open relationship henna

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An open relationship Henna as a fluid environment inflicted by parameters

C2ND

C2ND - PART 1

PART 1

What you want...

introduction What should be the starting point when planning a new town from a clean slate? The programme brief asks for a masterplan illustrating the town’s growth 20 years ahead.

As much as a drawing can show a final vision of a town, it is inflexible and hardly adaptable to unpredictable events which can take place during its development.

Typically, The accomplishment of a masterplan depends on the precise realisation of the built area form, fixed decades before. Furthermore, a masterplan, like a puzzle, separates the town into programmatic zones which can only function as a whole. The quality of a town depends on the interactions between these programmatic areas, and the relations between the inhabitants with their environment.

Instead of thinking about the final masterplan, we decided to research the process to ensure these relations within time. We suggest defining a series of parameters – levels of mixture, mass distribution, building regulation, space sharing, available square meter per person, energy dependence, as guiding lines for the town’s development.

These parameters, which are based on economic and environmental opportunities, establish the town’s future life style and spacial qualities. This kind of approach, inspired from Maxwan’s urban plan for Leidsche Rijnt , allows a progressive evolution of space by permitting a participative negotiation of the design during each step of the urban development. These spatial and social components take into account the logic of economical, political, legislative and administrative phenomena which determinate the town’s genesis. They create an invisible landscape of date formed by constraints and opportunities.

(1) Maxwan 1994 masterplan for Leidsche Rijn

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landscape data level of mixture – defining the degree of programmatic mixture, if industrial,

residential, recreational, commercial, institutional... A programmatically heterogeneous space / building guarantee a usage around the clock, offering proximity to services and therefore reducing commuting time. A programmatically homogeneous space / building is adapted to a specialised type of activity while allowing the existence of its particular infrastructure. Also, uniform residential areas have a slow and quit lifestyle. Although hybrid buildings require a unique administration and sometimes generate political conflict, it should be highly promoted in order to develop a sustainable environment.

mass distribution – defining the way a mass is distributed, whether uniform or =

OR

OR

concentrated in a few objects. For this parameter we consider the organic as well as buildings (regular spaced forest versus field with compact clumps of trees, uniform suburban dwellings versus building block surrounded by garden). This criteria, influencing the town’s landscape and skyline, determinate the public space dispersal and buildings typology to avoid extended sprawl areas.

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Fuel level of building regulation – defining the degree of interest in and control

3

=

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over the architecture in a sector. This criteria stems from the statement that the majority of urban development isn’t controlled by architects (though most of the time works as well). We suggest to point out these vulnerable areas (such as ones in contact with natural resources, transport stations or bordering forests) in order to give them a particular attention. These kind of areas would be subject to design competitions or particular regulations.

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level of shareholding – defining the ratio of owners per square meter in a plot.

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This criteria incites the amount of space mutualising (either garden or building), by multiplying the number of co-operatives (composing the corporation). The high number of shareholders can create a strong diversity whether social or programmatic. Residential co-operative incite its habitants for measures of responsibility and involvement during its design definition and management. Fixing the level of shareholding is also a way of controlling land speculation.

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available person space – defining the density as the number of square meters a

gaz

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=

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gaz

3

=

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Fuel

gaz Fuel

coal OR

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single individual has at his or her disposal. Rather than density defined by surface area divided by built floor area. This criteria predispose the spaces for particular type of activity without determining the building’s typology. It can be the void floor space or the constructed one, but in any case does not limit the building’s outline or the number of its inhabitants. This parameter only ensures the minimal surface of individual space.

level of fossil energy dependance –defining the entity’s or urban fabric’s

dependance on exterior resources (such as electricity or fossil fuels). Specify the fossil resource ratio authorised for the activity of the object (residential or economic). In need, the entity should provide its own sustainable source of energy.

The following requirements are defined according to the current site analyse which determine the sustainable resources such as windmill energy, producing heat from biomass or, potentially, geothermal. Programmatic combinations can respond to these requirements while using the energy free from one entity to feed another.

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illustration of the degrees of parameters

average

weak

heterogeneous

homogeneous

accentuated

underrated

weak

strong

average

average

low

very low autonomy

strong

high

high autonomy

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energies and natural resources

Today, in times where cities are becoming denser, where urban expansions are applied gradually, constructing a new town on an empty ground seems fairly unsustainable. The materials and energies to be used for this kind of operation are tremendous and therefore can have a big ecological impact on the environment.

Luckily, the existing rail road is located in the centre of the future plan, an element that can be exploited so that this operation will not transform into an ecological disaster.

Furthermore, the management of the existing resources, whether natural or as by-product form are highly important so that the carbon foot print will be as low as possible. Maintaining a balanced Carbon footprint is a complex task that requires the involvement of every inhabitant in the town – politicians, entrepreneurs, teachers, farmers...

One of the tools to ensure this is creating communities by foundations and associations long before the construction of the town, so that future inhabitants can get to know each other, familiarise with their future cradle and work together.

wind - the long-term average wind speed in the Henna region, measured 50 m above the ground, is 4,7 m/s . The wind corridors provided by motorways and railroads are recommendable for the production of wind energy.

water - Annual precipitation amounts to circa 640 mm and the average number of precipitation days is 180. initi-

ating water management through water conservation is vital. Keeping rain water in retention basin for different proposes such as irrigation, manufacturing and cleaning as well as recycling grey water is important to reduce water use and loss and maintaining energy conservation by avoiding water pumping, delivery, and wastewater treatment facilities which consume a significant amount of energy.

wood - The site boasts an abundance of forested ridges. Wood can be used for heat, construction, cellulose (used

for insulation) and paper production. Recent development succeed in producing fuel by the gasification of biomass, to the utilisation in vehicles. The fuel production in the BioDME project relies on black liquor from a paper mill .

gravel and sand - the gravel and sand ridges that form the central part of the site are important materials to utilise for the construction of roads for the future town.

transport pedestrians and bicycles - pedestrians and bicycles path should web the town creating a compact grid so that one can traverse it’s fields, forests, transport stations, and other landscape and strategic points making it as advantageous as possible to use this mean of transport.

public transportation – should structure the town’s main axis, rather than private vehicles. promote use of public transportation by offering very low ride fare.

cars - according to Jean-Marc Jancovici limiting car usage to 80 km range is an efficient way to reduce the con-

sumption to fifth to eighth of today’s average. carpooling – sharing the use of cars for commuting is an option for reducing fuel consumption and pollution. carsharing – car rentals is a great alternative to owning a car., though it’s usage should be limited for 80 km a day.

The rental spots should be scattered in strategic points in the plan – private car holding – to be limited as one car per family.

(2) The Bilan Carbone® method is a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment tool. It can be used to account for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of all types of organisation: industrial or tertiary companies, administrations or local authorities.

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industry

The freight train line should be used as much as possible for future industries expansion, which can reduce CO2 produced by trucks.

An important recycling system should be established, covering water usage by filtering rain water for domestic use and irrigation in retention basins (whether local or collective), as well as graywater collection and filtering for reuse and blackwater decomposing for releasing. Organic products from human consumption (foods, organic soap etc.) and ones in technical products should be decomposed in composts to mineral nutrients that can be used for crops. Another recycling industry is reusing materials for producing new goods - plastics, clothes, paper and electronic can be decomposed and assembled together for the production of new products and therefore creating recycling economy.

The forest sector (forestry and forest industries) employs some 90 000 people and generates 7 per cent of the GDP. Forest industry is to be developed for the production of construction materials (cellulose and wood beams), paper and fuel (through black liquor - DME).

agriculture Finland is the northernmost EU country and the northernmost country in the world to produce most of its food. Due to curb climate change, farmers must find ways to create carbon sinks by adopting farming practices which increase the amounts of organic matter locked up in the soils and biomass. At the same time, they must maximise their productivity, to feed the local population and for ethanol production. Composting, leaving crop residues out on the fields, growing leguminous crops and growing tree crops can all help to tie up carbon. Combined with crop rotation and the recycling of crop residues, this practice has beneficial effects on climate change, productivity and the farm economy. Promote investments in research institute to develop agriculture during winter time due to climate change ( harsh climate becomes milder, but at the same time extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent).

Promote local goods consumption by creating market places, communal gardens and private vegetable gardens. Use local retention basin for irrigation and biofuel such as ethanol powered by cultivation or methanol produced from black liquor for machinery.

community

ecological responsibility – use cellulose, wood beams, gravel, sand and other local materials for building. encourage group construction by creating association etc. respect the water system by reusing grey water, collecting rain water, filtering blackwater and avoid pouring chemicals to water system.

Contribute to local and private gardens, consume local production, and reuse materials instead of putting it to waste. social responsibility - promote co-operatives which ensure that a group will be created to form an initiative for the design of a building and its housing units. A co-operative project is flexible and transformable, it is the result of the individual’s wishes that, nevertheless, are adopted to a particular context defined by the followers – an association of followers for the inhabitants co-operatives. Public institutions, social proprietor etc. mixed buildings, entities and space sharing in housing units like washing machines, hardware, guest rooms, kitchens etc. mixing social programmes for diversity and personal achievement - elderly houses next to schools like “experience corps” to engage older adults as tutors and mentors to produce outstanding literacy results for children.

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virtuous circle All of the above elements are particular according to defined parameter requirements and the specific site situation, but they also coexist and interact with one another. For instance the pulp mill producing biofuel (methanol) can sell it to a local transportation company or farms as well as owning its one carsharing company powered by the biofuel. The cellulose and wood beams produced from forests can be used for construction. Database servers in offices can be used in heating greenhouses incorporated in the same building.

The virtuous circle created is rich of opportunities whether of social, economic or ecologic while keeping a balanced energy production – consumption rhythm. big-box revival

Pulp mill

before

bloc upgrade

after

big box

big box + recreation + wind turbines

before

after

pulp mill

pulp mill + light cars

landscape

methanol fuel steam electricity

space people

$$$

public transporatation

power

recreation

methanol fuel

$$$

forestation

permeability

wood

light cars

pulp mill cellulose wood pulp

wind turbines big box

cellulose insulation power electricity

forest

$$$

paper mill paper mill

love shacks

bloc upgrade 2

farms

before

after

shack

biofuel

shack + sauna+ tree rain water irrigation

ethanol fuel

retaining rain

electricity

irrigation

farm

winter cereals and leguminous

heat water

electricity

retention basin (collective) shack

sauna

$$$

irrigation

gardens, parcs

local farmer’s market

nursing home & kindergarten

private houses

2+2=4

rain water

protect

heat

swimming pool & supermarket

huber MCB

maintenance forest

personal consumption

house

vegetable garden

retaining irrigation

retaining

retention basin (collective)

cellulose insulation

service water tank

reuse factory

rain water

$$$

new clothes

used clothes

plastic bowls

plastic bottles

local farmer’s market

cooling

heat

personal consumption

irrigation

wood chairs wood boards

reuse shelves

electronics

service water tank

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water retention basin (collective)

water

electricity electricity

big box

houses

residential paper

paper

electricity

water

heat organic waste

paper mill cellulose insulation wood pulp fruits and vegetables

electricity

steam

organic waste wood methanol fuel $$$

Pulp mill

forest

bloc upgrade

pulp mill

organic and mineral nutrients

methanol fuel $$$

farm

winter cereals and leguminous $$$

before

after

pulp mill

light cars

pulp mill + light cars

methanol fuel steam electricity

mix

organic and $$$mineral nutrients

public transporatation

power

forest

methanol fuel $$$

methanol fuel

$$$

forestation

collect vegetation

light cars protect

wood

local farmer’s market

pulp mill cellulose

organic waste

wood pulp

urbines

cellulose insulation

cellulose insulation

r

housing bloc

forest

public transporatation paper mill

bloc upgrade 2

bloc upgrade farms

after

biofuel

shack + sauna+ tree rain water irrigation

ethanol fuel mix

retaining

public transporatation

vegetation

collect vegetation

electricity water

light cars protectcereals and leguminous winter

farm cooling electricity

retention basin (collective)

$$$

heat

mix

cellulose insulation

irrigation

water

cellulose insulation

commerce

housing bloc green pockets gardens, parcs

local farmer’s market

organic w

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bloc upgrade 2

electricity

electricity

application 1 : parameters +catalysts

SECTOR 1 level mixture LOW mass distribution HETEROGENEOUS building regulation UNDERRATED level of shareholding STRONG available person space HIGH level of fossil energy dependance HIGH AUTONOMY

housingÊ&Êoffices greenhouse

residentialÊ co-operative

publicÊgarden library laundry Ê&Êplayroom

retentionÊbasin

residentialÊ co-operative collectiveÊsauna

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application 2 : parameters +catalysts

SECTOR 2 level mixture HIGH mass distribution HOMOGENEOUS building regulation ACCENTUATED level of shareholding STRONG housingÊ&Êoffices greenhouse

publicÊgarden library laundry Ê&Êplayroom

available person space residentialÊ co-operative VERYHIGH LOW collectiveÊsauna

retentionÊbasin

level of fossil energy dependance STRONG AUTONOMY

hightechÊindustrieÊ&Êreacreation lectureÊhall

freightÊplatform

volleyballÊcourt

road bicycleÊlane

htÊtrainÊline

residentialÊ co-operative

reuseÊfactoryÊ&Êreacreation store

windÊturbine

publicÊgarden retentionÊbasin

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application 3 : parameters +catalysts

housingÊ&Êoffices

residentialÊ co-operative

greenhouse

publicÊgarden

residentialÊ co-operative collectiveÊsauna

retentionÊbasin

library laundry Ê&Êplayroom

SECTOR 3 level mixture LOW mass distribution HOMOGENEOUS building regulation UNDERRATED level of shareholding

hightechÊindustrieÊ&Êreacreation lectureÊhall

freightÊplatform

volleyballÊcourt

road bicycleÊlane

ne

reuseÊfactoryÊ&Êreacreation store

windÊturbine

WEAK

publicÊgarden

available person space retentionÊbasin AVERAGE

level of fossil energy dependance MEDIUM AUTONOMY

privateÊhousing

road

forest

privateÊhousing

privateÊfarm communalÊfarm windÊturbine

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application 4 : parameters +catalysts

hightechÊindustrieÊ&Êreacreation lectureÊhall

freightÊplatform

volleyballÊcourt

road bicycleÊlane

ghtÊtrainÊline

reuseÊfactoryÊ&Êreacreation store

publicÊgarden retentionÊbasin

windÊturbine

SECTOR 4

level mixture LOW mass distribution HOMOGENEOUS building regulation ACCENTUATED level of shareholding VERY WEAK available person space privateÊhousing

road

forest

privateÊhousing

privateÊfarm communalÊfarm

HIGH

windÊturbine

level of fossil energy dependance VERY LOW AUTONOMY

privateÊhousing

bicycleÊlane road

publicÊgarden

promenadeÊ& bicycleÊlane

lake

forest

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PART 2 a vision for Henna The site for the future town of Henna is crossed by high speed infra-axial of railway and highways linking Helsinki to Lathi. These elements are important for the town’s development, however the area around them is unsuitable for housing due to noise and pollution.

The town will grow from three polarities of various characteristics;

big-box stores _ energy line – between the highway exit and railway, it is the best place for big-boxes and commerce, high-tech industries, offices and sports facilities. It is also the best location for wind turbines and suitable for potential extensions of rail freight for sustainable development of the activities.

the train station _ town centre - attractive spot for office but too close to the high way for housing.

Eco _ village centre - historic place- attractive for its charm and place to live in eco community (farmer)

Currently, these three polarities are disconnected and should be linked to grow simultaneously and work together as a system. A 12km loop of collective public transport (tram /bus) will structure the further town growth while linking the important hubs and serving both the rail station and the high way exit. It will determine future intense-city points where activities and houses can be distributed according to their need of access. The overhead power line should be placed 300m south to allow compact development around the train station.

The forth development zone is less central but offers a potential attraction for holiday homes, playgrounds and leisure areas. The site relates to the Finish life style (72% Helsinki’s residents own a vacation house) and to its unique landscape and touristic centres.

Other means of transportation like carsharing stations are scattered in strategic points in the plan – main train station (for commuters coming from Orimattila), activity zone (for transporting large objects), old village centre...

We think that the town’s development will start around the three polarities and along the loop. The fabric that would develop will have to locally complete the existing while creating connection that are defined by the parameters. Whatever the future of Henna brings, if the defined parameters are taken into consideration without necessarily defining it’s form form in advance, a long lasting rigour will be maintained in the city’s landscape.

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level mixture

strong

average

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weak

mass distribution

homogeneous

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heterogeneous

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level of building regulation

underrated

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accentuated

level of shareholding

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average

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weak

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available person space

very low

low

average

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high

level of fossil energy dependance

low autonomy

average autonomy

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high autonomy

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Mobility

Sector black2box_energy line

Sector 3 eco_village center

Sector 4

Sector 1 station_town center Highway Highway Primary Primary Roadroad Secondary road Secondary road

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Tertiary road Tertiary road_to be developed later To be developed later

Immediate infrastructure overlay Gradual infrastructure overlay

Cycle ways_to be developed later Cycle ways To be developed later

Pedestrian ways_toways be developed later Pedestrian To be developed later

Multimodal Multimodal ring: ring heavy bus lines heavy bus lines x2

x2

x2

Light car station Light car station_car renting Car renting

x2

500 m

3000 m

Train Train Lines used for freight Line used for freight

300 m

1000 m 500 m

Train station Influence circles

Train station_Influence circles

100 m

Bus stop_Influence Bus stop circles Influence circles

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Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 1

Miss Kuusi, student living area – 30 square meters apartment in town centre working place – Helsinki lifestyle – food – organic, local vegetarian electronics – all new / furniture – second hand / clothing – new and second hand / carsharing – 200 km a year / train - 55,000 km a year / energy consumption – electricity – 300 kWh a year

TOTAL carbon foorprint – 3.9 tons of CO2

Plan_scale 1/5000

Co_housing_low density_strong shareholding_eco responsible

Multimodal ring_Urban avenue type uniform and dense area/ strong mixity

train station on overlay public space

Energy line_wind turbines_recreation High tension cable (new)

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Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 2

Mrs Mäki Living area – 50 square meter apartment in Orimattila working place – reuse factory, Henna lifestyle – food – organic, local, non vegetarian electronics – used and new / furniture – new and stylish / clothing – reuse carsharing – 0 km a year / bus – 12,000 km a year / energy consumption – electricity – 500 kWh a year

TOTAL carbon footprint – 3.4 tons of CO2 Wood factory_big box + activities on Train lines used for the roofs freight

Pedestrian ways

Highway gate_light car station

High wind turbines

Plan_scale 1/5000

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Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 3

Mr Aalto, farmer living area – 100 square meters house in the old village centre + 30 hectar of agriculture terrain working place – farm lifestyle – food – organic, local, vegetarian / electronics – second hand / furniture – reuse / clothing – reuse carpooling – 1000 km a year / bus – 2000 km a year /energy consumption – electricity 0 kWh a year, 4 tons of wood per year Public market place

TOTAL carbon footprint – 1.82 tons of CO2 Existing village

Plan_scale 1/5000

Private forest_ wood ressource for the heat Communal forest_ High wind turbines

Private garden

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Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 4 Mr Päivärinta, businessman living area – 200 square meters villa by the lake + 1,000 square meters garden working place – reuse industry (4 km) lifestyle – food – organic, local, non vegetarian electronics – all new / furniture – new and stylish / clothing – reuse / carsharing - 7000 km a year / energy consumption – electricity 600 kWh a year ,1 ton of wood per year /

TOTAL carbon footprint – 4.9 tons of CO2 Private villas with high architectural regulation Public leisure area

Plan_scale 1/5000

Pedestrian and cycle way

Public place close to the bus stop

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C2ND refers to : Clélie PROTIERE, french, architect, co-author & delegate of the work team /// clelie.protiere@hotmail.fr Naïk LASHERMES, french, architect & co-author /// naiklashermes@gmail.com Noa PEER, israeli, architect & co-author /// peer.noa@gmail.com Daphnée COURTHIADE, french, architect & co-author /// daphneecourthiade@hotmail.fr