0 100
500
1000
An open relationship Henna as a fluid environment inflicted by parameters
C2ND
C2ND - PART 1
PART 1
What you want...
introduction What should be the starting point when planning a new town from a clean slate? The programme brief asks for a masterplan illustrating the town’s growth 20 years ahead. As much as a drawing can show a final vision of a town, it is inflexible and hardly adaptable to unpredictable events which can take place during its development. Typically, The accomplishment of a masterplan depends on the precise realisation of the built area form, fixed decades before. Furthermore, a masterplan, like a puzzle, separates the town into programmatic zones which can only function as a whole. The quality of a town depends on the interactions between these programmatic areas, and the relations between the inhabitants with their environment. Instead of thinking about the final masterplan, we decided to research the process to ensure these relations within time. We suggest defining a series of parameters – levels of mixture, mass distribution, building regulation, space sharing, available square meter per person, energy dependence, as guiding lines for the town’s development. These parameters, which are based on economic and environmental opportunities, establish the town’s future life style and spacial qualities. This kind of approach, inspired from Maxwan’s urban plan for Leidsche Rijnt , allows a progressive evolution of space by permitting a participative negotiation of the design during each step of the urban development. These spatial and social components take into account the logic of economical, political, legislative and administrative phenomena which determinate the town’s genesis. They create an invisible landscape of date formed by constraints and opportunities.
(1) Maxwan 1994 masterplan for Leidsche Rijn
C2ND - PART 1
3
3
landscape data level of mixture – defining the degree of programmatic mixture, if industrial,
residential, recreational, commercial, institutional... A programmatically heterogeneous space / building guarantee a usage around the clock, offering proximity to services and therefore reducing commuting time. A programmatically homogeneous space / building is adapted to a specialised type of activity while allowing the existence of its particular infrastructure. Also, uniform residential areas have a slow and quit lifestyle. Although hybrid buildings require a unique administration and sometimes generate political conflict, it should be highly promoted in order to develop a sustainable environment.
mass distribution – defining the way a mass is distributed, whether uniform or =
OR
OR
concentrated in a few objects. For this parameter we consider the organic as well as buildings (regular spaced forest versus field with compact clumps of trees, uniform suburban dwellings versus building block surrounded by garden). This criteria, influencing the town’s landscape and skyline, determinate the public space dispersal and buildings typology to avoid extended sprawl areas.
OR
gaz
coal
Fuel level of building regulation – defining the degree of interest in and control
3
=
OR
OR
over the architecture in a sector. This criteria stems from the statement that the majority of urban development isn’t controlled by architects (though most of the time works as well). We suggest to point out these vulnerable areas (such as ones in contact with natural resources, transport stations or bordering forests) in order to give them a particular attention. These kind of areas would be subject to design competitions or particular regulations.
OR
gaz
coal
Fuel
level of shareholding – defining the ratio of owners per square meter in a plot. OR
OR
=
OR
gaz
OR
This criteria incites the amount of space mutualising (either garden or building), by multiplying the number of co-operatives (composing the corporation). The high number of shareholders can create a strong diversity whether social or programmatic. Residential co-operative incite its habitants for measures of responsibility and involvement during its design definition and management. Fixing the level of shareholding is also a way of controlling land speculation.
OR
OR
coal
Fuel
available person space – defining the density as the number of square meters a
gaz
coal
Fuel
3
=
OR
OR
OR
gaz
3
=
OR
OR
Fuel
gaz Fuel
coal OR
coal
single individual has at his or her disposal. Rather than density defined by surface area divided by built floor area. This criteria predispose the spaces for particular type of activity without determining the building’s typology. It can be the void floor space or the constructed one, but in any case does not limit the building’s outline or the number of its inhabitants. This parameter only ensures the minimal surface of individual space.
level of fossil energy dependance –defining the entity’s or urban fabric’s
dependance on exterior resources (such as electricity or fossil fuels). Specify the fossil resource ratio authorised for the activity of the object (residential or economic). In need, the entity should provide its own sustainable source of energy. The following requirements are defined according to the current site analyse which determine the sustainable resources such as windmill energy, producing heat from biomass or, potentially, geothermal. Programmatic combinations can respond to these requirements while using the energy free from one entity to feed another.
C2ND - PART 1
illustration of the degrees of parameters
average
weak
heterogeneous
homogeneous
accentuated
underrated
weak
strong
average
average
low
very low autonomy
strong
high
high autonomy
C2ND - PART 1
energies and natural resources
Today, in times where cities are becoming denser, where urban expansions are applied gradually, constructing a new town on an empty ground seems fairly unsustainable. The materials and energies to be used for this kind of operation are tremendous and therefore can have a big ecological impact on the environment. Luckily, the existing rail road is located in the centre of the future plan, an element that can be exploited so that this operation will not transform into an ecological disaster. Furthermore, the management of the existing resources, whether natural or as by-product form are highly important so that the carbon foot print will be as low as possible. Maintaining a balanced Carbon footprint is a complex task that requires the involvement of every inhabitant in the town – politicians, entrepreneurs, teachers, farmers... One of the tools to ensure this is creating communities by foundations and associations long before the construction of the town, so that future inhabitants can get to know each other, familiarise with their future cradle and work together.
wind - the long-term average wind speed in the Henna region, measured 50 m above the ground, is 4,7 m/s . The wind corridors provided by motorways and railroads are recommendable for the production of wind energy.
water - Annual precipitation amounts to circa 640 mm and the average number of precipitation days is 180. initi-
ating water management through water conservation is vital. Keeping rain water in retention basin for different proposes such as irrigation, manufacturing and cleaning as well as recycling grey water is important to reduce water use and loss and maintaining energy conservation by avoiding water pumping, delivery, and wastewater treatment facilities which consume a significant amount of energy.
wood - The site boasts an abundance of forested ridges. Wood can be used for heat, construction, cellulose (used
for insulation) and paper production. Recent development succeed in producing fuel by the gasification of biomass, to the utilisation in vehicles. The fuel production in the BioDME project relies on black liquor from a paper mill .
gravel and sand - the gravel and sand ridges that form the central part of the site are important materials to utilise for the construction of roads for the future town.
transport pedestrians and bicycles - pedestrians and bicycles path should web the town creating a compact grid so that one can traverse it’s fields, forests, transport stations, and other landscape and strategic points making it as advantageous as possible to use this mean of transport.
public transportation – should structure the town’s main axis, rather than private vehicles. promote use of public transportation by offering very low ride fare.
cars - according to Jean-Marc Jancovici limiting car usage to 80 km range is an efficient way to reduce the con-
sumption to fifth to eighth of today’s average. carpooling – sharing the use of cars for commuting is an option for reducing fuel consumption and pollution. carsharing – car rentals is a great alternative to owning a car., though it’s usage should be limited for 80 km a day. The rental spots should be scattered in strategic points in the plan – private car holding – to be limited as one car per family.
(2) The Bilan Carbone® method is a greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions assessment tool. It can be used to account for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of all types of organisation: industrial or tertiary companies, administrations or local authorities.
C2ND - PART 1
industry
The freight train line should be used as much as possible for future industries expansion, which can reduce CO2 produced by trucks. An important recycling system should be established, covering water usage by filtering rain water for domestic use and irrigation in retention basins (whether local or collective), as well as graywater collection and filtering for reuse and blackwater decomposing for releasing. Organic products from human consumption (foods, organic soap etc.) and ones in technical products should be decomposed in composts to mineral nutrients that can be used for crops. Another recycling industry is reusing materials for producing new goods - plastics, clothes, paper and electronic can be decomposed and assembled together for the production of new products and therefore creating recycling economy. The forest sector (forestry and forest industries) employs some 90 000 people and generates 7 per cent of the GDP. Forest industry is to be developed for the production of construction materials (cellulose and wood beams), paper and fuel (through black liquor - DME).
agriculture Finland is the northernmost EU country and the northernmost country in the world to produce most of its food. Due to curb climate change, farmers must find ways to create carbon sinks by adopting farming practices which increase the amounts of organic matter locked up in the soils and biomass. At the same time, they must maximise their productivity, to feed the local population and for ethanol production. Composting, leaving crop residues out on the fields, growing leguminous crops and growing tree crops can all help to tie up carbon. Combined with crop rotation and the recycling of crop residues, this practice has beneficial effects on climate change, productivity and the farm economy. Promote investments in research institute to develop agriculture during winter time due to climate change ( harsh climate becomes milder, but at the same time extreme weather events are likely to become more frequent). Promote local goods consumption by creating market places, communal gardens and private vegetable gardens. Use local retention basin for irrigation and biofuel such as ethanol powered by cultivation or methanol produced from black liquor for machinery.
community
ecological responsibility – use cellulose, wood beams, gravel, sand and other local materials for building. encourage group construction by creating association etc. respect the water system by reusing grey water, collecting rain water, filtering blackwater and avoid pouring chemicals to water system. Contribute to local and private gardens, consume local production, and reuse materials instead of putting it to waste. social responsibility - promote co-operatives which ensure that a group will be created to form an initiative for the design of a building and its housing units. A co-operative project is flexible and transformable, it is the result of the individual’s wishes that, nevertheless, are adopted to a particular context defined by the followers – an association of followers for the inhabitants co-operatives. Public institutions, social proprietor etc. mixed buildings, entities and space sharing in housing units like washing machines, hardware, guest rooms, kitchens etc. mixing social programmes for diversity and personal achievement - elderly houses next to schools like “experience corps” to engage older adults as tutors and mentors to produce outstanding literacy results for children.
C2ND - PART 1
virtuous circle All of the above elements are particular according to defined parameter requirements and the specific site situation, but they also coexist and interact with one another. For instance the pulp mill producing biofuel (methanol) can sell it to a local transportation company or farms as well as owning its one carsharing company powered by the biofuel. The cellulose and wood beams produced from forests can be used for construction. Database servers in offices can be used in heating greenhouses incorporated in the same building. The virtuous circle created is rich of opportunities whether of social, economic or ecologic while keeping a balanced energy production – consumption rhythm. big-box revival
Pulp mill
before
bloc upgrade
after
big box
big box + recreation + wind turbines
before
after
pulp mill
pulp mill + light cars
landscape
methanol fuel steam electricity
space people
$$$
public transporatation
power
recreation
methanol fuel
$$$
forestation
permeability
wood
light cars
pulp mill cellulose wood pulp
wind turbines big box
cellulose insulation power electricity
forest
$$$
paper mill paper mill
love shacks
bloc upgrade 2
farms
before
after
shack
biofuel
shack + sauna+ tree rain water irrigation
ethanol fuel
retaining rain
electricity
irrigation
farm
winter cereals and leguminous
heat water
electricity
retention basin (collective) shack
sauna
$$$
irrigation
gardens, parcs
local farmer’s market
nursing home & kindergarten
private houses
2+2=4
rain water
protect
heat
swimming pool & supermarket
huber MCB
maintenance forest
personal consumption
house
vegetable garden
retaining irrigation
retaining
retention basin (collective)
cellulose insulation
service water tank
reuse factory
rain water
$$$
new clothes
used clothes
plastic bowls
plastic bottles
local farmer’s market
cooling
heat
personal consumption
irrigation
wood chairs wood boards
reuse shelves
electronics
service water tank
C2ND - PART 1
water retention basin (collective)
water
electricity electricity
big box
houses
residential paper
paper
electricity
water
heat organic waste
paper mill cellulose insulation wood pulp fruits and vegetables
electricity
steam
organic waste wood methanol fuel $$$
Pulp mill
forest
bloc upgrade
pulp mill
organic and mineral nutrients
methanol fuel $$$
farm
winter cereals and leguminous $$$
before
after
pulp mill
light cars
pulp mill + light cars
methanol fuel steam electricity
mix
organic and $$$mineral nutrients
public transporatation
power
forest
methanol fuel $$$
methanol fuel
$$$
forestation
collect vegetation
light cars protect
wood
local farmer’s market
pulp mill cellulose
organic waste
wood pulp
urbines
cellulose insulation
cellulose insulation
r
housing bloc
forest
public transporatation paper mill
bloc upgrade 2
bloc upgrade farms
after
biofuel
shack + sauna+ tree rain water irrigation
ethanol fuel mix
retaining
public transporatation
vegetation
collect vegetation
electricity water
light cars protectcereals and leguminous winter
farm cooling electricity
retention basin (collective)
$$$
heat
mix
cellulose insulation
irrigation
water
cellulose insulation
commerce
housing bloc green pockets gardens, parcs
local farmer’s market
organic w
C2ND - PART 1
bloc upgrade 2
electricity
electricity
application 1 : parameters +catalysts
SECTOR 1 level mixture LOW mass distribution HETEROGENEOUS building regulation UNDERRATED level of shareholding STRONG available person space HIGH level of fossil energy dependance HIGH AUTONOMY
housingÊ&Êoffices greenhouse
residentialÊ co-operative
publicÊgarden library laundry Ê&Êplayroom
retentionÊbasin
residentialÊ co-operative collectiveÊsauna
C2ND - PART 1
application 2 : parameters +catalysts
SECTOR 2 level mixture HIGH mass distribution HOMOGENEOUS building regulation ACCENTUATED level of shareholding STRONG housingÊ&Êoffices greenhouse
publicÊgarden library laundry Ê&Êplayroom
available person space residentialÊ co-operative VERYHIGH LOW collectiveÊsauna
retentionÊbasin
level of fossil energy dependance STRONG AUTONOMY
hightechÊindustrieÊ&Êreacreation lectureÊhall
freightÊplatform
volleyballÊcourt
road bicycleÊlane
htÊtrainÊline
residentialÊ co-operative
reuseÊfactoryÊ&Êreacreation store
windÊturbine
publicÊgarden retentionÊbasin
C2ND - PART 1
application 3 : parameters +catalysts
housingÊ&Êoffices
residentialÊ co-operative
greenhouse
publicÊgarden
residentialÊ co-operative collectiveÊsauna
retentionÊbasin
library laundry Ê&Êplayroom
SECTOR 3 level mixture LOW mass distribution HOMOGENEOUS building regulation UNDERRATED level of shareholding
hightechÊindustrieÊ&Êreacreation lectureÊhall
freightÊplatform
volleyballÊcourt
road bicycleÊlane
ne
reuseÊfactoryÊ&Êreacreation store
windÊturbine
WEAK
publicÊgarden
available person space retentionÊbasin AVERAGE
level of fossil energy dependance MEDIUM AUTONOMY
privateÊhousing
road
forest
privateÊhousing
privateÊfarm communalÊfarm windÊturbine
C2ND - PART 1
application 4 : parameters +catalysts
hightechÊindustrieÊ&Êreacreation lectureÊhall
freightÊplatform
volleyballÊcourt
road bicycleÊlane
ghtÊtrainÊline
reuseÊfactoryÊ&Êreacreation store
publicÊgarden retentionÊbasin
windÊturbine
SECTOR 4
level mixture LOW mass distribution HOMOGENEOUS building regulation ACCENTUATED level of shareholding VERY WEAK available person space privateÊhousing
road
forest
privateÊhousing
privateÊfarm communalÊfarm
HIGH
windÊturbine
level of fossil energy dependance VERY LOW AUTONOMY
privateÊhousing
bicycleÊlane road
publicÊgarden
promenadeÊ& bicycleÊlane
lake
forest
C2ND - PART 1
PART 2 a vision for Henna The site for the future town of Henna is crossed by high speed infra-axial of railway and highways linking Helsinki to Lathi. These elements are important for the town’s development, however the area around them is unsuitable for housing due to noise and pollution. The town will grow from three polarities of various characteristics;
big-box stores _ energy line – between the highway exit and railway, it is the best place for big-boxes and commerce, high-tech industries, offices and sports facilities. It is also the best location for wind turbines and suitable for potential extensions of rail freight for sustainable development of the activities.
the train station _ town centre - attractive spot for office but too close to the high way for housing.
Eco _ village centre - historic place- attractive for its charm and place to live in eco community (farmer)
Currently, these three polarities are disconnected and should be linked to grow simultaneously and work together as a system. A 12km loop of collective public transport (tram /bus) will structure the further town growth while linking the important hubs and serving both the rail station and the high way exit. It will determine future intense-city points where activities and houses can be distributed according to their need of access. The overhead power line should be placed 300m south to allow compact development around the train station. The forth development zone is less central but offers a potential attraction for holiday homes, playgrounds and leisure areas. The site relates to the Finish life style (72% Helsinki’s residents own a vacation house) and to its unique landscape and touristic centres. Other means of transportation like carsharing stations are scattered in strategic points in the plan – main train station (for commuters coming from Orimattila), activity zone (for transporting large objects), old village centre... We think that the town’s development will start around the three polarities and along the loop. The fabric that would develop will have to locally complete the existing while creating connection that are defined by the parameters. Whatever the future of Henna brings, if the defined parameters are taken into consideration without necessarily defining it’s form form in advance, a long lasting rigour will be maintained in the city’s landscape.
C2ND - PART 2
level mixture
strong
average
0 100
500
1000
weak
mass distribution
homogeneous
0 100
500
1000
heterogeneous
C2ND - PART 2
level of building regulation
underrated
0 100
500
1000
accentuated
level of shareholding
strong
average
0 100
500
1000
weak
C2ND - PART 2
available person space
very low
low
average
0 100
500
1000
high
level of fossil energy dependance
low autonomy
average autonomy
0 100
500
1000
high autonomy
C2ND - PART 2
C2ND - PART 2
Mobility
Sector black2box_energy line
Sector 3 eco_village center
Sector 4
Sector 1 station_town center Highway Highway Primary Primary Roadroad Secondary road Secondary road
0 100
500
1000
Tertiary road Tertiary road_to be developed later To be developed later
Immediate infrastructure overlay Gradual infrastructure overlay
Cycle ways_to be developed later Cycle ways To be developed later
Pedestrian ways_toways be developed later Pedestrian To be developed later
Multimodal Multimodal ring: ring heavy bus lines heavy bus lines x2
x2
x2
Light car station Light car station_car renting Car renting
x2
500 m
3000 m
Train Train Lines used for freight Line used for freight
300 m
1000 m 500 m
Train station Influence circles
Train station_Influence circles
100 m
Bus stop_Influence Bus stop circles Influence circles
C2ND - PART 2
Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 1
Miss Kuusi, student living area – 30 square meters apartment in town centre working place – Helsinki lifestyle – food – organic, local vegetarian electronics – all new / furniture – second hand / clothing – new and second hand / carsharing – 200 km a year / train - 55,000 km a year / energy consumption – electricity – 300 kWh a year
TOTAL carbon foorprint – 3.9 tons of CO2
Plan_scale 1/5000
Co_housing_low density_strong shareholding_eco responsible
Multimodal ring_Urban avenue type uniform and dense area/ strong mixity
train station on overlay public space
Energy line_wind turbines_recreation High tension cable (new)
C2ND - PART 2
Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 2
Mrs Mäki Living area – 50 square meter apartment in Orimattila working place – reuse factory, Henna lifestyle – food – organic, local, non vegetarian electronics – used and new / furniture – new and stylish / clothing – reuse carsharing – 0 km a year / bus – 12,000 km a year / energy consumption – electricity – 500 kWh a year
TOTAL carbon footprint – 3.4 tons of CO2 Wood factory_big box + activities on Train lines used for the roofs freight
Pedestrian ways
Highway gate_light car station
High wind turbines
Plan_scale 1/5000
C2ND - PART 2
Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 3
Mr Aalto, farmer living area – 100 square meters house in the old village centre + 30 hectar of agriculture terrain working place – farm lifestyle – food – organic, local, vegetarian / electronics – second hand / furniture – reuse / clothing – reuse carpooling – 1000 km a year / bus – 2000 km a year /energy consumption – electricity 0 kWh a year, 4 tons of wood per year Public market place
TOTAL carbon footprint – 1.82 tons of CO2 Existing village
Plan_scale 1/5000
Private forest_ wood ressource for the heat Communal forest_ High wind turbines
Private garden
C2ND - PART 2
Expected five-year growth plan__ SECTOR 4 Mr Päivärinta, businessman living area – 200 square meters villa by the lake + 1,000 square meters garden working place – reuse industry (4 km) lifestyle – food – organic, local, non vegetarian electronics – all new / furniture – new and stylish / clothing – reuse / carsharing - 7000 km a year / energy consumption – electricity 600 kWh a year ,1 ton of wood per year /
TOTAL carbon footprint – 4.9 tons of CO2 Private villas with high architectural regulation Public leisure area
Plan_scale 1/5000
Pedestrian and cycle way
Public place close to the bus stop
C2ND - PART 2
0 100
500
1000
C2ND refers to : Clélie PROTIERE, french, architect, co-author & delegate of the work team /// clelie.protiere@hotmail.fr Naïk LASHERMES, french, architect & co-author /// naiklashermes@gmail.com Noa PEER, israeli, architect & co-author /// peer.noa@gmail.com Daphnée COURTHIADE, french, architect & co-author /// daphneecourthiade@hotmail.fr