2016 - 2022 Design Portfolio

NATHANIEL KRUEGER SELECTED WORKS Architecture and Design Portfolio DoA rc h. Sou t h Da kot a St ate Un iversit y Fall 2016 - Spring 2022

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Members Contractors Definitions Hiring Code of conduct Incorporate exemption Bureau of labor standards Civil enforcement Non-immigrant Public policy in labor matters declared Non-enforceability of undertakings in conflict with public policy, ?yellow dog? contracts Retention of existing rights Right to copies of collective bargaining agreements Bureau of employment security Information as to act Bureau of employee’ compensation Obligations of contractors and subcontractors Women’s bureau Granting of restraining order of injunction as dependent on Wage and hour division Judicial review Pickets, banners, strikes Strikes, lockouts, work interference Saving provisions Right of employees as to organization, collective bargaining Right to strike preserved Employees with religious convictions; payment of dues and fees Co-equal obligations of employees, their representatives, and management to minimize labor disputes Unlawful activities or conduct; right to sue; jurisdiction; limitations; damages Application of wage rates Establishing minimum wage for federal contractors and subcontractors Wages and payday Countercyclical employment policies Federal emergency administration of public works Report of employers Reports made public information Youth employment policies Job training, counseling and reservoirs of employment projects Minimum wage Maximum hours Apprentice training Training and employees Civil enforcement Child labor provisions Fringe benefits Immigration and nationality act Prevailing rate Application to tipped workers Zone of interest Rate of wages for laborers and mechanics Authority of comptroller general to pay wages and list contractors violating contracts Contract for materials, etc., exceeding $10,000; representations and stipulations Nondiscrimination Terms of office; election procedures Work better Enforcement Impact Duties Paycheck transparency Accept responsibility Prohibition against certain persons holding office Amendment to section 302, labor management relations act, 1947 Extortionate picketing Retention of right under other federal and state laws Economic strikers Boycotts and recognition picketing Priority in case handling General provisions Considerations for agreement Policy Policy Procedure for enforcement Settlement of disputes Bill of Right Issuance of restraining orders and injunctions; limitation; public policy Declaration of policy Equal protection Recognizes union Executive order Economic report of the president and short-term economic goals and policies Operations instructions Complaint dismissed Medium-term economic goals and policies Published Obligation promises Provision applicable to short-term and medium-term goals National priority policies and programs required for full employment and balanced Re-commitment Responsibility of officers and member of association or their organization for unlawful acts of individual officers, m Bureau of labor statistics Issuance of injunction in labor disputes; hearing; findings of court; notice to affected persons; temporary restrain g Monetary policy Noncompliance with obligation involved in labor disputes or failure to settle by negotiation of arbitration asing preve inju Overcoming inflation Management clause Council of economic advisers General provisions Review by court of appeals of issuance or denial of temporary injunctions; record Advisory board or board Repealed Repealed Separability Repeal of conflicting acts Safety The occupational safety and health review commission Representation in civil litigation Separability Confidentiality of trade secrets National labor relations board National labor relations board; eligibility for reappointment; officers and employees; payment of expenses National labor relations board; principal office, conducting inquiries throughout country; participation in decision r inquir Rules and regulations Unfair labor practices A Providing facilities for operations of federal credit Union representation Variations, tolerances, and exemptions Prevention of unfair labor practices Investigatory powers of board Offenses and penalties Construction of provisions Conflict of laws Separability Validation of certificates and other board actions Penalties Declaration of purpose and policy Federal mediation and conciliation service Functions of service National emergencies; appointment of board inquiry by president; report; contents; filing with service National labor-management panel; creation and composition; appointment, tenure, and compensation Assistance to plant, area, and industry-wide labor-management committees Board of inquiry Injunctions during national emergency Injunctions during national emergency; adjustment efforts by parties during injunction Payroll records State jurisdiction and state plans Discharge of injunction upon certification of results of election of settlement; report to congress Compilation of collective bargaining agreements, etc,; use of data Suits by and against labor organizations Restrictions on financial transactions Repealed Federal agency safety programs and responsibilities Omitted Omitted Administrative agencies Compliance with labor Congressional findings and purpose Declaration of findings, purposes, and policy Designation of parties General findings Publication of list Research and related activities Exclude aliens Federal emergency administration of public works Report of labor Board of directors of federal reserve banks Congressional finding and declaration of policy Kliendienst v. mandel Report of officers and employees of labor organizations Coordination with state and local government and private sector economic activity Administrations Attorney-client communications exempted Regional and structural employment policies Senate confirmation of chairman and vice chairman of board of governors Conflict of interest Repealed References to federal reserve act paragraphs Retention of records

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03 PART PART BODY BODY ASSEMBLY ASSEMBLY

MECHANICS++ MECHANICS MOVEMENT MOVEMENT

SITE + MATERIAL HANDLING DATAPROCESSING PROCESSING DATA ORGANIZATION ++ORGANIZATION HUMAN HUMAN SPECIFICATIONS ++ SPECIFICATIONS PRECAUTIONS PRECAUTIONS

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04-15 GYMNASIUM TO LIBRARY: TECHNICAL AFTERTHOUGHTS 16-21 HUMANS V ROBOTS: LIMITS OF MOTION 22-29 TIME IN THIRDS: HEJDUK ARCHIVE 30-35 A PSEUDO IMAGE: CONSTRUCTED PERFORMANCE 36-41 FOLDING PETALS: METAL KIRIGAMI 42-51 MAPPING MOMENTS: EXPERIENCING DRIFT

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Nathaniel Krueger

GYMNASIUM TO LIBRARY: TECHNICAL AFTERTHOUGHTS ARCH 555: S 2021 F. Garcia Lammers, J. Garcia Fritz, B. Lee, R. Arlt., and N. Mansour

Through the iterations of technical vignettes that relate to ground and foundations, walls and envelopes, and spans and roofs an unknown building was stitched and collaged together. This process focuses on the minute details and building construction before programmatic and spatial concerns.

After a detail wall assembly was created, the program (a gymnasium) and location (Sioux Falls, South Dakota) was taken into consideration. Through the adaption of the design details a new collective design position was recreated. The studios worked through a set of curated drawings (elevation, section, plan, and a detailed wall section) instead of modeling and 3D drawings.

Once the gymnasium project came to a pause, they worked as existing drawings for an adaptive reuse project to transform the program into a public library. The program of the building changed and required additional entry stations, mezzanine, books stacks, and reading rooms. The project focuses on the sustainability of adapting existing structures for new purposes while pushing students to engage and evaluate previous work.

The structure and organization of the building was pushed to the outside of the envelope. The building structure defines more public space on the property while hanging the main level to the height of the park across the street. The hanging structure eliminates the linear grid, so that the active playing/ reading surface can grow and change organically.

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Exterior Colonnade

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Nathaniel Krueger t. floor: 27’ -8 1/8”

12’ -6” 11 1/2"

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7"

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fir slat flooring, battens, plastic sealing layer, extruded polystyrene, vapour barrier floor construction at grade: fir boarding, polystyrene slabs around underfloor heating, tounge and groove boarding, thermal insulation around battens, impact sound insulation, reinforced concrete slab

5 1/8"

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7’ -8"

t. finish ceiling: 21’ 10 7/8”

t. parapet: 14 -2 3/8”

8"

t. floor: 13’ -6 3/8”

4 3/8"

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1'-0 3/8"

4’ -8”

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t. finish ceiling: 12’ -6”

7"

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roof height: 35’ -11/2”

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1'-3 1/8"

House in Au, Hermann Kaufmann

3'-6"

DoArch

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Nathaniel Krueger 2'-2 7/8"

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site grade: 0’

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Walls and Envelopes

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27'-3 3/4"

h. functional mullion: 33’ -7 1/2”

Au, Austria, 2002

frame column: welded steel plates, cast hinged column foot with bolt, foot plate, with withStudio, Building threaded anchorings, reinforced concrete plinth/foundation metal mullion, perforated sheet metal cover, lventalation flap: wood framed element low-E glazing: 2x8 laminated safety glass, cavity, toughened safety glass glass louvers: press-moulded sheet-steel bearer, flat steel connecting bracket, cast-steel element with bored thread, steel tension member with threaded rods welded on hinged girder joint: cast-steel sections with bolted connection, thermal insulation, sheet metal attachment roof construction: extensive planting, plastic roof sealing layer, thermal insulation, vapour barrier, sheet thermal insulation, trapezoidal-section ribbed sheet-metal soffit

Spring 2021

Scale: 1” = 1’ - 0” 01 25 2021

t. concrete structure: 6’ -3 3/4”

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1'-1 3/8"

6 1/2"

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5 3/8"

11 3/4"

7’ -9”

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12' -6"

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fir battens, reinforced concrete retaining wall and drain fir panelling alternating depth, wood jamb blocking, rigid insulation, gypsum finish laminated timber column fir panelling alternating depth, wood blocking, five-ply laminated sheeting, wood blocking, wrot fir boarding tounge and groove fir panelling alternating depth, wood jamb blocking, rigid insulation, five-ply laminated sheeting, wrot grooved timbers

4’ -9”

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t. finish floor: 34’ -3 1/4”

Walls and Envelopes

Sportshalle in Uster, Camenzind Grafensteiner

Uster, Switzerland, 2001

DoArch

Nathaniel Krueger

Building Studio, Spring 2021

Scale: 1” = 1’ - 0” 01 25 2021

3 5/8"

1'-3 5/8"

2'-9 1/4"

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9 1/2"

4 1/2"

b. glazing system: 5’ -4”

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1'-4 1/4"

1'-2 3/4"

b. ceiling height: 31’ -6”

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tinted glass fin, clear reflective insulating glass concrete mullion, clear glass, reflective slope: projects diffused indirect sunlight into room precast concrete facade element, rigid insulation, fire retardant insulation, metal structural h-beam reinforced concrete decking, cut h-beam, metal stud, gypsum board finish

1'-1 3/8"

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8'-10 3/4"

6'-7 1/4"

b. mullion height: 29’ -1 3/4”

4 1/2"

t. finish floor: 20’ -3”

Walls and Envelopes

United Gulf Bank, SOM

Bahrain, Manama, 1988

DoArch

Nathaniel Krueger

Building Studio, Spring 2021

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Scale: 1” = 1’ - 0” 01 25 2021

Technical Vignettes: House in Au (Hermann Kaufmann), Sportshalle in Uster (Camenzind Grafensteiner), and United Gulf Bank (SOM)

Gymnasium to Library: Technical Afterthoughts

Gymnasium: Longitudinal Section

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Nathaniel Krueger

UP

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Gymnasium: Main Level Plan

Gymnasium to Library: Technical Afterthoughts North Research

Vertical Divide

South Gallery

S. Phillips Avenue

E. 14 Street

56-60. Sculpture Walk

04 Trans. Section

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01 Long. Section 01

01 Long. Section 02

01 Long. Section 03

Public Library: Main Level Plan

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1'-3"

2'-0"

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7'-3”

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2'-6"

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Gymnasium to Library: Technical Afterthoughts

Detail Section: Colonnade and Gallery

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Exterior Structure Render

Gymnasium to Library: Technical Afterthoughts

Longitudinal Sections: Research, Circulation, and Gallery

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Gymnasium to Library: Technical Afterthoughts

Detail Section: Book Levels and Secondary Entrance

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Nathaniel Krueger

HUMANS V ROBOTS: LIMITS OF MOTION ARCH 554: F 2020 Federico Garcia Lammers and Jessica Garcia Fritz All work done in collaboration with Joseph Kenny Works published in “Labor Movements: From the Specification of the Panama Canal to Robotic Patents.” BTES Conference Publication, Auburn University, Summer 2021 and included in the Building Arts and Labor Symposium hosted by DoArch and South Dakota Humanities Council.

Project Website: https://languagelimitsmotion.cargo.site/

The project visualizes two types of movement: the physical movements of people, materials, and machines and the political movements of regulations and permits.

The scales of part, body, and assembly were used as a framework to understand how movements on a construction site were regulated. The US Labor Laws dictate movement through the regulation of large groups of people. The US KUKA Patents dictate movement at the scale of the part.

Both of these documents regulate the movement of the body on the worksite.

The focus of the studio was to examine regulatory documents (specifications, laws, codes, or patents) to see how they shaped the architecture and construction fields.

The studio did not make a design proposal, but rather made visualizations to explain the complex relationships of labor laws and patents in relation to labor on the worksite.

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Diagram of Information Gather and Analyzed

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Nathaniel Krueger

With the influx of industrial robots used within the construction field there is currently limited means to regulate motion on the worksite between humans, machines, and robots. Through the lens of bricklaying, motion can be broken down into three scales: part, body, and assembly. A part consists of a component of a whole and moves in concert with other parts. The body is the composition of all the parts that make up the whole or individual, and assembly is the congregation of multiple separate bodies that organize around a specific cause or action. From these scales, we are able to filter through the United States Labor Acts (1931 - 2020) and the U.S. Kuka Patents (1985 - 2016) despite their differences of scales in regulating movement to find language that dictates motion on the worksite.

Humans and robots are now capable to exist within the same construction system. Robots are defined as a tool that can be reprogrammable to perform multiple tasks on a repetitive basis without human intervention. Humans labor for their occupation and engage in a constant process of exerting their body and mind to complete work. Robots work because they perform a task requiring sustained effort or repeated actions defined by a resulting product. Humans labor, whereas robots work. The methods in which work, and motion are regulated for human and robots are different in relation to scale and how the bodies are described to perform movement of work. Through the analysis of Labor Acts and Patents, an understanding of how motion and the development of motion in labor is regulated in the United states. Labor Acts are a set of documents that mediate the relationship between laborers, unions, and the government that protects the rights of those laborers and sets common standards of humane working conditions. Patents are documents that protect an invention or product through the use of trademarks and brand names. Patents specify the process of creating and operating said inventions within the United States.

The motion of humans and robots can be broken down into components to become more predictable and efficient in relation to time. Frank (1868 – 1924) and Lillian (1878 – 1972) Gilbreth were efficiency engineers that conducted motion studies and their relation to time to create a more productive and efficient work site. By taking their past studies and overlaying them on modern bricklaying of both the human and robot construction and analysis of micromotions were able to be compared using the Gilbreth’s therblig elemental motions. The therbligs broke down motions into 18 separate acts that could be described through a multitude of motions. The movement of the humans had more fluid motions with simultaneous actions that were more adaptable but required rest to overcome fatigue. Robots worked in a more linear progression and relied on knowing exact placement of site elements.

The language in the documents are filtered through the requirements and scale of the body to directs its motion on site.

Both document sets were organized in a similar way as there was many subcategories (sections and classes) to create more specific details and regulations within a similar main idea or category. This allowed the sets of documents to be able to filter through altered categories specific to this study. Both documents were filtered through robot classifications that dealt with the body of the worker, their movement, and how they were able to organize information to move and work on site, and through the three scales of part, body, and assembly to understand how the movements were being controlled. Human motion is regulated through the scale of assembly, for its impossibility to control human movement.

Whereas patents became more specific over time, regulating the body at first to exact parts to dictate how the robot moves.

The language created by the assembly of people dictate the actions, limitations, and purpose of motion in both humans and robots. The regulating documents through the analysis had another set of underlying ideas that differed based on human or robot. The humans dealt with work opportunities, time and wages, and how laborers could legally strike, whereas the robots dealt with specific movements and manipulations of the robot. Labor Acts dealt with how the body moves on site by creating regulation that apply to the large assembly of people, and robots are regulated through the movements and specifications of the part.

The relationship of motion between humans and robots can be seen through the two main sets of regulatory documents, the Gilbreth motion studies, robot classification, and apparent groups to the specific body in relations to the three scales of part, body, and assembly.

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Limits of Motion Project Statement

Humans V Robots: Limits of Motion

the search motion is the act of the eyes and/or hand starting to seek the object needed

SEARCH

0.37 s

the find function is a mental reaction that happens at at the end of the search cycle

FIND

N/A

the select function is the act of locating an object from a group of similar objects

SELECT

0.40 s

the grab motion is the act of closing a hand around an object

GRASP

0.20 s

the transport loaded motion is the act of moving the weight of an object

TRANSPORT LOADED

0.37 s

the position motion is the act of placing the object in the the proper orientation for use

POSITION

0.20 s

the assemble motion is the act of placing two or more objects together

ASSEMBLE

1.63 s

the use motion is the act of operating an object as it is intended to be

USE

6.20 s

DISASSEMBLE

N/A

the inspect function is the act of comparing the object with a predetermined standard

INSPECT

0.91 s

the pre-position motion is the act of replacing an item in the proper orientation for it’s next use

PREPOSITION

N/A

RELEASE LOAD

0.23 s

the transport empty motion is the act of moving the unloaded hand from release load to grasp functions

TRANSPORT EMPTY

2.07 s

the rest for over overcoming fatigue function is the lack of motion found where rest is prescribed

REST FOR OVER COMING FATIGUE

N/A

the unavoidable delay function is the point where a hand is inactive to the point it becomes active again

UNAVOIDABLE DELAY

N/A

the avoidable delay function is the inactive time the worker encounters over which they have control

AVOIDABLE DELAY

2.24 s

the plan function is a mental function which may occur prior to assemble or inspectiont

PLAN

0.17 s

the hold function is the retention of an object after it has been grasped

HOLD

N/A

the disassemble motion is the act of removing a object

the release load motion is the act of releasing an object when it reaches it final destination

Therblig Motion Analysis of Human Bricklayer

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Document Visualization of US Labor Acts. US KUKA Patent Visualization Not Pictured.

Humans V Robots: Limits of Motion

Text Groupings of Visualization: Work Opportunities, Hours and Age Limitations, Unfair Labor Conditions, Wage Compensation, Labor Strikes and Conditions, and Human/Robot Relationship.

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Nathaniel Krueger

TIME IN THIRDS: HEJDUK ARCHIVE ARCH 452: S 2019 Robert Arlt All work done in collaboration with Joseph Kenny Recipient of the SD State University Department of Architecture Excellence Award for Outstanding Studio Project.

By researching the present historical layers of Berlin, the Judengang and the Jewish Cemetery behind the site, John Hejduk’s work, and Maison Bordeax, an infill building was designed to archive and display a specific project, the Wall House series, of Hejduk. By taking the main plan parti of Maison Bordeaux and recreating it sectionally, the main form of the building is created.

The building parameters must touch the ground lightly, include pedestals to display Hejduk models, have one continuous stair, a volumetric light-well, keep the gates functionality, and have the same structural anomalies found in the precedent.

Using the three parts of the building and the three parts of time, (past, present, and future), an overlay and juxtaposition is formed. The structural weight and memorial to the Jewish Cemetery is placed in the present, closest to the park, bringing attention to the past. The building itself acts as the present or gateway to the past or future. The future spaces being the gallery because constant changing of exhibits.

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Model Image: Iterative Model in Site Context

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Site Map: Cemetary and Park Relationship

Time in Thirds: Hejduk Archive

Model Image

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Longitudinal Section: Gallery, Circulation, Archive

Time in Thirds: Hejduk Archive

Level and Site Plans

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Model Photo: Back Elevation

Time in Thirds: Hejduk Archive

Exploded Axonometric

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Nathaniel Krueger

A PSEUDO IMAGE: CONSTRUCTED PERFORMANCE ARCH 451: F 2019 Jessica Garcia Fritz All work done in collaboration with Joseph Kenny

The project’s scope was developed to critique Revit as an architectural tool.

The process worked through 4 misuses: establishing a vertical working plane, draw sections using line work, compare “drawn” sections with modeled families, and create an apparatus to present through projection rather than scaled sheets.

By understanding methods of making the tool can be pushed and manipulated rather than the user being manipulated by the tool. Methods of making (orthography, pseudo orthography, post orthography, and pseudo construction) were exercised to understand how the processes determined the outcome.

Through constructional observation of the Agricultural Heritage Museum (Brookings, SD), 3 frames of reference pushed the design work forward: the module of the brick, hidden structure, and the use of the kit of parts.

These three ideas created the addition of gallery spaces to the museum while retaining most of its’ integrity. The module of the brick became a veneer module of a precast panel, the structure was hidden behind decorative representation, and the construction method acted as an organizable kit of parts.

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Pseudo-Construction Presentation Apparatus

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Exploded Axonometric Section

A Pseudo Image: Constructed Performance

Constructional Performance Images: Orthography, Pseudo-Orthography, Post Orthography, and Pseudo-Construction

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Entry Level Plan

A Pseudo Image: Constructed Performance

Mezzanine Level Plan + Truss Cordie Section

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Nathaniel Krueger

Folding Petals: Metal Kirigami ARCH 451: F 2019 Brian Lee Exhibited in the Student Design Invitational at the Washington Pavilion Art Museum, Sioux Falls, South Dakota. May and June 2020

Kirigami is a variation of origami that includes the cutting, folding, and forming of paper constructs without the use of glue. This project explored the manipulation of regulated (12 in x 12 in) flat sheets of steel. The project explored how and when to strategically weaken the metal to create forms similar to its paper counterpart. In doing so the articulation of joints and connections became the primary focus. These joints exist within the system of the module and coexist with each other to create a larger body.

The process of making promotes little to no waste. The plasma cut creates enough width to bend that the cuts consist of only lines. 32 panels would fit on a 4’ x 8’ sheet if scaled slightly.

The folding system explores three different joints. The first being independent to each module and creates the base structure.

The next joints slides and locks two modules together. The last joint locks the free floating petals to prevent the points protruding farther out.

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Detail and Shadow Image

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Process Images

Folding Petals: Metal Kirigami

Cut Drawing: Flat File

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Model and Shadow

Project Title

Folding Process Diagrams

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Nathaniel Krueger

MAPPING MOMENTS: EXPERIENCING DRIFT ARCH 653: F 2021 Mary Begley and Drew Smith Project recognized for the AIA South Dakota Enrichment Scholarship Award and published in Blueprint South Dakota January 2022.

Through the site of Central Park, New York, an exploration and critique of mapping was inititiated. Through James Corner’s “Agency of Mapping,” the project was constructed. The four new map types were done in conjunction with each other.

Mapping is not a documentation asset, but rather an exploratory tool to learn about locations or sets of information. The bias of this projects map lay in the human experience. The question explored in these maps are if moments, or unique ephemeral instances can be designed. How would you design one of these situations, so that the collective people can experience a shared moment.

Drift maps explore the sequence of the park, and challenge the focus mapping to become more person oriented. Layer maps isolate and collapse information to begin to read information differently. Rhizome maps begin to collect seemingly unrelated infromation together to see densities and direction, much like how the moments and situations of the park cluster around each other. The last map type challenges whos making the map and the collaboration to design for all in mind.

The game board is aconglomerate of the previous maps, as the aspects of game play, isolation, experiences, and interactions of the player communicate Central Park without ever being there.

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Collapsed Layer Map Image

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Layer Maps: Park Experiences, Movement of People, Landscapes, and Grids of New York

Mapping Moments: Experiencing Drift

Drift Maps: Spliced Paths of Rhythm, Sites, and Duration

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The Lake: Ladies’ Cottages Path: Sheep Meadow The Mall: Naumburg Plaza North Woods: Loch Waterfall

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The Lake: Strawbery Fields

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12 The Ravine The Lake: Ladies’ Cottages Path: Sheep Meadow The Lake: Bethesda Terrace

11 North Meadow The Lake: Strawbery Fields

The Mall: Naumburg Plaza

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Warner Leroy Place 01 01 Tschumi Moment Maps: 02 Image, Physical Context 03and Location, and Experience

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The Mall: Naumburg Plaza

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Mapping Moments: Experiencing Drift

Player Situation Box: Self Created Experience that Dictates Gameplay

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Mapping Moments: Experiencing Drift

Game Board: Creating Situation, Moving Marker through Gridded Park, and Collecting Unique Moments

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Nathaniel Krueger

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Game Board: Players Moving through Park to Experience Created Situations

Mapping Moments: Experiencing Drift

Game Board Maps: Created Paths of Different Players

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