Yellowstone National Park Lodge and Memorial

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK A PLACE FOR PEACE AND REMEMBRANCE

NICOLLE COSTA FOURTH YEAR DESIGN STUDIO PROFESSOR HARKER

“Though nothing can bring back the hour of splendor in the grass, of glory in the flower, We will grieve not, rather find strength in what remains behind.�

- William Wordsworth

CONTENTS

1. YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

*BASIC PARK INFORMATION *HISTORY

2. PARK ATTRACTIONS

*TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

*PARK ARCHITECTURE *LODGES AND CAMPSITES

3. ACCESS AND CIRCULATION

*TRANSPORTATION

* ROADS, BIKE AND HIKE TRAILS

4. GEOLOGY

*TOPOGRAPHY

*VOLCANO *SUPERVOLCANO

5. CLIMATE AND MICROCLIMATE

* SEASONS

*CLIMATE AND EFFECTS *ELEVATION CHANGES *HYDROTHERMAL, LAKES, RIVERS & MOUNTAINS

6. HABITAT AND FLORA FAUNA

* PLANTS & TREES *WILDLIFE

7. SITE ANALYSIS/ SITE SELECTION 8. CONCEPT IDEA

*PROJECT INFORMATION *CONCEPT LODGE *CONCEPT MEMORIAL

9. PROGRAM SCHEDULE

*EXCEL SPREADSHEET 10. SUSTAINABILITY

*WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY

*WETLAND

*STORM WATER

*LIVING MACHINE *PRO-WALL

*PHOTO VOLTAIC WINDOWS *TURF-STONE

*SOLAR FOREST

11. CASE STUDIES

*LODGE

*MEMORIAL

12. PROCESS WORK

*BUBBLE DIAGRAMS

*SKETCH-UP MASSING MODEL (RELATED TO COLOR OF SPREADSHEET) *SITE PROGRAM ITERATIONS *PARKING PHASES *LIVING BUILDING FOOTPRINT *MEMORIAL ADDITION

13. FINAL DRAWINGS AND RENDERINGS

14. FINAL BOARDS

15. FINAL MODELS

16. ADDENDUM

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

INFORMATION INFORMATION

BASIC PARK INFORMATION

http://paradisegateway.com/area-activities/yellowstone-national-park/

The world’s first national park, Yellowstone is located in three states: Montana, Wyoming and Idaho.

Paradise Gateway is located near the north entrance of Yellowstone National Park (which is open year round, unlike other entrances). Yellowstone is a treasure that inspires awe in travelers from around the globe. Although Iceland and New Zealand are known for their geysers, nowhere in the world are there as many active ones as in Yellowstone.

Yellowstone National Park has the highest concentration of large and small mammals in the lower 48 states, including the American bison, elk, grizzly and black bears, coyotes, wolves, bighorn sheep, mule deer, pronghorns, squirrels and marmots. Bird species include osprey, pelican, trumpeter swans, green-wing teal and the Western bluebird. In addition, Yellowstone is the home to 11 species of fish, five species of reptiles and four species of amphibians. Explore Yellowstone by roadside or the 1,000 miles of trails through the back country. The Park boasts a variety of vegetation types, from near-desert to subalpine meadows and forests. Wildflowers are breathtaking.

Paradise Gateway is the ideal entry to this wonder of the natural world.

www.nationalwonders.com

PARK HISTORY BEFORE IT ALL Native Americans had first claim on the Yellowstone Plateau and lived in the area in peaceful tranquility until the early 1800s--undisturbed by the presence of white men. The Sheepeater Indians, a band of Shoshone, also known as Snake Indians, lived in the area of what is now Yellowstone Park.

The mountain ranges surrounding Yellowstone and its pristine valleys provided shelter, protection, and food as Shoshones, Bannocks, and Nez Perce traversed the protective natural highway en route to the “Buffalo Country” of Wyoming and Montana.

The Yellowstone River Valley offered little protection, for several hundred miles, for travelers traveling down the Yellowstone Valley including Indians, as they were subject to attack from warring Indian Tribes like the Blackfeet. Traveling down this valley was actually much preferred. The widely-used trail would become known as the Bannock Trail. In 1877, the Nez Perce followed much of the Bannock Trail through Yellowstone as they fled from government forces commanded by General Oliver O. Howard

http://www.nps.gov/yell/historyculture/images/bannock_2.jpg

WHITE MANS JOURNEY Captain William Clark led a party that canoed down the Yellowstone River Valley, a short distance from today’s Yellowstone Park, en route to their rendezvous with Meriwether Lewis at the confluence of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers They would be the first of many explorers through that area John Colter, who was a member of the Discovery Corps, would encounter two trappers somewhere near the confluence of the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers. The trappers named Joseph Dixon and Forrest Hancock would become John Colter’s partners.

Shortly after they met, (they met August 12, 1806), Colter returned up to Yellowstone with his partners where they followed the Clark’s Fork River to an area believed to be near the mouth of the Clarks Fork Canyon.

This is where they spent that winter. The next spring, Colter would leave the Rocky Mountains again as he began to make his way down the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers en route back to the United States, known as

The party stopped at the mouth of the Big Horn River and constructed a trading post, Fort Raymond. During Colter’s epic journey, he would discover a thermal area near present day Cody, Wyoming, which would

FIRE OF 1988 & PREVENTION The Yellowstone Fires of 1988 collectively were the largest in the history of Yellowstone. Combine with winds and drought the small fires collected and burned for several months, almost destroying two visitor centers including the Yellowstone Lodge. The wildfire swept through 793,880 acres or 36% of the park and over 9,000 firefighters were called in before it was extinguished.

What started as a small sparked fire (done purposefully for helping with the pine growth) caught the wrong upward wind which turned to the worst fire known.

Previously, Fires were generally assumed to be harmful for forests and the aim was to suppress the fire as quickly as possible, however as fires ecological role became more understood, a policy was adopted to let smaller wildfires burn in a “controlled” environment. Many of the 1988 fires burned for a short period, and over half the areas were only affected by ground fires, leaving larger trees undamaged. Not long after the fires had ended, the forests had successfully been reestablished.

http://serc.carleton.edu/images/eyesinthesky2/week8/fire_fighter_ground.jpg

SMOKE JUMPERS

http://s5.photobucket.com/user/Combatmix/media/smokejumper.jpg.html

Smoke jumping first introduced in 1934 by Forest Service Intermountain Regional Forester T.V. Pearson. This idea proposed as a way to quickly reach forest fires using parachutes.

Firefighters would reach the fires fresh instead of tired. Highly trained volunteers/professionals are the ones to enter the fires.

However, before beginning experiments were conducted near Winthrop Washington in the North Cascade Mountains. Steerable parachutes, protective suits, and methods for rappelling down trees were created. The smokejumper program broke ground in 1939 in the Pacific Northwest. The first jump occurred in 1940 for a fire in Idaho’s Nez Perce National Forest. Firefighters Rufus Robinson and Earl Cooley made the first jump

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

PARK PARK ATTRACTIONS ATTRACTIONS

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS LOWER FALLS The lower falls are 308 feet high, or almost twice as high as Niagara. The volume of water is in no way comparable to Niagara as the width of the Yellowstone River before it goes over the lower falls is 70 feet, whereas Niagara is a half mile.

The lower falls descend from the 590,000 year old Canyon Rhyolite lava flow. The lower falls of the Yellowstone is still the largest volume major waterfall in the Rocky Mountains of the United States. The volume of water flowing over the falls can vary from 63,500 US gal/s at peak runoff to 5,000 US gal/s in the fall.

MORNING GLORY POOL Morning Glory Pool has always been a favorite of park visitors. One early account raved: “It is precisely like a morning glory flower. Its long and slender throat, like the tube of the blossom, reaching from unknown depths below, branches out in ever-widening snowy walls, forming at last a perfectly symmetrical and exquisite chalice, which is filled with water of the loveliest, clearest, robin’s egg blue.”

CASTLE GEYSER

http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/North_America/United_States_of_America/Wyoming/Yellowstone_ National_Park-902560/Things_To_Do-Yellowstone_National_Park-MISC-BR-1.html

Castle Geyser is a very old geyser. Estimates put the age of its 12 foot high cone at 5,000 to 15,000 years.

It would take that long to build such a large cone.

Even more remarkable is that Castle’s cone sits on top of an even more massive sinter formation deposited by an even earlier spring. Castle is a cone-type geyser. Its interval is usually between 9 and 11 hours. Its maximum height is 60 to 90 feet.

The 20 minute water phase of a major eruption is followed by a 40 minute steam phase. During the steam phase, the eruption mainly consists of forced steam with very little water. The first 10 to 15 minutes of the steam phase is relatively forceful and fairly loud and interesting to hear.

YELLOWSTONE LAKE Yellowstone Lake is the largest body of water in Yellowstone National Park, The lake is 7,732 feet above sea level and covers 136 square miles with 110 miles of shoreline. While the average depth of the lake is 139 feet its deepest spot is at least 390 feet. Yellowstone Lake is the largest freshwater lake above 7,000 feet in North America.

In winter, ice nearly 3 feet thick covers much of the lake, except where shallow water covers hot springs. The lake freezes over by early December and can remain frozen until late May or early June. http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/ngrant.htm

FISHING CONE

Fishing Cone is a hot spring located in the West Thumb Geyser Basin. The Folsom party probably saw it in 1869, but the first recorded description of Fishing Cone comes from the 1870 Washburn Expedition. From that time on, and perhaps even earlier, visitor after visitor performed this feat, catching fish from the cold lake and cooking them on the hook. Hayden Survey members did it in 1871, and the next year they named the spring “Fish Pot” or “Hot Spring Cone.” Later names were “Fisherman’s Kettle,” “Fish Cone,” “Fishpot Spring,” “Crater Island,” and “Chowder Pot.” The name Fishing Cone came about gradually through the generic use of the term in guidebooks.

MUD VOLCANO The Washburn Expedition and the Hayden Survey discovered Mud Volcano during the early 1870s.

Both groups heard the sound “resembling the reports of distant artillery” for several miles before arriving at Mud Volcano. Mud Volcano at that time exploded with mud from its hillside alcove.

Since then Mud Volcano has quieted but still remains a bubbling, seething spring.

http://www.dickndebbietravels.com/?p=2541

PARK ARCHITECTURE

RUSTIC ARCHITECTURE 1916-1942 “This little noticed movement in American architecture was a natural outgrowth of a new romanticism about nature, about our country’s western frontiers...The conservation ethic slowly took hold in this atmosphere of romanticism. Part of this ethic fostered the development of a unique architectural style.

Perhaps for the first time in the history of American architecture, a building became an accessory to nature... Early pioneer and regional building techniques were revived because it was thought that a structure employing native materials blended best with the environment...No [other] single government agency has to date been responsible for such a revolutionary break in architectural form. ”

Initially buildings at Yellowstone and many other national parks controlled by the Army were built by them in the style of all Army buildings at that time which did not take into consideration nature and landscape whatsoever.

Development of previously inconsiderate railroad hotels started to move more towards natural materials with consideration for their surroundings.

Lodges began to move even further towards the typical rustic architecture style in addition to starting to consider becoming appropriately scaled in relation to the environment.

American Society of Landscape Architects started to collaborate with the national parks to further harmonize landscape with the improvement and new construction of roads, trails, and buildings.

RUSTIC ARCHITECTURE DECLINE The decline of NPS Rustic was due to the immense growth in the National Parks and the high demand for buildings in construction in the parks. Even with the C.C.C and P.W.A programs some of the rustic styles with their labor intensive craft had to be abandoned for the new buildings. “Rustic architecture achieved its goals. It allowed the development of necessary park facilities without needless disruption of the natural scene. It facilitated the separation of the parks from the rest of the world, allowing them to become reserves governed by well-obeyed rules far different from those typical of the non-park situation. It assisted in the formulation of a conservative image for the parks, an image that for better or worse still dominates the publics park expectations to much larger degree than is generally appreciated. At its best, rustic architecture produced buildings of rare and distinctive beauty. A unique expression of twentieth century American architectural thought, the pre-1942 rustic buildings of the National Park Service are a priceless heritage, to be treasured and conserved.�

LODGES AND CAMPSITES LODGES

http://www.yellowstonenationalparklodges.com/old-faithful-snow-lodge-cabins-98.html

In Yellowstone National Park there are multiple lodges or indoor resting areas. These lodges were first thought of and designed back in the early 20th century. They were to be used commonly for a place to rest as well as enjoy during ones stay in the park. Varying in sizes, shapes and location each lodge has unique style and purpose. Many of the lodges found within the park are limited to times of use. Meaning during the time there are 9 different types of lodges and cabins open for public use where during the wintertime there are only 2 lodges/cabins that are available. With that into consideration vacation times need to be sought out if one would rather be in one lodge over the other.

SUMMER LODGES AND CABINS OLD FAITHFUL INN

http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/lodging-in-yellowstone.htm

WINTER LODGES AND CABINS ROOSEVELT LODGE CABINS http://www.tripadvisor.com/Hotel_Review-g60999-d220052-Reviews-Roosevelt_Lodge_Cabins-Yellowstone_National_Park_Wyoming.html

CAMPSITES

http://www.yellowstonenationalparklodges.com/bridge-bay-campground-251.html

PARK CAMPGROUNDS

CAMPGROUND INFORMATION

www.tripadvisor.com

Throughout Yellowstone national park there are over 2,000 designated campsites. These campsites range from being off of lodge sites, to in a particular campground area, to the trail campsites. Even though there are areas for visitors to camp whether it be in a tent or an air stream many travelers to the park choose to hike trails and then set campsites around the park, which may or may not be designated for campgrounds. However, those who chose to do set camp outside of campgrounds are at risk and warned. Along the campsites and trails there are many sites to been seen and that is why camping in Yellowstone is recommended so one can feel the connection with nature and the natural prospects of the park.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

ACCESS ACCESSAND AND CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

TRANSPORTATION

WWW.VIRTUALTOURIST.COM

WAYS OF TRAVEL By air

Yellowstone is located far from any major airports. The principal airport serving Yellowstone is the Jackson Hole Airport (IATA: JAC) [2] located within Grand Teton National Park. United and Delta serve Jackson Hole year-round, from Denver and Salt Lake City respectively. American and Frontier provide service on a seasonal basis.

Small airports with limited/seasonal commercial service are: Billings (Montana) (200 miles from Yellowstone, 3.5 hours by car),Bozeman (Montana)(301 miles, 5 hours), Butte (Montana) (384 miles, 6 hours), Cody (Wyoming) (95 miles, 1.5 hours), Idaho Falls (Idaho) (170 miles, 3.5 hours) and West Yellowstone (72 miles, 1.5-2 hours).

By car

The park has 5 entrances. The nearest cities to each entrance are given. North - Accessed from Gardiner (Montana) via US Route 89.

This entrance is open all year and leads to the park headquarters at Mammoth Hot Springs, 5 miles inside the park boundary. The iconic Roosevelt Arch is located at this entrance. Northeast - Accessed from Silver Gate and Cooke City via US Route 212. The entrance and road to Cooke City are open all year, but Route 212 past Cooke City is closed in winter (mid-October to late May). East - Accessed from Cody via US Route 14/16/20. This entrance is closed in winter (early November to early May). South - Accessed from Grand Teton National Park via US Route 89/191/287. This entrance is closed in winter (early November to mid-May). West - Accessed from West Yellowstone via US Route 20/191/287 (60 mi, 97 km from Ashton (Idaho). This entrance is closed in winter (early November to late April)

By bus

Xanterra Resorts provides bus tours within the park during the summer season. The Lower Loop Tour departs from locations in the southern part of the Park only. The Upper Loop Tour departs from Lake Hotel, Fishing Bridge RV Park, and Canyon Lodge to tour the northern section of the park only. The Grand Loop Tour departs from Gardiner and Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel to tour the entire park in one day. During the winter season snow coach tours are provided from various locations. In addition, during the summer season, commercial businesses offer tours originating from many area towns and cities.

During the winter season, some businesses provide snow coach tours for most park roads or bus transportation on the Mammoth Hot Springs to Cooke City road.

By bicycle

Cycling in the park can be a very rewarding experience, but due to the great distances in the park some additional planning is necessary to ensure that lodging is available each night. The park reserves a number of campsites for cyclists, but during the busy summer season it is probably best to reserve sites in advance wherever possible.

GREENXC.COM

WWW.YELLOWSTONEGATE.COM

WWW.YELLOWSTONEGATE.COM

bikeleague.org

NPS.GOV

yellowstonehistoriccenter.org

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/rocky-mountains/yellowstone-national-park/images/hiking-through-park-yellowstone-national-park$15373-58

ROADS AND TRAILS ACCESS INTO YELLOWSTONE

ROAD MAP WITH ATTRACTIONS Since its designation as a national park in 1872, Yellowstone National Park has been a cherished part of the Wyoming’s rich tapestry. It’s easy to see why. The very definition of “unspoiled,” Yellowstone has served for generations as a sort of living museum, its natural splendors giving visitors an up-closeand-personal glimpse of what the continent was like in the days before recorded history. With 2,219,789 acres of sprawling wilderness to explore, Yellowstone stands as one of North America’s greatest assets and it’s open year-round for visitors to enjoy.

The park’s vast network of trails will take hikers to hundreds of secluded places where vehicles are prohibited.

You’re bound to see wildlife wherever you go. Yellowstone’s legendary wildlife includes grizzly and black bears, gray wolves, buffalo, elk, pronghorn antelope, trumpeter swans, eagles and much more.

The iconic spots — Old Faithful, Lower Falls, Yellowstone Lake — will be familiar from paintings and photographs, but seeing them in person is a humbling, enthralling experience.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

GEOLOGY GEOLOGY

PLATE TECTONICS WHAT ARE PLATE TECTONICS?

Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motions of Earth’s lithosphere. The model builds on the concepts of continental drift, developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of sea floor spreading were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates. On Earth, there are seven or eight major plates (depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates. Where plates meet, their relative motion determines the type of boundary: convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually.

VOLCANO VS SUPER VOLCANO VOLCANO Opening or rupture in the crust •Found where tectonic plates converge or diverge •Also found where crust is stretched or thinned •Contains vents for magma What is a volcano?

A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur.

Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments.

Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mud flows and rockfalls.

How are volcanoes formed?

Volcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth’s upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger.

What are the different stages of volcanoes?

Scientists have categorized volcanoes into three main categories: active, dormant, and extinct. An active volcano is one which has recently erupted and there is a possibility that it may erupt soon. A dormant volcano is one which has not erupted in a long time but there is a possibility it can erupt in the future. An extinct volcano is one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption.

Why do volcanoes erupt?

The Earth’s crust is made up of huge slabs called plates, which fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.

These plates sometimes move. The friction causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions near the edges of the plates. The theory that explains this process is called plate tectonics.

SUPER VOLCANO Any Volcano capable of an eruption of 240 cubic miles •Magma has risen through the crust but cannot or has not broken through •Form a large caldera from collapsing land A supervolcano is defined as a volcano that ejects more than a trillion tons of material when it erupts.

When one explodes, it can cover an entire continent in ash. This type of explosion is about 30 times stronger than the strongest volcanic eruption in recent history, which occurred at Krakatoa.

A supervolcano will send hundreds of cubic miles (where about 240 cubic miles is equal to 1,000 cubic km) of ash into the atmosphere, changing the climate for hundreds to thousands of years. When Yellowstone last exploded, a pack of fossilized rhinos was discovered 621 miles (1,000 km) away from the blast zone, where they choked to death underneath the heavy ash. These massive volcanoes are the most powerful known destructive force on the planet, and only asteroids or other cosmic events are potentially powerful enough to exceed their magnitude.

In a supervolcano, magma comes up close to the surface, but a large mass of rock prevents it from breaking free. This rock forms the top of a large depression called a caldera. Over hundreds of thousands of years, magma from beneath builds up in a huge lake of tremendous pressure immediately under the caldera. When this pressure reaches a critical threshold, it blasts the entire thing sky-high, ejecting huge amounts of molten lava. The difference between regular volcanoes and super-volcanoes is in the way the magma underneath each comes to the surface. In a normal volcano, a thin magma chamber leads to a towering cone, with a relatively thin layer of rock shielding it from the surface. When pressure underneath builds up sufficiently, the magma is shot upwards.

MILLING AND DRILLING MINING CONCERNS

Concerns about mining around water ways that lead into the park.

•Runoff from mines contains high levels of metal and damage the environment •Treated like a landfill •Safe treatment of this water can be jeopardized and leak the water into near by water sources

Summitville Mine Disaster Located in South West Colorado •85,000 Gal of contaminated water leaked from the treatment site •Heavy metals, acid and cyanide leaked into natural water sources •Much wildlife was killed and the water lead to irrigation sites for farming •Mine was ordered closed in 1991 •$155 million was needed to recover the site.

IMPACTS OF MINING

Strip mining permanently destroys landscapes, are open to chemical contamination, and pollute the environment with coal dust and machinery

Can cause major seismic activity

Underground mining create huge amounts of waste rock, sink holes with mine tunnels, lowers the water table changing the natural flow of water, and produces many greenhouse gases.

These forces move the plates and can cause major earthquakes

Removal and movement of large amounts of materials cause forces on the Earth’s crust

More than 200 tremors have been noted to be caused by humans.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

CLIMATE CLIMATE AND AND MICROCLIMATE MICROCLIMATE

SEASONS SEASONS

In Yellowstone National Park there are four very unpredictable seasons. These “normal” seasons include winter, spring, summer and autumn. Although, each seasons has there own characteristics each has the surprise factor in the element action. At anytime of the year there is a chance of snow; accumulation depending on elevation.

WINTER (DEC -MARCH) During the winter months of December through March the temperatures vary from -20˙C but can reach a high of -5˙C.Casual warm winds can push temperatures to 5˙C. These warm winds then in affect cause significant snow melting within the southern regions. Annual snow fall can reach to 150” around the whole park however, in some higher elevations snow fall could reach anywhere from 200- 400”

SPRING (APR- JUNE) In the springtime the temperatures around the park in April, during the day range from 5-15˙C. However, in May and June the temperatures can reach from 15- 25˙C. But during the night the temperatures will drop below freezing. Mentioned earlier the seasons are unpredictable. It has been said that in late May and early June there has been an accumulation of 1’-0” of snow in 24 hours worth of time.

SUMMER (JUNE -AUG) The summer in Yellowstone is an up and down kind of season. The average temperature is 25˙C. Occasionally there is a 30˙C temperature in lower elevations. During the nighttime there are more cool temperatures than warm. Depending on the elevations temperatures could ranger anywhere from 0-10˙C; but could also drop to -5˙C. Also, during the month of June there are a lot of cool and rainy days. July and August tend to be more dry, though thunderstorms are common in the afternoon times which could also account for some wildfires.

AUTUMN (SEPT- NOV) Autumn is said to be the most pleasant time of the year to visit the park, it has also been stated by the NPS that this is the most favorable time by the parks guests.

During this time of the year the temperatures range from 5-20 ˙C and overnight temperatures fall from 10 to -20˙C. As time progresses the chance of snowstorms increase and it is stated on the Yellowstone National Park website that no matter what time of the year visitors are to be prepared fro any sudden changes in weather.

ELEVATION CHANGES & CLIMATE EFFECTS ELEVATION CHANGES AND CLIMATE EFFECTS In Yellowstone National Park elevations vary greatly from the North to the South as well as from the West and the East. The reason for these different climates in each elevation is due greatly from not only global warming but from the volcano that is located under the park as well as how the altitude changes are so different from other points in the park. The precipitation from Yellowstone is greatly influenced by the moisture channel formed by the Snake River Plain. Because Yellowstone has variations in altitude, this determines the park’s climate. Lower elevations are milder, but in general summers in Yellowstone average 70-80°F (21-27°C) with afternoon thunderstorms. Yellowstone’s winters are normally very cold with highs of just 0-20°F (-20- -5°C). Winter snow is common throughout the park. In the charts below corresponding to the image on the right in green label four locations plus Yellowstone and one can see the relativity of closeness however the graphic changes in climate compared to Yellowstone. On the next page the image of the map shows the risk in climate changes and as one can see there is a high to very high-risk chance in climate change.

HYDROTHERMAL, LAKES, RIVERS, & MOUNTAINS HYDROTHERMAL INFLUENCE The extremely hot water at these geologic locations is what helps create the micro-climates. A separate ecosystem exists inside and around each of the springs and basins. There are many organisms, mostly microscopic, that dwell inside the super-heated waters.

These creatures are made to thrive in extreme levels of heat and are referred to as “thermophiles”. Also, it is these organisms that are largely responsible for the colorful outer edges of some of the larger springs.

There is also a small amount of plant life that is capable of thriving in these extreme conditions, often aided by “thermo-tolerant fungi”. The micro climates created in these areas has also been found to “extend the growing season for some plants”. The areas surrounding the hydrothermal features is obviously much warmer and more humid year-round than elsewhere in the park.

This has been found to attract larger animals such as bison and elk from time to time.

LAKES OF YELLOWSTONE There are many lakes and ponds throughout the park, but none as large and influential as Yellowstone Lake. Many of the parks recreational activities are based around this sizable body of water, including boating, fishing, hiking, camping, and lodging. This lake freezes for almost half of the year, from right around Christmas through late Spring. This unique feature greatly affects the micro-climate of the lake and its residents. In contrast, the temperature of the entire lake is not determined by the cold climate of Yellowstone as a whole. As recent studies have discovered, the underwater surface of the lake bed reflects the same geological features that the park is known for, “geysers, hot springs, and deep canyons”.

Resulting from these hydrothermal vents, the lake has many separate sections of temperature, creating what are often referred to as sub-micro-climates.

Completely opposite from most bodies of water, this lake is often colder toward the top than at the bottom.

RIVERS OF YELLOWSTONE The largest and perhaps best-known river in the park is Yellowstone River. This is the river that feeds a great deal of the smaller tributaries that run throughout the park and surrounding area. It actually begins south of the park and flows north through Yellowstone Lake.

This river created the Grand Canyon of Yellowstone over the course of many thousands of years and continues to reshape the landscape of the park. As water levels rise with the melting of snow in the Spring, shorelines along the river are ever-changing and nutrients are abundant. Additionally, there are a few major waterfalls that accelerate the rate of erosion on the land surrounding the river. Most notably are the Upper and Lower falls. There is also a third waterfall, called Crystal Falls, that serves as the meeting place of Cascade Creek with the Yellowstone River within the canyon.

MOUNTAINS OF YELLOWSTONE Some of the most spectacular mountains of the west are spread throughout Yellowstone National Park and Grand Teton National Park to the south. They are known for their great size and beauty, as well as their long-standing history with the park. As with all mountains, these are able to sustain their own microclimate that is often vastly different from the areas surrounding them. This is due to their high elevation and its effect on temperature and precipitation. This extremely cold micro-climate determines which types of animals and plants especially will be able to thrive atop the mountains of Yellowstone. Hearty evergreen trees are common and animals well-adapted to cold climates are the primary residents here. Many mountains, including those that surround Yellowstone, experience a phenomenon called the “Rain Shadow Effect�. This is caused by the evaporation and release of water from nearby lakes or oceans.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

HABITAT HABITAT AND AND FLORA FLORA FAUNA FAUNA

PLANTS & TREES PLANTS AND WILDFLOWERS Some 1,350 species of flowering plants (roughly 1,150 of them native) have been identified in Yellowstone. Hundreds of types of wildflowers thrive in a variety of habitats. The earliest blossom in April and the latest in September. Common species include phlox, lupines, cinque foils, larkspurs, and Indian paintbrushes.

WILDFLOWERS; WHEN AND WHERE THEY BLOOM IN YELLOWSTONE

This list is only subjected to some of the wildflowers that are located around Yellowstone National Park. There are many more wildflowers that are not mentioned in this list.

TREES OF YELLOWSTONE

Yellowstone National Park is mostly made up of forest. The other percentage that makes up the park are water and rock.

Some of the main types of trees that make up the Park’s forest are Lodgepole Pines which are about three-fifths of the park’s forested area. A few of the other trees that make up the parks forest are Douglas Fir, Spruce Fir, Whitebark Pine(All shown in the image to the right). Some of the other trees that make up some of the parks grounds are Aspen, which are found in small clones interspersed among the sagebrush/forest along the Yellowstone, Madison and Snake river.

MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLES The mountain pine beetle’s ability to survive and multiply rapidly is highly sensitive to temperature and precipitation. Slightly warmer temperatures allow pine beetles to complete their life cycle in just one year instead of two. Also, more beetles can survive the winter as the minimum temperatures have increased in Wyoming. Mountain pine beetles bore through the bark of pine trees, killing the tree. When conditions are right, pine beetles can multiply rapidly, devastating large areas of forest. A few years ago these beetles were being controlled by foresters however because of temperature increases these beetles have begun to multiply and are at a growth rate that is uncontrollable by these foresters.

WILDLIFE YELLOWSTONE WILDLIFE AND HEALTH PROGRAM The focus of Yellowstone Wildlife Health Program (YWHP) is to unify wildlife and human health efforts in and around Yellowstone National Park through collaborative projects that have direct application to wildlife conservation. The goals of a comprehensive wildlife health program are to integrate disease surveillance and interventions that preserve wildlife health while reducing disease risks to visitors, park staff, and local communities. Yellowstone National Park is an ideal place for such a program due to its diversity and abundance of wildlife, growing communities near park boundaries, and the high densities of visitors and employees.

MAMMALS Yellowstone is home to the largest concentration of mammals in the lower 48 states. Sixty-seven different mammals live here, including grizzly bears and black bears. Gray wolves were restored in 1995 and more than 100 live in the park now. Some of the most common mammals that could be found in the park are: bears,bighorn sheep, bison, bobcats, coyotes, elk, lynx, moose, mountain lions, and Wolves. For safety of everyone and the animals the park ask to never approach any of the animals closer than 100 yards to bears and wolves and 25 Yards to other Wildlife.

THE WOLF

The park was a place for hunting before 1883 and the gray wolf was especially vulnerable to this killing because it was generally considered an undesirable predator. In January 1883, the Secretary of the Interior issued regulations prohibiting hunting of most park animals, but the regulations did not apply to Wolves. In January 1995, fourteen wolves were captured in Rocky Mountains of western Alberta and brought to Yellowstone National Park. Fifteen additional wolves were captured and sent to central Idaho. The Yellowstone-bound wolves were placed in three “acclimation” enclosures. Each was about an acre in size, and they were all located in, or near, the Lamar Valley in the northeast part of the Park. Later they were released and now roam the park.

BIRDS Yellowstone is surprisingly rich in bird diversity given the harsh environmental conditions that characterize the landscape. The variation in elevation and broad array of habitat types found within the park contributes to the region’s relatively high diversity. Three species, the bald eagle, peregrine falcon and osprey, are monitored under the Raptor Monitoring Program. With the removal of the peregrine falcon and bald eagle from the Federal List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants in 1999 and 2007 respectively, there are currently no federally listed bird species in Yellowstone.

AMPHIBIANS

Yellowstone is home for a small variety of amphibians. Glacial activity and current cool and dry conditions are likely responsible for their relatively low numbers in Yellowstone. Some of the Amphibians that can be found within park boundaries are: boreal toad, chorus frog, spotted frog, tiger salamander. The spotted frog has been recorded in a decline in the West of the park. Some researchers suspect that there are more amphibians in Yellowstone than are currently known, but this has not been documented yet.

REPTILES There is a small variety of reptiles located in Yellowstone park. Because of glacial activity and current cool and dry conditions (unpredictable climate changes) which are likely responsible for their relatively low numbers in Yellowstone. Some of the reptiles that can be found in Yellowstone are: prairie rattlesnake, bull snake, valley garter snake, wandering garter snake, rubber boa, sagebrush lizard. Cool, dry conditions limit Yellowstone’s reptile to six species. Population numbers for these species are not known.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

SITE SITE ANALYSIS ANALYSIS SITE SITE SELECTION SELECTION

SITE ANALYSIS & SELECTION

SITE RATIONALE The area is which I chose for my site is perfect for anyone looking to come visit the Yellowstone National Park. The location of my chosen site is only 20 miles from both North entrances. Not only is it close to two entrances but those two entrances are also near an airport that is open all year long as well as the road that the Lodge and memorial would be located on is open all year long allowing the lodge and memorial to not be a seasonal resort but a daily vacation spot. The lodge is less than 3 miles from the visitor headquarters, stable, restaurants, cafÊ’s, food stores and other lodging and camping areas.

One of the best features of the site is the incredible scenic view that the plateau looks over. Where in the distance you can see Lower Falls Waterfall, the river from the waterfall and the outline of mountains and other grasslands in the park. Along with having an incredible view this location has pre-existent trails that lead there way down to the river and to campsites along the river and the main road that leads into the site. With great proximity to its surroundings and beautiful views and trails this area calls for a great place to rest and take advantage of the parks features.

SITE TOPOGRAPHY

USGS TOPOGRAPHY

SITE SECTION

SITE ANALYSIS & SELECTION

THE VIEWS The most important thing about any great building is the location. The location and context around the building are the selling points for anyone. In this particular occasion the location is a remote area which then leads through the brunt forest, which once was lit by flames over 100 degrees and 50 feet in height, to an area in which over looks the aftermath of the waterfall. The view from standing on the plateau over looks another plateau across the way with a background of beautiful mountains and grassland with the whispers of the river below it.

SITE PLANS OF VIEW CORRIDORS

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

CONCEPT CONCEPT IDEA IDEA

CONCEPT STATEMENT PROJECT INFORMATION The National Smokejumpers Association and the National Park Service have initiated an international competition to create a memorial facility for the Smokejumpers who each year give their lives to contain wildfires across the US and around the world. Your design team has been shortlisted for participation in the development of new facilities that provide an appropriate facility within the National Parks of North America to memorialize the courageous deeds of the Smokejumpers. The memorial shall be located in a remote location within Yellowstone National Park.

The task is to locate appropriate sites within the National Parks that have been most impacted by fire over the past century. Initial research will establish the list of National Parks that have experienced fires in that period.

The site chosen can be in any National Park that has suffered a major forest or grassland fire. Consideration of the overall quality and character of the site and its ability to generate an appropriate “mood” or “sense of respect” for these brave individuals is critical.

“Faith is the strength by which a shattered world shall emerge into the light.”

-Helen Keller

CONCEPT STATEMENT

SERENITY

CONCEPT - LODGE Serenity, peace and rebirth. Each of these words describes the overall relationship that the park gives from one person to another. It is those feelings I wish to instill in the visitors of Yellowstone National Park Lodge and Memorial.

It is important to the park visitors to understand the hard times the park has gone through with wildfires and devastation. Harm to the land and the animals of the park have had major effects on not only the ecosystem but to the parks guests. However, it is also important to infuse in the visitors that if it weren’t for a certain group of people, Smokejumpers, this park as well as other parks internationally would not exist today. Those who have put their life on the line day after day to save the park are solely the meaning behind the lodge and memorial.

Without harming the parks beautiful and natural characteristics I want the lodge to stand tall and blend in with the trees. The journey from entry to the lobby is forever ongoing. With large indoor gardens and sculpture walls visitors take experience a journey from one room to another that interacts with garden spaces as well as seeing out to a wonderful view. As the journey proceeds from room to room one should become more relaxed as to their final destination is to be comfortable in a space they can call their own and be with people who mean the most to them. However, although the journey may lead one to a serene place throughout the experience there are always time to take in how wonderful the park is and what it offers by the endless views at each corridor end. Each suite has a balcony and trail that leads one to interact with the surroundings of the forest as well as enjoy the serenity of the views and natural sounds of the park. This experience of hiking will allow visitors to acknowledge the rebirth and growth that the park has accomplished from its devastation. The Lodge and the Memorial are a place to feel serene, lively and remember the importance of family, faith and love.

“Though nothing can bring back the hour of splendor in the grass, of glory in the flower, We will grieve not, rather find strength in what remains behind.�

- William Wordsworth

REBIRTH

CONCEPT STATEMENT

CONCEPT - MEMORIAL The memorial is not a place of worship; it is a place to feel the emotions and the journey in which the Smokejumpers once took. The Memorial is to resemble the encounter the smokejumpers overcome. Although not jumping out of a plane the visitors of the memorial will travel along trails through the burnt forest, which were once on fire but fought off by the Smokejumpers. While, the experience traveling down this path of the burnt forest are scenic and meaningful there are occurrences along the path where information plaques express specific moments in which a smokejumper could be faced with and how they handled and overcame those obstacles.

Peace is defined as a time where there are no civil disturbances, or a state of tranquility. With the fires out, little grass patches are emerging from the ground and the remains of the woods surrounding the path, visitors can hear nature cry their happy songs and see the rebirth of a once devastating time. At the end of the journey the visitors are able to step into a pavilion and overlook a beautiful view that oversees the river and are reminded why the forest is so important and the reason for its existence today, the Smokejumpers.

“It has been said, ‘time heals all wounds.’

I do not agree.

The wounds remain.

In time, the mind, protecting its sanity, covers them with scar tissue and the pain lessens.

But it is never gone.”

- Rose Kennedy

REBIRTH

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

PROGRAM

PROGRAM

PROGRAM MATERIALITY The materials of the Yellowstone Lodge and memorial were designed to allow the buildings to take a more natural appeal. The structural system is of steel and heavy timber. A basis of masonry foundation, and retaining walls. Wood and plaster for the finish exterior design. Large Brass doors were designed as for the entrance of the lodge.

Each material was used and designed to make the visitors of the site feel as if they were apart of nature even though they were inside. By having rustic finishes as well as structural elements it was easy to represent these emotions in the visitors.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

SUSTAINABILITY SUSTAINABILITY

SUSTAINABLE IDEAS WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY? Sustainability is based on a simple principle: Everything that we need for our survival and well-being depends, either directly or indirectly, on our natural environment. Sustainability creates and maintains the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony, that permit fulfilling the social, economic and other requirements of present and future generations.

Sustainability is important to making sure that we have and will continue to have, the water, materials, and resources to protect human health and our environment.

CREATION OF A WETLAND A constructed wetland or wet park is an artificial wetland created as a new or restored habitat for native and migratory wildlife, for anthropogenic discharge such as wastewater, storm water runoff, or sewage treatment, for land reclamation after mining, refineries, or other ecological disturbances such as required mitigation for natural areas lost to a development.

Natural wetlands act as a biofilter, removing sediments and pollutants such as heavy metals from the water, and constructed wetlands can be designed to emulate these features. By creating a wetland on the building site it allows opportunity to allow for natural organisms to have a home but can also be used in the buildings plumbing system. Allowing building wastewater and rain runoff the wetland will capture and collect this excess water then filter it to be reused to allow for sprinklers on site and greenhouse supply.

SUSTAINABLE IDEAS STORM WATER CYCLE

The water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, is the continuous exchange of water between land, waterbodies, and the atmosphere. Approximately 97% of the earth’s water is stored in the oceans, and only a fraction of the remaining portion is usable freshwater.

When precipitation falls over the land, it follows various routes. Some of it evaporates, returning to the atmosphere, some seeps into the ground, and the remainder becomes surface water, traveling to oceans and lakes by way of rivers and streams.

Impervious surfaces associated with urbanization alter the natural amount of water that takes each route.

The consequences of this change are a decrease in the volume of water that percolates into the ground, and a resulting increase in volume and decrease in quality of surface water. These hydrological changes have significant implications for the quantity of fresh, clean water that is available for use by humans, fish and wildlife.

As with all aspects of the water cycle, the interaction between precipitation and surface runoff varies according to time and geography. Similar storms occurring in the Amazon jungle and in the desert Southwest of the United States will produce different surface-runoff effects. Surface runoff is affected by both meteorological factors and the physical geology and topography of the land. Only about a third of the precipitation that falls over land runs off into streams and rivers and is returned to the oceans. The other twothirds is evaporated, transpired, or soaks (infiltrates) into groundwater. Surface runoff can also be diverted by humans for their own uses.

In using storm water collection as a sustainable system the rain water runoff will either collect and drain into the constructed wetland or will infiltrate naturally into the site and then be collected by a cistern that will then filter the water to be used in indoor plumbing. For example, the cistern water collection will be used in sinks, toilets, shower and laundry room water uses. By using this specific storm water collection into this plumbing system it allows for ongoing filtration and water reuse

http://www.archdaily.com/72965/natura-house-epigram-forte-gimenes-marcondes-ferraz-arquitetos/sustainability-diagram/

TURF STONE

Used as a source of water catchment for stormwater. Rain runoff. Infiltration.

SUSTAINABLE IDEAS LIVING BUILDING MACHINE The living machine is a waster water treatment plan to help reuse wastewater. The living machine is made up of different types of vegetation that help filter the wastewater.

Water treatment and reuse presents itself as a clear solution to the overconsumption of freshwater today. While the concept of recycling water has existed for several decades, Living Machine Systems has perfected and streamlined these technologies, making them practical, energy efficient and small enough to integrate into any community with an eye to the future.

The living machine will be located in various parts of the lodge. Some of the location for the living machine will be located centrally in the lodge lobby. As well as, in the hallways that lead to the lodge rooms.

Old Trail School, Bath, Ohio

PROWALLS The VersaWall is a solution that’s perfect for indoor environments such as building lobbies, reception areas, and high traffic locations. Its versatility makes it ideal to meet the needs of many different living wall applications. The system can cover an entire wall surface or become a beautiful framed piece of living green art.

Living green walls are a surefire way to enhance a building’s visuals, improve air quality as well as employee alertness and energy levels. Over the past half century, a notable increase of urbanliving seekers has led to a considerable uptick in air pollution and loss of green spaces. Living green walls (also commonly referred to as vertical gardens or living walls) are a wonderful solution for any property interested in improving their space with intrinsic benefits of nature.

These living walls will be located in every lodge room as well as in the hallways of the lodge leading to the rooms. This hopingly will bring in better air quality in the rooms of the visitors as well as give them something beautiful to look at.

SUSTAINABLE IDEAS SOLAR TREES

Since there are no street lights in yellowstone this was an opportunity to turn technology into the environment with using natural sources. The trees may look modern but the aspect of a tree light element as a source of light is not only a piece of work but ironic.

The trees are solar paneled lit; they collect solar rays from the sun than use the energy captured to turn it into lights.

These sculptures and sources of light are found along the trails in which connect the memorial and the lodge together.

PHOTOVOLTAIC WINDOWS

Capturing and using the power of the sun is one of the most promising ways we have to supply the world with clean power. This spherical solar collector is able to concentrate sunlight up to 10,000 times. But the really fantastic thing about this system is that it can also create power from moonlight, something that other solar power systems have not been able to promise.

The Ă&#x;.torics system from designers Rawlemon is fully rotational and able to be integrated into building walls. Because the spheres are made of glass, they can function as windows as well as solar collectors. Unlike other solar power collection systems, this one is truly beautiful.

These photovoltaic windows will be placed in the different lodge rooms. Since these windows do not ruin or block the views outward it would not hurt the view from the rooms. These windows will also allow for electricity to be collected and then used within each room.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

LODGE LODGE CASE CASESTUDIES STUDIES

CASE STUDIES Lake Placid Lodge

The Lake Placid lodge is a great precedent to study when looking at program and lodge purposes. The lodges program is similar to the Yellowstone proposed lodge. Although the size and the capacity are of the two are not the same.

The first component of this site that attracted me was how the lodge responded to the site. With the lake below it the lodge was able to descend downward to the lake creating outdoor spaces on its way to the lake.

Another, aspect of this lodge that is intriguing is the concept of the different spaces having different views.

For example, the room windows frame one view but then the outdoor balcony frames multiple views. This idea is placed throughout the whole lodge where the lobby, restaurant, library and halls all have views of the lake and its surroundings.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

MEMORIAL MEMORIAL CASE CASE STUDIES STUDIES

CASE STUDIES GRAND CANYON SKYWALK

This precedent study I find to be the most intriguing statement to architecture and to structure. In this Skywalk viewing deck located in the Grand Canyon is a bold statement to the surrounds. Being located hundreds of feet up from the ground it protrudes over the cliff it is on and yet fits in with its surroundings. The skywalk is painted to the color of the cliff in this rich vermillion color/texture.

This idea of hanging over the ledge would lead me to design a pavilion much of the same idea.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

LODGE LODGE PROCESS PROCESSWORK WORK

PROCESS WORK BUBBLE PROGRAM DIAGRAM

Based on the program in the excel sheet I was able to determine the layout in which the different programs would connect or disconnect and as to which program features were bigger than another.

SITE PROGRAM IDEA

The first site plan diagram/site plan sketch was to take the bubble diagram and use the form in which the bubble connected to allow for a design on the structure where living corners where to be on the upper levels and the more public space on the ground floor. One of the main concepts for this site however is to amplify the views of the site. In this particular sketch what is does well is allow a disconnection of the busy parts of the lodge to be separated from the quite and more restful areas of the lodge. Another nice aspect that this sketch obtains is the memorial location where the deck rises high above and over the cliff/canyon and has a beautiful view of Yellowstone National Park

Although, this site does have some good aspects to represent the site. There are also some aspects in which this design does not help reflect the concept of peace, serenity and easily accessible. The reason why this sketch does not allow for these ideas is because the main entrance to the memorial it right along the side where the rooms of the lodge can be found on the west side. Another reason is that the road/ entrance to the memorial cuts deeply into the land where people can reflect and take in the surroundings. One of the other reasons is that it is now ADA accessible from the lodge to the memorial there are over 70 feet of walking distance (down and up hills).

PROCESS WORK SITE PROGRAM IDEA 2

SITE PROGRAM IDEA 3

PROCESS WORK SITE PROGRAM IDEA 4

SITE PROGRAM IDEA 5

PROGRAM WITH PARKING 1

PROGRAM WITH PARKING 2

PROCESS WORK PROGRAM WITH PARKING 3

PROGRAM WITH PARKING 4

PROCESS WORK SKETCH-UP MODEL

KEY LOBBY ADMINISTRATION RESTAURANT CONFERENCE EXHIBITION LODGING FACILITY SERVICES MECHANICAL

PROCESS WORK LODGE SCHEME 1

In order to incorporate the living machine sustainable idea I designed pods of green spaces within the lobby and room corridors. At first it was believed that a few pods of greenery was enough to feed the idea of creating clean air. However, from later research the few green pods was not enough for the area.

LODGE SCHEME 2

With the revision to the adding more living machine pods I was able to create and allow different design features within the building footprint. By allowing the different pods to create separation features among room doors in the corridors it created a nice place to walk by and enjoy scenery as well as allow for more clean air and a better living machine example. However, after further research a found a less invasive and more clean look of a living machine call the pro wall. The pro wall was to be substituted for the hallways of the lodge room corridors as well as in the rooms them selves but the pods were to remain in the lobby.

PROCESS WORK LODGE SCHEME SECTION 1

The lodge in this section is well demonstrating the idea of a journey from entry to the exhibit experience and cultural to the area of refugee and retreat, the restaurant and the lodge rooms. However, the roof system is not working for this particular design. The roofs act and feel of a more residential component and do not allow for a design appeal that yells journey .

LODGE SCHEME SECTION 2

Although, this is a quick sketch rough the idea of a new roof system and how by allow angles of the room it allows for not only natural ventilation as a passive cooling strategy but also allows for the journey to get bigger as one ventures into the different levels of the lodge.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

MEMORIAL MEMORIAL PROCESS PROCESS WORK WORK

PROCESS WORK MEMORIAL SCHEME 1

In this scheme I wanted to design a memorial in which reflected the lodges great aspect of being built into the cliff. By allowing the memorial to reach and extend in and out of the cliff allowed for greater views and a journey to be experienced upon entry.

MEMORIAL SCHEME 2

In this scheme the idea of a continuous journey much like the lodge was key to success. I wished to not only have the visitors take a journey as they reached different tiers of the memorial but to experience the different views, sounds and features the great park has to offer. The final landing to the journey is to be hovering over the great canyon river in which a glass floor allows the visitors to look below them and see and feel the effects of the parks beauty.

PROCESS WORK MEMORIAL IMPORTANT FEATURES

In this initial sketch the pavilion structure is to make a bold statement. It is to show the great height in which the pavilion hovers over the quiet river rapids

The importance of this sketch is to show the dominant feature that the memorial garden prevails. Although the garden is not of monuments and artifacts of the fallen heroes it is of beauty and peace. A place to absorb and relate with the land, to blend in a feel.

PROCESS WORK MEMORIAL GARDEN

MEMORIAL CIRCULATION AND VIEW DIAGRAM

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

FINAL FINAL DRAWINGS DRAWINGS AND AND RENDERINGS RENDERINGS

FINAL DRAWINGS LODGE

TRANSVERSE SECTION

LONGITUNDINAL SECTION

FINAL DRAWINGS MEMORIAL

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

FINAL FINAL BOARDS BOARDS

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

FINALMODELS MODELS FINAL

FINAL MODEL -SITE

FINAL MODEL -SITE

FINAL MODEL -WALL SECTION

FINAL MODEL -MEMORIAL

FINAL MODEL - MEMORIAL

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK

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ANOMOLIES

ADDENDUM

1. OLD FAITHFUL

2. GRAND CANYON

3. HAYDEN VALLEY

4. MAMMOTH HOT SPRING

5. YELLOWSTONE LAKE

6. NORRIS GEYSER BASIN

7. LAMAR VALLEY

9. LOWER GEYSER BASIN

10. WEST THUMB GEYSER

8. TOWER FALL

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