Poultry Planner April 2017 by PIXIE CONSULTING SOLUTIONS LTD.

VOL. 19 | No. 04 | APRIL - 2017

From the Editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Desk Future of Poultry Industry

OUR TEAM Vishal Rai Gupta Managing Director vishal@pixie.co.in Bhavana Gupta Editor in Chief editor@pixie.co.in N.K. Gupta General Manager pcslkarnal@gmail.com M : 999 170 5005 Aparna Mehmi Marketing Manager Poultry.pcsl@gmail.com M : 999 170 5007

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The poultry sector in India has undergone a paradigm shift in structure and operation. A significant feature of India's poultry industry has been its transformation from a mere backyard activity into a major commercial activity in just about four decades. This transformation has involved sizeable investments in breeding, hatching, rearing and processing. Farmers in India have moved from rearing non-descript birds to today rearing hybrids such as is Hyaline, lt is Shaver, ll and in Babcock, lt which ensure faster growth, good liveability, excellent feed conversion and high profits to the rearers. The industry has grown largely due to the initiative of private enterprise, minimal government intervention, considerable indigenous poultry genetics capabilities, and considerable support from the complementary veterinary health, poultry feed, poultry equipment, and poultry processing sectors. India is one of the few countries in the world that has put into place a sustained Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) egg production project. The output of eggs is increasing at the rate of 4-6 % and broiler at 8-10 % per annum. The per capita consumption is 36 eggs only and poultry meat is 850 gm against the recommended consumption of 180 eggs and 10.8 Kg poultry meat per person per annum as by the Nutritional Advisory Committee. More than 100 million people are employed in this industry. It accounts about 3 % of the total GNP and 10 % of the total GNP attributed to livestock products. This sector is growing rapidly at the rate of 15 to 20 % and it is about Rs 65 billion-mega industry. It accounts a turnover of more than Rs 95 billon at the retail level. But one very dark part of this industry is that it is dependent on imported pureline and grand parents. The parents and commercial birds from these imported lines are multiplied in commercially run hatcheries.

Editorial Policy is independent. Views expressed by authors are not necessarily held by the editors.

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Registered as Newspaper by Registrar of Newspaper for India : RNI No. 71668/99 Licensed to post at Karnal HPO under Postal Regn. No. PKL-91/2016-2018 Editorial & Advertisement may not be reproduced without the written consent of the publishers. Whilst every

Mr. G.K. Rathinam Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamilnadu

Publication of news, views of information is in the interest of positive poultry industrial development in India.

Dr. J Tamizhkumaran

Unpublished material of industrial interest, not submitted elsewhere, is invited.

care is taken to ensure the accuracy of the contents of Poultry Planner the publishers do not accept any responsibility or liability for the material herein. It does not imply publisherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s endorsement.

M.VSc., PGDEP., Ph.D.

The submitted material will not be returned.

(Ph.D in Veterinary & Animal Husbandry Extension Education)

Publisher, Printer Mrs. Bhavana Gupta on behalf of Pixie Publication India (P) Ltd. Karnal Printed at Jaiswal

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Printing Press, Railway Road, Karnal Published at : 923, Sector-9, Urban Estate, Karnal 132 001 (Haryana) India Editor-in-Chief : Mrs. Bhavana Gupta All Legal matters are subject to karnal jurisdiction

INDEX 06

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EDITORIAL

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CHALLENGES OF BROILER MEAT PRODUCTION IN INDIA

CHICK QUALITY ASSESSMENT

ANTIBIOTICS AND HORMONAL RESIDUES IN CHICKEN MEAT

DAILY / MONTHLY EGG PRICES

EFFECT OF SUPRACID WA LIQUID ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS (VENCOBB 400)

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CHALLENGES OF BROILER MEAT PRODUCTION IN INDIA Dirisala Venkata Sivaji¹, Tamizhkumaran. J ²* 1 Post Graduate Scholar, 2 Teaching Assistant, Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research, Kurumabapet, Pondicherry – 605 009. *corresponding author

L a c k of s t o r a g e a n d s a n i t a r y measures

Dirisala Venkata Sivaji Introduction Chicken is the most preferred meat in India due to its cheaper rate and availability compared to that of other meat sources. India stands 3rd in both chicken and egg production in world. Broiler meat production in India was estimated to be less than 1 million tonnes in 2000 and has reached 4.2 million tonnes by 2016. The per capita availability of chicken meat increased from 400 gm to 3.1 kg which is a clear indicator of consumer preference towards this meat sources. Present Broiler production faces many challenges starting from procurement of chicks to sales of meat. Diseases Major challenge faced by broiler farmers in farming was controlling the occurrence of pathogenic diseases, and their prevention. Avian inﬂuenza (Bird ﬂu) was serious issue which has devastating effect on Indian poultry, and it still continues to haunt the sector due to low demand and less exports. This leads to huge economic loss to farmers.

J. Tamizhkumaran C o s t of R a w m a t e r i a l a n d i t s availability The rate at which the prices of most of the raw materials are increasing is worrying. Fluctuation in feeds such as soybean and maize creates problem in fulﬁlling minimum nutritional requirements. Considering that about 1 kg of soya been is required to produce 1 kg of broiler (based on FCR = 1.65 and 60% corn in feed), it means that, for broiler production only, and depending on the different forecasts, an additional 1 to 3 million tonnes of corn will be needed in the next years. Transportation Another challenge or issue is the fact that production is not evenly distributed in the country. More than 60% of broilers are produced in 5 states Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamilnadu. Maharashtra this creates logistic and quality issues related to transport. This has several consequences: it is difﬁcult to transport non-processed products from one region to another one, and high mortality and shrinkage rates due to transport of live birds are observed.

Indian poultry sector is still unable to tap the beneﬁt of international market due to lack of adequate cold storage, warehouses, poor sanitary measures followed. There is also a shortage of adequate and cost effective infrastructure, leading to risks on quality. Cold storage facilities are lacking, which is a serious issue because meat and egg demand vary a lot over the year, due to different religious rituals. Management problems Water, electricity, infrastructure are the major problems in management of broilers. During summer season electricity and water deprivation problem exaggerated the death of birds due to dehydration, humidity. Management defaults like in time identiﬁcation diseases due to lack of knowledge leads the huge loss to the farmer. Lack of technical persons There are not enough managers, veterinarians, nutritionists, or researchers, to ensure a top quality management in each operation. 80% of broiler farms were closed due to lack of knowledge before starting farms leads huge loss. Majority of broiler farmers

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were not ready to spent money for technical persons like veterinarians and managers for their farms. This leads production loss for farms. Climate change Climate change driven phenomenon like heat waves is impacting the poultry. Broiler cannot sustain temperature above 40°C prolonged period .This lead to their death or causing several health implications. Mass deaths will occur at a time. Availability of credit and investment Immediate requirement of money was required for procurement of inputs in poultry industry. Recent decision of government of India Demonetization causes a great problem in acquiring feed, medication and technical service. Fluctuation of chicken price There was no standard minimum price for chicken in market. Many factors were inﬂuencing the price of chicken like seasonal variation usually in summer there will be drastic decrease in price of chicken compared to winter, and also religious factors, breed preference, consumer preference etc. will inﬂuence the price of chicken in market.

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Lack of market facilities

taken are

Broiler bird were gain market weight 1.5 to 2.0 kg by the age 5 to 6 weeks, farmer should do marketing of these birds immediately otherwise both input cost was increased and chicken preference by consumer was decreased as bird becoming old. So right time market facility was important for economic proﬁtability of farm. In India majority of the slaughter was done at local butcher shops. Because of lack of proper export market facility large boiler farmers cannot expand their farms.

1. Strong marketing network to set the industry free from the clutches of middlemen.

Consumer preference In India Preference for fresh meat was more than packaged meat. 90 % of poultry meat in India is consumed in fresh form, as many consumers prefer to buy live poultry and get it dressed in their presence. This has several consequences: that is high mortality and shrinkage rates due to transport of live birds and also difﬁcult to transport non-processed products from one region to another one. Also, prices are determined by daily local supply and demand, which encourages volatility.

3. Building infrastructure to meet the growing manpower demand of the poultry sector. 4. Promote both mass production as well as production by masses. 5. Support and promotion of the processing sector. 6. Insurance against losses. 7. Provision of subsidies, and credit. 8. Introducing adequate quality control standards, quality certiﬁcation systems

The preferred control measures to be

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CHICK QUALITY ASSESSMENT during the last days of incubation add to ﬂat feathers on the head and neck. It is key to manage a good feathering by using the correct air temperatures related to the heat production of the chicks. Chick quality

chicks with wet feathers at take-off.

Mr. G.K. Rathinam Hatchery Specialist, Technical Consultant 5/2 I, Rajapurampudur, Kanakkanpatti P.O., Palani Tk, Dindugul Dist, Tamilnadu, India. Pincode: 624613. Email: gkrathnam@gmail.com Mobile: +91 99947 71380

Chick quality becomes more and more important and ahatchery must produce quality chicks in order to meet the optimal performance. The quality of day old chicks can be assessed by looking at the feathering. Chicks should have a uniform appearance with clean and dry feathers free from any materials, such as egg yolk and contaminated fluid meconium. What follows is an overview of poor feathering that is most commonly seen in the field and the causes that create these issues, so you know how to star t optimizing your incubation performance. Wet feathers Wet feathers are often related to an incorrect temperature during the late incubation cycle or during the transfer period. Generally, 100.0°F egg shell temperature is optimalfor incubation. Different breeds have different heat production curves. The heat production curve during incubation is also influenced by a number of hatchery specific factors: days of storage, pre-heating conditions etc. It is important to fine-tune the incubation profile to have an optimal egg shell temperature during incubation. A re a l - t i m e e g g s h e l l te m p e r a t u re monitoring and controlling device, is critical to ensure the correct egg shell temperature. This will result in a good hatch timing and hatch window, which will limit the amount of 14

An incubator that is set with eggs that have a wide variety in storage times will result in a wide hatch window where the late hatchers will still have wet feathers at takeoff. It is important that the incubators receive preventive maintenance to ensure that the machines are always working correctly during incubation. Dirty feathers Early hatches and/or delayed take-off result in dirty chicks (chicks covered with meconium). In older ﬂocks, a too high egg temper-ature after transfer from setter to hatcher is not unusual due to inadequate cooling. High temperature after transfer increases movement in the baskets. When the infertile or contaminated eggs are not removed during transfer, these eggs can bedamaged and broken by the movement of the chicks and this can result in dirty chicks. Poor uniformity Large hatch windows can result in a general poor uniformity, what can also be seen in a poor uniformity of chick colour. Large hatch windows can be induced by poor setter uniformity or incorrect loading of the setter according to ﬂocks with a different heat production. This is often the case with very old machines or with multi-stage incubation. Poor breeder house conditions or reduced collection times in the breeder house will contribute to this. Flat feathering Either too high or too low temper-atures

The feathers can tell you more about the quality of day-old chicks and how you can optimize your i n c u b a t i o n performance. You can also assess the quality by analyzing the n a v e l s , a c t i v i t y, behaviour, beak and legs. Other key elements Increased flock age:when the flock age increases, the egg shell quality of the hatching eggs reduces. A reduced egg shell quality can increase the number of broken eggs in the baskets. Hatching eggs withan increased flock age have a higher risk to be contaminated as well. Increased storage time: increased storage time or a wide variety in storage times of different eggs set in one machine, results in a wide hatch window. If prolonged storage is necessary, it is ideal to perform a heat treatment during storage (SPIDES). This will limit the earlyembryonic mortality and result in a narrow hatch window. Candling at transfer: it is advised to remove all infertile eggs and dead embryos at transfer. This will prevent those eggs from breaking in the hatcher when the chicks are moving around or during take-off because of the automation. This will result in much cleaner chicks. Removing the 'bangers' or highly contaminated eggs is also very important since they increase the risk of cross-contamination and yolk sac infection significantly. Vaccination protocol: It is advised to change the needles on a regular basis and ensure a correct set-up of the vaccination device. Less accurate vaccinationcan lead to blood on the neck which can induce neck pecking. POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

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ANTIBIOTICS AND HORMONAL RESIDUES IN CHICKEN MEAT Mridul Kr. Borah, Mihir Sarma, Raﬁqul Islam, Pinky Sarmah and Joga Dev Mahanta Department of Poultry Science, College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Khanapara, Guwahati-22 Email: mridul19731002@gmail.com

Chicken is the most common poultry species in the world supplying animal protein to human being in the form of eggs and meat. As the global population increases, the requirement for animal protein also has reached its height. With the traditional system of rearing chicken it is just next to impossible to meet up the rising demand for meat and egg because it requires more land for little production. After years of research, the Geneticists have developed newer varieties and breeds of chicken with greater production potential at shorter time period; Poultry Nutritionists have boosted up the production by supplying the proper nutrients at molecular level and the management scientists have given better shelter, better environment to get the production even better. Finally, the concept of intensive farming has come. Today, in most part of the world chicken meat comes from the intensively reared broiler birds though in some developed countries the new concept of organic chicken has come.

And Human Being Antibiotics are the group of drugs that are derived from microbial origin or synthesized from any source and can be used to treat diseases either to kill or stop growth of the infective bacteria in the living body whether it be human, animal or bird. There are hundreds of antibiotics invented till now out of which some works on speciﬁc bacteria and some others have the capacity to act on a wide variety of bacteria termed as narrow and broad spectrum respectively. In human being these antibiotics are used to treat infectious diseases. However, apart from treating infectious diseases, some of these antibiotics have been used for the purpose of promoting growth in poultry, particularly the farmed chicken. As the intensive poultry farming has been growing the use of these antibiotics have also been growing. All the antibiotics are not used in poultry; some of these drugs are used in animas and not in human treatment. The number of such antibiotics is very small as compared to the long list of antibiotics discovered so far.

often the use of antibiotics is considered harmful for human health. Much of the evidence relating to the potential for transfer of a resistance problem from animals to man comes from a consideration of the epidemiology of zoonoses, mainly salmonella and campylobacter infection, and of what have become known as 'indicator organisms'—enterococci and Escherichia coli, which cause no disease in animals (the animal-pathogenic E. coli are excluded) but can cause disease in man and which might be zoonotic. The epidemiology of these diseases is far from simple since there are many possible sources other than f o o d a n i m a l s a n d m a n y r o u t e s of transmission other than food of animal origin (Phillips et al., 2004). So many works have been done on the issue. In India also the consumers became aware when Center for Science and Environment made a survey on antibiotic residue in chicken meat during 2013-14. They could detect six different antibiotics in chicken samples collected from Delhi.

In intensive system of rearing of birds are conﬁned in a small area, the farm shed. It leads to more dense population leading to stress which in turn causes depletion of immunity. On the other hand due to higher stocking density various microorganisms grow within the shed and they recycle in the birds leading to infection in them. Most of the infectious diseases are deadly to the already immune-suppressed birds causing unwanted death. Thus the farmers are forced to use drugs to curb the diseases. Sometimes these drugs are not used judiciously. The indiscriminate use of drugs may sometimes aggravate the condition of the birds; sometimes even become threat to human too. The hormones, anti-bacterials and antibiotics are of the major concern as far as the human health is related. The medics too blame the factory farming of chicken for a wide range of bacterial resistance to human drugs. It creates confusion among the health conscious chicken meat consumer whether to eat farmed chicken or not.

In a study conducted Food and Drug Administration of USA during 2011 it was found that the veterinary antibiotics are least used in human treatment; poultry even lesser. In human the most used antibiotic was found to be the Penicillin group (44%) whereas in animals its use was very scanty (6%). Tetracycline was used highest (41%) in animal as well as poultry diseases to treat which was the least used antibiotic in human. This indicates that there is no competition amongst the animals and human for antibiotic consumption. These antibiotics when used for treatment of poultry diseases may remain as residue in meat and eggs for sometimes. If consumed at this period there is every possibility that unknowingly the people may consume the residual antibiotic too along with the meat. However, seeing the range of use of same group of antibiotics in human and in animal treatment it needs to be studied in detail whether the residual antibiotic actually is responsible for development of resistant bacteria.

Since antibiotic residues have been detected in chicken it has been assumed to be responsible for various side effects in human being. Normally at certain concentration drugs may have different side effects on the person using it. They may be a) Toxicity: It is an inherent part of all uses of medication, and there are differences from one animal or human to another, b) Allergic reaction: Some drugs are not tolerated by some individuals, c) Carcinogenicity: Some drugs have carcinogenic effect when exposed for a prolonged period, d) Autoimmune problems, e) Nephropathy: Drugs like gentamicin may induce kidney problems, f) Mutagenicity, g) Bone marrow toxicity (Chloramphenicol), h) Reproductive disorder etc. These effects are not observed in all humans and in case of all drugs; but it may exhibit in certain situations by certain individuals. Continuous and prolonged exposure to such drugs ingested through chicken meat also may exert the same effects in human.

Use Of Antibiotics In Farmed Chicken

Human Health And Antibiotics M o s t

Development Of Resistant Strains Any life, more or less, has the ability to acquire

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ARTICLE adaptability to newer environment. Exposure of the bacteria to its killer antibiotics is a new challenge for the bacteria to survive. Some of the bacteria die when come in contact with such drugs but few may remain alive with the ability to resist the powerful action of the antibiotics. The ways in which bacteria evade or overcome the action of drugs are too complex. Essentially, they involve reduced antibiotic uptake (impermeability or efflux), drug degradation (enzymatic attack), modification of specific target sites, overproduction of the target or bypass of the antibiotic-sensitive step by duplication of the target site, the second version being insusceptible (Levy 1992; Russell and Chopra 1996; Chopra 1998; Russell 1998).These second generation bacteria reproduce and proliferate when it gets the proper environment and are all with similar characters. The resistant property it acquires is stored in a part of the genetic material called as plasmid. The new resistant strain of bacteria come into contact with other normal bacteria it shares this plasmid and as a result the new bacteria acquire a portion of that plasmid which in turn transmit the property from one generation to the next generation. Thus after a certain period all the bacteria that are reproduced from these bacteria become resistant. In the course of its multiplication they may acquire one or more modifications thus producing multiple drug resistant strains. The outcome is that many antibiotics can no longer be used for the treatment of infections caused by such organisms, and the threat to the usage of other drugs is steadily increasing (Courvalin 1996; Chopra 1998; Nikaido 1998; WHO 2000). Although it is generally agreed that the cause of antibiotic resistance in clinical practice is the over-prescribing of antibiotics, some scientists have suggested that widespread use of biocides, particularly in consumer products, may also be a contributory factor (Levy 1998; Russelletal. 1998). Role Of Poultry In Development Of Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotics are used by the veterinarians and poultry industry to enhance growth rates, health of the birds, feed efficiency, egg production and for therapeutic reasons to reduce the incidence of poultry diseases (Jallailudeen et al., 2015).

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Antibiotics had been used in poultry production for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Although restricted in developed countries, the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in poultry husbandry is increasing in most of the developing countries, fueled by the rapid growth of poultry production that relies heavily on antibiotics as growth promoter. Some of these antibiotics are absorbed to the circulation system, distributed into the target tissues and metabolized. On the other hand unabsorbed antibiotics are excreted in the feces. The rate of absorption, distribution and metabolism varies from antibiotic to antibiotic. Some of the antibiotics that are not metabolized, either remain in the tissues or are excreted through renal or portal routes causing environmental contamination. Some antibiotics can be extremely effective against certain bacteria but may not work to treat other bacteria. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to certain antibiotics. On the other hand, when an antibiotic is administered, it impacts the entire population of bacteria in the body. When some bacteria that are susceptible to the antibiotic are destroyed, other bacteria may thrive because there is less competition and they begin to multiply. Sometimes, these remaining bacteria are resistant to one or more antibiotics and a larger problem can develop. Resistance develops in bacteria when they are challenged, but not destroyed, as they might be with the wrong antibiotic, with too low a dose or too short a course of treatment. This may happen in poultry industry because farmers normally do not consult an expert. Prolonged low level exposure to the antibiotics both within the body and outside in the environment inﬂuence the bacteria to develop adaptability which we term as development of antibiotic resistance. Role Of Poultry In Development Of Other Effects In Human Antibiotics also may induce other effects in human like toxicity ( H e pa t o t ox i c i t y ) , N e p h ro pa t h y, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, autoimmune problems and reproductive disorder etc. However, the chance of these effects is very rare. The residue-study on food of animal origin has been done normally done on raw products. The level of the drugs detected in these products are variable. In a study

conducted by Sahoo and Saxena (2014) in meat samples in and around Delhi revealed that highest level of antibiotics 131.75 and 64.59 μg/kg of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin respectively was found in the liver. In the same study the authors have found that the samples were positive for Oxytetracyclin, Chlorotetracyclin and Doxycyclin with highest concentration of 15.16, 10.2 and 20.66 μg/kg of the sample. Neomycin was not detected in any of the samples. It reveals that the mostly used antibiotics in poultry sector also have even been detected in tissue samples below the permissible level as prescribed by European Union. Antibiotics are detected in samples collected from other places too. But the level of these residues is such that they are well below the permissible level. The permissible level is not yet set for India. However, the way it is set by different authorities of the developed countries can well fit for our country too. Because, while setting the level the average consumption of meat in the country is also considered so that, that level of consumption does not affect the health of the citizens. Europeans and the Americans are far ahead in terms of total meat consumption than the Indians and the chance that side effects they are likely to face due to exposure to such drug residues is more than the Indians. So there is little chance that antibiotic residue in chicken meat may exert any side effects. However, heavy consumers may accumulate the drug and in long course they may exhibit symptoms of toxicity, mutagenicity, reproductive disorder, nephropathy or carcinogenicity. Of course it is little likely in case of most of the Indian families. Cooked Chicken Meat And Residue Level Human never consume raw poultry product except few people taking raw eggs. Normally any poultry product is cooked at more than 100°C. Scientific research reveals that at this temperature most of the antibiotics are transformed to either inactive ingredients or are destroyed. After cooking by boiling, the Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin could be reduced to a significant level (Fadwa et al. 2015, Mohammed et al.2016). Less used in poultr y, Gentamicin is found to be undetectable after boiling and frying (Fadwa et al. 2015). Oxytetracyclin and

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ARTICLE Tilmicosin residues can be reduced by about 35per cent by boiling and up to 74 and 41 per cent respectively by frying (Mohammed et al.2016). Tetracyclin group of antibiotics are heat labile and microwave cooking of chicken meat for 23 minutes only can destroy 90 per cent of the drugs (Salah et al., 2012). However, frying and boiling requires little more time to decrease the same amount of residual tetracyclines (About 101 and 53 minutes respectively). Amongst the other commonly used antibiotics Neomycin has not been detected in chicken meat examined. Penicillin group of drugs are generally administered through intra-muscular route which is not a practice followed in poultry. Hence there is little chance that poultry met can contain penicillin. Even if it is present it may get destroyed by cooking. Sterilization at 120 ºC for 20 min inactivates 93% of erythromycin, 64% of spiramycin, 51% of tylosin and 5% of lincomycin (Zorraquino et al., 2011). Epstein et al. (1988) found that chloramphenicol was partially degraded by curing and cooking. More severe heating such as pretreatments of canning resulted in total degradation. In addition to cooking process, the stability of chloramphenicol is also markedly affected by emulsi-fying and curing. Sulfonamides are also found to be reduced in boiled and roasted meat due to its extraction in to the water. Nitrofurans are stable in meat because of its binding to protein. It may be matter of concern. Hormones As Growth Promoter In Broiler Chicken Hormones are the chemical substances, that are synthesized by the body in trace amount and regulates or stimulates one or more function of the body. These hormones are very much essential for growth and function. Growth hormones are normally protein in nature. Some steroids also help in growth of the animals and birds. A mixture of oestrogen and androgens can give maximum growth. The growth promoting effects are attributed principally to the ability of combinations of oestrogens and androgens to increase the retention of dietary nitrogen through protein synthesis through several mechanisms (EuropeanCommission, 1996). Synthetic hormones, (e.g.-estradiol17β) also can exert growth promoting property if given parenterally. There are many more such hormones with similar activity. Of course, if

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administered they will remain in the meat as residue in small amount for a certain period. However, their effect in human is doubtful because of its amount that ranges within the limit of normal variation. There is a perception amongst the meat consumers that the meat animals are often administered with some hormones so that they can grow faster and produce more meat in short span. Even the consumers from developed countries like USA and Australia think it in the same way. To some extent this perception is justified. However, unlike large animal broiler chicken does not require any growth hormone for faster growth. Broiler chicken is by nature fast growing, getting ready for slaughter to produce meat within a very short lifespan of 5-6 weeks. Moreover, the growth hormones need to be administered either as implants or through injections because they are inactivated in the digestive tract if given orally. It is quite impossible to perform either hormonal implantation or injection in such a large flock of birds commercially. Though consumers who do not have any involvement in poultry activity certainly may have doubt on the issue, it can be said to be baseless. Farmed Chicken::eat Or Not To Eat Broiler chicken meat is the cheapest meat available all over the world. It is the white meat that the poorest family in the world can afford. Compared to other country chicken, broiler chicken has better digestibility value, less myoglobin, less chance of having infections compared to free range chicken that may harm human being. Hence, it should be the meat of choice for all. However, the controversy regarding the drugs and hormonal residue confuses the consumers. From the discussion it has become evident that antibiotics residues are of least concerned as they are not of human concern. Moreover, cooking destroys most of the antibiotics to such a low level that the remaining is of little importance. On the other hand hormones are not ever used in poultr y because they can not be administered orally and parenteral route is not at all possible in a large flock. Therefore it can be concluded that eating chicken will not harm human health in any way. Consumers can take it without fear. SAFE COOKING PROCEDURE FOR FARMED CHICKEN

So many research works have been completed on the fate of antibiotic residues in food items more particularly in farmed chicken meat. It was found that in cooked meat the residue of antibiotics have been reduced significantly (Salah et al., 2012, Fadwa et al., 2015, Mohamed et al., 2016). However some of the antibiotics and antibacterials are stable even at high temperature (Svahn and Björklund, 2015). Stability of antibacterial residues during heating is different. Ordinary cooking procedures degrade a number of antibacterial drug residues, depending on the amount of heat treatment involved. Cooking time and temperature are two main factors which affect on antibiotic residues (Hesmati, A. 2015). Some of the antibacterials and antibiotics residues which are stable at high temperature can be reduced to a significantly low level by boiling and discarding the supernatant. So prior to cooking, boiling the meat can help in minimizing the residual effect of the drugs in chicken meat. Conclusion Farmed chicken meat is fully safe for consumption. Whether it is antibiotic or antibacterial or hormone, consumers need not fear of any residue. The veterinary drugs are not normally used in human cases. Hence, there is little chance of developing bacterial resistance against the human antibiotics. On the other hand other side effects of antibiotics also can be overcome by heat treatment which is a common practice in meat preparation all over the world. As a precautionary measure consumers can pre-boil the chicken meat before regular cooking so that the thermostable antibiotics residue in meat can be extracted out. From the discussion it has also been confirmed that hormones can not be a normal growth promoter for broiler chickenss. Hence, fear of hormone residue is also not a problem. However, nobody can provide 100% guarantee that detectable residue will not make any harm to human health. So consumers should be always careful and try to procure meat from reliable sources as far as practicable. The meat producing agencies also should take care of the production chain so that minimum drugs are used at the farm. To ensure that no drug residue remain in meat the withdrawal period should be maintained before disposing the birds.

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EFFECT OF SUPRACID WA LIQUID ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS (VENCOBB 400) Dr.C.Seenivasan, Ph.D Zonal Manager- Technical, Vetline, Indore, India Abstract A study was undertaken to observe the effect of Supracid WA liquid (Vetline, Indore, India)in commercial broilers (Vencobb 400). In this study, 4080 one day old broilers were randomly divided into two sheds (2040 birds each). One group as a treatment and other group kept as control. The basal dietswere fed to broilers for a period of 42 days. The performance parameters like body weight gain, Daily weight gain and feed intake were higher in treatment group compared with control. The FCR and mortality were lower in treatment group. From this experiment, it was observed that net saving of using Supracid WA liquid as a water acidiﬁer was 0.19INR per live kg production cost compared with control group. Introduction Water is the most important nutrient for poultry. In addition to being a nutrient, water also softens food and carries it through the body, aids in digestion and absorption, and cools the body as it evaporates through the bird's lungs and air sacs. Water helps to remove waste, lubricates joints, is a major component of blood, and a necessary medium for many chemical reactions that help form meat and eggs. Water quality is critical for poultry health and performance since the quantity of water required by birds each day is around 2 to 2.5 times the amount of feed consumed. Water quality attributes can have a direct or indirect effect on performance. Poor water quality can retard growth, curtail egg production, or produce lower egg quality. Feed conversion, for example, has been positively correlated to the presence of sulfate and copper c o n c e n t r a te s i n t h e w a te r, a n d liveability with potassium, chloride, and calcium. Body weight is positively 22

influenced by water hardness and dissolved oxygen and negatively influenced by total bacteria and a pHless than 6.0. While several elements can cause poor water quality, the interaction between elements is more significant in water quality problems than the simple fact of their presence. Recently, Drinking water acidification is another implementation in the broiler industr y used for improving performance ( Cornelison et al., 2005). Addition of organic acid to the drinking water helps to reduce the level of pathogens in the water and the crop, pro ventriculus, to regulate gut microflora, to increase the digestion of feed and to improve growth performance (Philipsen, 2006). In the poultry farm, water quality is managed through various measures like addition of organic acids, which can control both PH and microbial count in water or by addition of sanitizers. Supracid WA liquid is a synergistic combination of organic acids, bioflavonoids and polyphenols that play a role of water acidicifiers. In the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of Supracid WA on the growth performance of Commercial Broilers.

same management practices and basal diets (Table:2). During the trial period of 42 days, the performance parameters like Daily weight gain, body weight gain, feed intake, FCR and mortality were recorded on the weekly basis.

Table: 2 Ingredients and Nutrient Speciﬁcation of Feed Broiler Diets

Trail design A field trail was conducted in Shrinithi Poultry Farm, Palladam, Tamilnadu and South India in a commercial broiler farm with capacity of 4080 birds divided into two sheds. Each shed was provided with a separate water tank for mixing the water acidifier. The dosage of the products used in this study for water acidifier, control group without acidifier and treatment group, Supracid WA liquid (Vetline, Indore, India) was used at a dose of 200ml/ 1000 L of water (Table:1). The respective treated water was provided until culling of birds. Both the treatment groups received the

Results and Discussion The trail results indicated that the growth performance like, Daily weight gain (g), Body weight (kg), FCR (%) and Mortality (%) were improved in the treatment group compared with control (Fig:1 & Table:3). After 42 days of trail, there was 2.7% reduction of mortality (%) in treatment group than the control. Treatment group showed POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

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Fig: 1. Gorowth performance data of Commercial Broilers 5.5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

4.9 Control Supracid WA 2.2

Mortality (%)

1.97

2.1

Boday Weight (kg)

0.130g of body weight and 3.1gof daily weight gain werehigher with reduced FCR of 1.64% when compared with control group. In the present study, Supracid WA liquid improves the performance of commercial broilers in terms of Daily weight gain, body weight gain, feed intake, FCR with lower mor talities.Flamandet al. (2014) reported the growth performance was increased signiﬁcantly in broiler chickens offered organic acid blend in d r i n k i n g w a t e r. S u p p o r t i v e l y, Shanmugam et al. (2016) pointed out that the addition of Acid Lac TM in drinking water tobroilers had improvedthe growth performance.

1.72 1.64

FCR (%)

acid blends in drinking water on growth per formance, blood constituents and immune response of Broiler Chickens. Journal of Poultry Science, 51: 144-150 3.

Philipsen, I. P. L. J. 2006. Acidifying drinking water supports performance. World Poult. 22:20-21.

Shanumgam Y, Venkat MS, Prakash CS and

Saravanan S. (2016). Acid Lac TM Conc. Liquid comparsion trails with other commericial water sanitizer. Poultry Technology, 4:2:138-140 5.

Tom Tabler, Jessica Wells, Wei Zhai. Water quality critical to broiler performance publication 2754, E x te n s i o n . M i s s i s s i p p i St a te University.

Table: 3. Return on Investment

Conclusion From above discussion, it may be concluded that addition of Supracid WA liquid has signiﬁcantly improved the growth performance of commercial broilers. Therefore, Supracid WA liquid can be supplemented in drinking water for healthy maintenance of commercial broilers at farm level. References 1.

Cornelison, J., M. Wilson and S. Watkins. 2005. Effects of water acidiﬁcation on turkey performance. Avian Advice 7(2):1-3.

Flamand, E. M., A. V. Duran and A. M. Albores. 2014. Effect of organic

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SUMMER MANAGEMENT FOR PROFITABLE BROILER PRODUCTION bone strength and low body weight gain. Hence, proper care and management is must to maintain the proper growth and development of broiler along with opening the gate way for optimization of proﬁtability.

Dr. S. S. Rathore Sr Technical Manager, Maharastra Feeds (P) Ltd.Haryana MVSc, Poultry Science, IVRI, Izatnagar, U.P.

Introduction Summer is one of the most difficult periods for the poultry farmers as heat stress is frequently observed. As the temperature raise above 35°c, it disrupts in the physiological phenomenon of the b o d y. H e a t s t r e s s r e l e a s e s t h e corticosterone which finally reduces the efficiency of flock. For maintaining of body temp, firstly bird's control of heat is done by following ways as broiler lacks the sweat glands so no sweating. Ÿ

By spreading of wings i.e. heat loss by radiation without any medium. By conduction through touching on pipeline, walls or by digging in to the litter. By convection, loss of heat in the surrounding air which is the best and the effective one.

These three radiation, conduction, convection heat losses are usually adequate to maintain the birds body temperature, when the environmental temperatures are between 28°c and 35°c. When the environmental temperature coincides with the body temperature of the bird (i.e.41°c), the efﬁciency of these above three heat loss mechanism diminish. In that situation, the cooling process is by rapid respiration through open mouth breathing (Panting).There is excess co2 exhaled, as a result blood become more alkaline which reduces the capability of oxygen carrying resulting the reduced 26

For managing summer stress, following management practices should be followed 1. Oriantation of farm and p l a c e m e n t o f c h i c k s 2 . Te m p management 3. Lighting management 4 . F e e d i n g s t r a te g y 5 . Wa te r management 6. Ventilation 7. Litter management 8. Biosecurity 9. Manage/ reduce heat stroke by herbal and medicinal remedies 1. O r i e n t a t i o n o f f a r m a n d placement of chicks Ÿ

Thumb rule: The long axis of farm should be parallel to the shadow of a vertically erected pole during the hottest summer.

C h i c k 's p l a c e m e n t : 1 . 3 - 1 . 3 5 sqft/bird, Chicks brooding should be done in middle of farm.

2. Temp management a. Curtain management b. Side Pandal/ Over hangs c. Cover roof with grass/ thatches/ Chhan d. Plantation e. Spray Virkon-s/Germofree/-B904@75ml/15 Lt Water for 1500 birds. f. Use sprinkler/ fogger

Curtain management

Side Pandal/ Over hangs

Cover roof with grass/ thatches/ Chhan

Plantation 3. Lighting management Ÿ

Feed intake day time reduced so for proper growth increase feeding during night, morning and evening time so proper lighting is must at night time in the farm.

Proper lighting 100 Watts/1000 chicks with Zigzag pattern.

Fix a Timer at farm to disturb birds in night hours we can set 5 min off every 55 min during night for increase feed intake in night time.

4. Feeding strategy Feeding of more digestible feed is beneﬁcial as stock consumes less feed due to high heat stress. Feed intake reduces by 1.25 % for every 1°c increase in temperature, further it is observed that the feed intake reduce by 5% per degree rise between 32°c-38°c.The birds should not be given during the mid-day as the heat from digestion will increase the body temp. 1. Feeding pattern:Evening time 5:306:00Pm:70%feed & Morning time 6:00Am: 30% 2. Restrict feed in hot hours from 12 to 5:30 Pm 3. Proper no. of feeder (2.5%) 4. Proper Height of feeder and knob setting 5. W a t e r m a n a g e m e n t W a t e r consumption increases during hot weather due to high heat stress. It is POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

ARTICLE estimated that the consumption of water increase by 6%for every 1°c rise in temperature from 20°c where is approximately 2 times feed quantity.Monitor the quantity of water consumption daily. Such records can give early warning of potential problems with the batch.Promote gentle walking inside the farms, which helps to motivate birds to drink more water & to reduce heat in the lying area and between the birds. 1. Proper cover water tank 2. During hot hours every 2 hours remove water from pipeline. 3. Increase frequency of ﬁlling water tank 4. Proper use water sanitizer (Sannext/Safedoz) or acidiﬁer 5. Proper no. of drinkers (2.5%)and height setting 6. Chicks drinker put up to 16th day then provide extra water tub : 4 Tub /1000birds 7. Temp of tub water is at least 2*c lower than auto drinkers water 8. If get adequate cool water then increase water intake so reduce the chance of viral infection. 9. It is estimated that the consumption of water increase by 6% for every 1°c rise in temp from 20°c where is apprx 2 times feed quantity. 10. Antibiotics to be given on the basis of bwt calculation because in summer the water intake will be high. 6. Ventilation a. Curtain management: For prevent direct hot air in farm put 1.5 to 2 ft green net both side for 24 hrs up to 15 days then up to last day put 11am4:30 pm b. Ceiling fan: 1fan for 30*10 sqft areaor large standing fan / Farrata fan as per capacity. Temp & Humidity/ Temp Humidity Index (THI): • Humidity play important role in summer. Increase humidity more than 75%, increase the chance of viral infection. • Birds can't survive when sum of temp (*C) and humidity (%) is above 115

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Eg. 45*C + 65%=110 and 45*C + 70%= 115

7. Litter management Prior to chick being placed in house, the surface of ﬂoor should be covered with a bedding material called litter. It gives comfort to the birds. A good quality litter serves as an insulator in maintaining uniform temperature, also absorbs moisture and promotes drying. It dilutes faecal material thus reducing contact between birds and manure. Around 2 inches of litter is needed in houses during summer. 1. Moisture level of litter<25% and temp <32 c 2. Proper raking start from 4th day 3. Remove litter if more damaged 4. Litter treatment with a.Litteron (Gybro) or Ammox powder (intervet) treatment. b. Desifunda: Lime + super phosphate+ Wood scrubs/burada/Chilka/paddy husk (2kg +200g +10kg) 8. Biosecurity • Do not allow the visitors to enter into the farm, Mainly other farmers. • Proper cleaning of farm with spray and fumigation • Proper cleaning of pipeline with H2O2 : water ( 1lt+9Lt for 100 feet pipe of ½”) • Regular cleaning of drinker • Use footbath at the door of farm • Do not feed the dead birds to dogs. • Spray start from 15th day with formalin 300ml/15 lt water and then every week spray B904 5ml/1lt of water

Methods of vaccination: 1. E y e d r o p : a . U s e d r o p p e r 30ml/1000birds, b. Don't miss a single chick, c. Don't do in hurry. d. Give time to drop proper in eye. 2. Drinking water: Thirst for 3045minutes,Use skimmed milk@6g/Lt of water, Before vaccination proper clean drinkers, Stop water sanitizer and Chlorine tab before and after vaccine for 24hrs, 9. Manage/ reduce heat stroke by herbal and medicinal remedies Herbal remedies A. Citrus fruit B. Dahi+haldi (1kg dahi+100g haldi for 3000 birds as drinker dose during hot hours. C. Methi+gud+Haldi (150g+500g+40g for 1000birds) Medicinal method for heat stroke A. Use Electrolyte from 20-25 days 1g/2lt water and then 1g/1lt water B. Use Paracetamole (pcm) C. Use CPM or Avil D. Use vitamin c (HERBAL C) 20ml/1000birds from 6-20 days and then 30ml/1000birds Conclusion If we trying to fulﬁll above practices to ameliorate the performance of broiler in extreme summer Season then we can get excellent results with lowest FCR, lowest mor tality and higher EEF (Europian Efﬁciency Factor) however it is mostly depends on quality of chicks and feed but we are giving excellent quality of feed because of associated with most renound and fast growing group “Mahafeeds”.

• After 3wk of age use B904/virkon-s in water tank for 24 hours 1ml/3-5 lt water • Separate weak and diseased birds in corner of farm • Don't borrow the equipments from the other farms.

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मु गयो ं म टीकाकरण काय म: एक ज री कदम ं | भा कृ अनु प-भारतीय पशु- चिक ा अनुसंधान सं ान, इ जतनगर, बरेली, उ. . 243122 सं दीप कु मार चौधरी¹ एवं आकां ा सह² 1 एम् वी यसी छा , पशु पोषण वभाग, 2 एम् वी यसी छा , पशु आनुवं शक वभाग | ई-मेल (अनु पी लेखक): sandy6050@gmail.com

प रचय टीको ं का मु गयो ं के ा , बीमा रयो ं क रोगथाम एवं मु गयो ं क पीड़ा को काम करने म हमेशा ही मह पूण योगदान रहा ह।ै यह मु गयो ं म होने वाले सं ामक रोगो ं से बचात है तथा उनके ा को भी बढ़ता ह।ै सं ामक रोगो ं क रोकथाम के लए टीकाकरण एक सव म प त मानी जाती ह।ै टीको ं के योग से न के वल मु गयो ं को रोगो ं से बचाया जा सकता है ब उन रोगो ं के होने के कारन उपचार म होने वाले खच को भी कम िकया जा सकता ह।ै वै ीन टीके मु गयो ं के शरीर म को शका म ा तर ा को वक सत कर मु गयो ं क व भ रोगो ं से सुर ा दान करने म मदद करती ह। वै ीन मु गयो ं के शरीर पर कोई दु भाव नही ं डालती ह।ै याद रख १. टीकाकरण हमेशा सुबह के समय कर जससे क मु गयो ं म तनाव क अव ा कम से कम पैद हो। सुबह का वातावरण ठं डा रहता ह।ै २. टीकाकरण के 2 स ाह बाद तक मु गयो ं को तनाव मु रख एवं रोगी मुग के सं पक से बचाय। ३. सं मत या रोगी, दबल ु एवं वृ मु गयो ं का टीकाकरण न कर। ४. टीकारण के बाद 2 स ाह तक मु गयो ं के उपचार हतेु एं िटबॉयोिटक स ा औष धयो,ं कृ मनाशक और तर ा दमनक दवाओ ं का योग न कर। ५. कम गुणव ा टीका या टीके क कमी तजनी ख़ुराक से परहज े करना चािहए। ६. वायरल तनु टीक को बनाये रखने के लए उ चत को चेन को बनाये रखना चािहए। ७. टीकाकरण सरणी का अनपुालन टीकाकरण काय म क सफलता के लए अ ं त आव क ह।ै ायलर मु गयो ं के लए टीकाकरण सारणी

अ ः ने टीका देने क व ध

अ ःनासा टीका देने क व ध

वगं नस म टीका देने क व ध

अध क टीका देने क व ध

अडंे देने वाली मु गयो ं के लए टीकाकरण सारणी

न ष टीकाकरण सं ामक रोगो ं से मु गयो ं क र ा करता ह।ै इसके ारा ज़नोिटक बीमा रयो ं का ू मु गयो ं से मनु ो ं म सं मण को रोका जा सकता ह।ै टीकाकरण सं ामक रोगो ं से जड़ुे उपचार क लागत को कम करके िकसानो ं के आ थक बोझ को कम करने म मदद करता ह।ै 30

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SUPERBUG SELECTION, ITS ASSOCIATED CLINICAL AND NON CLINICAL THREATS TO MAN AND ANIMALS K. Karthik*, R. Bharathi, R. Mahaprabhu, K. Manimaran and S. Jaisree Central University Laboratory, TANUVAS, Chennai-51 *Corresponding author: karthik_2bvsc@yahoo.co.in Introduction The problem of antibiotic resistance hurts the w o r l d ba d l y that microbes are getting Dr. K. Karthik acquainted with all sorts of drugs which are worked out against them. Bacteria are master in developing resistance as it evolves day by day as things are getting tighter and narrower as the list of available drugs that are active has reduced to few. Multidrug resistant bacteria have evolved and no effective seems to be available for these bacteria. Bacteria which are resistant to more than one antibiotic are informally called as superbugs or super bacteria. Due to untoward use of antibiotics as feed additives, residues enter human food chain through poultry meat. Superbugs are gaining importance day by day throughout the world as the transfer of resistance is rapid and problem associated with them is huge. A situation may occur when there is no escape from these organisms. A group of organism noted as ESKAPE which are Enterococcus faecium, St a p h y l o c o c c u s a u re u s , K l e b s i e l l a pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter species. These organisms are the potential organisms which possess resistance genes for more than a single antibiotic. The hunt for new antibiotic is on, whether the search will yield a fruit or will leave the scientiﬁc community with bare hands remains unclear. Deﬁnitely the time has come to shift gears to an alternate to antibiotics so that the problem of antibiotic resistance can be kept under check. Drug resistant bacteria have been reported throughout the world and the evolution of new bacterial resistant species occurs spontaneously. 32

Evolution of superbugs Darwin's theory of evolution states that ever y organism which is ﬁt in the environment survives while the rest gets washed away. This theory holds good to bacteria too as they start resisting the antibiotics. Selection pressure occurs as a bacterium is exposed to an antibiotic for a period of time. The bacterium gets used to the exposed antibiotic and it starts to modify its genes so as to ﬁt into the environment of that particular antibiotic (Figure 1). Figure 1. Evolution of drug resistant

bacteria Mechanism of resistance development in superbugs Superbug uses a lot of different strategies to develop antibiotic resistance. They usually have the property to mutate spontaneously which occurs mostly at a single nucleotide leading to a change in the amino acid sequence. This change in the amino acid sequence change leads to d e ve l o p m e n t of re s i s t a n c e . O t h e r mechanisms like horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like transformation, transduction and conjugation. Among these gene transfer mechanisms conjugation plays a major role in lateral gene transfer mechanisms in gram negative bacteraia. Most of the Enterobacteri-aceae organisms possess plasmid which are self replicating DNA independent of chromosome, carrying several genes, few of which codes for antibiotic resistance. Transposons or jumping genes and integrons are also transmitted between bacteria. Researchers have identiﬁed certain regions in the bacteria that similar to immune system in

higher animals and humans. These regions are named as CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). They have the potential to degrade fragments of nucleotides that enter the bacterium. These CRISPR hence act in antagonistic way to the uptake of genes by the bacterium. They also cleave the genes from the viruses which enter the bacterium for their replication cycle. Mutation Change in the nucleotide sequence at a position leads to mutation and even a point mutation can lead to change in amino acid sequence and this mutation can lead to development of resistance. Mutation is the important mode which the Mycobacterium uses to produce resistance against antibiotics and this phenomenon has lead to the alarming strains of Mycobacteria which are resistant to most antibiotic and they are termed as the multi drug resistant (MDR) or extremely drug resistant (XDR) or Totally Drug resistant Mycobacteria Mechanism of MRSA selection Staphylococcus is the smartest bacteria that have evolved various mechanisms to counteract the antibiotics which are inﬂicted against them. They use several techniques to evade and resist the action of the antibiotics. The ﬁrst and primary mode of escape to the antibiotics which act their cell wall is by the production of beta lactamase enzyme that can destroy the beta lactam antibiotics. There is alteration the penicillin binding protein as well leading to decreased penicillin binding hence the action of antibiotic is lost. This mechanism can lead to development of resistance to cell wall synthesis inhibitors and this has lead to development of resistance against methicillin and this lead to the terminology Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This MRSA during the course of evolution was sensitive to POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

ARTICLE Vancomycin but a time has come when they become resistant to Vancomycin also leading to the terminology called Vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA). The major mechanism by which Staphylococcus aureus gained the mechanism of resistance to Vancomycin is by mutation to the nucleotide leading to change in the last amino acid sequence in the pepetidoglycan leading to alteration in the binding site. Similarly another mechanism in which peptidoglycan is synthesized in bulk leading to the trap of Vancomycin in between them and hence inactivation of the antibiotic. Mutation can also occur in the DNA or rRNA leading to formation of new protein. This mechanism has lead to development of resistance against many antibiotics like Linezolid, C h l o r a m p h e n i c o l , M a c ro l i d e s a n d clindamycin (Figure 2).

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Even in animal treatment antibiotics are available easily and owners treat their animals on their own.

There is no proper choice of antibiotic for a particular infection and even if the choice is correct the dosage and length of treatment regime are not practiced properly.

Higher generation antibiotics are straightaway used for treatment which can be serious concern in case of antibiotic resistance because once the re s i s t a n c e d e v e l o p s t o h i g h e r generation antibiotics then there would not be any choice of antibiotics for further treatment.

Antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry and pig industry- Major problem of resistance due to this over use of antibiotics

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Figure 2. Mechanism of MRSA development. 1. Presence of β lactamse enzyme. 2. Alteration in shape of peptidoglycan. 3. Thickening of peptidoglycan. Reasons for development of antibiotic resistance ü

Antibiotic resistance develops among bacterium due to various reasons which are mostly caused by improper usage of antibiotics and poor rationale of s e l e c t i o n of a n t i b i o t i c s f o r treatment. Antibiotics are used commonly for almost all infections without the reasoning the risk behind its unnecessary use. In most countries antibiotics are available over the counter implying that it is freely accessible to anyone and hence self medication became a common practice.

MRSA is commonly referred to as superbugs in newspapers since its identiﬁcation in 1981 from USA. MRSA was commonly found in persons who are treated with intra venous injections. Commonly isolated strains of MRSA are EMRSA15 and EMRSA16. There are two important types of MRSA been associated with infections they are Communityassociated MRSA (CA-MRSA) and Health care-associated MRSA (HA-MRSA). CAMRSA is seen in healthy people who have the problem of skin infection. The major risk factors for CA- MRSA are crowding, contact, compromised skin, contaminated surfaces, shared items and poor hygiene. HA- MRSA is seen in hospitalized patients (Immuno compromised). Risk factors include hospitalization, surgery, dialysis, long-term care, indwelling devices, and history of previous MRSA infection. PVL- MRSA Panton Valentine Leukocidine positive MRSA which is a community associated MRSA. This type of MRSA is highly pathogenic and virulent. PVL- MRSA mostly targets white blood cells and causes depletion of white blood cells leading to immunity depletion. The major signs include boils, abscess and tissue necrosis. In the extremes of cases it can

cause septic arthritis, septicemia and lethal necrotizing pneumonia. USA 300 is another strain of MRSA and they do not have the capacity to acquire gene from other MRSA strains, instead inherit of its fore father strain USA 500. Bacterial toxin alpha haemolysin (Hla) can serve as weapon against MRSA. Immunization with Hla has reduced skin infection caused by St a p h y l o c o c c u s a u re u s w h i c h a re antibiotic resistant. Zoonotic transmission The year 1972 documented the ﬁrst report of MRSA in cattle. In the current situation MRSA has been reported in almost all livestock species. There was a belief in the older period that MRSA can be transmitted from human to animal through the contaminated hands to the nostrils of the animals but later on its was proved to be wrong as there is transfer of MRSA from animals to human also and hence it is a bidirectional transfer. Healthy and zoo wild animals can act as a reservoir. USA300 strain has been isolated elephants. Extended spectrum beta lactamase Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria is the new in list of bacterium resistnace to antibiotics. These bacteria are resistant against most of the beta lactam antibiotics. ESBL hydrolyses all penicillins, cephalosporins and monobactams. Mostly Enterobacteriaceae group members of which E. coli and Klebsiella are the common ESBL producing bacterial species. The mortality rate due to this ESBL producing bacteria may be between 25-75%. Clinical threats of superbugs MRSA can kill more population than what AIDS, Parkinson's and homicide death can account for. MRSA can spread through sharing of clothing, personal items and sports equipment. Surgical site infection is a major problem in case of hospitals because most of the infections are transmitted by this contaminated surgical site. Most of the MRSA infections are due to surgical site contamination. Reports are there for the transmission of NDM-1 in UK through endoscope camera. The resistant bugs can also be transmitted by sneezing, coughing and contact with infected persons.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

ARTICLE Documentation is there regarding ﬂesh eating bacteria which are resistant to all antibiotics and infects skin then spreads internally. Recent studies report presence of higher percentage of multi drug antibiotic residues in poultry meat followed by single antibiotic drug residue (Figure 3). These antibiotic residues may enter the human food chain and will render resistance development among pathogens leading to failure of treatment.

Figure 3. Antibiotic drug residues in poultry meat Non clinical threats of superbugs Major non clinical threat in MRSA is there will be no outward clinical manifestations in many cases but can lead to transmission

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of infection to the healthy individual and this transfer can occur from animals also. Marine mammals are also identiﬁed with MRSA strains without any clinical signs and this can transmit MRSA to sea divers. Many workers reported MRSA from goat, pig and other animals without any clinical signs. This problem of superbugs has affected medical tourism. MRSA can also be transmitted through meat and meat products. Studies report the presence of MRSA strains of USA300 and USA100 from meat shops in Japan, Turkey etc. recently NDM-1 DNA has been isolated from drinking water and sewage water in India. Thus MRSA is found everywhere and hospital premises are the major localities for its presence. Way to prevent dr ug resistance development Search for new antibiotics is on but presently there are no new antibiotics for several decades. Hence focus has been shifted towards alternative to antibiotics like phage therapy, cowpathy, avian egg

antibodies, herbal drugs, prebiotics, probiotics, etc. These alternative therapies can prevent antibiotic residues in the poultry meat preventing its entry into human food chain (Figure 4). Figure 4. Antibiotic alternatives Conclusion Antibiotic resistance should be kept at bay to prevent further spread of dreaded pathogens. Following points should be considered ü

Hygienic measures are required

Use of antibiotics in a proper way

Need to ﬁnd new antibiotics and antibiotic alternatives

Time to shift towards antibiotic alternatives?

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

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PRESS RELEASE

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AB VISTA SOUTH ASIA MARKSA PRESENCE GLOBALLY AND REGIONALLY! VIV Asia update

AB Vista is sitting on gold mine with INGOT not taking advantage of these tools to do quick checks on their raw materials.

AB Vista showcased its expertise in animal nutrition technology in VIV Asia 2017, Bangkok, held from 15-16 March, 2017. One of the most talked about topic was AB Vista's Near Infrared Reﬂectance (NIR) expertise. AB Vista holds the biggest Near Infrared Reﬂectance (NIR) calibration database in the world called INGOT; it works with all major NIR platforms and delivers analysis for customers around the world. “We have had this capacity for a long

time – the best NIR expertise, capabilities and the biggest NIR database in the world,” said Ari Kiviniemi, AB Vista's Global Sales Director, based in Spain. “AB Vista has more than 350,000 samples for ﬁnished feed and raw materials, and 4 million data points,” added Alejandro Criado, NIR Technical Sales Manager – Asia Paciﬁc, based in Singapore. Despite data and sophisticated machines,Mr Criado said producers are

“We have learned that customers are not fully utilising their NIR machines. So before we can talk about INGOT, we must make sure machines are correctly set up, calibrated and working to their full potential. This is part of our service,” he said. On trends in the region, despite the talk on antibiotic-free nutrition for the last few years, Mr Kiviniemi feels that the move is now really gaining speed. “Almost all countries have some form of regulation, or a timeline to take routinely used antibiotics off animal diets. Asia is in a situation where it can avoid the mistakes done by Europe. It does not have to start from scratch,” he said.

Gujarat seminars update

AB VISTA'S NUTRITIONAL EXPERTISE CAN SAVE POULTRY FARM LOSSES Dr RaisRajpura, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Animal Science, Anand Agricultural University discussed layer nutrition and management. The key points discussed by him are:

AB Vista South Asia conducted two seminars in Mahua and Wankaner on 5and 6 March 2017 respectively. The main theme was to improve poultry farm proﬁtability through optimum nutrition and proper management. The seminars were a huge success with approximately 70 poultry farmers attending the events. Dr Kumar Kore, Technical Sales Manager, AB Vista started the events with brieﬂy describing about AB Vista and how it has achieved the best position infeed enzyme industry.

Importance of next generation phytase for complete breakdown of phytate

Effectiveness of phytase in improving egg shell quality

Management of layers from chicks to laying period

A high ROI on usage of wright products

Role of balanced nutrition on laying hen performance

Future of Indian layer industry: foot pad scoring, antibiotic free farming

Choice of good quality protein and amino acid

Improvement in egg shell quality

Application of Yeast cell wall for antibiotic free farming and to boost immunity

Importance of Ca source and level

Role of good quality phytase on overall layer performance and egg quality

Gut health etc.

Dr Rahul Sawarkar, Technical Manager, AB Vista discussed about how AB Vista products can help poultry farmers. The key points discussed by him are:

One of the major highlights of the seminars was Feed Quality services (FQS) of AB Vista. With an ongoing NIR project, the importance of NIR to reduce cost of feed formulation and grading of raw materials to avoid wastage was discussed. The events concluded with Dr Atul Deshmukh, Bharat Agency, discussing about the current situation in Gujarat. POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

PRESS RELEASE

The Chandigarh Deputy Commissioner Mr. Ajit Balaji Joshi gave a clarion call to the people especially farmers to opt for allied agricultural activities to supplement their source of income so that they could become self dependent. These views were expressed by Mr. Joshi while addressing a seminar namely “Protein For All” jointly organized by the representativesof Poultry Federation of India (PFI) and United States Soybean Export Council (USSEC) here today. The Deputy Commissioner maintained that land holding of farmers was receding day by day so it was imperative to increase the source of income of farmers by adopting other allied activities including dairying, food processing units and poultry farming. He said that this innovative step would be helpful especially the marginal and small farmers to generate additional source of

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income.He was of the opinion that by adopting these methods,the country could be beneﬁted up to maximum extent.

farmers to come forward and opt for allied activities so that more avenues of employment could be generated.

While referring the needof Protein For All, he stressed the needfor providing a balance dietincluding protein in the mid-day mealto the school going children especially to the children belonging to below the poverty line. He said that lactating women should be provided extra protein of 23 grams to make up the deﬁciency of protein for their unborn child. He was of the opinion that poultry sector has a great potential in Haryana state as Saﬁdon in district Jind and Samalkha in district Panipat has emerged as big poultry sectors. A memento was presented to Mr. JoshI by Mr. Ramesh Khatri.

The key speaker and representative of United States Soybean Export council, Dr. Pawan Kumar maintained that India is considered a protein deﬁcient country as most of the Indians were not acquainted with the required quantity of proteins. He maintained that ignorance was a key factor that wasnormally found withregard to protein consumption. Protein helps us to increase the life expectancy,he urged the people to maintain a diet chart in their life regularly to keep themselves ﬁt and healthy.

The president of Poultry Federation of India Mr. Ramesh Khatri said that this seminar would provide an opportunity to apprise the people about the importance of protein in their life so that they could lead a healthy life and could maintain hale and hearty to lives in this modern age. While advocating to supplement their income, he urged the

Those who were present on the occasion, included secretary Poultry Federation of India Mr. Ranpal Dhanda, Vice president Sanjeev Gupta, Director, Central Poultry Development Organization (CPDO), Chandigarh Dr. S Ganeshan, Mr. Uma Kant, Represen-tative of USSEC, Ricky Thaper, and Dinesh Kumar Arora, Convener PFI, Omkar Verma, DGM, VH Group G. S Cheema, Executive member, PFI.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

PRESS RELEASE

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INNOVISTA FEEDING SOLUTIONS EMBARKS INTO BANGLADESH MARKETS AT WPSA EXPO

It couldn't have been any better platform for Innovista Feeding Solutions, New Delhi than the 10th edition of WPSA Expo, to launch our unique specialty products, said Dr. Sekhar Basak , Managing Director, Innovista! Avon Animal Health, a large and leading natural products distribution company from Bangladesh set up a massive stage at the 10th International Poultry Show and Seminar, WPSA to showcase their Principal companies during the 3 day expo starting from 2nd March to 5th March 2017. More than 50,000 visitors attended the show during the three happening days. Innovista launched the three blockbusters - Curcumol (puriﬁed turmeric oil fortiﬁed with curcuminoids), Nativol (Essential oils blend in encapsulated form) and EssBee

(essential oils blend for respiratory distress in chickens). Innovista has posed as a serious player in the natural product space with superspecialty products with high efﬁcacy and affordability. All our products are manufactured in state-of-the-art, hightech facilities in India. Innovista has built its position as a "Supplier of Choice" in animal nutrition space by exercising tremendous discipline in Product strategies, applying long term vision and abiding by ethical principles such as ensuring total transparency towards our clients in all business dealings. All visiting customers showed keen interests for all products of Innovista. They found Innovista products as "ﬁrst-of-its-kind" and a g re e d t h e c o n c e p t s a s h i g h l y innovative.

"I are glad we came for the grand show here at the Expo. I always believe Bangladesh is one of the most potential markets to be in. Now that we have a strong partner who best knows the industry here, we are conﬁdent to scale up our market share in the coming years, said Dr. Sekhar Basak. "I want to thank Avon Animal Health and the esteemed customers of Bangladesh to provide us such a great opportunity for interaction at the WPSA", he added. Bonaﬁde Agrovet Limited, Innovista's distributor for small-farm product range also graced the occasion with the presence of their whole team! Avon Animal Health were honored with the Best Booth in the show award owing to their high standard of customer handling and dynamic team members who were ever ready to help the visitors.

POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

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MAP HIGHLIGHTS REAL-TIME PARASITE RISKS IN LOCAL AREAS

ivestock farmers, vets and SQP's will be able to get up to date parasite information in their local area thanks to the monitoring of worm, fluke and fly levels on 18 farms across the UK: The Parasite Watch scheme run by Zoetis, is now in its second year. The 18 farms involved in the scheme will have faecal samples taken every two weeks, which will help detect major stomach worms and Nematodirus, Fluke will also be tested quarterly using copro antigen testing, which will pick up immature fluke at six weeks of age, giving farmers, vets and SQPs the most advance warning they can. Flies will be monitored on the farm using fly traps, The aim of Parasite Watch is to not only inform the farmers involved in the project about parasite levels on their farm, but to alert SQPs and livestock farmers to parasite risks in their local

area by an interactive map, which can be found at www.parasitewatch.co.uk , Parasite data on the interactive map from each of the farms will be updated regularly, which will allow users to see if there are spikes in certain parasites in their area and enable them to take appropriate action, With warmer weather enabling a longer grazing season and milder winters leading to more parasite survival, vet Dr Dave Armstrong from Zoetis, says farmers need to have some degree of knowledge about parasites on their farm and in their area, He believes that as well as monitoring parasite risks by using the Parasite Watch map, farmers should also be using faecal egg counts and monitoring growth rates, If you are below your target growth rate, then that's when you should star t investigating, You can't just judge by the calendar or what happened last year, you've got to look at stock, weigh stock and know what is going on,he adds, Sheep farmer John Yeomans, Newtown, Wales, is one of the 18 farms involved in Parasite Watch, He was involved in the scheme last year and says as a result of monitoring growth rates and cross referencing with faecal egg counts, he had some sheep that

didn't require any drenching last year.He farms 500 Beulah/Speckled Face ewes and 200 ewe lambs, lambing in Mid-March, In mid-May lambs are weighed before being turned on to the hill and are weighed at least every month thereafter, until they are weaned in July,Last year if we had lambs that were growing 200g a day or less, we were taking faecal egg counts. In the main, those with lower growth rates had more of a challenge with worms,he says, Mr Yeomans also didn't worm ewes in good condition at turnout last year. “I aim to leave at least 20 per cent of ewes un-wormed- so last year I had some ewes, which weren't wormed at all, The aim of Parasite Watch is to show what is happening across the UK using an interactive map found at www.parasitewatch.co.uk, Parasite data from each of the farms will be updated regularly, which will allow farmers, vets and SQP's to see if there are spikes in certain parasites throughout the year in their area and enable them to take appropriate action, To use the map, click on a farm in your area and details of any parasites that have been found as well as when they were detected will be displayed. Test results will be online within hours of the test being taken.

CONFIRMATION OF PERDUE AS AG SECRETARY PLEASES TURKEY FEDERATION

a t i o n a l Tu r k e y F e d e r a t i o n members are very pleased the Senate Agriculture Committee has recommended the full Senate conﬁrm 39

S o n n y Pe r d u e a s S e c r e t a r y o f Agriculture, Governor Perdue brings experience and a dedication to agriculture as a farmer's son and veterinary doctor. In his two terms as governor, the people of Georgia recognized his leadership and executive abilities, Sonny Perdue is well qualiﬁed to lead USDA, and well thought of by those involved in the daily work of agriculture and food production, We look forward to the Senate's conﬁrmation vote so that he can begin the work ahead of expanding

our trade opportunities, preventing animal disease outbreaks, and continuing to provide the safest, most wholesome food in the world," according to members of the National Turkey Federation. Authors are requested to send your valuable articles for publication in

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NEWS

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NEW WHEAT COULD REDUCE FEED SUPPLEMENTS IN POULTRY FEED

esearchers say they have come up with a special wheat that could reduce the need for feed supplements while at the same time providing key nutrients that promote healthy bones in poultr y, A joint effor t between researchers at Nottingham Trent University in England and Aarhus University in Denmark, the research focus was on developing a bird with a strong bone structure, It was the scientists at the Depar tment of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Aarhus University who discovered wheat can be bred naturally to produce high levels of phytase, an enzyme needed to release phosphorous, which the bird requires to grow a healthy skeleton, While the Danish developed the wheat, the group in Nottingham tested it out at the university's own poultry research unit,Over the past 50 years the poultry industry has been successful in achieving excellent growth rates for birds but now the focus

VACCINATING FREE RANGE CHICKENS NOT EFFECTIVE IN MANAGING BIRD FLU RISK, SAYS PARLIAMENT

accinating free-ranging chickens against bird flu would not be effective in managing the bird flu risk. This is because there are many strains of the virus, which is also known to mutate, Minister of State for National Development Koh Poh Koon told Parliament on Tuesday (4 April),While bird flu vaccinations can provide par tial protection against certain strains, the vaccinated chickens can still be infected by other strains, particularly since free40

is on ensuring that a healthy,welldeveloped skeletal frame is produced, Nutritionists have tackled this issue through supplements, to ensure the correct mineral balance in the diet. A key component is phosphorous, a mineral found in plant tissues, grains and oil seeds and which is vital for skeletal growth and maintenance, However, not only is phosphorous supplementation very expensive, but the phosphorous from plant sources present in poultry and pig feed has a very low bio-availability, as it is bound up in a plant substance called phytate, Phosphorous bound in phytate cannot be utilised by these monogastric animals because they have negligible amounts of the phytase enzyme in their gastrointestinal tract, which is needed to make the phosphorous from phytate bioavailable,This anti-nutritional effect of phytate is estimated to cost animal producers up to £1.3bn a year,In addition to this, phytateboundphosphorous which is excreted can have negative impact on the environment, such as via eutro phication, For the latest work, the plantbreeding scientists from Aarhus University used their expertise to make it simple and efﬁcient to breed wheat with naturally high levels of phytase, S c i e n t i s t s i n N o t t i n g h a m Tre n t University's poultry nutrition research

team designed and carried out a poultry nutrition trial to compare this new source of phytase to traditional poultry diet formulations. The trial shows that inclusion of the high phytase wheat in the feed is a highly effective way to unlock the phosphorous in the diet for use by the animal, Dr Henrik Brinch-Pedersen, the group leader at Aarhus University, said Aiming for high phytase activity in wheat grains has been a key research target for many years, Reaching it was a milestone, but seeing that it works well i n a n i m a l f e e d i n g i s e x t re m e l y satisfactory. A particularly exciting additional implication of this work may actually be for humans,700 million people globally suffer anaemia partly caused by the high phytate content of their diet. Providing a variety of wheat t h a t c o n t a i n s i t s o w n p h y t a te destruction enzyme could improve the population health of many nations, Dr Emily Burton, head of the poultry research unit in Nottingham Trent University,added, It has been exciting to explore a completely different way of providing meat chickens with the phosphorous needed for healthy bones, We will be looking to explore further the possibilities of wheatderived phytase, as emerging research in this ﬁeld shows the anti-nutritional effects of phytate in poultry extends far

roaming chickens have contact with other wildlife," he said, Moreover, according to The Straits Times, Dr Koh added that the chickens will reproduce, and the chicks would not be protected by the same inoculation, He said that the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA) will enhance its management of animal populations, including free-roaming chickens, through research studies and public engagement efforts, Dr Koh was replying to Mr Louis Ng (Nee Soon GRC), who wanted to know whether AVA would consider vaccinating free-ranging chickens against bird ﬂu

instead of culling them, In January, AVA culled chickens in Pasir Ris and Sin Ming in response to noise complaints and to safeguard public health, drawing ﬂak from the public, Dr Koh had told Parliament earlier that AVA is conducting a study with the National University of Singapore (NUS) to better understand the ecology and population of selected bird species here, one of which is the free-ranging chicken, On Tuesday, Dr Koh also gave the assurance that AVA will involve stakeholders like academics, wildlife experts, the community, and animal welfare groups in exploring various approaches and solutions. POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017

EVENTS / NEWS

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HY-LINE INTERNATIONAL HOSTS TECHNICAL SEMINAR FOR GROWING ASIA MARKET SHARE

JUNE 2017 Event Date Venue

: : : Organizer : Ph. : E-mail : Web :

Agrena 2017 28-30 June-2017 Cairo International Fair Ground Crosse Fairs Organizers +20233038994 crose@access.com.eg www.agrena.net

JUNE 2017 Event : Date : Contact : Ph. E-mail

Aviana Kenya Nairobi 29-30 June-2017 Aviana Exhibitions Inc. Westlands Nairobi, Kenya : +91 (0) 1132075172 : aviana.co.ke

AUGUST 2017 Event

Date Venue

: :

Contact Ph. E-mail

: : :

International Exhibition on Poultry Livestock & Technology 28-30 August-2017 Bangalore International Exhibition Center (BIEC), Bangalore Media Today Group +91-11-65655264, 29535872 iplexpo@gmail.com

OCTOBER 2017 Event Date Venue Ph.

: : : :

ILDEX Indonesia 2017 October-2017 Jakarta +62 (21) 266 45000/131

Hy-Line International, the world leader in layer poultry genetics, brought together its growing number of Asian distributors in March in beautiful Pattaya, Thailand to share strategic management m e t h o d s f o r o p t i m a l b re e d e r performance and superior results, More than 100 participants took part in the Hy-Line Asian Technical Seminar for two days of intensive training, marking Hy-Line's increased market share in the region, Hy-Line has achieved increased market share in the region due to the prolific egg numbers, feed efficiency, exceptional livability and superior egg color and quality of its layers. They lead the way in a part of the world that accounts for more than 63% of the world's egg production by offering layer farmers a greater opportunity to make more profit, With the Hy-Line Brown, W36, W-80, Silver Brown and Sonia, HyLine delivers a bird for every market – every climate, every housing system, every country, The participants heard presentations on nutrition, lighting, disease management, breeder management, global markets and trends, and worldwide results of HyLine layers. This information was provided by Hy-Line Technical Services team members and industry guest speakers, Our distributors are our direct link to the farmers choosing Hy-Line layers. This was a

great opportunity to share knowledge to achieve the highest chick quality while optimizing their efficiency,” said Jonathan Cade, president of Hy-Line International, Founded in 1936 by Henr y A. Wallace, Hy-Line was the first poultry breeding company to apply the principles of hybridization to commercial layer breeding. Today, Hy-Line International continues to be a pioneer as the first company with its own in-house molecular genetics te a m l e a d i n g t h e i n d u s t r y i n application of DNA-based technology to its breeding and genetics program. Hy-Line produces and sells both brown and white egg stock to more than 120 countries worldwide and is the largest selling layer in the American egg industry and around the world.

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Chicken and Cabbage Casserole

(Life Time Period 10 Years)

Ingredients 1⁄4cup canola oil, 1⁄2 cup all-purpose ﬂour, 1tablespoon seasoning salt (I use McCormick with garlic), 8skinless chicken drumsticks (or use 4 drumsticks and 4 thighs), 1medium onion, chopped ,4tablespoons green bell peppers, chopped, 4tablespoons carrots, chopped, 1⁄4cup ketchup, 1(14 1/2 ounce) can diced tomatoes, undrained, 1⁄2teaspoon dried oregano, crushed, 1⁄2teaspoon salt, 4cups cabbage, shredded, 1⁄2cup mozzarella cheese, shredded. Directions Heat oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat, Mix ﬂour and seasoned salt in a zip lock plastic bag, Add chicken drumsticks, two at a time into the bag. Lock and shake bag to coat chicken well, Add coated chicken to skillet. Cook, turning occasionally until browned, Place chicken in a medium baking dish prepared with oil spray and heat oven to 350ºF, Add chopped onion, green bell pepper and carrot to skillet. Cook until cripsy tender for about 5 minutes, Mix ketchup with undrained tomatoes, oregano, and salt. Bring to a boil, Add cabbage with vegetables and tomato sauce and mix well. Spoon over chicken, Cover dish with foil. Bake until chicken is cooked through for about 45 minutes and the cabbage is tender but not overcooked, Remove foil; sprinkle mozzarella over chicken. Bake until cheese is melted, about 5 more minutes.

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POULTRY PLANNER | VOL. 19 | No.04 | APRIL - 2017