Chapter 21: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Patton: The Human Body in Health & Disease, 7th Edition

Multiple Choice

1. Which group of people has the highest percentage of body water?

a. Young adult males b. Young adult females c. Babies d. The elderly

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids a. Young adult females b. Young adult males c. Babies d. The elderly

2. Which group of people has the lowest percentage of body water?

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids a. Adipose tissue b. Bone tissue c. Muscle tissue d. Nerve tissue

3. Which type of body tissue contains the least amount of water?

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids a. Interstitial fluid b. Plasma c. Lymph d. All of the above are considered extracellular fluid.

4. Which of the following is not considered part of the extracellular fluid?

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 585 TOP: Body fluids

5. The largest volume of water in the body is located in a. lymph. b. intracellular fluid. c. interstitial fluid. d. blood plasma.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 585 TOP: Body fluids a. Food b. Ingested liquids c. Anabolism of food d. Catabolism of food

6. Which of the following is not a source of water for the body?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 586 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

7. Water is not lost from the a. catabolism of food. b. lungs. c. kidneys. d. skin.

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 586 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. ADH b. Aldosterone c. ACTH d. ANH

8. Which of the following hormones does not play a role in fluid regulation?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

9. The positively charged ion with the greatest concentration in the blood is a. calcium. b. sodium. c. magnesium. d. potassium.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: pp. 589-590 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

10. The negatively charged ion with the greatest concentration in the blood is a. protein. b. bicarbonate. c. chloride. d. phosphate.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: pp. 589-590 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. loss of sodium ions b. loss of water c. reabsorption of sodium ions d. both A and B

11. The hormone aldosterone causes the _____ by the kidneys.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 587

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

12. Aldosterone causes the kidneys to reabsorb a. chloride ions. b. sodium ions. c. water. d. both B and C.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 587

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. Interstitial fluid b. Blood plasma c. Cerebrospinal fluid d. Intracellular fluid

13. The volume of which fluid is the most variable?

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. A drop in capillary blood pressure b. A drop in blood protein levels c. An increase in capillary blood pressure d. Both B and C

14. Which of the following increases interstitial fluid volume?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. A drop in capillary blood pressure b. A drop in blood protein levels c. An increase in capillary blood pressure d. Both B and C

15. Which of the following decreases interstitial fluid volume?

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. increases blood plasma b. increases interstitial fluid c. decreases interstitial fluid d. both A and C

16. An increase in blood protein levels _____ volume.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. increases blood plasma b. increases interstitial fluid c. decreases interstitial fluid d. both B and C

17. An increase in capillary blood pressure _____ volume.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

18. Loss of skin elasticity is a clinical sign of a. edema. b. dehydration. c. overhydration. d. hypersecretion of aldosterone.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Fluid imbalances a. above; sodium b. below; sodium c. above; calcium d. above; potassium

19. Hyperkalemia is a(n) _____-normal level of _____ in the blood.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592 TOP: Electrolyte imbalances a. above; sodium b. below; sodium c. below; calcium d. below; potassium

20. Hyponatremia is a(n) _____-normal level of _____ in the blood.

ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592 TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

21. The most abundant compound in the body is a. protein. b. lipids. c. carbohydrates. d. none of the above.

ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592 TOP: Body fluids a. 40 b. 60 c. 80 d. 50

22. In a newborn, water can account for as much as _____% of body weight.

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids a. Skeletal muscles b. Kidneys c. Skin d. Lungs

23. Which of the following organs do not contribute to fluid output?

ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 586 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance a. The concentration of electrolytes in extracellular fluid b. The concentration of protein in the blood c. The absorption of fluid by the small intestine d. All of the above are major factors for controlling plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid.

24. Which of the following is not considered a major factor for controlling plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid?

ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

Matching

Match each term or phrase with its corresponding description or definition.

a. Ion b. Dehydration c. Intracellular fluid d. Hypokalemia e. ADH f. Decrease in capillary blood pressure g. ANH h. Hypocalcemia i. Drop in blood protein levels j. Electrolyte k. Hyponatremia l. Overhydration m. Aldosterone n. Interstitial fluid o. Edema

1. Substance that dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water

2. A fluid-regulating hormone that is released by the pituitary gland

3. Condition in which the blood sodium level is below normal

4. An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge

5. Condition of which loss of skin elasticity is a clinical sign

6. Type of fluid that is the most variable of the body fluids

7. One mechanism that can cause an increase in the interstitial fluid volume

8. Condition caused by a lower-than-normal blood concentration of potassium

9. One of the two major fluid compartments in the body

10. A fluid-regulating hormone that is produced by the heart

11. One mechanism that causes a decrease in the interstitial fluid volume

12. Condition that can be caused by the rapid infusion of intravenous fluid

13. A fluid-regulating hormone that is produced by the adrenal cortex

14. Condition caused by a lower-than-normal blood level of calcium

15. Condition caused by an abnormal increase in interstitial fluid causing swelling in parts of the body, frequently the lower limbs

1. ANS: J PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 583 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

2. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

3. ANS: K PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592 TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

4. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 589 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

5. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Fluid imbalances

6. ANS: N PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 585 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

7. ANS: I PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

8. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592 TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

9. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 585 TOP: Body fluids

10. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

11. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

12. ANS: L PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 589 TOP: Fluid imbalances

13. ANS: M PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

14. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 593 TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

15. ANS: O PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

Short Answer

1. Explain the term fluid balance.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

TOP: Introduction

REF: p. 583

2. Explain what variables affect the percentage of body water a person might have.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1

TOP: Body fluids

DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584

3. What types of fluid make up the extracellular fluid compartment?

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 585

TOP: Body fluids

4. List the sources of water for the body and the ways in which water can be lost from the body.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 586

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

5. List the names and the sources of the hormones that play a role in fluid regulation.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 587

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

6. Explain the mechanism that regulates fluid intake.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: pp. 587-588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

7. Define and give an example of an electrolyte and a nonelectrolyte.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 589

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

8. If a person is diagnosed with hypertension (high blood pressure), one of the first recommendations a health care provider makes is for the person to reduce the amount of salt in the diet. Explain why following this recommendation will reduce blood pressure.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: p. 591

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

9. What is edema? Explain the cause of edema. What are some organs that might be affected?

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 588 | p. 590

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

10. Explain the mechanism by which aldosterone helps maintain fluid homeostasis.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 587 | p. 591

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

11. Certain kidney diseases allow large amounts of protein to be passed out of the body in urine. One result of this condition is edema. Explain the mechanism that causes the edema.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Synthesis REF: p. 590

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

12. Would a drop in capillary blood pressure or an increase in capillary blood pressure be more likely to cause edema? Explain your answer.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 590

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

13. Explain why prolonged diarrhea is more likely to lead to serious dehydration in a baby than in an adult even though the baby has a higher percentage of body water than an adult does.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 584

TOP: Fluid imbalances

14. What is overhydration? Give one possible cause of overhydration. What organ is stressed by overhydration?

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 589

TOP: Fluid imbalances

15. List the normal blood concentrations of sodium, potassium, and calcium.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 592

TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

16. List the causes of hypernatremia and hyponatremia.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 592

TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

17. What are the symptoms of sodium imbalance?

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 592

TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

18. List the causes of hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: p. 592

TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

19. What are the symptoms of calcium imbalance?

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization REF: pp. 592-593

TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

20. Some diuretics cause the body to excrete large amounts of potassium. If a person is taking such a diuretic, what symptoms of potassium deficiency might be evident?

ANS: Answers will vary.

PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 591 TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

TRUE/FALSE

1. Fluid balance means that the total volume and distribution of water in the body remain relatively constant and within normal limits.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 583 TOP: Introduction

2. Women tend to have a higher percentage of body water than do men.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids

3. Babies tend to have a higher percentage of body water than the elderly do.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids

4. Muscle tissue has the least amount of water compared with any other body tissue.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids

5. Obese people tend to have a lower percentage of body water than slender people do.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids

6. Because muscle tissue has less water than adipose tissue, a person who is overweight has a higher percentage of body water than does a person in better physical condition.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids

7. There is more fluid inside the cells of the body than outside the cells of the body.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 585 TOP: Body fluids

8. Blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and lymph are all considered interstitial fluids.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 585 TOP: Body fluids

9. Blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and lymph all considered extracellular fluids.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 585 TOP: Body fluids

10. The kidneys, the lungs, and the catabolism of food all contribute to water loss in the body.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 586 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

11. The food that we eat, the fluids we drink, and the catabolism of food all contribute to an input of water to the body.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 586 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

12. The chief mechanism used by the body to maintain fluid balance is adjusting fluid intake.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

13. The hormone ADH is produced by the adrenal cortex and acts to reduce the amount of urine produced.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

14. The hormone ANH is produced by the heart and acts to increase the amount of urine produced.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

15. When the body is severely dehydrated, hormones in the body can prevent the kidneys from producing urine until fluid loss is reduced to zero.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

16. No matter how dehydrated a person becomes, fluid will still be lost by the lungs.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

17. Table salt (NaCl) is an electrolyte.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 589

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

18. Because glucose dissociates into ions when it is dissolved in water, it is called an electrolyte.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 589 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

19. When NaCl is dissolved in water, it dissociates into ions.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 589 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

20. Sodium has the highest concentration of any negative ion in the blood.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 590 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

21. Potassium has the highest concentration of any positive ion in the blood.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 590 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

22. Aldosterone increases the absorption of sodium from the kidneys and thereby increases the amount of urine produced.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 587

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

23. If sodium moves into the interstitial fluid, the volume of blood increases.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 587

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

24. If sodium moves into the interstitial fluid, edema could result.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

25. If sodium levels in the blood increase, the volume of blood would increase.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 587

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

26. Salt must consistently be consumed because there is a loss of about 1,000 mEq per day through the digestive system.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

27. An increase in blood protein decreases the volume of fluid in the blood.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

28. An increase in blood protein decreases the volume of interstitial fluid.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

29. An increase in capillary blood pressure increases the volume of interstitial fluid.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

30. An increase in capillary blood pressure and an increase in blood protein have opposite effects on the interstitial fluid volume.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

31. An increase in capillary blood pressure and a decrease in blood protein have opposite effects on the interstitial fluid.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

32. A decrease in capillary blood pressure and an increase in blood protein both increase interstitial fluid volume.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 588

TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

33. Because they have the lowest percentage of body water, the elderly are most at risk for severe dehydration resulting from vomiting or diarrhea than any other age-group.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Fluid imbalances

34. Because they have the smallest amount of water in their body, babies are most at risk for severe dehydration resulting from vomiting or diarrhea than any other age-group.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Fluid imbalances

35. Blood plasma is the body fluid that varies the most.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

36. Interstitial fluid is the body fluid that varies the most.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

37. Giving intravenous fluids too rapidly can cause overhydration, which can put a heavy burden on the kidneys.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 589 TOP: Fluid imbalances

38. One of the organs that is most stressed from overhydration is the heart.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 589 TOP: Fluid imbalances

39. An overdose of vitamin D can cause hyperkalemia.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592 TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

40. Having enough table salt in the diet can prevent hyponatremia.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 592

TOP: Electrolyte imbalances

41. To maintain proper homeostasis, all body fluids must have the same level and types of electrolytes.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 583 TOP: Introduction

42. The most abundant compound in the human body is water.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 584 TOP: Body fluids

43. Through diet and exercise, Jane lost more than 50 lb. This means she also reduced her percentage of body water.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 584

TOP: Body fluids

44. Drugs frequently are less effective in the elderly than they are in younger people because the elderly have a higher percent of body water, which overdilutes the drug.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Application REF: p. 584

TOP: Body fluids

45. Both aldosterone and ADH reduce the amount of urine produced.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 587 TOP: Mechanisms that maintain fluid balance

46. When a person becomes dehydrated, both the volume of the extracellular fluid and the electrolyte concentration of the extracellular fluid are reduced.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Regulation of fluid intake

47. When a person starts to become dehydrated, signals from the hypothalamus cause a reduction in the amount of saliva produced, which makes a person feel thirsty.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 588 TOP: Regulation of fluid intake

48. Nonelectrolytes do not generate ions.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 589 TOP: Importance of electrolytes in body fluids

49. Both too much and too little potassium can cause muscle weakness and heart problems.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 592 TOP: Potassium imbalance

50. Too little calcium can decrease neuromuscular irritability resulting in fatigue, muscle weakness, and diminished reflexes.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Memorization

REF: p. 593 TOP: Calcium imbalance