konkretuli saxeobis produqcia sawarmoo Tu piradi moxmarebisaTvisaa gankuTvnili, xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelic kia. amitom mxolod sawarmoo procesSi gamoyenebuli esa Tu is produqcia xdeba sawarmoo moxmarebis daniSnulebis jgufSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, mTeli ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sedegebis Sesafaseblad aseve gamoiyeneba erTi weli. marTalia, ekonomikis Sualeduri Sedegebis Sesafaseblad aiReba wlis nawili – Tve, kvartali, naxevari weli, magram drois ZiriTad sazom erTeulad ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sedegebis Sesafaseblad mainc erTi weli gamoiyeneba. xsenebulidan gamomdinare, msjelobis am etapisaTvis SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qveynis ekonomikis gasazomad unda SevkriboT erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoSvebuli produqcia da momsaxureba gamravlebuli Sesabamis fasze. ekonomikis iseT dargSi, rogoricaa mSenebloba, warmoebis dro, rogorc wesi, aRemateba erT wels. mxolod mcire zomis Senoba-nagebobis mSenebloba SeiZleba Caetios erT welSi. amitom mSeneblobis wliuri produqcia izomeba Sesabamis samSeneblo-samontaJo samuSaoebze gaweuli xarjebiT, romelic aRiricxeba mocemuli konkretuli qveynis fulad erTeulSi. ganmeorebiTi aRricxvis gamoricxvis aucilebloba roca vsaubrobT wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoSvebul produciaze, aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT misi daniSnuleba. kerZod, konkretuli producia gankuTvnilia sawarmoo moxmarebisaTvis (anu sxva produqciis sawarmoeblad) Tu piradi moxmarebisaTvis (anu is, rac adami-

48

wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli yvela produqciis dajamebisas gamodis, rom jamdeba rogorc piradi, ise sawarmoo moxmarebis yvela produqcia, Sesabamis fasze gamravlebuli. am SemTxvevaSi ki ikveTeba erTi mniSvnelovani problema, romelsac ekonomistebi ganmeorebiT aRricxvas eZaxian. misi arsis gasagebad ganvixiloT Semdegi pirobiTi magaliTi. puris gamosacxobad Tone yidulobs, davuSvaT, 100 kg. fqvils da Tu erTi kg. fqvili Rirs 0,70 lari, maSin mis SesaZenad gadaxdilia 70 lari. marTalia, puris gamosacxobad Tones fqvilis garda esaWiroeba sxva nedleulic (magaliTad, safuari, marili, wyali da sxv.), magram maT am pirobiTi msjelobis gasamartiveblad mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT.

rogor gavzomoT ekonomika ?

saSualod, 100 kg. fqvilisgan cxveba 140 kg. puri. Tu erTi kg. puri Rirs 1,2 lari, maSin 70 larad Rirebuli fqvilisgan gamocxveba 140x1,2=168 laris Rirebulebis puri.

Tuki gvinda gavigoT am pirobiTi magaliTis safuZvelze sul ra Rirebulebis produqciaa warmoebuli, 70 laris fqvils unda davumatoT 168 laris puri da miviRebT 258 lars. sinamdvileSi, RirebulebiT ganzomilebaSi nawarmoebia 258 larze naklebi, radgan 70 laris fqvilis yidviT Tonem is Seiyvana gasayidi puris 168 laris fasSi. sxva sityvebiT rom gadmovceT, 70 laris da 168 laris dajamebiT fqvili orjer gamogvivida aRricxuli – erTxel uSualod, meorejer ki – puris RirebulebaSi. am movlenas eZaxian ekonomistebi ganmeorebiT aRricxvas da mis gamosaricxad aucilebelia fqvili aRiricxos mxolod erTxel da is unda gamoakldes puris Rirebulebas (anu 168 lars unda gamoakldes 70 lari). maSasadame, puris warmoebaze daxarjuli fqvili da misgan gamomcxvari puri erTad iqneba: 70+(168-70)=168 lari. puris Rirebulebis 168 lars gamoklebuli mis cxobaze daxarjuli fqvilis Rirebuleba 70 lari gviCvenebs, Tu fqvilis Rirebulebis zemoT ra damatebuli Rirebuleba Seiqmna puris cxobis stadiaze. maSasadame, nebismieri produqciis warmoebisas aucileblad dasaTvlelia misi uSualo warmoebis stadiaze ra damatebuli Rirebuleba Seiqmna da mxolod amiT gavigebT am stadiaze warmoebuli produqciis RirebulebiT ekvivalents. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu gvinda gavigoT sul ramdeni produqcia (da momsaxureba) iqna warmoebuli wlis ganmavlobaSi, unda davajamoT yoveli produqciis damatebuli Rirebulebebi. wlis ganmavlobaSi mocemuli konkretuli qveynis teritoriaze warmoebuli damatebuli Rirebulebebis jams ewodeba mTliani Siga produqti da is aris qveynis ekonomikis zomis ganmsazRvreli sidide.

romeli qveynis ekonomikaa ufro didi da ganviTarebuli? mTliani Siga produqtis maCveneblebiT SeiZleba SevadaroT ori nebismieri qveyana da romlis sididec iqneba ufro meti, im qveynis ekonomika iqneba ufro didi. ase, magaliTad, msoflio bankis monacemebiT, yvelaze didi ekonomika msoflioSi 2016 wels hqonda aSS-s da is 18,5 trilion dolarze meti iyo, meore adgilze iyo CineTis ekonomika (11 trilion dolarze meti), xolo mesameze ki – iaponiis ekonomika (TiTqmis 5 trilioni dolari). sxva sityvebiT, aSS, CineTi da iaponia iyo msoflios sami mowinave qveyana, romlebic yvelaze mets awarmoebdnen, ris gamoc yvelaze didi odenobis mTliani Siga produqti Seqmnes. niSnavs ki yvelaze didi ekonomikis mqone qveyana yvelaze ganviTarebuli ekonomikis qveyanas? ra Tqma unda – ara. qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis kriteriumze dRemde grZeldeba kamaTi ekonomistebs Soris, Tumca erT sakiTxze principuli SeTanxmeba, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve miRweulia. kerZod, iTvleba, rom ekonomikis ganviTarebas yvelaze ukeTesad zomavs qveynis mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli mTliani Siga produqtis sidide. es maCvenebeli, romelic gaiangariSeba mTliani Siga produqtis gayofiT mocemuli qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobaze, erTi mxriv, asaxavs imas, Tu qveynis mosaxleobis erT suls saSualod ramdeni uwarmoebia wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo, meore mxriv ki – ra raodenobis produqcia da momsaxureba modis saSualod wlis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis erT sulze. roca vlaparakobT imaze, Tu mosaxleobis erT suls saSualod wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdeni uwarmoebia, aucileblad mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom bavSvebi da moxucebi, rogorc wesi, warmoebis procesSi CarTulebi ar arian da amitomac saubaria mxolod pirobiTad gasaSualebul sidideze.

2016 wlis msoflio bankis monacemebi aSS

18,5 trilioni $

CineTi

11 trilioni $

iaponia

5 trilioni $ 49

ekonomika sainteresoa, rom yvelaze didi ekonomikis mqone qveynebi, mocemuli maCveneblis mixedviT, ar arian yvelaze ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mqoneni, radganac sxva qveynebma SeZles mosaxleobis erT sulze saSualod wlis ganmavlobaSi ufro meti mTliani Siga produqtis warmoeba. kerZod, msoflio bankis monacemebiT, yvelaze ganviTarebuli ekonomika msoflioSi 2016 wels hqonda luqsemburgs (102 aTasamde dolaris mTliani Siga produqti mosaxleobis erT sulze), meore adgilze iyo Sveicaria (78 aTas dolarze meti), xolo mesameze – norvegia (73 aTas dolarze meti). yvelaze didi ekonomikis mqone qveyana – aSS, imave msoflio bankis monacemebiT, ganviTarebis doniT msoflioSi mervea (TiTqmis 60 aTas dolaramde), sididiT meore qveyana – CineTi – 75-e (TiTqmis 8,5 aTas dolaramde), xolo sididiT mesame qveyana – iaponia – 24-e (38 aTas dolaraze meti). cnobisaTvis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doniT saqarTvelo msoflios 190 qveyanas Soris 2016 wels 116-e adgilze iyo (3,7 aTas dolaraze meti). kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic exeba qveynebis Sedarebas: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, yvela qveyana Tavis mTlian Siga produqts Tvlis erovnul valutaSi, xolo qveynebs Soris Sedarebisas TiToeuli qveynis mTliani Siga produqti gadaiyvaneba erT valutaSi – rogorc wesi, aSS dolarSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dolaris msyidvelobiTi unari (anu is, Tu risi yidva SeiZleba erT dolarad) sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvaa, gamoiyeneba specialuri koeficientebi, risi saSualebiTac xdeba qveynebis mixedviT dolaris gansxvavebuli msyidvelobiTi unaris `gamoTanabreba~ da TiToeuli qveynis Sesabamisi mTliani Siga produqtis odenoba `pirobiT dolarSi~ gadaiyvaneba. es sakiTxi calke ganxilvis sagania da am werilis farglebs scdeba. rogor gavzomoT qveynis ekonomikis zrda? mas Semdeg, rac viciT, Tu rogor izomeba qveynis ekonomikis sidide, dRis wesrigSi dgeba imis garkveva, Tu rogor gavzomoT am ekonomikis cvlileba – zrda Tu kleba (klebas aseve uwodeben uaryofiT zrdasac). am sakiTxSi gasarkvevad ganvixiloT pirobiTi magaliTi (ix. cxrili), romlis Tanaxmadac iwarmoeba mxolod ori saxeobis produqcia, romelTaganac erTi – A – izomeba woniT erTeulebSi (kilogramebSi), xolo meore – B – sigrZis erTeulebSi (metrebSi).

50

erT sul mosaxleze Siga produqtis warmoeba, msoflio bankis 2016 wlis monacemi 1 luqsemburgi

102 000 $

2 Sveicaria

78 000 $

3 norvegia

73 000 $

8 aSS

60 000 $

24 iaponia

38 000 $

75 CineTi

8 500 $

116 saqarTvelo

3 700 $

davuSvaT, rom 2010 wels A produqcia vawarmoeT 1000 kg., romlis erTeulis fasi iyo 7 lari, xolo B produqcia ki – 1500 m., romlis erTeulis fasi iyo 4 lari. maSasadame, 2010 wels A produqcia gviwarmoebia 7000 (1000x7) laris, xolo B produqcia – 6000 (1500x4) laris, mTlianobaSi ki gviwarmoebia 7000+6000 = 13000 laris produqcia. aseve davuSvaT, rom 2015 wels A produqcia ukve vawarmoeT 1400 kg., romlis erTeulis fasi iyo 8 lari, xolo B produqcia ki – 1300 m., romlis erTeulis fasi iyo 6 lari.

Sesabamisad, 2015 wels A produqcia warmoebulia 11200 (1400x8) laris, xolo B produqcia – 7800 (1300x6) laris, sul ki warmoebulia 11200 + 7800=19000 laris produqcia. am gaTvlebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xsenebuli ori saxeobis (A da B) produqciisagan Semdgari ekonomika 2015 wels 2010 welTan SedarebiT gazrdilia 1,46-jer (19000:13000)?

rogor gavzomoT ekonomika?

cxrili 2010 weli produqcia

2015 weli

fizikuri moculoba

fasi (lari)

fizikuri moculoba

fasi (lari)

A sul

1 000 kg.

7 7 000 (1 000x7)

1 400 kg.

8 11 200 (1 400x8)

B sul

1 500 m.

4 6 000 (1 500x4)

1 300 m.

6 7 800 (1300x6)

sul A da B

13 000 7000+6000

19 000 11 200+7 800

ra Tqma unda – ara, radganac droSi icvleba ara marto gamoSvebuli produqciis fizikuri moculobebi, aramed fasebic, rac amaxinjebs ekonomikis zrdis Sesafasebel sidides. imisaTvis, rom ekonomikis zrda gaizomos, unda gamoiricxos fasebis cvlileba, anu mocemul konkretul magaliTSi 2015 wels warmoebuli A da B produqciis fizikuri moculobebi (Sesabamisad, 1400 kg. da 1300 m.) RirebulebiT erTeulSi (anu larSi) unda gavzomoT ara 2015 wlis fasebiT (Sesabamisad, 8 lari da 6 lari), aramed 2010 wlis fasebiT (Sesabamisad, 7 lari da 4 lari). sxva sityvebiT rom avxsnaT, 2015 da 2010 wlebis warmoebis moculobebi erTmaneTs unda Seudardes 2010 wlis fasebiT, riTac fasebis cvlileba gamoiricxeba da SegveZleba damajereblad vTqvaT A da B produqciis warmoebis odenobebis cvlilebis Sedegad ekonomika ramdenad gaizarda. kerZod, 2010 wlis ekonomikis moculoba, gazomili imave wlis fasebiT, aris 13000 lari, xolo 2015 wlisa, gazomili 2010 wlis fasebiT, iqneba 1400x7+1300x4=9800+5200=15000 lari. Tu am or sidides gavyofT erTmaneTze, miviRebT maCvenebels, romelic axasiaTebda orproduqtiani (A da B) ekonomikis zrdas 2015 wels 2010 welTan SedarebiT, romelic udris 1,15-s (15000:13000). maSasadame, mocemuli orproduqtiani ekonomika 2015 wels 2010 welTan SedrebiT gazrdilia mxolod 1,15-jer da ara 1,46-jer, rogorc es dafiqsirda cvalebadi fasebis pirobebSi. Tu mTliani Siga produqti gaiangariSeba mimdinare wlis fasebiT, mas nominalur mTlian Siga produqts uwodeben, xolo Tu is gaiangariSeba Sesadari wlis fasebiT, maSin mas realuri mTliani Siga produqti hqvia. rogorc moyvanili magaliTidan gamoCnda, Tu gvinda ekonomikis zrdis gazomva, maSin unda gamoiricxos fasebis cvlilebis gavlena da amisaTvis gamoyenebul unda iqnes ara nominaluri mTliani Siga produqtis, aramed realuri mTliani Siga produqtis maCvenebeli.

51

resursebi

ganaxlebadi energetika msoflio energetikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTuleba daviT mircxulava pirvelad, roca XIX saukuneSi, kerZod, 1878 wels, parizis gamofenaze operis gamzirsa da moedanze eleqtruli naTurebi daamontaJes da maT eleqtroenergia 11 kilometrze ganlagebuli e. w. grames manqaniT miawodes, aravis mouvidoda TavSi, rom sul raRac 10 weliwadSi quCis ganaTebis sistemebi ukve mravali evropuli qalaqisTvis iqneboda Cveulebrivi movlena da yvela es sistema momaragdeboda eleqtroenergiiT – eleqtruli gadamcemi xazebis saSualebiT centraluri eleqtrosadgurebidan. dRes, TiTqmis 150 wlis Semdeg, Cven veRarc ki warmogvidgenia arseboba eleqtroenergiis gareSe. eleqtroenergiasTanaa mierTebuli Cveni saxlebi, quCebi, qalaqebi, fabrikebi, qarxnebi, stadionebi da Cvenc, Cveni yoveldRiuri yofiT, eleqtroenergiaze varT damokidebuli. magram isic faqtia, rom dRevandel msoflioSi TiTqmis 1,5 miliardamde adamiani jerac moklebulia eleqtroenergiis gamoyenebis saSualebas. eleqtroenergiis misaRebad msoflioSi arsebobs hidrosadgurebi, Tbosadgurebi, atomuri sadgurebi, qarisa da mzis eleqtrosadgurebi, wiaRiseuli navTobi, gazi, qvanaxSiri da a.S. eleqtrosadgurebis muSaobis principi martivia, sawvavis (navTobi (navTobproduqti), gazi, naxSiri) wvis Sedegad cxeldeba wyali, romelic gardaiqmneba orTqlad, orTqli, Tavis mxriv, abrunebs turbinas da Tbur energias gardaqmnis meqanikurSi, Semdeg saqmeSi erTveba generatori, romelic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba – rotorisa da statorisagan, turbina abrunebs rotors magnitebiT da rotoris brunva uZrav statorSi warmoqmnis eleqtrul dens, romelic gadamcemi xazebiT aRwevs Cvens saxlebamde. denis am wyaroebis (Tbosadgurebis) uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxebac sakmaod kargadaa cnobili, igulisxmeba garemos dabinZurebisa (gansakuTrebiT, naxSiris Tbosadgurebi) da saTburis gazebis gamoyofis problemebi.

52

ganaxlebadi energetika

grames manqana

zemoT CamoTvlili wiaRiseulidan, romelic eleqtroenergiis miRebas sWirdeba, saqarTveloSi aris navTobis dadasturebuli rezervebi, 1,4 mln. tona, savaraudo maragi – 5,2 mln. tona, xolo SesaZlo – 23,3 mln. tona. 2015 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi bunebrivi airis dadasturebuli rezervi iyo 327 mln. m3, savaraudo maragi – 591 mln. m3, xolo SesaZlo – 834 mln. m3. navTobisa da gazis es moculobebi sakmaod mcirea, amitom saqarTvelos yovelTvis sWirdeboda da amJamadac sWirdeba navTobis, navTobproduqtebis, bunebrivi da Txevadi gazis mezobeli qveynebidan Semotana. ZiriTadad es azerbaijanidan xdeba. saqarTveloSi arsebuli qvanaxSiris maragebis saerTo raodenobaa 372 mln. tona, aqedan tyibul-Saoris sabados maragia 280 mln. tona, axalcixis mura naxSiris sabadosi – 71 mln. tona, xolo tyvarCelis sabadosi – 21 mln. tona.

savaraudo maragebia naxSirwyalbadebis iseTi maragebi, romlebic SeiZleba dadasturebuli maragebis kategoriaSi gadavides da rac mtkicdeba geologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad Sesabamisi maragebis arsebobis maRali dasabuTebiT (50%iani uzrunvelyofiT), SesaZlo maragebis mopoveba ki geologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT naklebadaa sarwmuno (10 %-iani uzrunvelyofa), vidre savaraudo maragebisa.

zenob grame (1826-1901) belgieli fizikosi da eleqtroinJineri

hidroeleqtrosadguri (hesi) eleqtrosadguri, romelic energiis wyarod iyenebs wylis nakadis energias. hidroeleqtrosadgurebs ZiriTadad aSeneben mdinareebze. hidroeleqtrosadguris muSaobis principi sakmaod martivia: hidroteqnikuri obieqtebis jaWvi iZleva wylis saWiro wnevas, romelic abrunebs turbinas da amuSavebs generators, rac warmoqmnis eleqtroenergias. hesis simZlavre damokidebulia wylis wnevaze da gamaval wyalze, aseve gamoyenebuli turbinebis da generatorebis raodenobaze.

Tboeleqtrosadguri muSaobs martivi principiT: TboeleqtrosadgurSi iwvis sxvadasxva tipis sawvavi, rac axurebs wylis rezervuars, wyali orTqldeba, warmoqmnis maRal wnevas, es maRali wneva abrunebs generatoris cilindrebs da am generatoris muSaobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba eleqtroenergia. atomur eleqtrosadgurSi atomuri energia eleqtrul energiad gardaiqmneba. atomuri eleqtrosadguris mTavari danadgaria energetikis birTvuli reaqtori. arsebobs Tburreaqtoriani da swrafreaqtoriani energetikis atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi. pirvelSi birTvul saTbobad iyeneben bunebriv an gamdidrebul urans, meoreSi – plutoniums.

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resursebi civilizaciis gariJraJze, daaxloebiT im periodidan, roca adamianebma gaTbobisa da ganaTebisaTvis pirvelad gamoiyenes SeSis wva, adamianma daiwyo wylis energiis, rogorc meqanikuri gamwevi Zalis, gamoyeneba. wylis nakads maRali niSnulidan dabali niSnulisken moZraobisas aqvs potenciuri energia, romelic gardaiqmneba kinetikur energiad. nakadis am ori energiis erTobliobas ewodeba hidroenergia. hidroenergia ganaxlebadi energiaa. dedamiwaze yvela saxis energia, atomuri energiis garda da hidroenergiis CaTvliT, miRebulia mzis energiisgan. dedamiwa yovelwliurad mzisagan iRebs 174 petavat energias, am energiis 22% gamoienguris TaRovani kaSxali, saqarTvelo yeneba wvimis formirebisaTvis, romelic hidroenergiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi resursia. hidroenergiis gamoyeneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianebma Zalian didi xnis win daiwyes, wylis wisqvilebi da e.w. arqimedes xraxni (wylis amosaqaCad) xom uxsovari droidan gamoiyeneba.

Tanamedrove hidroeleqtrosadgurebis muSaobis principic damokidebulia wylis energiis (hidroenergiis) gardaqmnaze meqanikur energiad turbinebis saSualebiT da Semdeg, hidrogeneratorebis meSveobiT – eleqtrul energiad. saqarTvelos energetikul resursebs Soris pirvel adgilzea hidroenergoresursebi, romelTa ekonomikurad gamosayenebeli wliuri potenciali 40 mlrd. kvt. sT-ia, saidanac aTvisebuli mxolod 20%-ia. Cvens qveyanaSi amJamad mxolod 67 hidroeleqtrosadguri funqcionirebs. am monacemebiT mniSvnelovnad CamovrCebiT teritoriulad Cvenze patara Sveicarias, sadac 643 hidroelqtrosadguria, romelTagan 305 wyalsacaviania. aseTive mdgomareobaa Cvenze teritoriiT daaxloebiT 30%-iT did avstriaSi, sadac hidrosadgurebis ricxvi 3000-s aWarbebs. analogiuri mdgomareobaa norvegiaSi, italiaSi, safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, portugaliaSi, aSS-Si, CineTSi, indoeTsa da maRalseismur da mciremiwian iaponiaSi. intensiurad, didi tempebiT mimdinareobs hidroresursis gamoyeneba laTinur amerikasa da afrikis kontinentze. miuxedavad imisa, rom hidroresursi ganaxlebadi energiis wyaros miekuTvneba, misi aTviseba, zogi-

wylis wisqvili

arqimedes xraxni

54

ganaxlebadi energetika

verzaskas kaSxali, Sveicaria

okukubis kaSxlis mSenebloba okinavas kunZulze iaponiaSi, 2012

erTi tipis hesebis mSenebloba, wyalsacavebis mowyoba da teritoriebis datborva dakavSirebulia garemosdacviT Tu socialur problemebTan, ris gamoc saWiroebs mudmiv monitorings da kvlevas, raTa minimumamde Semcirdes garemoze misi uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli socialuri riskebi. swored am principebis dacviTa da uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT xdeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi hidroenergetikuli resursebis aTviseba da hidroeleqtrosadgurebis mSenebloba. msoflioSi energiis tradiciul wyaroebs miekuTvneba agreTve atomuri energia. atomuri eleqtrosadgurebi erTi SexvediT hgvanan Tbosadgurebs, energiis gamoyenebiT wyali atomur sadgurebSi gadahyavT orTqlis mdgomareobaSi, orTqli abrunebs turbinas da a.S. ZiriTadi principuli sxvaoba aris siTbos miReba. atomur reaqtorSi marTvadi jaWvuri reaqciiT xdeba mZime metalebis birTvebis gaxleCa da siTbos Zlieri, intensiuri gamoyofa. XX saukunis Sua wlebSi, am teqnologiis aTvisebis xanaSi, energiis es wyaro Zalian perspeqtiulad miiCneoda, Tumca imave saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Cernobilis atomur sadgurze da ukve XXI saukuneSi iaponiaSi fukusimas atomur sadgurze momxdarma avariebma radikalurad Secvala adamianebis damokidebuleba mis mimarT. mTelma rigma ganviTare-

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

atomuri energetikis wili 2002 w. Seadgenda 17%-s, 2015 w. – 13%-s.

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resursebi msoflioSi energiis moxmareba energiis wyaroebis mixedviT, 2013 wlis monacemebi

qvanaxSiri navTobi ganaxlebadi birTvuli bunebrivi airi

tradiciuli biomasa 9% biosiTbo 2.6% eTanoli 0.34% biodizeli 0.15% bioenergiis generacia 0.25% hidroenergia 3.8% qaris energia 0.39% mzis gaTboba/gagrileba 0.16 fotovoltaikuri 0.077% heliokoncentratori 0.0039% geoTermuli siTbo 0.061 geoTermuli eleqtroenergia 0.049% okeanis energia 0.00078%

bulma qveynebma (italia, germania, espaneTi, Sveicaria, belgia) uari Tqves atomuri energiis gamoyenebaze da meti yuradReba gadaitanes ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebze. ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebi, zemoT moyvanili hidroenergiis garda, aris mzis, qaris, geoTermuli da biomasis energiis wyaroebi. mzis energia specialuri mowyobilobebis saSualebiT an Tbur-, an eleqtroenergiad gardaiqmneba. Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis mowyobilobebia: mzis koleqtori, sadac wyali cxeldeba da gamoiyeneba gaTbobisa da cxeli wyliT momaragebisaTvis da mzis eleqtrosadguri, romelic ori tipisaa: pirveli – mzis energiisagan iRebs Tbur energias da Semdeg gardaqmnis eleqtroenergiad, meore – fotovoltaikuri eleqtrosadguri, sadac mzis energia gardaiqmneba eleqtroenergiad. mzis energiis gamoyeneba damokidebulia geografiul mdebareobaze. dedamiwaze yvelaze Zlieri naTeba aris ekvatorze, misgan daSorebiT ki mcirdeba. mzis energiis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT gamoirCevian iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa: germania, italia, iaponia, aSS, espaneTi, CineTi, safrangeTi, CexeTi, belgia, avstralia. saqarTveloSi, geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, sakmaod maRalia mzis efeqturi da xangrZlivi gamosxiveba, misi wliuri potenciali 34 aTasi tona pirobiTi saTbobis ekvivalenturia, rac metad mniSvnelovani resursia. mzis energiis aTviseba didwilad aris damokidebuli teqnologiur srulyofaze, romelic saSuale-

fotovoltaikuri panelebi dubaiSi (arabTa gaerTianebuli saamiroebi)

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ganaxlebadi energetika

energiis moxmarebis prognozi evrokavSiris 25 qveyanaSi 70 60

birTvuli energia qvanaxSiri, narCenebi navTobproduqtebi bunebrivi airi ganaxlebadi biomasa

50 40 PJ (aTasi)

30 20 10 0 2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

bas iZleva sagrZnoblad gaiafdes es teqnologia. dRes msoflio didi teqnologiuri garRvevis molodinSia, rasac ukavSirdeba grandiozuli gegmebic. magaliTad, evrokavSiris qveynebi eswrafvian, rom 2020 wlisTvis mzis wilma eleqtromoxmarebaSi 20%-s miaRwios, xolo 2040 wlisaTvis – 40%-s. qaris energiis intensiur ganviTarebaze metyvelebs is faqti, rom qaris eleqtrosadgurebis jamurma simZlavrem 2016 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis 486,7 gigavats miaRwia, xolo misi wliuri mateba iyo 54,6 gigavati. Cvens mezobel TurqeTSi 2016 wlis ganmavlobaSi TurqeTis erTian energetikul sistemas miuerTes 1387 mgvt.-is simZlavris qaris eleqtrosadguri. 2016 wels saqarTveloSi gauSves eqspluataciaSi 20,7 mgvt.-is simZlavris qaris pirveli eleqtrosadguri.

Cvens qveyanaSi qaris energiis potenciali Sefasebulia 4 trvt.sT.-iT, xolo simZlavre –1500 mgvt.-iT. calke unda aRiniSnos mzisa da qaris eleqtrosadgurebis erTi Tavisebureba: maTi muSaoba xasiaTdeba didi fluqtuaciiT (cvalebadobiT, romelzec moqmedebs dRe-Rame, Rrubliani amindi, qari da uqaro saaTebi, dReebi), rac energetikul sistemaSi maTi normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli sarezervo simZlavreebis arsebobas moiTxovs. sarezervo simZlavreebad

goris qaris 20,7 mgvt.-is simZlavris eleqtrosadguri

57 4

resursebi gamoiyeneba iseTi generaciuli simZlavreebi, romelTac, gansxvavebiT mzis da qaris sadgurebisgan, manevrirebis maRali xarisxi aqvT (simZlavris swrafi cvlilebis unari). aseTia, pirvel rigSi, wyalsacaviani hesebi, hidroakumulaciuri hesebi (romlebic saqarTveloSi ara gvaqvs), aseve maRali manevrirebis kombinirebuli ciklis Tboeleqtrosadgurebi. saqarTvelos energetikul balansSi geoTermul wylebs mcire wili aqvT da ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba an sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis (cxeli wyliT momarageba), an soflis meurneobaSi saTburebis mosawyobad. Termuli wylebis maragebis didi nawili, 80%-ze meti, dasavleT saqarTveloSia. mTlianad saqarTvelos geoTermuli wylebis maragi 80 aTas m3 Seadgens dRe-RameSi. energiis mniSvnelovani wyaroa agreTve biomasa. saqarTveloSi merqnis saerTo maragia 452 mln. m3, rac msoflio maragis 0,13%-s Seadgens. saqarTvelos tyeebis energetikuli potenciali miCneulia 0,8 mlrd. kvtsT.is ekvivalentad. kvlevebis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi energiaze moTxovna 2040 wlisaTvis (saerTaSoriso energetikuli saagentos monacemebiT) 37%iT gaizrdeba, 2025 wlamde energiaze moTxovnis yovelwliuri zrda 2%-mde Senel-

deba, xolo 2025 wlis Semdeg zrda mxolod 1% iqneba. stagnacia iqneba energiis moTxovnaze evropaSi, iaponiaSi, samxreT koreaSi, CrdiloeT amerikaSi. Zlieri zrda iqneba aziaSi, afrikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi, laTinur amerikaSi. 2030-iani wlebisTvis CineTi gaxdeba navTobis msoflioSi yvelaze msxvili momxmarebeli, am maxasiaTebliT gauswrebs aSS-s, sadac mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba moTxovna navTobze. zogadad, msoflioSi tradiciul eneregtikul wyaroebze damokidebuleba radikalurad ar Seicvleba da ar Semcirdeba. CineTi ar Seamcirebs damokidebulebas naxSirze da, samwuxarod, msoflioSic metad umniSvnelo iqneba naxSirze damokidebulebis Semcireba, samwuxarod imitom, rom naxSiris da aseve sxva wiaRiseuli sawvavis wvisas gamoiyofa mavne nivTierebebi (naxSirorJangi, meTani da sxva), saTburis gazebi, romlebic „saTburis efeqts~ qmnian. cnobilia, rom msoflio energetika mTlianad naxSirze rom iyos dafuZnebuli, atmosferoSi CO-is gafrqveva iqneboda 20 mlrd. tona weliwadSi (dRes daaxloebiT 6 miliardi tonaa aseTi gafrqveva), rac is zRvaria, romlis Semdegac daiwyeboda klimatis iseTi cvlilebebi, romelic katastroful Sedegebs gamoiwvevda biosferoSi. swored ekologiuri problemebi ubiZgebs msoflios ganaviTaros energiis ganaxlebadi, „sufTa“ wyaroebi.

CO2 emisiis Semcirebis prognozi evrokavSiris qveynebSi 4000

EU 15 axali EU 10

milioni tona weliwadSi

3000

2000

1000

0 2000

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2010

2020

2030

2040

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ganaxlebadi energetika

ganaxlebad energiaze, mis generaciaze danaxarjebis Semcireba, teqnologiuri srulyofa da Sedegad, ganaxlebadi energetikis danadgarebze fasebis Semcireba, maTi gaiafeba Zalian gazrdis am energiis wils msoflio energetikul balansSi. erTmniSvnelovnad aucilebelia yvelaferi gakeTdes imisTvis, rom „msoflio energosistemam“ rac SeiZleba minimaluri ziani miayenos garemos. naTelia, rom msofliom radikalurad unda Secvalos Tavisi energetikuli ganviTarebis kursi da ganaxlebadi energiis aTvisebaze gadavides. aSkaraa (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Teoriulad), rom efeqturad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ganaxlebadi energiiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba 9 mlrd. adamianis energiaze moTxovnis dakmayofileba. am mxriv Zalian kargi magaliTia evropuli qveynebis gamocdileba. daniaSi 1996 wels ganaxlebadi energiis wyaroebidan miRebuli energiis wili iyo 4%, 2000 wels es maCvenebeli 12% gaxda, xolo 2016 wels – 56%. germaniaSi, romelic gacilebiT didi qveyanaa, vidre dania, 1999 wels ganaxlebadi energiis wili saerTo balansSi iyo 1%, 2005 wels – 4,5%, xolo 2016 wels mzis, qaris da hidroenergiis wilma 32%-s miaRwia. amgvari magaliTebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelosac aqvs yvela Sansi am mimarTulebiT Zalian warmatebuli qveyana gaxdes.

fotovoltaikuri panelebi indoeTSi

qaris eleqtrosadguri kanadaSi

fotovoltaikuri panelebi marokoSi

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literatura

arCil qiqoZe erTxel me da dedaCemi wignebze vlaparakobdiT. maSin dedam miTxra: `SeuZlebelia daimaxsovro yvelaferi, rac wignSi weria. zogi ram maSinve gaviwydeba, magram kargi wigni is aris, romelic sakuTar Tavs dagamaxsovrebs maSindels, roca mas kiTxulobdi...~ amaze zusti axsna wignis kargobisa me ar gamigonia da arc arsad amomikiTxavs... wignebze rom vsaubrobdiT, Cven wignebs Soris upirveless – mxatvrul literaturas – vgulisxmobdiT. namdvil literaturasTan Sexebisas erT mSvenier dRes mkiTxvels aucileblad gauCndeba SegrZneba, rom es wigni maszea, rom swored misTvisaa dawerili. es wami aris momenti Sexvedrisa wignis avtorTan, romelic SeiZleba didi xnis win iyos gardacvlili da radgan masTan Sexvedra aTwleulebis da saukuneebis merec SesaZlebelia, swored amitom uwodeben amgvar mwerlebs ukvdavebs. ukvdavebs yovelTvis erCian, emterebian sicocxleSi da sikvdilis merec. Sevecdebi avxsna, ratom xdeba es.

Tavad kalmis xelSi aRebis (dRes wignebis meti wili ukve kompiuterze iwereba) da weris dawyebis momenti ar aris mTlad `normaluri~, momavali wignis avtors mTlad ar akmayofilebs is realoba, romelSic cxovrobs da iwyebs weras. namdvili mwerali imitom wers, rom ar SeuZlia ar daweros. namdvili wignebi mxolod weris dauokebeli surviliT Cndeba. mwerali paralelur samyaros qmnis, es samyaro mxolod misia, is qmnis axal realobas, romelic SeiZleba sinamdvilis

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wignebi

da gamonagonis nazavi iyos, an sulac – gamonagoni. miuxedavad amisa, bevrma SeiZleba sakuTari Tavi dainaxos mwerlis nawerSi da ar moewonos wignis furclebze aRmoCenili sakuTari Tavi. wigni sarkea, romelSic bevri ufrTxis Caxedvas. zogjer mwerlebi ar uyvarT, radgan isini dascinian Zlierebs ama qveynisa, mwerluri braziT uswordebian mliqvnelobas, utifrobas da umecrebas, magram maTi wignebidan momavli mTavari xifaTi mainc sxvaa. mogzauroba, romelSic isini gvepatiJebian, pirvel rigSi, sakuTar TavSi mogzaurobaa, es ki saxifaToa. mwerali cnobismoyvarea. mas ainteresebs ra xdeba akrZalvebis, dogmebis da kanonebis miRma, radgan adamianTa mier miRebuli zogi yvelaze samarTliani kanonic ki mas ar akmayofilebs, mwerali Tavis gmirebs da, Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels yvelaze eqstremalur, yvelaze gamouval mdgomareobaSi ayenebs. mwerali da misi personaJebi svamen kiTxvebs, romlebsac TiToeulma mkiTxvelma Tavad unda gasces pasuxi, es ki azrovnebaa, azrovneba ki bevrs ezareba, zogs ki ubralod eSinia.

Rupulis suls da momxdars yvela sxvadasxvagvarad aRwers. maTi naambobi momxdaris versiebi odnavadac ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. yvelaferi martivia da, Tanac, CaxlarTuli... oRond am moTxrobis simartivec da CaxlarTulobac mwerlis ostatobaa. kidev mwerlebi ar uyvarT imitom, rom maT nawers ver igeben, kargi wignebi ar uyvarT ufantazio adamianebs da saerTodac aris xalxi, visac ubralod ar uyvars kiTxva. magram wignebis gansakuTrebiT eSiniaT maT, vinc kargad icis wignis da sityvis Zala. namdvili mwerlebi ejavrebaT diqtatorebs, maT damqaSebs da maTi ideologiis Semqmnelebs. namdvili literatura xom mudam winaaRmdegobaSi modis ideologiasTan. sxvadasxva epoqaSi Zlierni ama qveynisa cdilobdnen fizikurad an moralurad moespoT mwerlebi an maTi naSromebi mainc gaenadgurebinaT... iyo dro, rodesac saqarTveloSi upirveles qarTul wigns, `vefxistyaosans~, erCodnen. am wignis gmirebs xom imaze TavdaviwyebiT uyvardaT, vidre amas qarTl-kaxeTis kaTalikosi anton pirveli miiCnevda dasaSvebad...

gaxsovT aluda qeTelauri, romelic avtorma amgvar gamouval mdgomareobaSi Caayena? aluda, romelic marto daupirispirda Tems da mis kanonebs. mterTan orTabrZolam, misi vaJkacobiT moxibvlam aludas kiTxvebi gauCina. iqneb, arasworad vcxovrobT, iqneb yvelaferi, rac aqamde sakuTar Tavze da Cvens mtrebze vicodiT, tyuilia?

TemisTvis da misi kanonebisTvis, romelic mTis mkacr pirobebSia gamobrZmedili, amgvari kiTxvebi dauSvebelia, metic – damRupvelia, radgan kiTxvebma SeiZleba sul nawil-nawil daSalos yvelaferi, razec is dgas. amitomac Temi aludas ar hpatiobs da daufiqreblad moikveTs Tavis pirvel vaJkacs... namdvilma mweralma yovelTvis icis, rom simarTle erTi ar aris... aludas Tavisi simarTle aqvs, Tems – Tavisi. did iaponel mweral riunoske akutagavas aqvs sul erTi bewo moTxroba, romelsac `usier tyeSi~ hqvia. tyeSi xdeba sazareli mkvleloba, moklulia mgzavri, misi coli ki – namusaxdili. sasamarTlo dakiTxavs yvela mowmes, dakiTxavs qals, misi qmris mkvlels, grZneuli qalis saSualebiT gamoiZaxebs da-

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literatura Tavis droze rusulma eklesiam namdvili omi gamoucxada udides rus mwerals – lev tolstois, romelmac gabeda da eklesiaSi gavrcelebul mankierebebze dawera. tolstois dari mwerali ruseTs ki ara, msoflios ar hyolia, magram samSobloSi misi nawarmoebebi akrZales, Tavad mwerali ki SeaCvenes da eklesiidan gankveTes (amis mizezi iyo tolstois kritikuli midgoma marTlmadidebeli eklesiis dogmebisadmi da maTi uaryofa, misi damokidebuleba qristianobisa da marTlmadideblobis mimarT, aseve 1899 wels gamocemuli misi romani `aRdgoma~, sadac mweralma aCvena is cinizmi, rac damkvidrebuli iyo rusul eklesiaSi mrevlis mimarT, daxata sasuliero pirebi, romlebic RvTismsaxurebas meqanikurad da zereled asrulebdnen)... mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropis istorias wiTel xazad gasdevs kaTolikuri inkviziciis mier damwvari wignebi... sul amaswinaT gardaicvala gamoCenili italieli mwerali da istorikosi umberto eko. misi pirveli romani `vardis saxeli~, romelmac mwerals msoflio aRiareba moutana, Sua saukuneebis deteqtivia. italiis erT-erT monasterSi xdeba mkvlelobaTa seria, romelsac gonebagaxsnili franciskaneli beri uiliam baskervileli iZiebs. eWvmitanilTa wre viwrovdeba da cxadi xdeba, rom sikvdilma uwia yvelas, vinc monastris unikalur biblioTekaSi daculi raRac idumali wigni waikiTxa. iwyeba namdvili nadiroba wignze, romelic aravis unaxavs. aRmoCndeba, rom wigni aris berZeni filosofosis aristoteles naSromi sicilze, sadac didi berZeni sicils RvTiur madlad warmoaCens, xolo bnel da fanatikur Zalebs, romelTac monastris moxuci biblioTekari marTavs, ar undaT, rom adamianebi icinodnen, maT sjeraT, rom sicili eSmakiseulia. isini yvelafrisTvis mzad arian, oRond adamianebma ar icinon, oRond maTi azriT `araswori~ wigni mkiTxvels ar Cauvardes xelSi. maTi fanatizmi iqamde midis, rom romanis bolos akrZaluli wigni iwveba mTel unikalur biblioTekasTan erTad, nadgurdeba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi nagrovebi codna... sinamdvileSi aristoteles arasodes dauweria traqtati sicilis Sesaxeb. es wigni mweralma gamoigona. umberto ekos undoda mkiTxvelisTvis eCvenebina, ra Zala aqvs wigns da raoden Sors SeiZleba wavides maTi fanatizmi, visac wignSi daculi codna afrTxobs. nacistur germaniaSi sajarod dawves TiTqmis yvelaferi, rasac germanuli kultura erqva. amis kadrebic arsebobs da es Semzaravi sanaxaobaa. mwerlebs erCoda sabWoTa xelisuflebac. TbilisSi, maCablis quCaze, Tuki mweralTa saxls estumrebiT, Sida ezoSi, memorialur dafaze naxavT im mwerlebis saxelebs, vinc avadsaxsenebel 1937 wels reJimma daxvrita. es Zvirfasi saxelebia, romelTa gareSe ar arsebobs qarTuli literatura... lev tolstoi jojoxeTSi freskis fragmenti, mlocveli RvTismSoblis xatis taZari, 1883

lev tolstoi

62

wignebi

Cemma bavSvobamac sabWoTa kavSirSi gaiara. reJimi, marTalia, aRar iyo iseTi sastiki, magram mainc mravali `saSiSi~ wigni iyo akrZaluli. aseTi wignebiT rom daeWireT, SeiZleba cixeSi moxvedriliyaviT da bevri xvdeboda kidec – mxolod imitom, rom imaze metis gageba undoda, vidre amas maSindeli sabWoTa xelisufleba uSvebda. adamianebi mainc kiTxulobdnen wignebs, maT Soris – akrZalulsac, malulad amravlebdnen da sakiTxavad aZlevdnen maT, visac endobodnen. es ormagi saCuqari iyo – akrZaluli wigni da ndoba, romelic Sen mimarT gamoiCines. maxsovs saxlSi Cemi mSoblebis motanili amgvari `qseroqsze~ gamravlebuli wignebi. me gamimarTla, rom iseTi mSoblebi myavda, romelTac endobodnen da romlebic cnobismoyvareni iyvnen. saerTodac mgonia, rom cnobismoyvareoba adamianis erT-erTi yvelaze momxibvleli Tvisebaa. swored cnobismoyvareoba ubiZgebs kacobriobas gaakeTos axal-axali aRmoCenebi, daipyros mwvervalebi, gadaseros okeaneebi, Sevides im usier tyeSi, sadac manamde aravin yofila. mwerlobac es aris – cnobismoyvare da niWieri adamianis mier literaturul tyeSi wamowyebuli mogzauroba, romelSic Cvenc SegviZlia gavyveT, mTavaria movindomoT da wigni aviRoT xelSi...

II msoflio omis droindeli amerikuli posteri

zogjer es mogzauroba damRlelia – sqeltanian wignebs vgulisxmob. `amas ra waikiTxavs? jer ramsigrZe bunebis aRwerebi aqvs?!~ – gamigia dRes uolter skotis an viqtor hiugos romanebis Sesaxeb. bunebis an istoriuli movlenebis aRwera aseT mwerlebs marTlac grZeli aqvT, isini xom ubralo mwerlebi ki ara, ganmanaTleblebic iyvnen. es ki mZime tvirTi iyo, romelsac im epoqis sqeltanian romanTa avtorebi sakuTar mxrebze grZnobdnen.

umberto eko

63

literatura maSin xom wigni TiTqmis erTaderTi wyaro iyo informaciisa, ganaTlebisa... warmovidginoT XIX saukunis meore naxevris mkiTxveli, romelic xelSi iRebs viqtor hiugos wigns `sabraloni~ da nebismier SekiTxvaze, romelic romanis kiTxvisas gauCndeba, Tavad avtorisgan elis pasuxs. amitomac didi frangi oTx uzarmazar Tavs uTmobs vaterloos brZolis aRweras, raTa gaaTviTcnobieros mkiTxveli safrangeTis da mTeli evropis istoriisTvis am mniSvnelovani movlenis winapirobebsa Tu brZolis mimdinareobaSi, sakuTari pozicia gamoxatos frangTa, ingliselTa da avstrielTa mxedarTmTavrebis mimarT, pativi miagos mamac mebrZolebs... misTvis es yvelaferi mniSvnelovania. viqtor hiugo namdvili ganmanaTlebelia, udidesi avtoriteti, humanisti, grZnobs, rom misi mkiTxveli misgan mxolod faqtebs ki ara, movlenaTa moralur Sefasebasac iTxovs. amitomac `iweleba~ ase vaterloos brZolis epizodi, kidev ufro met dros andomebs mwerali parizis komunis aRweras, radgan TviTon am ambebis Tanamedrovea da kidev ufro meti aqvs saTqmeli... dRes Tuki wignis kiTxvisas masSi naxsenebi esa Tu is istoriuli faqti dagvainteresebs, SegviZlia ubralod internetSi moviZioT mis Sesaxeb informacia, Tuki vkiTxulobT adgilis Sesaxeb, sadac arasodes vyofilvarT da uceb gagviCnda survili vnaxoT rogor gamoiyureba inglisis romelime sagrafo an perus romelime qalaqi, sadac wignis moqmedeba xdeba, imave internetSi Seg-

viZlia uamravi foto da videoc ki moviZioT da uceb im adgilas aRmovCndeT. dRevandeli mwerali ukve aRar aris ganmanaTlebeli, aRar aris is avtoriteti, romlisganac yvela SekiTxvaze elian pasuxs. am tvirTisgan dRes mwerali Tavisufalia, mas SeuZlia mxolod wignis siuJetze, Txrobaze iyos orientirebuli. es qarTvel mwerlebsac exebaT. gavixsenoT, rom mwerali ilia WavWavaZe eris mamac iyo. marTalia, is da misi Tanamoazreebi ar werdnen sqeltanian romanebs, magram CvenTan sxvanairad iyo saqme, vidre maSindel evropaSi. erT-erTi pirveli, rac iliam da misma gundma gaakeTes, daarses `wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba~ – maSin es iyo nomer pirveli amocana. qarTvelobas unda eswavla wera-kiTxva, rac manamde mxolod rCeulTa xvedri iyo. is Cveni didi moRvaweebic suliT xorcamde ganmanaTleblebi iyvnen, sworeba maT evropaze hqondaT, oRond axladwerakiTxvanaswavli qarTveli xalxi ubralod ver waikiTxavda sqeltanian wignebs, ver moereoda. amisaTvis mkiTxvels momzadeba sWirdeboda – maTTvis gasageb enaze dawerili patar-patara moTxrobebiT, romlebic zogjer sruliad genialuri iyo. qarTuli mxatvruli proza pirvel nabijebs dgamda da moZraobda swori mimarTulebiT. ilia WavWavaZis da misi gundis Sromas tyuilad ar Cauvlia. maT Semdeg TaobaSi ukve gaCnda iseTi didi romanisti, rogoric iyo mixeil javaxiSvili da romelsac sabWoTa xelisuflebam niWi, gaqaneba, mwerluri simarTle ar apatia da daundoblad gaanadgura.

Cven vkiTxulobT wignebs, romlis avtoric am wignebis gamo mokles... ucnauria ara?

Tuki Cven mis wignebs ar wavikiTxavT, sakuTari xeliT meored movklavT...

viqtor hiugo

64

wignebi

t

vili baS ge go

er ine i gabaSvil

iako b

ik o

mi tr i

cxv edaZe

yifiani

a ek

el i

T is er rafiel

ak

n

ab aC em ivan

ak iw ereTeli

di

av i

qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba– kulturul-saganmanaTleblo organizacia, romelic 1879w. progresulma da ganaTlebulma qarTvel obam daaarsa TbilisSi. sazogadoebis mizani iyo qveyanaSi qarTuli wera-kiTxvis sayovelTaod gavrcel eba, ganaTlebisa da mwignobrobis xelSewyoba da am gziT saerTo erovnuli suliskveTebis gaZliereba, rac win aRudgeboda rusifikaciis politikas. sazogadoeba aarsebda skolebs, zrunavda saxelmZRvaneloe bis Seqmnasa da gamocemaze, agrovebda wignebs da xsnida biblioTekebs, exmareboda xelmokle studentebs. sazogadoebisa da gamgeobis pirvel Tavmjdomared airCies dimitri yifiani, mis moadgiled – ilia WavWavaZ e, wevrebad – niko cxvedaZe, iakob gogebaSvili, ivane maCabeli, aleqsandre sarajiSvili da rafiel erisTavi . 1882-1885 ww.-Si sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare iyo ivane bagration-muxraneli. 1885-1907 ww.-Si – ilia WavWavaZe, romlis drosac gamgeobis wevrebi iyvnen: akaki wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili, giorgi qarTvel iSvili, giorgi ioseliani, aleqsi mirianaSvili, niko cxvedaZe, vasil yifiani, ekaterine gabaSvili, a. ColoyaS vili, anton furcelaZe da aleqsandre Wyonia.

saerTodac, wignebi unda vikiTxoT, Tundac imisTvis, rom ufro sainteresoebi viyoT garSemomyofTaTvis, sakuTari TavisTvis. wignis kiTxva ar zrdis kunTebs, ar gvxdis ufro warmatebulebs, `cnobadebs~... wigni gvaCvevs martoobas, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebas, gvimdidrebs leqsikas, gvayvarebs adamians da gvaswavlis ra aris qveynad mTavari da ra – meorexarisxovani. kidev, asakTan erTad wignebis kiTxvam SieZleba ramdenime naoWic gagviCinos – es ucnauri naoWebia, romlebic erTnairad uxdeba qalsac da kacsac. am niSniT mxolod ganaTlebuli adamianebi arian daRdasmulebi. am naoWs ver moipoveb verc internetSi usasrulo ZromialiT, verc satelevizio Souebis yurebiT da verc garTobiT. kidev erTi SegrZneba, romelic kargi romanis dasrulebisas gewvevaT: wignis gmirebs SeiZleba ocnebebi daemsxvreT, TviTonac daiRupon ise, rom maT Tavs saerTod araferi kargi ar moxdes, magram daasrulebT romans, gverdiT gadadebT da miuxedavad wakiTxulis simZimisa, dageuflebaT simsubuqis da samyarosTan Tanaziarobis saocari gancda, radgan namdvil literaturas, ise, rogorc arafer sxvas, SeuZlia ukideganod mravalferovani da mSvenieri samyaros nawilad gagrZnobinoT Tavi.

65

kultura

adreuli sastumroebi

TbilisSi

daviT xoStaria

sxvadasxva mizniT mogzaur adamianTa droebiT dasabinavebeli saxlebi uZvelesi xanebidan arsebobda yvela civilizebul qveyanaSi da, maT Soris, saqarTveloSic. Sua saukuneebSi moqaravne vaWrebi, romelnic im dros mogzaurTa umetesobas Seadgendnen, Cerdebodnen fundukebSi. XVII saukunidan aseT Senobas daerqva qarvansarai, anu qarvasla. Jan Sardenis 1672 wlis cnobiT, Tbilisis qarvaslebi – `ucxoelTa sacxovrebeli adgilebi~ – qviT iyo naSeni da kargad movlili. gvian Sua saukuneebSi sagangebo Senobebi TbilisSi Camosul mgzavrTaTvis mdebareobda mefis sasaxlis samxreTiT, mtkvris piras. ruseTis imperiis mier qarTl-kaxeTis dapyrobis Semdeg, ukve XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, TbilisSi Cndeba evropuli tipis traqtirebi. ruseTSi maT herbergebs uwodebdnen. Tbilisis pirveli herbergi, romelic 1816 wels gaxsna garsevan areSevma, meore kategoriisa iyo, rac gulisxmobda, rom mas Ramis gasaTevi oTaxebi ar unda hqonoda. herbergis funqcionirebis farglebs imperiis kanonmdebloba mkacrad gansazRvravda: areSevi valdebuli iyo uzrunveleyo kargi kveba, sasmelebidan gaeyida mxolod tkbili an `franguli yaidis~ arayi da yurZnis Rvino, hqonoda biliardi da ar daeSva banqos TamaSi.

sastumroebi TbilisSi

Tbilisis pirveli sastumro 1818 wels gaxsna provansalelma jariskacma, napoleonis armiis yofilma grenaderma Jan polma zemo kalaSi, talaxian quCaze (axlandeli al. diumas quCa). Jan pols ixseniebs TbilisSi namyofi bevri mogzauri, amasTan zogi mas Tavis memuarebSi met adgils uTmobs, vidre ermolovsa da paskeviCs. mas yvelani erTxmad axasiaTeben, rogorc energiul, xalisian da patiosan adamians. saqarTveloSi Jan poli napoleonis omebis Sedegad moxvda – 1812 wlis samxedro kampaniis dros tyved Cavarda da ruseTSi darCa, Semdeg TbilisSi Camohyva mzareulad romeliRac rus generals da aqauri germaneli kolonisti qali SeirTo. Sveicarieli mogzauri frederik diubua de monpere gvamcnobs: `rodesac generalma Tbilisi datova, adamianebma, romelnic dainteresdnen Jan poliT da gaicnes is, rogorc SesaniSnavi wesieri kaci da kargi mzareuli, urCies mas daearsebina restorani da fulic asesxes. am patiosanma kacma daakmayofila maTi survili da mravali wlis manZilze mondomebiT asrulebda nakisr mZime samuSaos~.

1827 wels Jan poli germanul koloniaSi, meuRlis saxlSi, gadavida da Tavisi traqtiric iq gadaitana. 1840-ian wlebSi moxuci Jan poli lamis cocxal legendad aRiqmeboda. germaneli botanikosi karl koxi mas `istoriulad RirsSesaniSnav pirovnebas~ uwo-

Jan Sardeni (frang. Jean Chardin), 1643-1713) – frangi iuveliri, Zvirfasi qvebiT movaWre da mogzauri. man 1671-1679 ww.-Si imogzaura aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. 1672 wlis seqtembridan 1673 wlis 28 Tebervlamde iyo TbilisSi, moiara das. da aRm. saqarTvelo da Tavis `mogzaurobaSi sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi~ vrclad aRwera sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi uamravi faqti Tu movlena.

golovinskis gamziri

debs. frangi geografi adolf Joani wers, rom Jan polis restoranSi hqondaT Zviri saWmeli da Zalian kargi iafi Rvino (ornairi – kaxuri da germaneli kolonistebisa), romelic uzomo raodenobiT ismeboda.

1828 wels TbilisSi kidev erTi sastumro gaixsna. misi mmarTveli iyo antuan matasi. sastumro funqcionirebda jer somxuri saswavleblis SenobaSi, saldaTebis bazarze (axlandel orbelianis moedanze), Semdeg – erivanskis moedanze, dRevandeli leoniZis quCis kuTxeSi mdebare momcro saxlSi (axla es teritoria sastumro `kortiard meriotis~ marcxena nawils ukavia). saxlis ukan sololakis baRebi iwyeboda.

erivanskis moedani

67

kultura matasis sastumroSi, rogorc Cans, sisufTavesa da higienaze maincdamainc ar zrunavdnen. Tu WuWysa da baRlinjoebs miCveuli rusi oficrebi amas savsebiT mSvidad uyurebdnen, amerikel misioner ilai smiTs 1830 wels matasisTan gaTenebuli erTi Rame mtkivneul mogonebad eqca: `[Sesasvlelis] WuWyiani iataki, romelic ise gamoiyureboda, TiTqos wyali arasodes Sexebiao, didi veraferi imedismomcemi winapiroba iyo danarCeni komfortisa; magram ukiduresma daRlilobam da gvianma saaTma gvafiqrebina, rom loginebi ukeTesi iqneboda da gvibiZga male gamogvecada isini. Tumca, Cems loginSi gemrielad mowyoba Zneli iyo, radgan is ufro WinWrisas hgavda, vidre bumbulisas. sisxls mowyurebuli mtrebis mTeli armia mitevda yvela daucvel wertilSi da maSinve maiZula momeZebna adgili iatakis SuagulSi, erTaderT usafrTxo adgilas. Cveni oTaxebi, faqtobrivad, sacxovreblad sruliad uvargisi gamodga da iZulebulni gavxdiT axali bina gveZebna~. a. matasis sastumrom sul ori-sami weli imuSava. 1830 wlis Semdeg arc mogzaurTa CanawerebSi da arc sxva wyaroebSi is aRar Cans. am droidan a. matasis dawesebuleba mxolod `restoraciad~ moixsenieba. klientebi masTan ZiriTadad sasadilod dadiodnen. aq iyo qalaqis imJamad saukeTeso sakonditroc.

1830 wlis axlos amuSavda sastumro riyeze. is germanelma kolonistma Teodor zalcmanma moawyo Tavissave aSenebul saxlSi. Teodor zalcmani, xelobiT xarati, 1819 wels Camosaxlda TbilisSi viurtembergidan. is kolonistebs Soris energiulobiT

TamamSevis qarvasla

68

gamoirCeoda: Tavidan ludsaxarSi gamarTa da TbilisSi pirvelma daiwyo ludis damzadeba; Semdeg daaarsa ludxana-traqtiri, sadac stumrebs sakuTari produqciiT umaspinZldeboda. sastumro zalcmanis yvelaze mniSvnelovani wamowyeba iyo. mas mravali mogzauri ixseniebs Tavis CanawerebSi. bevri maTganisTvis es iyo sanatreli evropuli kuTxe naxevradaziur-naxevradrusul qalaqSi. erT-erTma adreulma (1834 wels) stumarma f. diubua de monperem zalcmanis sastumro ase Seafasa: `aRmosavleTSi mogzaur evropelebs, romelTac surT ucxo cis qveS – sadac wesebi ase gansxvavebulia Cveneburisgan – ipovon am tipis dawesebuleba, keTili zalcmanis saxli sTavazobs sufras da Cveulebebs, romlebic maT cocxlad axsenebs samSoblos~. gamorCeulad aqebdnen zalcmanis sastumros TbilisSi Camosuli germanelebi. maT gansakuTrebiT moswondaT aqauri wminda germanuli atmosfero da afasebdnen zalcmanis zrunvas am atmosferos SesanarCuneblad. poeti fridrix bodenStedti sastumros aRweraSi SeniSnavda: `marjvniv sabiliardoa; aq rusi oficrebi TamaSoben da xmauroben; marcxniv ki aris patara, wynari, lurjad SeRebili oTaxi, romelic her zalcmans yovelTvis mzad aqvs Tavisi germaneli stumrebisaTvis da romelSic rusebi da aziatebi fexs ver Sedgamen~. cnobebi zalcmanis sastumros Sesaxeb 1834 -1845 wlebs Soris monakveTze modis. amis Semdeg evropeli mogzaurebi aq, etyoba, naklebad Cerdebodnen, Tumca sastumrom 1860-ian wlebamde iarseba.

sastumroebi TbilisSi

1830-1840-ian wlebSi TbilisSi arsebob-da kidev erTi sastumro. is Tbiliselma ebraelma solomonma gaxsna TamamSevis saxlSi. oficer Teodor tornaus cnobiT, 1832 wels solomonis sastumros saxelic hqonia – `samarTliani ruseTi~ (`Справедливая Россия~). mis abraze gamosaxuli iyo lomi, romelic uzarmazar gvels Telavda. solomonis sastumros mogzaurebi kritikulad axasiaTebdnen. britaneli kapitani riCard uilbrehemi werda: `wavedi Tbilisis saukeTeso sastumroSi – ubadruk tavernaSi, romelsac erTi ebraeli inaxavda. Cemi apartamentebi, romelSic uzarmazari Tanxa gadavixade, Sedgeboda mwiri avejiT gawyobili didi WuWyiani oTaxisagan – CemTvis da ori patara sakuWnaosagan – Cemi msaxurebisaTvis. sajinibo kidev uaresi iyo~. pirveli Tbilisuri sastumroebi bevri niSniT Zalian hgavda XVIII saukunis evropul tavernebsa Tu fundukebs da maT msgavsad ojaxuri stumarTmoyvareobis princips efuZneboda. es sastumroebi zomebiT da gegmarebiT arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda sacxovrebeli saxlisagan. sastumros mepatrone, igive ojaxis ufrosi, TviTonac iqve cxovrobda col-Svilianad, romlebic mas sastumros SenaxvaSi exmarebodnen. aseTi mepatroneebi piradad xvdebodnen da, rogorc wesi, kargad icnobdnen yvela stumars. mogzaurebi TavianT nawerebSi maT saxelebiT moixsenieben da maTi biografiis Tu xasiaTis detalebsac gvatyobineben, zogjer – sakmaod vrclad. aseTi mepatronis klasikuri tipi Cans Teodor zalcmani. misi sastumro, romelic missave saxlSi funqcionirebda, ojaxuri stumarTmoyvareobis modelis saukeTeso magaliTia. rodesac mogzaurTa nawerebs kiTxulob, grCeba STabeWdileba, rom aq isini zalcmanis pirad stumrebad grZnobdnen Tavs. f. bodenStedtis mowmobiT, zalcmani xSirad sastumros binadrebTan erTad ujda sufras da Rvinosac Seeqceoda.

XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi TbilisSi ufro didi sastumroebi gaCnda. 1848 wels italielma komersantma karlo morijim sastumro gaxsna iakob zubalaSvilis saxlSi golovinis prospeqtze (axlandeli rusTavelis prospeqtis 1 # 4-is adgilas). iTvaliswinebda ra frangebis maRal reputacias sastumro saqmeSi, moriji sareklamo gancxadebebSi Tavis Tavs frangul yaidaze Sarls uwodebda. 1850 wlis gancxadebiT, `Sarlis sastumroSi~ iyo 1, 2 da 3-oTaxiani nomrebi da `vercxlis WurWliT servirebuli sufra~. miuxedavad aseTi SeTavazebebisa, sastumrom ver imuSava. morijim is daxura da cota xnis Semdeg ufro masStaburi saqme wamoiwyo – mTlianad iqirava ananovis samsarTuliani saxli golovinze (axlandeli rusTavelis prospeqtis 2 # 6-is adgilas, operis Teatris pirdapir) da masSi 1855 wels aamuSava feSenebeluri sastumro `otel de prensi~, `Hôtel des Princes~. sastumros hqonda sasadilo darbazi, ekipaJebis sadgomi, sajinibo. klients aqve SeiZleboda esargebla mkeravis, dalaqis, mekaretes momsaxurebiT – rogorc reksastumro `kavkazi~

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kultura lama iuwyeboda, sastumros mmarTvelis pasuxismgeblobiT. magram morijis saqmeebi amjeradac ver wauvida kargad – `otel de prenss~, rogorc Cans, mogeba ar mohqonda. 1858 wels k. morijim sastumro daxura da komercias daubrunda. cota mogvianebiT aseTive bedi ewia sxva komersantis – frangi Jan fages – wamowyebas. Tavidan mas hqonda maRazia da saparikmaxero jer somxis bazarze (dRevandeli kote afxazis quCa), Semdeg – erivanskis moedanze. 1854 wels, rodesac golovinis prospeqtze ivane muxranbatonis didi saxlis mSenebloba dasrulda, J. fagem Tavisi maRazia mis pirvel sarTulze gadaitana, 1861 wels ki amave saxlSi sastumro moawyo. rogorc Cans, sastumros Senobis umetesi nawili ekava (Tumca – ara mTlianad – amave SenobaSi iyo Tbilisis Tavadaznaurobis sakrebulo), radgan sareklamo gancxadeba klientebs 40 nomers sTavazobda. am gancxadebis mixedviT, zogierTi nomeri `frangul yaidaze iyo meblirebuli~ (unda vifiqroT, rom sxva oTaxebi `adgilobriv yaidaze~ iqneboda avejiT gawyobili). magram saqmem ar gaamarTla da oriode TveSi sastumro daixura.

J. fagem yvelaferi gayida da Tbilisidan wavida. kidev erTi evropeli, romelmac XIX saukunis SuaxanebSi bedi scada sastumro saqmeSi, iyo italieli komersanti, gvarad vila (saxeli ver dgindeba). 1854 wels mas hqonda qudebisa da sasmelebis maRazia zemo kalaSi, talaxian quCaze. cota xanSi vilam Tvali daadga ivane zubalaSvilis saxls erivanskis moedanze, puSkinis skveris pirdapir, gviandeli cekavSiris adgilas. es is saxlia, romelSic 1859 wels aleqsandr diumas maspinZlobdnen. Maison Zoubaloff, rogorc mas sareklamo gancxadebebSi uwodebdnen, erT-erTi gamorCeuli iyo TbilisSi Tavisi mdidruli gaformebiT. Tavidan vilam zubalaSvilis saxlis pirvel sarTulze maRazia moawyo. 1859 wels ki (al. diumas wasvlidan ramdenime TveSi) aqve, meore sarTulze, gaxsna sastumro `italia~. mis sareklamo gancxadebebSi aRniSnulia, rom zog nomerSi fortepianoc ki dgas. cota xanSi sastumros daemata didi darbazi da saojaxo nomrebi.

1864 wels sastumros saxeli Seecvala da daerqva `evropa~ (Hôtel d’Europe). vila saqmes CamoSorda da mis nacvlad aq ori mmarTveli – italieli napoleon sieni da frangi arsen barberoni movidnen. male n. sienim Tavisi saqme wamoiwyo da `evropa~ dautova a. barberons, romelic mas 25 wlis manZilze ucvlelad xelmZRvanelobda. `evropam~ swrafad moipova maRali reputacia. 1865-1880 wlebSi is Tbilisis saukeTeso sastumrod iyo aRiarebuli da xSirad iRebda ucxoel stumrebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, didad kmayofili rCebodnen.

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sastumroebi TbilisSi

adreul Tbilisur sastumroebs Soris yvelaze stabilurad warmatebuli aRmoCnda 1858 wels erivanskis moedanze, olqis Stabis gverdiT, sumbaTaSvilebis saxlSi gaxsnili `kavkazi~ – Hôtel du Caucase. man saqarTvelos bolSevikur okupaciamde iarseba da didi popularobiTac sargeblobda.

sastumro `vetceli~

`kavkazi~ gaxsna frangma, saxelad giiomma (gvari ucnobia). TbilisSi Camosvlamde is mzareulad muSaobda peterburgSi da, rogorc Cans, es gamocdileba mas didad gamoadga `kavkazis~ restornis gamarTvaSi. misi meuRle erTxans mefisnacval bariatinskis ekonomi iyo. miureis 1865 wlis gzamkvlevi `kavkazs~ Tbilisis sxva sastumroebTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs da xazs usvams, rom mas frangi inaxavs. giiomisdroindeli `kavkazis~ gegmarebisa da garegnuli saxis mokle aRwera datova britanelma mogzaurma jon asSerma. sastumros orsarTuliani Senobis meore sarTuli ekava. Senobas hqonda Sida ezo, romelSic erivanskis moednidan farTo, TaRovani talaniT xvdebodnen. ezos mTel perimetrze, miwidan daaxloebiT 4 metris simaRleze, meore sarTuls Semouyveboda tradiciuli Tbilisuri xis aivnebi, romlebic erTian galereas qmnidnen. sastumros nomrebSi am galereidan Sediodnen.

sastumro „evropa“

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kultura 1865 wels sumbaTaSvilebis saxli mirzoevebma SeiZines da sastumro ijariT misces sxva frangs – marius martens, isev yofil Sefmzareuls, warmoSobiT samxreT safrangeTidan. am droidan sastumros oficialurad ewodeboda „Hôtel Grand du Caucase, Maison Mirsoieff, tenu par Marius Martin“.

1876 wels `kavkazis~ Senoba gadaakeTes da daaSenes mesame sarTuli. am dros miiRo saboloo saxe mTavarma fasadmac, romlis gaformebac neorenesansuli arqiteqturis motivebze iyo agebuli. es saxe mas bolo dromde ar ucvlia. Senoba 1991-1992 wlebis zamTarSi samoqalaqo omis dros daiwva da mTlianad daangries. axla misi adgili sastumro `kortiard meriotis~ marjvena nawils ukavia.

maTSi SenarCunda adrindeli sastumroebis bevri Tavisebureba – ojaxuri marTva, Sinauruli atmosfero, mWidro piradi kontaqti binadrebTan. mogzaurTa nawerebSi kvlav vxvdebiT sastumros mmarTvelTa daxasiaTebebs. vxvdebiT saintereso faqtebsac: rodesac `kavkazSi~ dabinavebul inglisel aRmosavleTmcodnes edvard istviks mZime avadmyofoba Seeyara, mas giiomi da misi coli uvlidnen. es 1860 welia. imxanad `kavkazi~ qalaqis udidesi da umTavresi sastumro iyo. giiomi da misi coli, romlebic am sastumros uZRvebodnen, moclilebi ver iqnebodnen, magram maT saqme ojaxuri stumarTmoyvareobis modelze hqondaT gamarTuli, rac gulisxobda, rom loginad Cavardnili klientisTvis iseve unda miexedaT, rogorc ojaxis stumrisTvis.

`otel de prensi~, `evropa~ da `kavkazi~ Tbilisis pirvel sastumroebTan SedarebiT ganviTarebis Semdgom etaps gviCvenebs. isini ufro did SenobebSi iyo ganTavsebuli da meti nomeri hqonda. aseT dawesebulebebSi, bunebrivia, ojaxuri stumarTmoyvareobis modeli wminda saxiT ver imuSavebda, Tumca

XIX saukunis miwurulamde TbilisSi sastumros arqiteqtura, rogorc aseTi, ar arsebobda. rodesac vinmes sastumros gaxsna surda, is sakuTar an, ufro xSirad, naqiraveb saxls SeZlebisdagvarad argebda sastumros moTxovnilebebs. XIX saukunis Tbilisuri sastumro, rogorc wesi, arqiteq-

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sastumroebi TbilisSi

turulad sacxovrebeli saxlisgan ar gansxvavdeba. Sesabamisad, maTi srulad morgeba sastumroTa saWiroebaze ver xerxdeboda, amitom sastumroTa mflobelebi maT mTlianad arc qiraobdnen. XIX saukuneSi sastumroebs TiTqmis yovelTvis Senobis nawili ekava, xolo danarCeni sxva daniSnulebisTvis gamoiyeneboda. karg sastumroebSi miRebuli ar iyo pirvel sarTulze sacxovrebeli oTaxebis mowyoba, isini meore-mesame sarTulebze iyo ganlagebuli. pirvel sarTuls saxlis mesakuTre, rogorc wesi, calke aqiravdebda maRaziebisTvis, sastumro mxolod Sesasvlels da aqedan zemoT asasvleli kibis ujreds iRebda. aman ganapiroba is, rom XIX saukunis Tbilisur sastumroebSi vestibuli Cveulebriv patara iyo da sazogadoebrivi sivrcis funqcias ver asrulebda. aq didxans ar Cerdebodnen da, miT umetes, sagangebod ar ikribebodnen (am TvalsazrisiT Tbilisuri sastumroebi didad gansxvavdeboda evropulisgan da, gansakuTrebiT, amerikulisgan). mTavar sazogadoebriv sivrces sasadilo oTaxi an restorani warmoadgenda.

momsaxurebis xarisxi adreul sastumroebSi bevrad dabali iyo, vidre Semdgom xanebSi. amerikeli iuristis jorj l. ditsonis mowmobiT, 1847 wels klientis TeTreuliT uzrunvelyofa sastumros movaleobaSi ar Sedioda: oTaxSi idga mxolod `sawolis karkasi~ – xis taxti loginis gareSe, vinaidan igulisxmeboda rom Ramis gasaTevad yvela stumari Tavisi loginiT movidoda. karl koxma gansakuTrebul pativad miiCnia, roca zalcmanis sastumroSi taxtze leibi gauSales. jer kidev 1860-ian wlebSi sastumros maRali donis maCveneblad iTvleboda, Tu iq klients leibs da TeTreuls sTavazobdnen.

1870-iani wlebidan sastumro saqme TbilisSi ganviTarebis axal etapze gadadis.

1875 wels gaxsnilma `londonma~ pirveloba CamoarTva `evropasa~ da `kavkazs~. mogvianebiT gaCnda axali, ufro didi sastumroebic – `orianti~, `vetceli~, `palas oteli~, `maJestiki~, romlebic komfortiTa da momsaxurebis xarisxiT tols ar udebda saukeTeso evropul sastumroebs.

anti~ sastumro `ori

sastumr o `palas i~

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qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi

gurulebi inglisSi, cxenze dgas luka CxartiSvili, 1903

guruli mojiriTeebi amerikasa da evropaSi

irakli maxaraZe

guruli mojiriTeebis saocari istoria 1892 wels daiwyo, rodesac isini inglisSi SeuerTdnen bafalo bil qoudis Wild West Show-s (veluri dasavleTis Sou). am sanaxaobas 1883 wels Cauyara safuZveli amerikis armiis polkovnikma, mzveravma da Soumenma uiliam frederik qoudim, metsaxelad bafalo bilma (`bafalo~ (Buffalo) – ingl. bizoni). es metsaxeli mas amerikuli rkinigzis mSeneblobis dros Searqves, rodesac muSebs bizonis xorciT amaragebda. man 17 Tvis ganmavlobaSi 4 280 bizoni moinadira, Tumca legendis mixedviT, bafalo bils milioni bizoni hyavda mokluli.

veluri dasavleTis SouSi TamaSdeboda Teatralizebuli scenebi – indielebis Tavdasxma TeTr mosaxleobaze, diliJansis Zarcva, bizonebze nadiroba da mravali sxva. mayureblisaTvis es samsaaTiani warmodgenebi sruliad axali xili iyo da amitom mTeli amerika da evropa Tavs iklavda Souze mosaxvedrad. am mSvenivrad dadgmul speqtaklebSi, romlebic miCneulia amerikuli Soubiznesis sawyisad, qauboebi da indielebi aCvenebdnen brZolisa da Zarcvis scenebs, atarebdnen Sejibrs jiriTSi, lasos (es igive qamandia, riTac amerikeli mwyemsebi – qauboebi – cxovelebs, cxenebs da Zroxebs iWeren) xmarebasa da mizanSi srolaSi. warmodgena imdenad damajereblad iyo dadgmuli, rom mayureblisaTvis bafalo bilis `veluri~ dasavleTi realur `velur~ dasavleTad aRiqmeboda. momdevno wlebSi bafalo bilma Sou ganavrco da msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan – indoeTidan, avstraliidan, evropidan – iwvevda monawileebs).

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guruli mojiriTeebi

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi qarTveli mojiriTeebi pirvelad aRnusxuli arian 1893 wels adam forepas da imave bafalo bilis SouSi. saimigracio deklaraciis grafaSi `profesia~ gurulebis gvarebis gaswvriv weria Rider (ingl. – mxedari), Semdgom deklaraciebSi ki – Artist (ingl. – xelovani, msaxiobi). meore jgufi mxedrebisa amerikaSi, niu-iorkSi, Cavida daaxloebiT ori kviris Semdeg (1893 wlis 10 aprils). arsebobda sxvadasxva versia da aseve TariRi, Tu rogor da rodis moxvdnen gurulebi ucxoeTSi. yvelaze sando, rasac istoriuli wyaroebic umagreben zurgs, ase gamoiyureba: 1891 wlis miwuruls an 1892 wlis dasawyisSi baTumSi mojiriTeebis SesarCevad Camovida amerikuli cirkis warmomadgeneli Tomas oliveri. igi inglisel konsulTan, jeims CembersTan, dabinavda. konsulTan imxanad mosamsaxured (is mdivnis rolsac asrulebda) idga zemo CibaTeli kirile jorbenaZe, romelmac gaigo ra saqmis viTareba, olivers ganucxada, rom cxenosnebis SegrovebaSi daexmareboda.

Tanxmoba rom miiRo, jorbenaZe oliverTan da vice-konsul hari brigsTan erTad sofel baxvSi mTel guriaSi cxenosnobaSi ganTqmul ivane (didi) rostomis Ze maxaraZis, metsaxelad `maTraxas~, ojaxSi mivida. gadawyda, rom ivane gunds Sekrebda. aqedan daiwyo guruli mojiriTeebis mravalwliani sazRvargareTuli turne. sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo, gurul mxedrebs rus kazakebs eZaxdnen: erTi, rom Cveni qveyana maSin ruseTis imperiaSi Sedioda da, aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli misi moqalaqe rusad moiazreboda da meore – Sous organizatorTa moTxovniT gurulebi Tavs kazakebad asaRebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sous menejerebi Jurnal-gazeTebSi avrcelebdnen informacias, rom gurulebi ruseTis kavkasiis mTebis samxreTidan arian da rom isini miekuTvnebian kazakebis did ojaxs, zaporoJielebs (zaporoJie mdebareobs ukrainaSi), romlebic ukvdavyo ingliselma poetma baironma Tavis poemaSi `mazepa~; rom isini piradad rusi mefis nebarTviT arian gamoSvebuli qveynidan... agreTve acxadebdnen (sxvaTa Soris, zogjer TviTon mxedrebic), rom maT miRebuli aqvT medlebi da ordenebi sxvadasxva brZolisaTvis da es `sabrZolo niSnebi~ maT mkerds umSvenebda... yvelaferi es, raRa Tqma unda, simarTles ar Seesabameboda. Tumca imdroindel gazeTebSi bevr statias gadaawydebiT, sadac gurulebi daJinebiT cdiloben auxsnan yvelas, rom isini rusebi ki ara, qarTvelebi arian. 1903 wels cnobil sazogado moRvawes da mwerals Tedo saxokias parizSi SemTxveviT Sexvedrilma gurulebma SesCivles: sikvtili rava ar aris, yvela kazakebs gveZaxian da isic ver gavagebieT, rom saqarTvelos Svilebi varTo. gurulebi `rusi kazakebis~ saxeliT 30 welze metxans gamodiodnen bafalo bilisa da sxva cirkebisa da Souebis arenebze, maT sayovelTao aRiareba moipoves da didi gavlenac iqonies qauboebze. qarTveli cxenosnebis gamosvla Wild West Show-is mTavar warmodgenad iTvleboda. aseTive interess mxolod indielebi da qauboebi imsaxurebdnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom iq maT

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qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi garda msoflios mravali qveynis warmomadgeneli monawileobda. cirkisa da Sous mepatroneebma guruli mxedrebis saxiT miagnes namdvil oqros sabados –artistebs, romelTa sanaxavad uamravi xalxi dadioda. sayuradRebo faqtia, rom yoveli respeqtabeluri Sous mflobeli Tu menejeri Tavs movaled miiCnevda, rom aucileblad hyoloda e.w. kazakebis jgufi. cirkis mepatroneebi mojiriTeebs TveSi daaxloebiT 40-50 dolars (100 rusul maneTs) uxdidnen; gazeTi `cnobis furceli~ (21 dekemberi, 1897) werda: `Tviurad Rebulobdnen as-as manaTs yovelive xarjs garda da Tan qveyana naxes~. es ki arcTu cota iyo Raribi glexisaTvis maSin, roca Zroxis saSualo fasi xuTi maneTi iyo. `veluri~ dasavleTis cnobili mkvlevari da istorikosi di brauni werda: `cxenze jiriTi rodeoSi (amerikis dasavleT StatebSi gamarTuli Sejibreba, sadac qauboebi sakuTar ostatobas aCveneben) Semoitanes TavzexelaRebulma kazakebma. kazakebis Tavbrudamxvevi triukebiT dainteresebulma qauboebma es gaiTavises da Semdgom Taviseburi varianti warmoadgines amerikul rodeoSi~. misive TqmiT, kazakebs gavlena mouxdeniaT rodeos monawileTa Cacmulobaze: `nairferovani kostiumebi Sous ganuyofeli nawili iyo da SesaZlebelia, rom rodeosTvis damaxasiaTebeli ucnauri Cacmuloba kazaki mojiriTeebis gavlenis Sedegi iyos~. (amis mizezi, albaT, gurulebis sagangebod Sekerili myvirala feris – yviTeli, mwvane,

vardisferi, narinjisferi Coxebi iyo. savaraudod, es Sous organizatorTa moTxovna iyo, Torem amgvari ferebis Coxebs CvenSi iSviaTad an saerTod ar atarebdnen). profesionali cxenosani frenk dini ki aRniSnavs: `rodesac kazakebi SeerTebul StatebSi Cikagos msoflio gamofenaze Camovidnen (gamofena moewyo 1893 wels da is moinaxula lamis orma aTeulma milionma adamianma, Sesabamisad, amdenive adamiani daeswro gurulebis gamosvlebs), amerikelebma maTgan sxvadasxva ileTi da naTeli ideebi gadmoiRes~. rogorc irkveva, qauboebi gurulebis Camosvlamdec dainteresebuli iyvnen triukebis keTebiT, magram mxolod qarTveli cxenosnebis teqnikam da manamde arnaxulma ileTebma misca biZgi im sayovelTao bums, rac daiwyo mTel amerikaSi. `cxenze TamaSiT mTla vaSterebdiT mayurebels, – werda erTi ucnobi mojiriTe sakuTar dRiurSi, – me miwidan viRebdi nivTebs, vakeTebdi Tavyiras. abdarSic ki cariel ardgils ver iSonidi. SovSi (anu SouSi) iyven kai cxenosnebi, meqsikelebi, kavboebi, mara Cven ver gvjobniden~ (stili daculia).

jiriTi, daaxl. 1902 dedofali viqtoria (1819-1901)

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guruli mojiriTeebi

aRsaniSnavia, rom londonSi gurulebis gamoCenam didi ayalmayali gamoiwvia – manamde kazakebi iq aravis enaxa. gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda xmal-xanjali da masrebi, romlebic ingliselebs miniaturuli dinamitebi egonaT. rusi kazakebis Camosvlis ambavma inglisis samefo karamdec miaRwia; sul male Sous xelmZRvanelobam Setyobineba miiRo dedofal viqtorias mejinibeTuxucesisagan, rom misi aRmatebuleba didad nasiamovnebi iqneboda, Tu `uaild uesTis~ menejerebi moaxerxebdnen kazakebis Cayvanas uinZorSi (samefo rezidenciaSi) da mSvenier jiriTs aCvenebdnen. rogorc istoriuli dokumentebidan da wignebidan irkveva, Sous naxva dedofals mxolod da mxolod kazakebis gulisTvis undoda, romelTa Tayvanismcemeli sicocxlis bolomde iyo.

berim princs upasuxa: `momiteveT, ser, magram rasac da visac aq xedavT, yvelaferi naRdia~. ra icoda misma aRmatebulebam, rom rusi kazakebis magivrad mis winaSe ubralo baxveli da lanCxuTeli glexebi jiriTobdnen! dedofali am sanaxaobiT imdenad nasiamovnebi darCenila, rom TviTmxilvelebis Tanaxmad, gurulebisTvis maTive fotosuraTebiani movarayebuli albomi (arsebobda cnoba, TiTqos es albomi ivane maxaraZis ojaxSi inaxeboda da, rogorc amboben, 1917 wels mis amerikul yaidaze aSenebul saxlSi gaCenili xanZris dros daiwva) gadaucia, madlobac gamoucxadebia, xolo inglisis sazogadoebas qarTvelTa pativsacemad 20 aTasi kacis xelmowerili qebisa da madlobis adresi Seudgenia.

1892 wlis 25 ivniss gurulebi princ ivane maxaraZis TavkacobiT mis aRmatebulebasTan warsdgnen da dedoflis, misi Svilebisa da warCinebul pirTa winaSe ijiriTes (princi (ingl. prince) inglisurad Tavads niSnavs da ase moixseniebdnen sxva gundebis meTaurebsac, miuxedavad imisa, ra warmomavloba hqondaT maT – mojiriTeebi xom umTavresad glexebi iyvnen. es, raRa Tqma unda, keTdeboda mayurebelTa interesis gasaRviveblad). jiriTi sul 12 wuTs gagrZelda. warmodgenis dros princma henrim dedas, dedofal viqtorias, germanulad hkiTxa: `deda, Tqven fiqrobT, rom isini namdvili kazakebi arian?“ iqve mdgomma Sous menejerma neiT solsguruli mxedrebi, TeTr CoxaSi – daTa qajaia, XIX s.–is miwuruli

Sous monawile gurulebi da indielebi

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qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi guruli cxenosnebis gamosvlebs xSirad eswrebodnen Zlierni ama qveynisa, maT Soris, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebi vudro uilsoni da Teodor ruzvelti. es ukanaskneli, yofili qauboi da espaneT-amerikis omis (1898) gmiri, CikagoSi yofnisas (XX saukunis dasawyisSi) ise aRfrTovanebula mojiriTe giorgi CxaiZis ostatobiT, rom misTvis samaxsovrod oqros beWedi da langari gadaucia, romelzec gamosaxulia cxenze amxedrebuli prezidenti. beWedi imxela iyo, roca wamomacva, naxevari TiTi dafarao, – ixsenebda SemdegSi mojiriTe. giorgi CxaiZis qaliSvilis, qalbatoni ekaterines gadmocemiT, lanCxuTSi dabrunebul mamas uTanxmoeba mosvlia mamasaxlisTan (sxva gadmocemiT – es sabWoTa periodSi momxdara), mas patimroba damuqrebia da Tavis dasaxsnelad iZulebuli gamxdara beWedi gaeyida. vin moTvlis ramdenjer moutexiaT xel-fexi mojiriTeebs?! bevri maTgani daiRupa kidec: 1901 wlis 3 ivliss qalaq airon riverSi jiriTis dros founi bilis Sous monawile ucnobi guruli mxedari daiRupa. 1907 wlis 28 oqtombers amariloSi (teqsasis Stati) isev founi bilis Sous aseve ucnobi qarTveli monawile cxenidan Camovarda da gardaicvala. 1914 wels kentukis StatSi mokles xalampri pataraia... nawyveti mojiriTe nikoloz Wyonias werilidan: ,,...sxva, kato, erTi samwuxaro saqme dagvemarTa. melitona cincaZe avaT gagvixTa adesaSi da didi saSvaloba ixmara Cvenma xazainma, doxturi da ferSlebi daasies da usTxueT mocTa da rom morCeboda qe gamogzavnidnen CvenTan, mara ar qna sawyalma. qvTxova, rom ar degvetovebia zRvaSi. paraxoTSi CagvaJines iqac doxturi da ferSali miuCines, magram araferi gevida da did zRvaSi okeaneSi gardaicvala cxonebuli oTx marts da paraxoTi niorgSi gevitaneT da gvindoda gadmosveneba samSobloSi, mara ori aTasi manaTi iTxoves da ver SaviZeliT da aq davasaflaveT samagaliToT. sul Sav daburuli karetebiT Cvenc da Cveni micvalebuli mivdodiT da samagaliToT davmarxeT da Tqven wadiT zurabaidan, daTaidan wavlian da samZimari gardaixadeT da lukaia ebraliZes SeatyobieT da lanCxuTidan wamovlian da erTaT midiT~. gurul mojiriTeebze, romelTagan bevri TbilisSic ki ar iyo namyofi, dasavleTma da yvelaze metad ki amerikam udidesi STabeWdileba moaxdina, mxedrebi aRtacebulebi ixsenebdnen Statebs. mojiriTe nikoloz Wyonia saxlSi gamogzavnil werilSi ityobineboda: `...pativiscema nametani gvaqvs. Teli Cemgan ar eiwereba da ukanasknels getyvi marmarilos qvis CerCmebi (anu sapirfareSo) gvaqvs, imodena simdidre yofila~. kirile xoferias TqmiT, isini cxovrobdnen maRalsarTulian saxlebSi, adiodnen moZravi oTaxebiT, anu liftiT, ramac gurulebi gaaogna. igi igonebda quCebis araCveulebriv sisufTaves da wesrigs. quCaSi imdeni sadenia gaWimuli, Citebi rom dafrinaven ejaxebian sadenebs da mkvdrebi cvivian miwazeo, – werda mojiriTe giorgi CxaiZe.

giorgi CxaiZe

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prezident ruzveltis naCuqari langari

guruli mojiriTeebi

marcxnidan : luka Cxart iSvili da ivane maxar aZe, londo ni 1892 a guruli, ofena, 1893 indieli d oriso gam aS T er sa s Cikago

zogi mojiriTe SemdgomSi amerikis moqalaqe gaxda da acxadebda, rom Tu samSobloSi dabrundeboda, am demokratiul principebs da kanonebs Tavis qveyanaSic daamkvidrebda. erTxel CikagoSi myofma gurulebma varjiSis Semdeg vaSlis mSvenier baRebs Cauares. erTerTi maTgani gadaxta baRSi, dakrifa vaSlebi da amxanagebs dauriga. meore dRes es ambavi gazeTSi daubeWdavT, kazakebi vaSlebs iparavdneno. guriaSi ramdenime cali vaSlis mokrefisaTvis vin ras getyoda, amerikaSi ki rac e.w. kazakebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, yvelaferSi sensacias eZebdnen. sircxviliT gareT rogor gamovsuliyaviT, ar vicodiTo, – ixsenebda g. CxaiZe. erTi amerikuli gazeTi aRwers SemTxvevas, rodesac dilauTenia, cxris naxevarze, vinme miuleris salunSi (saluni – aSS-is dasavleTSi bari, traqtiri, sadac magar sasmelebs svamen) myofT SiSis zari dasca wiTeli RviniT gamomTvralma kazakma. igi xanjliT emuqreboda moqalaqeebs da salunidan agdebda, amxanagebi cdilobdnen mis damSvidebas, magram amaod, movida policieli da mTvrali xanjliT miskenac gaiwia. igi waiyvanes policiaSi da elodebodnen mis gamofxizlebas, raTa daekiTxaT. rac Seexeba mis saxels, es meore problema aRmoCnda, radgan erTaderTi, rac policielebma gaiges, es iyo misi saxeli, romelic amgvarad Caweres `Theford~ – is Teofane qavTaraZe aRmoCnda.

guruli mxedrebi niu-iorkSi, general grantis memorialis win, 1908

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qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi gurulebis madis Sesaxeb werdnen, rom maT qva rom gadaaylapo, imasac moinelebeno. bafalo bilis Sous mTavari mzareuli erT sagazeTo interviuSi ambobda: `...Cven yoveldRe vamzadebT 800-dan 1000-mde bifSteqss... o, biWebi bifSteqsis namdvili mtrebi arian! kazakebs da indielebs xorci undaT samjer dReSi da isini mas Rebuloben!~ erTxel mojiriTeebi sasadiloSi Sesulan da erbokvercxi mouTxoviaT, magram inglisuris arcodnis gamo oficiants veraferi gaagebines. maSin mojiriTe serapion imnaZe odnav Caicucqa, xelebi qaTmis frTebiviT aamuSava da kakani morTo: ko-ko-ko! aman sasadiloSi mxiaruleba gamoiwvia, oficianti ki miuxvda, ra undodaT am ucnaur gadamTielebs. cnobilia, rom amerikaSi mamakacebis mxardamxar xuTi qali jiriTobda: frida mgalobliSvili, qristine cincaZe, babilina wereTeli, debi maro da barbale zaqareiSvilebi (debi sakuTar Tanagundel mojiriTeebs misTxovdnen). pirvelad es qarTveli qalebi amerikaSi luka CxartiSvilma Caiyvana. ra Tqma unda, es bevr problemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, pirvel rigSi, damRleli gzis gavla amerikamde, qancis gamwyveti yoveldRiuri varjiSebi da gamosvlebi, rasac bevri mamakacic ver uZlebda. moxdenili qristine cincaZis mSoblebi mis gamgzavrebaze uars acxadebdnen – qaliSvilis duniaze xetiali da isic cxeniT, sad gagonilao. magram man mainc Tavisi gaitana. mayurebels aocebda maro zaqareiSvili-kvitaiSvilis mier sami gverdebCakruli cxenis Weneba, cxenis yelze amovleba da sxva saxifaTo triukebi. xSirad, gamosvlis Semdeg, mayurebeli fexis gulebs usinjavda, webo xom ar gisviao – ver warmoedginaT, rogor SeeZlo qals gaWenebul cxenze Tavis damagreba. maros ramdenjerme daeRupa cxeni, TviTon saswaulebrivad gada-

marcxnidan dganan: kirile fircxalaiSvili, kitilia kvitaiSvili, qristefore imnaZe, veliko kvitaiSvili, varden kvitaiSvili, qvemoT: maro zaqareiSvili-kvitaiSvili, barbale zaqareiSvili-imnaZe, daaxl. 1912

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guruli mojiriTeebi

urCa sikvdils. gamoCenili ostatobisaTvis asparezobis erT-erTma organizatorma igi Zvirfasi beWdiT daajildova. maro zaqareiSvili-kvitaiSvili xandazmulic ki jiriTobda. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg gurul mojiriTeebs bolSevikebma dasavleTisaken gza gadauketes. vinc sazRvris iqiTa mxares iyo, ukan dabruneba aRar isurva da droTa ganmavlobaSi amerikelebs Seeria. kargi dRe ar daadgaT samSobloSi dabrunebul mojiriTeebs. bolSevikebma bevri daapatimres, zogi gadaasaxles – amerikis jaSuSobis braldebiT. mojiriTe pavle maxaraZis qaliSvilebi ixsenebdnen: `...yvela maTganis ojaxidan mihqondaT amerikidan Camotanili nivTebi, Cveni ojaxidan bolos savarcxeli da tansacmlis sakidi joxic waiRes, dedaCemi gancdili SiSisagan loginad Cavarda. yovelTvis elodeboda `Sinsaxkomelebis~ (Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati) mosvlas...~ mxedrebi sakuTari da axloblebis sicocxlis gadasarCenad Tavisive xeliT anadgurebdnen da wvavdnen fsevdomamxilebel masalebs – fotoebs, werilebs... bafalo bilisa da gurulebis urTierTobis magaliTi uZvelesia qarTul-amerikuli urTierTobis istoriaSi. qarTvelebma gasaocari teqnikis wyalobiT saukeTeso mxedrebis saxeli moixveWes da Tavisda uneburad waruSleli kvali daamCnies amerikuli Sou-biznesis ganviTarebis saqmes, romlis pionerad bafalo bili miiCneva.

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1. maryuJiT daboloebuli Toki, gamoiyeneba msxverplis dasaWerad; igivea, rac qamandi. 2. kavkasiis mTiel xalxTa politikuri, samxedro da religiuri lideri XIX saukuneSi. 4. xeliT satarebeli meqanikuri sakravi yuTi. 6. mWevrmetyveli. 7. zogierT qveyanaSi saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo saswavlo dawesebuleba. 9. Segueba, Sewyoba. 10. grigol orbelianis cnobili satrfialo leqsi. 12. Sexvedraze, sxdomaze raime sakiTxis garCeva, mosazrebebis gacvla. 14. wamalTmcodneoba. 17. umaRlesi xelisuflebis werilobiTi mimarTva mosaxleobisadmi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone movlenis gamo. 19. ganmtkiceba, gaerTianeba, SemWidroeba. 20. arakeTilsindisieri xerxi risame misaRwevad; xriki. 21. msaxiobTa koleqtivi, sazogadoebrivi dajgufeba. 23. fexsacmlis mkerav-xelosani. 25. TanamdebobaTa, wodebulebaTa Tanmimdevroba udablesidan umaRlesisaken. 27. Taosnoba raime saqmeSi. 28. germaneli politikosi, diplomati da geografi, geopolitikis, rogorc disciplinis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. 30. yovelive moZvelebulisadmi, dromoWmulisadmi midrekileba da axlis, mowinavis mtroba da winaaRmdegoba. 31. nukleinis mJavis Semadgeneli komponenti. 32. iaponiis 124-e imperatori (1926-1989). 37. organizmis genetikuri masalis struqturis cvlileba. 38. xelosani an wvrilad movaWre Zvel TbilisSi, gamoirCeoda rainduli bunebiT, sidarbaisliT, dardimandobiT. 42. XIX saukunis italieli kompozitori. 44. sasadilo Zvel TbilisSi. 46. ganaxleba; Seqmnili siaxlis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba. 47. TavSesafari xmeleTis zedapirze an okeanis fskerze, sadac SemorCenilia araxelsayrel geologiur periods gadarCenili esa Tu is cocxali organizmi. 49. didi britaneTisa da irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefos dedofali (1837-1901). 54. dnm-is jaWvis Semadgeneli erT-erTi nukleotidi. 56. mecnierebis qalaqi iaponiaSi. 58. iaponiis saimperatoro jaris

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