/01 - TECHNICAL PROPOSAL (BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & TECHNOLOGY IV)

L A S O P O R P L A C I N H C E T N G I S E D

ASSIGNMENT III

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AR 423 Building Construction & Technology 4 Tutor by Ms. Farah & Mr. Fahmi

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TASK I

Substructure – Shallow Foundation

Superstructure – Lift Core

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Internal Partition – Drywall Building Envelope – ETFE Membrane

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Material Selection & Product Specification

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Case Study

Building Introduction Substructure Floor System Structural Support Façade System

Roof Type

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TASK I

Substructure – Foundation

Superstructure – Frame structure Internal Partition – Spatial Division Building Envelope – Building Skin

Material Selection & Product Specification

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S H A L L O W

F O U N D A T I O N

SHALLOW FOUNDATION S

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Foundation is the lowest part of a super-structure ad transmit the loads on the structure including dead weight of the structure transmit to the soil below. Shallow foundations are usually located less than six feet below the lowest finished floor of the structure. The reason we use shallow foundation is to distribute the structural loads over a wide horizontal area at a shallow depth below the ground level. These systems are used when the soil close to the ground surface has sufficient bearing capacity and underlying weaker strata do not result in undue settlement. There are the most commonly used foundation systems for small residential and wood structures. There are various types of shallow foundations such as spread footing, combined footing, mat or raft foundation, grillage footing and eccentrically loaded footing.

Spread or pad footings are used under individual columns or other load points. The footing can be square or rectangular pad of concrete and the size is calculated by the load on the column and safe bearing capacity of the soil.

Combined footing are used to support two or more columns that are close to each other in situations where their foundations would otherwise overlap. The term ‘combined’ comes from a combination of isolated footings, however the structural design of the foundation is different. The shape of a combined footing is typically rectangular, and is only necessary when load points are close together.

Mat or raft footing are required when there are many different loads occurring over an area, causing a number of individual foundations to overlap. It is common to use this type of foundation when building basements, as the basement floor slab will act as the foundation. These are also seen in areas with poor soil, to ensure that settlement does not crack the concrete floor.

Grillage footing consist of a number of layers of beams usually laid at right angles to each other and used to disperse heavy point loads from the superstructure to an acceptable ground bearing pressure.

Shallow foundation is a quick process compared to others in the construction work. It is also economically cheaper than any other foundations. It can resist ground water absorption and prevents unequal settlements. The damage due to earthquake is lesser than any other type of foundation.

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S H A L L O W

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The lift core in a building is one means whereby one may travel from the level of one floor to another. RCC concrete core walls or steel frames with open sections are commonly used in practice as a lateral load resistant system for multi-storey buildings.

More often than not, the construction will be of in-situ-poured, reinforced concrete with openings left at each floor for elevator and other orifices. The core can form part of the building’s structure as it may be connected to the floors and hence provide lateral stability. This is increasingly the favoured construction in many tall buildings.

The arrangement of lift mechanics in a shaft will be very much dependant on the type of lift mechanism that is installed. A conventional traction lift will usually require a system of steel ropes, pullies and counterweight. A hydraulic lift will require installation of a piston to provide the necessary push and pull, typically located at the bottom of a shaft.

Off-site manufactured lift core components are also becoming more popular: precast concrete lift core (usually up to six storeys) can be quick to install and the offsite construction minimises on-site disruption. Typically, they have minimum dimensions of 1500mm x 1500mm, and maximum dimensions of 2000mm x 3000mm; standard wall thicknesses can range between 125mm to 140mm. Such shafts are not only preassembled, but can be fitted out with all required equipment. On site, they are craned into position, one on top of the other.

Shaft walls may also be constructed from brickwork, blockwork or incombustible fibreboard panels on a steel framework to give the necessary fire resistance.

Lift core

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D R Y W A L L I N T E R N A L

P A R T I T I O N

Drywall, also known as plasterboard or gypsum board us a panel made of gypsum plaster pressed between two thick sheets of paper. Drywalls are usually used to make internal partition. Drywalls have replaced lath and plaster today because of it is quick to work with.

Drywall is a high performance light weight partition system and it is truly a wall system consisting of GI steel frame which is encased in gypsum plasterboard. There are various type of drywalls depends on the requirements of the space.

Moisture-resistant drywall

Regular Drywall

Fire-resistant Drywall

Soundproof Drywall

Paperless Drywall

Drywall construction, a type of construction in which the interior wall is applied in a dry condition without the use of mortar. It contrasts with the use of plaster, which dries after application.

The materials used in drywall construction are gypsum board, plywood, fibre-and-pulp boards, and asbestos-cement boards. The large, rigid sheets are fastened directly to the frame of the building with nails, screws, or adhesives or are mounted on furring (strips of wood nailed over the studs, joists, rafters, or masonry, which allow free circulation of air behind the interior wall).

Specialized tools for hanging drywall include the drywall hammer and the joint tool, which is similar to a plastering trowel but made of flexible steel with a concave bow. It is used to apply and smooth a plaster-like compound in joints between wallboards, feathering it out so that the outer edges virtually disappear and the joint, when painted, effectively becomes invisible. Nail heads, slightly depressed or “dimpled” by the hammer, disappear when similarly treated.

Drywall construction is used to avoid delays, because the interior walls do not have to dry before other work can be started, and to obtain specific finishes. Wallboard is manufactured in both finished and unfinished forms. Finished wallboards are faced with vinyl or other materials in a variety of permanent colours and textures, so that they need not be painted when installed. Backing materials and composition of the panel base determine the degree of insulation, fire resistance, and vapour barrier afforded. Wallboards are fire-rated from 1 hour to 4 hours according to the time that a fire’s progress would be retarded by the wallboard.

Because drywall is mounted on the frame of a building, the framing lumber must be straight for the interior wall to align perfectly; and the lumber must have low moisture content to avoid loosening of the drywall nails. These problems are not encountered in the use of plaster for interior finishes. However, because of the time that it saves, drywall construction has become relatively common in residential buildings.

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B U I L D I N G

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M E M B R A N E

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ETFE (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer) is a plastic derivative that is frequently used as a building material in the form of ETFE membranes. The material is characterized by high light and UV transmittance, temperature resistance and very low weight. ETFE film is a hundred times lighter than glass and allows more sunlight to pass through.

ETFE film is highly flame retardant and has a melting point of 270°C. This, together with the material’s self-cleaning qualities, ensures that ETFE membranes can be used in a wide range of applications. The self-cleaning function is provided by the lotus effect: The special surface structure ensures that wind and rain are sufficient to remove dirt from the ETFE skin. In addition, the copolymer is fully recyclable and available in more than 40 colors.

When ETFE membrane was first developed, it was designed to withstand both corrosion and a wide operating temperature range. ETFE membrane is suitable for use at temperatures of up to 155°C, making it a versatile solution to your construction needs.

ETFE membrane is an exciting addition to the selection of membrane materials PFEIFER Structures offers. It is a highly transparent extruded film applied either as a single layer membrane or as a multilayer pneumatically inflated cushion. The material has good UV stability, as well as chemical and heat resistance. At just 1% the weight of glass the material is revolutionizing the construction industry – allowing us to create structures previously unimaginable.

Single Layered ETFE Structures (mechanically pre-stressed) ETFE can be applied as a single layered membrane and tensioned with either wire cables, lightweight steel or aluminum to maintain shape and stability.

Multilayered ETFE Structures (pneumatically pre-stressed) In two or more layers, a pneumatic cushion is created that is then attached using aluminum extrusions and supported by a lightweight structure. These cushions are filled with low-pressure air, providing thermal insulation and structural stability against wind or snow loads. If needed, small cables can be used for additional tensioning and support. Under typical loading conditions, ETFE cushions can range from 5 to 15 feet wide and reach up to 200 feet in length.

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M E M B R A N E

MATERIAL SELECTION &

PRODUCT

SPECIFICATION

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SHALLOW S

MATERIAL SELECTION

MANUFACTURE COMPANY

REINFORCED CONCRETE

S.G. CONCRETE PRODUCT (M) SDN. BHD.

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KENCI MARKETING SDN. BHD

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KAMWO TIMBER INDISTRIES SDN. BHD.

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Kamwo Timber

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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

High concrete finishing quality and consistency Suitable for every type of construction soil Price are cheap and offer most economical solution for building foundation

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Less concrete Smoother texture with better shape Demands less water High probability of adulteration

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M15,m 20, m28

Dense but contain little silica Easy to work Saws and machine knive may be required Suitable for formwork

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Heavy, yellow to brown timber of the genus shorea 30-60 metres high Density of 8501,155kg/m3 air dry

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Sirim’s certification Ms iso9001:2000 Bs 8004:1986, meeting requirement of jkr standard class 1 R.C foundation Certified by ikram qa services sdn bhd.

Wide range of size from 150mm to 450mm squares with various load carrying capacities

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MATERIAL SELECTION

MANUFACTURE COMPANY

REINFORCED CONCRETE

S.G. CONCRETE PRODUCT (M) SDN. BHD.

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DONGWHA MALAYSIA

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TIMBER

KAMWO TIMBER INDISTRIES SDN. BHD.

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Kamwo Timber

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WOOD BASED PANELS (MDF)

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High concrete finishing quality and consistency Suitable for every type of construction soil Price are cheap and offer most economical solution for building foundation

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Meet formaldehyde emission requirements consistency from surface to core.

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Thickness (mm) 2.5-32.8 Size (mm) 2440 x 1220

Dense but contain little silica Easy to work Saws and machine knive may be required Suitable for formwork

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Heavy, yellow to brown timber of the genus shorea 30-60 metres high Density of 8501,155kg/m3 air dry

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Sirim’s certification Ms iso9001:2000 Bs 8004:1986, meeting requirement of jkr standard class 1 R.C foundation Certified by ikram qa services sdn bhd.

Wide range of size from 150mm to 450mm squares with various load carrying capacities

03 MATERIAL SELECTION METAL STUD

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MANUFACTURE COMPANY USG BORAL

GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

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JOINT COMPOUND

GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

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PAPER TAPE

GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

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GYPROC PLASTERBOARD

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Lightweight system solution Fast installation speed (2 to 3 times faster than brick wall) Achieves 30 minutes of fire resistance in accordance Achieves sound insulation up to STC 36 Accommodates services within the stud cavity

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Resilient Pre-creased for easier application to internal angles Crack resistant Easy to use Breatheable with micro perforation holes

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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

comprised of zincalume (zinc and aluminium) coating that comes with thickness ranging from 0.5mm and above durable, practical and lightweight structure for internal plasterboard walls and for specific external wall systems.

Easy to apply Applicable on all types of surface Smooth finish Easy to sand Crack free Suitable for interior finishing

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suitable for specialised fire rated non- loadbearing wall systems. available in 5 sizes starting from 51mm to 150mm gauging from 0.50 to 1.15 BMT Length : 2400mm, 2700mm, 3000mm, 3300mm and 3600mm, 4200mm, 4800mm, 6000mm and 7200mm Satisfies BS 5234: Part 2 strength and robustness requirements in achieving Severe duty rating BS 476: Part 22 Satisfies BS 5234: Part 2 requirements up to and including Medium duty rating

MATERIAL SELECTION 2-IN-1 FILLER

JOINT

MANUFACTURE COMPANY GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

PROPERTIES • • • •

METAL BEAD

GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

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Crack-resistant with high adhesive properties Fast and high wall coverage Excellent finishing quality Mixes easily with water Anti-rust metal frame Easy to install Can be painted over Forming defined edges to plasterboard areas.

Protecting exposed plasterboard edges.

Capping the ends of exposed plasterboards.

Reinforce the strength of external corners.

Metal Beads are available in: - GypFrame® Corner Beads - GypFrame® L Beads - GypFrame® Shadowline •

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MATERIAL SELECTION

MANUFACTURE COMPANY

ADAS® ETFE Skylight

S.G. CONCRETE PRODUCT (M) SDN. BHD.

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CONTAINENTAL STEEL & TUBE CO.

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STAINLESS STEEL SHELL

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high-quality integrated system highly transparent, strong, and durable lightweight material that functions similarly to architectural glazing great advantages such as being selfcleaning (less maintenance), and having excellent light transmission properties lifespan of over 25 years. The material itself is recyclable, a sustainable, ecofriendly green solution

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a range of thicknesses (typically 100 to 500μm)

DOES NOT CORRODE STAIN OR OXIDIZE EASILY

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ISO 2001: 2015 CERTIFIED DISTRIBUTOR OF STAINLESS STEEL IN GAUGES 200SERIES, 301, 302, 303, 304, 309, 316, 408.

FINISHES INCLUDED HOT ROLLED, ANNEALED, MATTE, REFLECTIVE AND MIRROR FINISH. VARIOUS FORM WORKED : SHAFT, SHELL, SHELVING,

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OFFICE BUILDING IN ISTANBUL T

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https://www.archdaily.com/109538/office-building-in-istanbul-tago-architects

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The office building sits on a hillside in a way people can percieve the façade of the building. This office primarily design as a sales office of the high-rised residential complex which is located next to it. Later on, building is going to be the head office of the construction company.

By the sharp geometric combination of the materials; natural stone, glass and wood, are creating the general character of the building and this characteristic features are reflected on landscape design.

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SKYLIGHT

ROOFING SYSTEM

BUILDING ENVELOPE

FAÇADE SYSTEM

PORTAL FRAMING SYSTEM

CEILING

BUILDING BASE

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Pad foundations is chosen as there is clay soil on site, it is a harder in nature. The soil condition is good enough to withstand the load of building without piercing into the hard strata. The pad footing is used because the soil bearing on the site is high. Pad footing is usually wider to increase surface area in contact with the soil to take the load of the structure.

Pad foundation is a shallow foundation and a form of spread foundation formed by rectangular, square, or sometimes circular concrete ‘pads’ that support localised single-point loads such as structural columns, groups of columns or framed structures. This load is then spread by the pad to the bearing layer of soil or rock below. Pad foundations can also be used to support ground beams.

Pad foundation to RC Column is basically support the load from the ground floor, first floor and the individual gallery space in second floor and transmit to the earth. Pad foundation also connect to the steel framing system which support the building portal framing system and the façade system. The steel column had anchored to the foundation directly and the construction method of the pad foundation to RC column is showed in the next page.

STEEL COLUMN ANCHORED TO FOUNDATION

RC COLUMN CONNECTED TO PAD FOUNDATION

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Lat the reinforcements which consist of the main rebar and transverse rebar.

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Cast grade 30 crete inside the formwork

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08 Casting of grade 30 crete to column stump.

After 3days, formworks is dismantied.

Followed up with backfilling of earth.

After the concrete has set, the formwork is removed and formwork of column stump is installed

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Put up formwork and readjust setting out to ensure the pad footing is in the correct position

Fill in with lean concrete and put up spacer blocks.

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02 Excavate to 1.2m deep and compact soil in boudary. Setting out is carried out to determine position of pad footing, footing is marked to the reduced level

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Portal framing system is used in the design and the structure is shown in the diagram below. Portal frames are generally lowrise structures, comprising columns and horizontal or pitched rafters, connected by moment-resisting connections.

Resistance to lateral and vertical actions is provided by the rigidity of the connections and the bending stiffness of the members, which is increased by a suitable haunch or deepening of the rafter sections. This form of continuous frame structure is stable in its plane and provides a clear span that is unobstructed by bracing. They are very efficient for enclosing large volumes, so it is very suitable to used in my designed building as I want to make the contrast between the volume of the space.

A portal frame building comprises a series of transverse frames braced longitudinally. The primary steelwork consists of columns and rafters, which form portal frames, and bracing. The end frame (gable frame) can be either a portal frame or a braced arrangement of columns and rafters.

The light gauge secondary steelwork consists of side rails for walls and purlins for the roof. The secondary steelwork supports the building envelope, but also plays an important role in restraining the primary steelwork.

A nominally pinned base is provided, because of the difficulty and expense of providing a rigid base. A rigid base will involve a more expensive base detail, but more significantly, the foundation must also resist the moment, which increases costs significantly compared to a nominally pinned base.

S U P E R S T R U C T U R E

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P O R T A L

F R A M I N G

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INCLINED ROOF STEEL TRUSS CONNECTION TO COLUMN

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STEEL FLAT PRATT TRUSS SUPPORT

STEEL COLUMN ANCHORED TO PAD FOUNDATION

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STEEL PURLIN SYSTEM WITH CLEAT

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Soundproof wall has been used in the internal partition of the building to avoid sound transmission between the space. This helps the space remain quiet as people need to focus on enjoying the crafts in the gallery space.

Dense layer is actually quite a good conductor of sound, and soundproofing a wall constructed with standard drywall requires other framing adaptations, such as building extrathick walls and filling the cavities with insulation, or installing sound-dampening sheets behind the standard drywall.

Soundproof drywall panels, QuietRock, use an inner layer consisting of gypsum, viscoelastic, and ceramics, which makes them much more resilient and less able to transmit sound waves.

The wall assembly of QuietRock is one layer 1/2-inch QuietRock® 510 gypsum panel applied vertically on each side of 2 x 4 wood studs. Glass fiber insulation (3 1/2-inch thick) is installed in the stud space. The STC rating is 52 which is higher than the typical drywall which is really good at resisting sound transmission.

Section view of the wall

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QuietRock (Soundproof wall)

Section view of the QuietRock Panel

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B U I L D I N G

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P O L Y C A R B O N A T E

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The building envelope is connect to the column of the portal framing structure. There is customize trusses welded to the H column of the steel portal frame and to support the aluminium studs, timber batten and polycarbonate studs.

The wood shingles and polycarbonate shingles are cut in the same size and screw on the horizontal studs on the facade. The construction is the traditional roof shingle system to fix together.

Polycarbonate shingles facades are translucent dry glazed system which offer excellent weather protection with high impact resistance.

On the entrance façade, the upper portion is composed of solid wood shingles and they trickle down to mixed with polycarbonate shingles on the lower part. Although working with the traditional shingle system, the uninterrupted translucency surface is achieved by special detail design using translucent studs and polycarbonate screws. With the combination of wood shingles, it create a beautiful pattern on the façade.

T R AN SLUCE NT

TIMBER

B U I L D I N G

SHINGLES

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M A T E R IA L

P O LY CA RB O NA TE

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P O L Y C A R B O N A T E

MATERIAL SELECTION &

PRODUCT

SPECIFICATION

01

P A D S

MATERIAL SELECTION

MANUFACTURE COMPANY

REINFORCED CONCRETE

S.G. CONCRETE PRODUCT (M) SDN. BHD.

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KENCI MARKETING SDN. BHD

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TIMBER

KAMWO TIMBER INDISTRIES SDN. BHD.

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Kamwo Timber

B

S

F O U N D A T I O N T

R

PROPERTIES

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SAND

U

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U

C

T

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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

High concrete finishing quality and consistency Suitable for every type of construction soil Price are cheap and offer most economical solution for building foundation

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Less concrete Smoother texture with better shape Demands less water High probability of adulteration

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M15,m 20, m28

Dense but contain little silica Easy to work Saws and machine knive may be required Suitable for formwork

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Heavy, yellow to brown timber of the genus shorea 30-60 metres high Density of 8501,155kg/m3 air dry

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Sirim’s certification Ms iso9001:2000 Bs 8004:1986, meeting requirement of jkr standard class 1 R.C foundation Certified by ikram qa services sdn bhd.

Wide range of size from 150mm to 450mm squares with various load carrying capacities

02 MATERIAL SELECTION DURA® PFS Portal Frame System

P O R T A L S

MANUFACTURE COMPANY DURA MALAYSIA

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P

E

PROPERTIES • •

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highly durable and impermeable No scaffolding, props or formwork are required over the supports Ease of handling/transport ation and installation can be produced to desire dimension with incremental width of 10 ft. provides excellent resistance against impact and abrasion loads.

R

S

T

R

F R A M E

U

C

T

U

R

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION -

Dura® X650 Beam/Column Dura® Connector

E

03 MATERIAL SELECTION METAL STUD

SOUNDPROOF I N

MANUFACTURE COMPANY USG BORAL

QUIETROCK

R N A

PROPERTIES •

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QUIETROCK

T E

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comprised of zincalume (zinc and aluminium) coating that comes with thickness ranging from 0.5mm and above durable, practical and lightweight structure for internal plasterboard walls and for specific external wall systems.

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Soundproof Easy for installation

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GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

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PAPER TAPE

GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

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Easy to apply Applicable on all types of surface Smooth finish Easy to sand Crack free Suitable for interior finishing

Resilient Pre-creased for easier application to internal angles Crack resistant Easy to use Breatheable with micro perforation holes

P

WALL

A R T I T I O N

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

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JOINT COMPOUND

L

suitable for specialised fire rated non- loadbearing wall systems. available in 5 sizes starting from 51mm to 150mm gauging from 0.50 to 1.15 BMT Length : 2400mm, 2700mm, 3000mm, 3300mm and 3600mm, 4200mm, 4800mm, 6000mm and 7200mm

QuietRock EZSnap mold resistant QuietRock 530: a 5/8-inch thick version, used where fire-resistance QuietRock 530 RF QuietRock 545: the top-end product, used in commercial settings

MATERIAL SELECTION 2-IN-1 FILLER

JOINT

MANUFACTURE COMPANY GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

PROPERTIES • • • •

METAL BEAD

GYPROC SAINT-GOBAIN

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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

Crack-resistant with high adhesive properties Fast and high wall coverage Excellent finishing quality Mixes easily with water Anti-rust metal frame Easy to install Can be painted over Forming defined edges to plasterboard areas.

Protecting exposed plasterboard edges.

Capping the ends of exposed plasterboards.

Reinforce the strength of external corners.

Metal Beads are available in: - GypFrame® Corner Beads - GypFrame® L Beads - GypFrame® Shadowline •

04

B U I L D I N G B

MATERIAL SELECTION

MANUFACTURE COMPANY

Timberline HD® Lifetime High Definition® Shingles

GAF ROOFING SUPPLIERS MALAYSIA

U

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L

D

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PROPERTIES • •

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Great Value…

Architecturally stylish but practically priced— with a Lifetime ltd. warranty.

Safer Class A fire rating from Underwriters Laboratories, the highest rating possible.

High PerformancE StainGuard® Protection Helps ensure the beauty of your roof against unsightly blue-green algae

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USG BORAL

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comprised of zincalume (zinc and aluminium) coating that comes with thickness ranging from 0.5mm and above durable, practical and lightweight structure for internal plasterboard walls and for specific external wall systems.

E

N

V

S K I N E

L

O

P

E

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

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METAL STUD

G

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Fiberglass asphalt shingle Lifetime ltd. transferable warranty Smart Choice® protection for the first 10 years 130 mph ltd. wind warranty Listed Class A Fire – UL 790 Passes ASTM D7158, Class H ASTM D3018 Type 1 ASTM D3161 Type 1, Class F ASTM D3462 StainGuard® Algae Discoloration ltd. warranty (available in most areas) Energy Star Qualified (white only) Texas Department of Insurance approved ICC Approved CSA A123.5-98 5 5/8″ exposure suitable for specialised fire rated non- loadbearing wall systems. available in 5 sizes starting from 51mm to 150mm gauging from 0.50 to 1.15 BMT Length : 2400mm, 2700mm, 3000mm, 3300mm and 3600mm, 4200mm, 4800mm, 6000mm and 7200mm

MATERIAL SELECTION TIMBER

MANUFACTURE COMPANY KAMWO TIMBER INDISTRIES SDN. BHD.

Kamwo Timber

POLYCARBONATE

CRESTEAST MARKETING SDN BHD

PROPERTIES •

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TRANSLUCENT SCREW

CRESTEAST MARKETING SDN BHD

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PRODUCT SPECIFICATION

Dense but contain little silica Easy to work Saws and machine knive may be required Suitable for formwork

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To off the ultraviolet harmful to human body To maintain the transparency for a long time To prevent the lowering of physical properties To retain selfextinguishing [flame retardancy) which has high resistance to fire Being excellent material of sound insulation Ratable for the soundproof facility.

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High transparency fasteners.

Featured with cross head.

Suitable for displays.

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Heavy, yellow to brown timber of the genus shorea 30-60 metres high Density of 8501,155kg/m3 air dry

suitable for specialised fire rated non- loadbearing wall systems. available in 5 sizes starting from 51mm to 150mm gauging from 0.50 to 1.15 BMT Length : 2400mm, 2700mm, 3000mm, 3300mm and 3600mm, 4200mm, 4800mm, 6000mm and 7200mm

Available in sizes to fit into standard screw hole sizes M2, M2.6, M3, M4, M5 and M6.

https://www.britannica.com/technology/drywall-construction https://builtory.my/login/products/GypWall-Robust-System?id=WEwx https://www.thebalancesmb.com/types-of-drywall-845079 https://www.contractorbhai.com/drywall-interior-partition-and-itsbenefits/#:~:text=Schools%2C%20theaters%2C%20etc.,with%20self%2Ddrilling%20dry wall%20screws. https://www.nowofol.com/en/etfe-architecture/etfe-membrane/ https://www.gyproc.my/

https://www.usgboral.com/en_my/products/metal/wall-framing/stud.html https://www.me.com.sg/product/adas-materials-etfe-film http://www.cresteast.com.my/weather+ability+sheet-3180-172006/ http://gafroofing.com.my/residential-roofing/timberline-series/#1496507126790a25af075-a261adbc-9295

https://dura.com.my/sitemap/19-products/portal-frame/60-dura-pfs-portal-framesystem https://www.thespruce.com/does-soundproof-drywall-really-work1821484#:~:text=Soundproof%20drywall%20panels%2C%20including%20QuietRock, able%20to%20transmit%20sound%20waves. https://www.steelconstruction.info/Portal_frames#:~:text=Portal%20frames%20are% 20generally%20low,connected%20by%20moment%2Dresisting%20connections.&tex t=This%20form%20of%20continuous%20frame,that%20is%20unobstructed%20by%20b racing.

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