Clichés everywhere by Natcdr

CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE

NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE

A stereotyped continent in our “Dis-Information Society.” African clichés deeply rooted in 21 st Century. A practical study. 1.

INTRODUCTION. ......................................................................................................................................II

SURVEY: CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE. .............................................................................................................II

2.1

STRUCTURE. QUESTIONS. ........................................................................................................................... III

2.2

ANALYSIS OF ANSWERS. .............................................................................................................................. III

2.3

CONCLUSIONS. .......................................................................................................................................... V

WHY STEREOTYPES? .............................................................................................................................. VI 3.1

ROOTS. ................................................................................................................................................... VI

3.1.1

Education. ........................................................................................................................................ VI

3.1.2

Media. ............................................................................................................................................. VII

3.2

CLICHÉ VERSUS REALITY. ........................................................................................................................... VIII

CONCLUSIONS. ....................................................................................................................................... X

BIBLIOGRAPHY. ..................................................................................................................................... XI

ANNEX I. ............................................................................................................................................... XII

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1. Introduction. “Let's face it - think of Africa, and the first images that come to mind are of war, poverty, famine and flies. How many of us really know anything at all about the truly great ancient African civilizations, which in their day, were just as splendid and glorious as any on the face of the earth?” Henry Louis Gates1 From Darwin to Tarzan, from Toto to Baltimora, from UNICEF to Memories of Africa, we are surrounded by different stereotypes of a whole continent, Africa. As Henry Louis Gates said, who knows about the extremely rich and ancient cultures of Africa? Who wants to explore the real “jungle” and discover the real Africa? We live in the Information Age but we are more des-informed than ever, turn on the News, open Twitter, read the CNN, the BBC, your national news and please count how many news today talk about Africa. In 2500 words (now, 249), I am going to prove that Western-Minded people have a pre-judged conception in Africa (including me). Since school, we were taught to think that we are their saviours: “eat everything, did you know that African boys have nothing to get into their mouth?”; “don´t complain, imagine you were born in Africa”… We have heard, we have said, but actually we do not know nothing.

2. Survey: Clichés everywhere.2 The aim of conducting a survey regarding this topic was to draw from the answers of the people that filled the survey that even though we live in the Information Era, travelling expenses are getting lower and knowledge is even more accessible, we are still surrounded by the stereotypes that overfly the continent of Africa.

Henry Louis Gates is one of the eminencies of African Studies. Dr. Louis Gates is the Alphonse Fletcher University Professor and Director of Hutchins Center at Harvard University. Furthermore, among all his awards, he won an EmmyAward for Outstanding Historical Program with Long Form for “The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross” (2014). 1

Source: http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/henry-louis-gates-jr 2 As the number of words is limited, I am attaching the graphics and data in Annex at the end of the research paper.

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2.1 Structure. Questions. I structured the survey in 11 questions that covered personal data (age and nationality), knowledge about Universal History, knowledge about Africa and personal questions focused to extract preconceived ideas.3 I decided to combine both: technical and specific questions with emotional and personal ones. A stereotype is according to Cambridge University Dictionary, “a set

idea that people have about what some or something is like, especially an idea that is wrong.” 4 But a set idea doesn´t come from nowhere, stereotypes come from knowledge or a lack of, impressions, social context, education, country and age.5 Thus it was important in order to analyse why and which stereotypes, to profound in all the aspects of the knowledge of a person: personal and emotional knowledge, social context and given knowledge, and formation. The questions contrasted the Universal History knowledge with African one. Occidentals name their history as Universal History forgetting Latin America, Africa, Asia, Middle East and East Europe. The coincidence is overwhelming: the unknown parts of the world are the colonialised ones, the submissive, the foreign, the savages. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie6 said “the single story creates

stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story.” Western Europe tried to make their History as the single one.

2.2 Analysis of answers. The survey was filled by 90 people from different countries and ages. 66% of the people had between 21-25 years old (59), second biggest age-group was 17-20 years old that represented 10%, and in third position the groups between 26-30, 40-49 and 50-59. This means that the major group was born in first years of 90´s decade, experiencing the growth and developing of technologies and internet, from the old-fashioned media (newspapers, a restrictive variety of television channels, not accessible internet for all, researching and information from over the world mainly in books, 3 4

All the questions are attached in Annex I. Cambridge Dictionary 2016: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/stereotype

5 “People have their own stereotypes about gender, race,

and religion. These stereotypes come from a lot of sources, such as family, school education and media.(…)” NARU, GRACE; “Stereotypes in the Media”; February 1, 2010; source:

https://stereotypebyinternet.wordpress.com/2010/02/01/stereotypes-where-do-they-come-from/ 6 Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie is a writer from Nigerian, nowadays she is one of the most important characters regarding Feminism and Gender Equality, awarded with a lot of honourable prizes.

III

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libraries…) to nowadays (social networks, online news from all parts of the world in a second, online libraries, development of ted talks and webinars…). Regarding their nationality, the answers came from all over Europe: with two relevant percentages of people from Spain and Poland, there are answers from Azerbaijan, Turkey, Ukraine, Lithuania, Bulgaria… and also from Latin America, specifically Peru. Only a 28,88% travelled to Africa at least once, and the main countries visited were North African: Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt; and in second place Kenya and South Africa. Surprisingly, the question about Africa geography (naming 5 countries and their capitals) was generally rightanswered even though the major part of the known countries were the same as the most-visited. Respondents were asked about the three first words that they could write about Africa and Europe. The answers were not only hilarious but they were also fully imbued of stereotypes. About Europe, “Culture, History, European Union, Freedom, Diversity, Peace and Prosperity” were the most repeated words. And about Africa? … Let´s see: “Elephants, black, wars, poverty, danger,

insecurity, diseases, desert, safari, warm, charity, famine…” the most positive words were those related to animals and wildness, development and cooperation. People had to answer also theoretical questions related to dates and occurrences of Universal History (including African), culture of Africa (main religion) and newer facts. In relation to History, Culture and Religion, they were asked about what was the most practised religion of the continent and historical characters and events. A 39% guessed that Islam was the main religion of Africa and 37% of them replied that was Christianism. Poring over Universal History questions, the less known choices were: “Wole Soyinga” (4%)7, “Ellen Johnson Sirleaf” (6%), “Songhan Empire” (18%), The Scramble for Africa (41%), “Abisinia” (44%), but inclusively “Moctezuma” (41%) and “House of Wisdom”. (28%). The most known were “French Revolution 1789” (96%), Napoleon Bonaparte (94%), the Roman Empire (92%) and Babylon (92%). The question about African topical issues was

Wole Soyinka won the Nobel Prize of Literature in 1986. He was born in Nigeria, and he worked as a playwriter and actor, but his career is known for his novels, poetry and essays. 7

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structured in four statements, respondents had to choose those that were correct. The four affirmations8 were right but only 9% answered it appropriately. Finally, I asked two more questions for digging into stereotypes. First was about the impact of the familiar environment generating stereotypes or pre-conceived ideas of what African continent is, and the conclusions were that their social and familiar environment had an influenced on it. Second was if the participants would them rather choose between Thailand and Ghana, both considered as paradise touristic destinies, and the winner with 57,5% of the answers was… Thailand!

2.3 Conclusions. The results of the survey are significant. The respondents were from different ages, countries, different levels of education but the answers were very similar. One of the most significant questions was the one related to different “historical events”. The Western-History facts were the most known, and this is an evidence of how influenced we are. We do not usually learn real Universal History in schools (Africa, Middle East, Asia), we do not usually learn about Africa within our high studies, and we are not informed about Africa by mass media. All the information we received about the African continent is provided with a Western point-of-view: poverty, famine, animals, desert… are the words used for describe Africa. There is a general negative perception of the African continent, and we are all influenced by.

8 The four statements were:



 

“6 of the first 10 growing economies of the world are African countries.” ROXBURGH, DÖRR, LEKE, TAZIRIFFI, VAN WAMELEN, LUND, CHIRONGA, ALATOVIK, ATKINS, TERFOUS, ZEINOMAHMALA; “Lions on the move: the progress and potential of African Economies”; Report Mckinsey Global Institute; June 2010 “Ethiopia and Liberia were two of the five countries that were never colonialized” ; "Debunking Common Myths and Stereotypes About Africa"; Aperion Global Institute; November 2015; http://www.aperianglobal.com/debunking-common-myths-stereotypes-africa/ “In 2013, 80% of African population had access to a Mobile Phone.” Pew Research Center: “Cell Phones in Africa: Communication Lifeline”; April 15, 2015 “The largest film industries of the world are: Bollywood, Nollywood and third, Hollywood .” BRIGHT, J.; “Meet ‘Nollywood’: The second largest movie industry in the world.”; June 24, 2015, Fortune Magazine.

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3. Why Stereotypes? 3.1 Roots. Stereotypes are bias about something unknown. Life experiences, history, ideology, religion, social environment and education, beliefs, construe them and are an excuse to legitimize myths, and it acts “as a justification for social practices that influence groups and allocate social value within the

social system.” (Aperion Global, 2015). No one in the world knows everything, ignorance and generalizations are common and well-accepted, but stereotypes are seen as dangerous, as they classified and oversimplified something, someone or somewhere. “Africa is the fact that the continent

has been the target of an unfathomable amount of stereotyping, which has led to the widespread belief of much false information.” (Aperion Global, 2015). The latest events of our recent history (Arab Springs, World Football Cup in South Africa, the final de-colonialization of Sahara, piracy in Somalia…) have focused our eyes a little bit to this continent but still, it is not enough. 3.1.1 Education. As Nelson Mandela said: “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change

the world.” Even though the context was different, the meaning is the same. Then the question is why we do not learn about Africa during our years of education. And going deeper, why we do not let children to awake their critical spirit? “Schools should be safe havens of thinking and dialogue.(…)

Let’s talk about ethnicity. Let’s encourage critical thinking and creativity. Personal achievement should be celebrated. Teachers, policy makers, and parents–we all must encourage students to embrace ethnicity, share ourselves, and thus overcome any negative energy from the biases that may be encountered. (…)” (Bernee, 2012) Nowadays there is an orgiastic world of Information, infinite sources of communication and information: data bases, webinars, TED Talks, essays, research papers; although children are still learning that Universal History is Western History (because the victor writes History). The survey was extremely significant: a devastating majority knew about French Revolution in 1789 but only a vast minority knew about the House of Wisdom or the Songhai Empire. When we only hear a part of the story, we think that this is the general story.9

9 “In this single story, there was no possibility of Africans being similar to her in any way, no possibility of feelings more

complex than pity, no possibility of a connection as human equals.” NGOZI ADICHIE, Chimamanda; “The danger of

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3.1.2 Media. Talking about Media involves Mass Media and Social Media. Every single person of the survey was warned once about not to waste because Africans do not have nothing and are dying. I would like you to count all the times any country of Africa appears in the news but not talking about wars, famine, hunger, or animals. Never-the-less I did my own research on different media, looking for the newest about “Africa”. Here below are different examples:

New York Times

BBC (Interesting the fact that the next Messi could come from Lagos)

Google

Media makes its consumers vulnerable. How many times we see African-origin actors in films? How many time travel agencies publicise trips to African countries (and not related to safaris)? Apart from South Africa and North Africa, there is an unknown limbus in the middle. How many African origin top models have gone through the Highest Fashion Firms catwalks? Are there any famous instagramer, youtuber, from Africa? Why we do not know about African Nobel Prize Awarded? There are invisible to our eyes, because nowadays information does not consist in providing the truth but in providing the veracity that sells the most (Castel & Sendín, 2009). The projected image of Africa consists mainly in poverty, famine, hunger, AIDs, NGOs, desert, warm and some animals. Could you remember the Ebola? Even though there is misery and poverty, there are also plenty of countries growing up, a middle-income class that could be classified as “normal” (as Chimamanda´s professor argued), a developing African Union with a Human Rights

a single story”, TED TALK, July https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story/transcript?language=en

VII

2009:

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control system; vibrant democracies, lot of resources and diversity, but where is? “Where is the article

on Kevin Olusola, the “celloboxing” genius born to Nigerian parents whose band recently won a Grammy? What about the one detailing how Nairobi, Kenya’s capital city, is now one of the world’s most “intelligent” cities, evidenced by a mobile banking and money transfer service, invented almost a decade ago, that have revitalized Kenya’s economy? (…).” (Machasio).

3.2 Cliché versus reality. Clichés, clichés, clichés everywhere. The single story of a whole continent has created a surrounding atmosphere of stereotypes over Africa. Henceforward are several and harmful stereotypes of a single continent with their correspondent reality. A) “Everyone in Africa is corrupt”. Shall I have to remember you the former president of South Africa, Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 Nelson Mandela? (Aperion Global, 2015). Ellen Johnson Sirleaf from Liberia was also awarded in 2011 with the same prize. Half of the countries of the continent is free or partly-free, which means that there is more democracy than in the continent of Asia. Herein there is a table with the “Freedom House Rankings” of Sub-Saharan African countries in 2016.

VIII

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B) “Everyone in Africa is poor…” “… and we are the only ones that can help them.” There are plenty of theories elaborated by African authors and NGOs that refused Western Aid because it makes them more vulnerable. Organizations as “Global Justice Now” are fighting for an Africa by the Africans, proposing policies for European an African governments, and looking for other ways of development according to their needs as “Agroecology”. Despite poverty and famine concentrated in different places of the continent, Africa is also a great contributor to the global economy, and sometimes it contributes more in comparison to what it receives: “Outsiders often think of Africa as a great drain of

philanthropy, a continent that guzzles aid to no avail and contributes little to the global economy in return. (…) In 2010, fuel and mineral exports from Africa were worth $333 billion, more than seven times the value of the aid that went in the opposite direction”. (Burgis, 2015).

C) Africa has no future.10 As V.S. Naipaul, Nobel Prize of Literature in 2001 says once. The fact is that Naipaul was mistaken and Africa is a place for future, faith and development. Investment risk in countries like Namibia or Mauritania is the same as China or India, Nigeria has the 3rd biggest Film Industry, most of the population of the continent speaks fluently more than two languages (García Dols)… Seven of the 10 fastest-growing economies are African countries according to the World Economic Forum, and according to this institution, by 2030, more than “50% of the population of Africa will be living

in cities (…).” (Bickersteth, 2015). Mark Zuckerberg was surprised with the energy of the continent, “Things are moving from a

resource-based economy and its shifting to entrepreneurial, knowledge-based economy. It's not only shaping the country but the whole continent." ; and US former President Barack Obama wasn´t less, when he claimed “This continent needs to be a future hub of global growth, not just African

growth”.11

10 NAIPAUL, Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad.

SHAPSHAK, T.; “Africa Will Build The Future Says Zuckerberg, Visits Kenya On First African Trip”. Forbes Magazine, September 1, 2016; source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2016/09/01/africa-will-build-thefuture-says-zuckerberg-visits-kenya-on-first-african-trip/#29ca49f570b2 11

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4. Conclusions. When I asked in the survey for the three first words that came into their minds when thinking about Africa, I was waiting for the construed image that we have about Africa. “Runners, blacks, famine, hunger, Safaris…”, every of the respondents failed in one of the clichés imposed by media. There was only one answer about “hope” and “future”. Wow! I could spend the last one year of my studies analysing this single answer with this single topic. There is a real problem with this. Bias and stereotypes are undermining the progress and selfdevelopment of the continent of Africa. Imagine that someone tells you every single day that you have no future, you are useless; at the end you will be that kind of person. We tend to forget how we construed ourselves, but it was not easy too. Spain was not a develop country until late 20th century, Europe was devastated after two world wars, Asian countries are still fighting against poverty, the Chinese still cannot use Twitter because censorship… is it needed to give more examples? I did not know anything about Africa before I started University, and I am getting more interested about as time passes away. The culture of North Africa, the energy of Nigeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Senegal, Tanzania, Madagascar, every time I follow a new Victoria Secret´s African model on Instagram, or the new revolution of Tribal house music; makes me move away from Western Europe, look optimistically towards the future and stake more for the undiscovered places, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and my new big outlay: Africa. “I think people should know more of Africa in terms of its joie de vivre, its feeling for life. In

spite of the images that one knows about Africa - the economic poverty, the corruption - there's a joy to living and a happiness in community, living together, in community life (…).” Youssou N´Dour, Senegalese musician.

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5. Bibliography. ADICHIE,

(2009,

July).

"The

Danger

Single

story".

(Ted,

Ed.)

Retrieved

from

https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story/transcript?language=en Aperion Global. (2015, November 11). "Debunking Common Myths and Stereotypes About Africa". Retrieved from Aperion Global: http://www.aperianglobal.com/debunking-common-myths-stereotypes-africa/ Bernee, R. (2012, October 12). Ethnic Stereotypes In Schools: We Are All Part Of The Problem. Retrieved from Huffington

Post:

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/10/ethnic-stereotypes-in-

schools_n_2272873.html Bickersteth, S. (2015, May 28). 9 mega-trends shaping the future of Africa. Retrieved from World Economic Forum: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/05/9-mega-trends-shaping-the-future-of-africa/ Bright, J. (2015, June 24). Meet "Nollywood": the second largest movie industry in the world. Fortune Magazine. Burgis, T. (2015). The Looting Machine: Warlords, Oligarchs, Corporations, Smugglers, and the Theft of Africa’s

Wealth. Philadelphia, United States of America: Marrathon Production Services. Castel, A., & Sendín, J. C. (2009). Imaginar África: los estereotipos occidentales sobre África y los africanos. Catarata. Charles Roxburgh, Norbert Dörr, Acha Leke, Amine Tazi-Riffi, Arend van Wamelen, Susan Lund, Mutsa Chironga, Tarik Alatovik, Charles Atkins, Nadia Terfous, Till Zeino-Mahmala. (2010, June). Lions on the move: The progress and potential of African economies. Report Mckinsey Global Institute.

Department for Africa and African-American studies. (n.d.). Retrieved from Harvard University: http://aaas.fas.harvard.edu/people/henry-louis-gates-jr García Dols, A. (n.d.). LA IMAGEN QUE NOS OFRECEN DE ÁFRICA. Retrieved from África Fundación: http://www.africafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/Dols_Imagen_que_nos_ofrecen_de_Africa.pdf Machasio, T. (n.d.). Africa Needs Your Faith, Not Your Pity. Retrieved from The World Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/timothy-machasio/africa-needs-your-faith-n_b_6986912.html Naru, G. (2010, February 1). Stereotypes in the Media. Retrieved from Stereotype By Internet: https://stereotypebyinternet.wordpress.com/2010/02/01/stereotypes-where-do-they-come-from/

Nobel Prize. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.nobelprize.org Opalo, K. O. (2017, January 10). Foresight Africa viewpoint: Democracy in Africa in 2017. Retrieved from Brookings. . Shapshak, T. (2016, September 1). Africa Will Build The Future Says Zuckerberg, Visits Kenya On First African Trip.

Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/tobyshapshak/2016/09/01/africa-will-build-thefuture-says-zuckerberg-visits-kenya-on-first-african-trip/#29ca49f570b2 University

Cambridge.

(2016).

Cambridge

Dictionary

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles/stereotype

2016.

Retrieved

from

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6. Annex I. Here are the original answers of the research conducted by myself. There are some answers corrected but they keep the original answer. I have omitted the Age and Nationality data.

Name five African countries and their capitals.

Please write the first three words that come to your mind when you think about "Europe".

Please write the first three words that come to your mind when you think about "Africa".

Egipto - El Cairo; Kenia - Kinshasha; Etiopia - Adis Adeba; Nigeria morocco algeria

EU, Historia, continente

Recursos, conflictos, desarrollo

culture wisdom light

desert poor uneducated

Namibia (Windhoek), Marruecos (Rabat), Kenia (Nairobi) Gambia (Banjul) Senegal (Dakar) Marruecos Rabat Egipto El Cairo Argelia Argel Surafrica Johannesburgo Tunez Tunez Uganda （Kampala）Benin（Porto Novo）Tanzania （Dodoma）Egipto （El Cairo）Kenia （Nairobi） Marruecos-Casablanca; Angola-Luanda; Líbano-Beirut; Libia-Trípoli, CamerúnYaoundé... Sigo? Marruecos rabat egipto el cairo argelia argel tunez tunez guinea ecuatorial malabo senegal dakar Madagascar - Antananarivu, Egypt Cairo, Libya - Tripoli, Keniya Mogadisho, Túnes-Tunisia, Egipto-El Cairo, Marruecos-Marrakech, Libia-Trípoli, Somalia-Mogadisio, Nigeria - Abuja, Egypt - Cairo, Morocco - Marrakech, South Africa - Pretoria, Sierra Leone - Libreville Egipto - El Cairo; Madagascar Antanarivo; Etiopía - Addis Abeba; Kenia - Nairobi; Marruecos - Rabat Johannesburg, Kairo, Mogadishu,

Euro, cultura occidental, desarrollo

Música, cultura tropical, desigualdad

Unión Paises Euro

Grande pobreza calor

Cultura, Primer Mundo, Civilización

Subdesarrollo, corrupción, naturaleza

Dinero. Blanco. UE

Negro. Pobres. Desierto

Paris union europea bruselas

Recursos naturales riqueza diversidad

ELSA, ELSA, ELSA

Didier Drogba, Kilimanjaro, savanna

Cultura, Civilización, Bonita

Esclavitud, Pobreza, Misiones

EU, metropole, civilization

Black, dessert, arid

Libertad historia arte

Pobreza desierto guerra

Water, snow, sun

Animal, dessert, sun

Marruecos, Rabat, Sudáfrica, ciudad del Cabo, Egipto. EL CAIRO, GUINEA ECUATORIAL, NIEVA GINEA, ZAMBIA No se

Seguridad, estabilidad, democracia

Continente por desarrollar, ayuda, futuro

Sol, unión, economía

Pobreza, desierto, colores

Burundi - Bujumbura, Burkina Faso Ouagadougou, Benin - Praia, Madagascar - Antananarivo, Lesotho Maseru

Diversity, history, culture

Diversity, culture, nature

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Sudáfrica, el congo, Costa de Marfil, Kenia, Libia, South Africa - Cape Town, Egypt Cairo, Morocco - Rabat,Libya- Tripoli Morocco - Rabat, United Arab Emirates - Abu Dhabi, Kenya - Nairobi, Egypt Cairo, South African Republic Pretoria ainss que difícil......

Calidad de vida

Pobreza, injusticia, apartheid

European Union, Rich History, Wealth Culture, architecture, standards

Poor,Lack of Water, Charity

euro, continente, eurovision

safari, extenso, continente

Marrakech, Tanger, Casablanca , Tunez

Union

Pobreza, pena, admirable

Marruecos, Rabat.Egipto - El Cairo , Libia - Trípoli, Senegal / Dakar , Libia, Egipto, Marruecos, Congo y Sudáfica Marruecos-Casablanca SudáfricaJohannesburgo, Kenia-Nairobi? Egipto ( el cairo) marruecos (Marrakech) Camerún ( yaunde) somalia, Sudáfrica Etiopa, Nigeria, Sudáfrica, Marruecos, Kenia Alger (Alegría), Tunis (Tunisia) Yaoundé (Cameroun), Rabat (maroco) and Abidjan (Côté d'ivoire) Egypt (alexandria), south Africa (giohanesbourg), Nigiria Marruecos, Somalia, Yemen, Kenia, Egipto Tunisia Túnez Argelia Argel Marruecos Casablanca Guinea Bissau Bissau Libia tripoli Marruecos Rabat

Democracia , bienestar , cultura

Penuria , alegría , color

Bienestar, riqueza, civilización Inglaterra unión inglés

Pobreza, Tercer Mundo, Explotación Negro salvaje fauna

Ilustración, despotismo ilustrado, monarquía

Felicidad, paisajes, comienzo del ser humano

Libertad, Historia, Trump problemas. Union, people, peace

Desigualdad, tribus, minas de diamantes Natural resources, famine, corruption

Culture, civilization, rights

Poverty, colonies, exploitation

Comunidad, sociedad, progreso

Pobreza, ayuda, necesidad

Solidaridad futuro unidad

Pobreza terrorismo selva

Democracia bienestar social

Sabana desierto animales salvajes

Egypt - Cairo, Tunesia - Tunis? Maroco - Rabat, RSA - Johannesburg? Nigeria Niger? Tunisia Tunisi

Union, History, Monuments

Heat, Desert, Safari

Egipto El Cairo

Elefantes Safari natura

Egypt - Cairo, Lybia - Tripolis, Somalia Mogadish, JAR - Pretoria, Tunisia Tunis Egipto (Cairo), Sudafrica (Pretoria), Marroco (Rabat), Angola (Luanda), Moçambique (Maputo) Tanzania, Kenia, madagascar(antananaribo), argelia(Argel),angola(lunada) 1. South Africa - Johannesburg 2. Libya Tripoli 3. Morrocco - Rabat 4. Egypt Cairo 5. Tunis - Sousse Egypt - Kahira, Tunis - Tunis, SAR Capetown, Kenya, Sudan

small, rich, advanced

poor, difference between rich and poor, wars

Cultura, vino, tecnologia

Calor, desigualdad, miseria

Desarrollo, riqueza

Pobreza, subdesarrollo, hambre

Union, freedom, western countries

Continent, large parts with developing countries, nature

home, travelling, friends

poority, lack of water, help

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Safari, nature, tribes

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NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO democracy, travelling, better education Democracia antigüedad multicultural

poverty, wild, hot

Civilización riqueza cultura

Naturaleza pobreza hambre

Egypt- Kairo, Morrocco- Marrakesh, South African Republic - Capetown, Nigeria, Mozambique Liberia/Monrovia. Tanzania/Dar es Salaam. Namibia/Windhoek. Madagascar/Antananarivo. Mali/Bamako Egypt - Cairo; South Africa Pretoria/Cape Town; Morroco - Rabat; Algeria - Algiers, Libya - Tripoli Tunez tunicia Marruecos Rabat sud África ciudad del cabo Marruecos, Kenia, Chad, Sudafricano (Georgetown), Siria Marruecos Marrakech Tunez Tune Egigto El Cairo Somalia Mogadisco Marruecos - Rabat, Kenya - Nairobi, República Democrática del Congo Kinshassa, Etiopía - Addis Abeba, Cabo Verde - Praia. Kenia- Nairobi, Etiopía-Adis Abeba, Somalia-Mogadishu, Tanzania- Dar es Salaam, Costa de Marfil- Abidjan Morocco - Rabat, Egypt-Cairo, KenyaNairobi, Sudan, Ghana Marruecos Rabat Namibia Windhoek Tanzania Dodoma Egipto El Cairo Guinea Conakry Marruecos-Marrakech, Sudáfrica, Egipto-El Cairo, Túnez, Kenia Sierra leone-freetown, tunis-tunis, marroco-rabat, egypt Cairo, somaliaMohadisho, Ghanna-Accra Egipt-Cairo, Tunisia-Tunis, SAKingston, senegal-Dakar, etiopiaadisabeba Egipt - Kair, Tunisia - Tunis, RPA Johanesburg, Algieria-Algier, Tunezja-Tunis, Namibia, RPA, Kongo, Egipt-Kair, RPA- Johannesburg, Egypt- Cairo

EU, developed, caucasian

Desert, tradition, South

Rico. Seguro. Casa

Pobre. Desorden. Calor

Home, small, human rights

Poor, unsafe, wild animals

Democracia bienestar social seguridad Unión Europea países

Naturaleza animales salvajes y desarrollo Elefantes, desierto, gente

Riqueza variedad cultura

Pobreza tradiciones belleza

Libertad, derechos, avance

Guerras, pobreza, enfermedades

Christian Club, economic and political union, euro,

Diversity, colors, hope

the EU, culture, Putin

hot weather, elephant, poverty

Unión Continente Libertad

Pobreza Desierto Dictaduras

Primer mundo, grandes ciudades, tolerancia European union, history, safety

Pobreza, HIV, Dictaduras

Culture, monuments, education

Black, poor, desert

Culture, art, self-confident

Nature, warm climate, chill

technology, civilization, development culture, war, richness

poverty, wild animals, tribes

Burkina Faso - Wagadoogoo (?), Egypt Cairo, Malawi - Lilongwe, SAR - Cape Town

conservatism, history, culture

nature, savannah, postcolonialism

Marruecos Casablanca Sudáfrica ciudad el cabo Egipto Túnez El Cairo Namibia mobutu Confo

XIV

Pobreza hambre sed

Cocoa, poverty, corruption

sand, hot, black people

CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE

NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO

Egipto- El Cairo Angola- Luanda Marruecos- Rabat Túnez-Túnez LibiaTrípoli Algeria - Algers, Ethiopa - Addis Adeba, Morocco - Rabat, Tunisia - Tunis, Senegal - Dakar South African Republic - Johannesburg, Egipt - Giza, Sudan - ?, Maroko - ?, Nigeria Egypt - Kairo, RPA - Kapsztad, Maroko - Ribat, South Africa, Maroco, Egypt, Bolivia, Nigeria sorry no capitals Egipit Kair RPA Cape Town

Unión Europea

Diversidad

Rich, Developed, Wealthy

Poor, Unsafe, Dangerous

Freedom, Longevity, Majesty

Poverty, Beauty, Wildness

Old, organised, unity

Hot, wild nature, hunger

My home

Exotic, deserts, wild nature

Poland, Paris, Rome

Nil, Diamonds, Tutsi

Uganda, Egypt, South Africa,

EU, goddess, home

Black, safari, hot

SA Pretoria, Egipt Kair, Marrocco Rabat, Zambio Lusaca, Congo Brazaville Burkina Faso - Wagadugu, Egipt - Kair

Old, Peace, Procedures

Time, Space, Curse

II word war, euro (currency), Rome Old, racist, falling apart

equator, pharaoh, black

European union, tradition, continent Home, culture, European Union

Poor, black, desert

old, great, best

poor, afroamericans, war

culture, diversity, social welfare

poor, wild, diseases

united, castle, middle ages

sand, coconuts, desert

Home, family, nation

Desert, heat , Wilde nature

history, politics, European Union

tough climate, rich nature, social inequality

Riqueza, Política, Euro Free movement, human rights, diversity

pobreza, enfermedad, desigualdad Gorgeous landscape, Safari, poverty

Continent, Italy, Home

Warmth, Big, Wilderness

Libia, Liban, Egypt, Morocco, Republick of South Africa Egypt: Cairo, RPA: Johannesburg (?), Zimbabwe, Kenia, Nigeria Egypt - Cairo, Tunesia - Tunis, Maroco - Casablanca, Zimbabwe - Harare, Republic of South Africa - Cape Town egypt - alexandria, rpa- pretoria, maroko - rabat tunis- tunis, egypt- kair, republic of south africa- cape town. I know a lot of african countries but can't replace capitals Egypt - Kair; Madagascar Antananarywa; Mauritius - Port Louis; Libya - Trypolis; RPA - Kapsztad Maroko_Rabat, Tunezja_ Tunis, Egipt_Kair , Algieria_Algier, Libia_Trypolis Nigeria - Lagos, Egipt - Cairo, Ethiopia Addis-Abeba, Madagascar Antananarivo, Republic of South Africa - Cape Town Kenia - Nairobi Burkina faso-ouagadogou, Nigeria, Sudan-Sudan, Tunisia, Libia-Tripol, Republic of South Africa Egypt - Cairo, Maroko-Maroko, South Africa - Johannesburg, Malawi, Kenya

wars, hunger, surprise

Desert, famine, dictator

CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE Morocco. Rabat, Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, Algeria. Alger, Nigeria. Niger, Equatorial Guinea. Malabo Egypt - Cairo; Marocco - Casablanca; Republic of South Africa Johannesburg; Tunisia - Tunis; Algieria - Algier Egypt, Cairo, Marocco, Rabat, Lybia, Tripolis, Tunis, Tunis, Etiophia, AddisAbeba Nigeria (Abuja), Morocco (Rabat), Algieria (Algier), Egypt (Cairo), RSA (Pretoria) Kenia Nairobi Egipto El Cairo Zimbawe Harare Guinea Malabo Ruanda Kigali Liberia, Cameroon, South African Republic, Congo Democratic Republic, Nigeria Egypt - Kairo; Lybia - Tripoli; South Africa- Capetown Egypt - Cairo, South Africa- Cape Town, Ethipoia - Addis Ababa, Kenya Nairobi Algeria - Alger, Tunisia-Tunis, Mali Bamako, South Africa-Pretoria, LibyaTripoli Egypt - Cairo, South Africa - Cape Town, Morocco - Ravat Dakar( Senegal) Malabo ( equatorial guinea) Cairo (Egypt) Yaounde ( Cameroon) Addis Abeba (Ethiopia) Bujumbura ( Burundi) Libia/tripoli, egipto/cairo, kenia/nairobi,sudafrica/johanesburgo, madagascar/antananaribo Mauritania Eritrea Sudafrica Mozambique Madagascar

NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO Civilization, culture, tradition

Sun, Lions, Poverty

Land; music band and European Union

Desert; Jungle; Hot climate

Cars, Money, Culture

Safari, Lions, Black pepople

industry, explorers, union

desert, jungle, safari

Civilidad democracia solidaridad

Tiranías tribalidad subdesarrollo

War, politics, danger

Beautiful nature, poor, children

Unity, freedom, democracy

Poverty, cultural riches, nature

'Blue' 'single market' 'brussels'

'sahara' 'equator' 'continent'

Union, democracia, comunidad

Instability, insecurity, resources

European Union

Wild Life

Merkel

Runners

Old, imperial, cristiana

Negro, negro y mas negro

ancient culture development

wealthy conflict ethnic

XVI

CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE

NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO

XVII

CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE

NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO

Had anyone told you once (whoever, a relative, mother, father...) "don´t waste your money/food because African children are dying of famine" or "think about African children"? Sí

Would you rather travel to Ghana or to Thailand?

yes

Ghana

Nigeria

Tailandia

Sí

Tailandia

Nigeria. Las cárceles de Tailandia asustan mucho.

Depende...ambos países tienen cosas interesantes

Yes

Nowhere

Sí

Ninguno. Prefiero antes viajar a lugares más cercanos a mi país. Thailand

Yes Sí

Tailandia, aunque inseguro, sigue siendo más visitado.

Yes

Tailandia - es un país popular que han visitado varios amigos, más abierto al turismo Ghana

Si Yes

Tailandia. Por lo que me han contado y lo que he visto en fotos, es uno de los sitios más bonitos del planeta. Thailand - Fascination about South East Asia.

Tailandia

Yes

Thailand

Yes

Ghana

Nigeria

Si y suele contestarse con un pensamiento de pena. Pero... realmente esa comida si te la comes es para ti es algo egoísta ese dicho. Aunque si lo tiras tampoco irá a ellos sino a la basura. Escucho más veces que va a los niños de caritas todo aquello que regalas a la Iglesia y pienso que no llega ni la mitad. Es muy deplorable. Pero respecto a esta frase, si, la he escuchado en mi entorno Di

Por supuesto. Pero no la parte que sale en el Google. Me gustaría ir a una aldea de Nigeria perdida y convivir con su cultura y además ayudar en todo lo que pudiese. Digo lo mismo sobre Tailandia sobre todo por mi amor a los elefantes y por ir a ver allí de lo que son capaces pero... ESTANDO LIBRES ya que hay mucho tráfico y maltrato sobre ellos, pero ya si voy allí a acabar con eso moriría en Tailandia. Tailandia.

Una y otra vez, en bucle

Tainlandia

Tailandia

Sí

Tailandia

Sí, seguida de un capón en el colegio

Tailandia

Yes

Both

Yes

Thailand

Tailandia

Yes

Tailandia

Ninguno de los dos

Yes

Thailand, I think they're more likely to host Europeans as they have used to. Si

XVIII

CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE

NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO

Yes

Thailand

Tailandia (más infraestructura turística)

Nigeria

I remember hearing it, yes

yes

I'd love to travel to both because i love traveling . Maybe sooner to Thailand because it's more touristic in my idea? With beautiful beaches etc. Yet, I know that Ghana has a lot of tourism as well, its known for its popularity among older European woman too. Ghana

yes

Thailand

Tailandia

Yes

Thailand

Yes Yes

Tailandia. También iría a Nigeria encantado, pero Tailandia está antes en mi lista de prioridades. Thailand

Nigeria

Yes

Tailandia

Si Yes

Tailandia, porque creo que allí habría más cosas para visitar que en Nigeria. Ninguna, porque las dos son bastante peligrosas

Yes, my entire childhood

Thailand

Sí

Tailandia

Sí

Thailandia

Yes

Thailand, because of the sea beaches and parties

Yes

Ghana

Yes, many times

Thailand

yes

thailand

Yes

Thailand

TV did, not once.

Ghana, it's much more interesting for me.

Sí

Ambos, porque nunca no he estado allí.

Yes

Thailand

Yes

Neither, sorry.

Yes

Ghana, I would love to see the nature there, see how people live, experience Africa and I have never been to that continent. Thailand is more "tourist focused". Thailand because its more popular tourism route, I believe it would be safer option than Ghana Thailand, it's more popular, there are probably more tourists, that's why I would feel safer Ghana

Yes

Thailand

yes

Ghana

Yes

Ghana

Yes

Thailand, because of food

Yes, especialy during 1990's

Thailand, I always wanted to visited that part of Asia

yes

Ghana

Yes Yes

XIX

CLICHÉS EVERYWHERE

NATALIA COSÍO DEL RÍO

not even once

Thailand- more safely, popular, tourist destination

Yes. I don't remember who.

Ghana.

Ghana

Yes Sí

I would choose Nigeria, because my brother-in-law comes from this country. I don't really mind

Multiple times

Thailand

yes

Difficult choice, Ghana probably

yes Yes.

Thailand but Ghana is one of the best countries in Africa and I would like to visit it as well Neither. South America is my thing.

Yes

Ghana, because seems more fun

yes

Thailand

Tailandia me inspira más seguridad

Yes

Thailand, but only because it's my dream country

Yes

Thailand

Yes! Yes!

Ghana - I recently met a girl from there in my class. Seems like a cool place! Probably Thailand for the landscapes and monuments

Thailand

Yes

What?

Tailandia ha ganado, pero por muy poco

Sí

La verdad, no iría a ninguno de los dos. En ambos países hay conflicto y terrorismo. Antes, me voy a Sudáfrica.