Decrypting the Body: System from System, Organ from Organ
Melissa Perotin 3rd Period
Skeletal System The skeletal system’s job is to support and protect the body. It also allows us move. Without the skeletal system, our body would just be a lump filled with other organs.
Main Parts of the System (Vocabulary): Joints – a place where two or more bones meet Ligament- a type of tissue that holds together the bone Bones – living organs made up of connective tissue which make up the skeleton. The skeleton provides support the body and a place for muscles to attach Cartilage – strong, flexible, and smooth connective tissue found at the end of bones. It allows bones to move smoothly across each other
All of these things combine to make the skeleton.
Continuation of the Skeletal System
Pathogens: •Porphyromonas gingivalis •Prevotella intermedia •Tannerella All three of these bacterial pathogens cause a form of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is inflammation of the joints. Having the joints inflamed will not allow it to move easily or at all, and causes the bones to be in different positions, which will not obtain homeostasis. Interaction with other systems: 1. Circulatory System – The bones provide protection; one example is how the ribs protect the heart. Protecting the heart and making sure no damage comes to it keeps it working properly maintains homeostasis. 2. Respiratory System – The ribs also protect the lungs. Protecting the lungs and making sure no damage comes to it keeps it working properly maintains homeostasis.
Muscular System The muscular system is made up of different types of muscles; it’s main function is to allow the body to have movement and flexibility. Not having muscles would not allow us to be able to move.
Main Parts of the System (Vocabulary): Tendons – a tough connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or to another body part Skeletal muscles – attached to your bone and allow you to move when you want; voluntary muscles Smooth muscles – found in internal organs and blood vessels and help move material through the body; involuntary muscles Cardiac muscles – tissue that makes up the heart; involuntary muscles
Continuation of the Muscular System
Pathogens: • Staphylococcus aureus This bacterial pathogen can cause myositis. Myositis is an inflammation of the muscles, especially skeletal/voluntary muscles. Inflaming the muscle does not let it properly function, causing disturbance in homeostasis of the body. Interaction with other systems: 1. Skeletal System – Muscles allow the skeleton to move because they are connected. Without them working together, the body could not move which would mean no homeostasis of the body. 2. Digestive – Muscles are what contract to digest food. The muscles that help digest the food are involuntary muscles. Without muscles, there would be no digestion, which would mean no homeostasis.
Circulatory System (AKA Cardiovascular System) The circulatory/cardiovascular system’s job is to transport blood to the body. Poor blood goes into the right atrium and into the right ventricle, where it is then transported into the capillaries inside the lungs. The blood lets out carbon dioxide and receives oxygen. With oxygen, the poor blood becomes rich blood, where it goes back to the heart, into the left atrium and the left ventricle. The heart then pumps the rich blood to the body wherever the oxygen is needed. Once the body is given the oxygen from the blood, the rich blood is then poor blood. The process then starts over.
Main Parts of the System (Vocabulary): Artery – a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body’s organ Vein –a vessel that carries blood to the heart Capillary – a tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in tissue Blood – the fluid that carries oxygen and nutrients to the body and that is made up of platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells, and plasma Red blood cells (rich blood) – disk-shaped cells that do not have a nucleus and bring oxygen to the body Atrium – upper chamber of the hearth Ventricle - lower chamber of the heart Heart - muscles that pumps blood, create pressure that pumps blood throughout the body
Continuation of the Circulatory System (AKA Cardiovascular)
Pathogens: •Staphylococci •Enterococci These two bacterial pathogens cause a form of bacterial endocarditis. Endocarditis is inflammation of the valves of the heart. Inflammation can cause a heart attack or stroke. Not having the heart properly function leads to no homeostasis of the body. Interaction with other systems: 1. Respiratory System - The oxygen is taken into the body by the respiratory system and is transported to the body through the blood. They both work together to maintain homeostasis by giving for body what it needs. 2. Muscular System - The heart is a muscle which contracts blood. It is specifically a cardiac muscle. By giving the body blood, homeostasis is maintained.
Respiratory System The respiratory system’s job is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide for the body. We inhale oxygen which goes into the pharynx, down the trachea, through the bronchi, into the lungs. The oxygen is then given to the blood, and the blood releases carbon dioxide. When we exhale, the carbon dioxide is out of our system.
Main Parts of the System (Vocabulary): Pharynx – the part of the respiratory system that extends from the mouth to the lungs Larynx – the part of the respiratory system between the pharynx and the trachea; has walls of cartilage and muscle and contains vocal cords Trachea – thin walled tube that extends from the larynx to the bronchi carries air to the lungs; also called windpipe Bronchi – two main branches of the trachea that lead directly to the lungs Alveoli - tiny, thin walled, capillary-rich sac in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon-dioxide takes place
Pathogens: • Streptococcus pneumonia
Continuation of the Respiratory System
• Legionella pheumophila (inhaling droplets from whirlpools, spas, or fountains) • Mycoplasma pneumonia (caught in crowded areas such as schools, shelters, and prisons) All three of these bacterial pathogens cause a form of bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs. The alveoli may fill with liquid, and if filled with too much, the person cannot take in enough air and suffocate. Pneumonia causes the whole respiratory to slow down. If the respiratory system slows down, the whole body no longer is in a state of homeostasis. Interaction with other systems: 1. Nervous – The brain controls the respiratory rate so it allows the body to properly function and maintain homeostasis 2. Muscular – The muscular system relies on the gas exchange of the respiratory system because the muscles need oxygen. Not being able to give our muscles the oxygen it needs would not obtain homeostasis. Also, the diaphragm is a muscle which is involved when we breathe.
Digestive System The digestive system’s primary function is to break down food so that can be used for the benefit of the body. The food begins being digested in the food, where it is then taken down the esophagus to the stomach. It continues began digested and then is taken into the small intestine. The nutrients is absorbed. Then, the remaining waste is taken through the large intestines where it soon will be removed from the body. Main Parts of the System (Vocabulary): Esophagus – a long, straight tube, that connects the pharynx to the stomach Stomach – the sac like, digestive organ that is between the esophagus and the small intestine and that breaks down food by the action of muscle, enzymes and acids Pancreas – the organ that lies behind the stomach and that makes digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate sugar levels Liver – the largest organ in the body; it makes bile, stores and filters blood, and stores excess sugar and glycogen Small intestine – the organ between the stomach and the large intestine where most of the breakdown of food happens and most of the nutrients from the food are absorbed Large intestines – the broader and shorter portion of the intestine, where water is removed from the mostly digested food to turn the waste into semisolid feces, or stool Mouth – where digestion first begins; teeth crush food Saliva – made by glands in the mouth. It contains substances including enzymes which begins the chemical digestion of food
Pathogens:
Continuation of the Digestive System
• H. pylori This bacterial pathogen causes a disease called gastritis. Gastritis is the inflammation of the stomach lining. It can cause vomiting, nausea, or feeling of indigestion. If serious, there could be blood in the vomit which shows sign of stomach bleeding. If the stomach is healthy, that can cause a problem when digesting which would mean there would be no obtainment of homeostasis. Interaction with other systems: 1. Circulatory System - The energy received from the food you eat is transported to the body by blood. The blood is moved through the circulatory. By not giving the body nutrients and energy, there will not be homeostasis 2. Respiratory System - The muscles used to digest our food need oxygen to be able to work. Without oxygen, they would not contract which would lead to no homeostasis.
Nervous System The nervous system is a structure which controls actions and reactions. Using our brains, we make decisions and move our body. We can think and process things, all thank to the nervous system.
Main Parts of the System (Vocabulary): Brain – the organ that is the main control center of the nervous system; made up of nerves and allow us to dream, taste, hear, see, touch, think, and smell Spinal cord – a column of nerve tissue running from the base of the brain through the vertebral column Nerve – collection of nerve cell extensions bundled together with blood vessels and connective tissue Central nervous system (CNS) – is one part of the nervous system which processes information. It is made up of the brain and spinal cord Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – one part of the nervous system which connects the CNS to muscles and organs. It has two main parts; the motor part and the sensory part
Pathogens
Continuation of Nervous System
• H influenza – Type B • Neisseria meningitides • Strep pneumonia All three of these bacterial pathogens cause forms of bacterial meningitis. Meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges (membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord). It can soon cause the blood vessels in the brain to become inflamed which causes the brain not to get oxygen. If the brain does not get oxygen, it will not properly work which will mess with the homeostasis of the body. Interaction with other systems: 1. Digestive System – The PNS automatically controls the muscles to perform digestion. Without the nervous system, there would be no digestive system which would not let the body obtain homeostasis 2. Musculoskeletal – the brain regulates the position of bones by controlling muscles and controlling the contractions of skeletal muscles. Doing this obtains homeostasis.
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