EdkifiHa&;zwfpm
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yHkESdyfrSwfwrf; yHkESdyfjcif; - yxrtMudrf? {jyDv? 2018 ckESpf 'kwd,tMudrf? Zlvdkifv? 2020 ckESpf yHkESdyfol - rHka&G;yHkESdyfwkduf OD;0if;ausmfxGef; (jrJ-00135) trSwf 140? 45 vrf; (txuf)? &efukefjrdKU/ xkwfa0ol - OD;xufydkifatmif yef;qufvrf; pmtkyfwdkuf (jrJ-00784) trSwf (454)? jrifawmfomvrf;? omauw? &efukeNf rdKU/ Website/ pannsattlann.com , Mobile App/ Pann Satt Lann Facebook page/ Pann Satt Lann Books
jzefUcsda&; - yef;qufvrf; pmtkyfwdkuf zkef; - 09 73167346? 09 250421081/ tkyfa& wefzdk;
- 1000 - 4000 usyf
rif;aoh EdkifiHa&;zwfpm? rif;aoh? &efukef/ yef;qufvrf;pmay? 2020/ pm-290? 13.2 x 21 pifwD (1) EdkifiHa&;zwfpm
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trSmpm EdkifiHa&;orm; rvkyfaomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;taMumif;udk vlwdkif; odxm;oihfonf/ rif;aoh [laom pma&;q&monf jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; taMumif;udk ta0;Munhf? teD;Munhf? ywfcsmvSnhfMunhfaom ykHpHjzihf okH;oyf a&;om;avh &Sdonf/ rif;aoha&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfNyD; awG;qrdonfrSm rif;aohonf pmjzpfvQifNf yD;a&m [laom pdwf xm;jzihf pma&;ol r[kwf/ rif;aohonf vli,fpma&;q&m jzpfonf/ pmzwfaom pma&; q&m jzpfonf/ EdkifiHa&;udk pdwf0ifpm;aom pma&;q&m jzpfonf/ xdakY Mumihf rif;aoha&;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;rSm Edkiif aH &;ESifh ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;rsm;u ydkrsm;onf/ þpmtkyfwGif aqmif;yg; 41 yk'f yg0if onf/ þpmtkyw f iG f Edkiif aH &; zwfpmrsm; [laom emrnfEiS fh vdkuaf tmif EdkifiHa&;taMumif; a&;om;xm;aomaqmif;yg;rsm;ESihf wjcm;vlrI jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk wpfpkwpfpnf;wnf; pkpnf; xm;onf/ wdkif;jynf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufzdkY&ef tpdk;&\ta&;ygykHudk csufus vufus a&;jyxm;onf/ tpdk;&wpf&yf\ vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;wGif
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-C-
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2 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 3
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 5
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6 rif;aoh
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8 rif;aoh
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10 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 11
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12 rif;aoh
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14 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 15
L tcsKdUu jynfya&mufonf/ L tcsdKUu acsmifxkd;cH&onf/ L tcsKUd u wpfu, kd af wmf wpfo;D wpfoefY aexdik o f mG ;Muonf/ L tcsKdUu ESdyfuGyfcH&onf/ L tcsKdUu tHvGJaomae&m Xmersm;ü tydkYcH&onf/ L tcsKdUu e,fy,f ajymif;ukefMuonf/ L tcsKdUu a&ykyftdkif jzpfoGm;onf/ ynmwwfESihf tdki'f D,morm;wdkY\ ed*Hk;urvS/ tpdk;& tquf qufü ed*Hk;vScJhonfh ynmwwfrsm; tawmf&Sm;onf/ xdktusK;d qufu odolwwfolrsm; tmPmtodkif;t0ef;ESifha0;&m a&mufukefonf/ 0ifrvmcsiMf uawmh/ ]rif;ca,mufsm; urf;em;opfyif} [k rSwv f mMu onf/ ]rif;qdk uGi;f a&Smifr,f xrif;awmif rpm;csib f l;av;} jzpfvm onf/ EdkifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ay:vpD jzpfpOfü xl;cRefolrsm; yg;vsukef onf/ ay:vpDjzpfpOfyg ysufvmonf/ acgif;aqmifvkyfol\ pdwf xifjrifcsufu pDrHudef;jzpfvmonf/ rl0g'jzpfvmonf/ vlay: tajccHaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfu MuD;oxuf MuD;vmonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHu ,ckxufxd xdkusifhxHk;udk razsmufEdkifao;/ azsmuf&aumif;rSef;yif odyHkr&/ rlrsm;udk OD;wnfajymaeaomfvnf; jywfom;aom vkyaf qmufcsurf sm; rawGU&/ aysmhwad vsmh&J&Jjzifh Edkiif H awmf,EÅ&m; yHkrSefvnfywfaeEdkifa&;jzifhom vHk;csmvdkufaeonf/ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf tm½HkrpdkufEdkif jzpfae&onf/ 0efMuD;rsm;u Edkiif Hawmf vkyfief;pOfukd a,bk,som odonf/ udk,fwm0ef,lonfh 0efMuD;Xmeudk b,fae&mu pí udkif&r,f rod/ wpfckckudk pGefYpGefYpm;pm; vkyf&atmifvnf; ¤if;wdkYacgif;aqmif\ t&dyfuMuD;vGef;í awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u r0Hhr&J/ vlawmfrsm;udk oHk;csiMf uaomfvnf; udk,Ef Sihf yvJyeHoifholjzifhom ESpyf g;oGm; uMu pjrJ/
16 rif;aoh
,cifu vlawmfaMumufa&m*g pGJuyfonf/ tckvnf; vlawmf aMumufa&m*g xyfjyefYvmonf/ vlawmfrsm;bufrSvnf; tmPm todkuft0ef;ESifh a0;a0;aecsifpdwf jyif;xefvSonf/ jrefrmjynfEdkifiH a&;u vkyw f wforl sm;u vkycf sipf w d f r&djS zpfaejyD; rvkyw f wforl sm;u vkyfcsifpdwfuJaejcif; jzpfonf/ vlawmfaMumufa&m*gu tzGJUtpnf;wdki;f Xmewdki;f ygwDwkdi;f a'owdik ;f vkyif ef;wdik ;f ü &do S nf/ r&do S nfu &Sm;onf/ tenf;trsm;om uGmonf/ vlawmfaMumufolwdkY acgif;aqmifjzpfvmygu tem*wf onf ysuo f nf/ twdwu f kd a&&Gwí f tmomajzjcif;jzifhom oufwrf; ukefMua&mhrnf/
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 17
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18 rif;aoh
jyóem ESpf&yf tmPmorm;ESihf tdki'f , D morm;wdükY jyóem ESp&f yfawGU&onf/ tmPmorm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u todcsKdUonf/ tdkif'D,morm; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u avmufavmufvm;vm; wpfpkdurf wfrwfjzpfol rsm;vmonf/ MuHUcdkifoefrmaom tdkif'D,morm;rsm; r[kwfawmh/ axmufjya0zefcsufrsm;u a,bk,s tm;xkwfcsufrsm;om rsm;vm onf/ a,bk,srsm;jzifh bmrS vkyfr&/ jynfoltwGuf zwfzdkY rSwfzdkY toHk;wnfhaumif; wnfhEkdiyf gvdrhfrnf/ odkYaomf tmPmorm;twGuf a,bk,sonf vufawGU tvkyfrjzpf/ tdkif'D,morm;rsm;u udk,fh\tdkif'D,mudk aumif;pGm jyifqif csujf yKwfí xkwyf k;d &ef vdkonf/ tmPmorm;rsm;uvnf; rdred ab;rSm tdki'f D,mrsm; xkwv f kyw f wfonfh owå0grsm;jzifh OD;aESmufrkew f kid ;f qif ae&rnf/ taumif;qHk;enf;vrf;udk &Sm&rnf/ temESihf aq;wnfhatmif ay;&rnf/ aq;nTef;azmfjcif;onf tdkif'D,morm;\tvkyfjzpfjyD; aq;ukjcif;onf tmPmorm;\ tvkyfjzpfonf/ or®wopfu uRrf;usifynm&SifawG ynmwwfawG txl;jyK okcrdefawGudk b,favmuf pkpnf; oHk;pGJEdkifovJ b,favmuf ac:iif 0ef;&Hxm;EdkifovJ qdkonfhtcsufudk Munfhonf/ or®w eHab;u vltrsm;u b,fvdk vlpm; awGqdkwm MunfhjyD; or®w oufwrf; twGi;f atmifjrifEikd af cs &d^S r&dS a[mude;f xkw&f onf/ jrefrmEdkiif HMuHKae&onfu aq;nTe;f azmfol enf;aeonf/ azmf xm;aom aq;nTef;aumif;rsm;udkvnf; twåpnf;rsm;aMumifh yg0g aumf&pf'gay:u yk*¾Kv d rf sm;u toHk;rjyKMu/ yg0gaumf&pf'geHab;u olrsm;uvnf; tdkif'D,m ta&jcKHrsm;omrsm;onf/ jcHKMunfhvkduv f Qif ESpzf ufpvHk;ü jyóem&dSonf/ tmPmorm; rsm;u vlawmfaMumufa&m*g pGJuyfaeonf/ tkdif'D,morm;rsm;u
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 19
[dkpyfpyf 'Dpyfpyf a,mif0g;omrsm;aeonf/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm;aom tkid 'f D,morm;rsm;u wpfpkdurf wfrwf r&dSMu/ tm;xkwrf I yg;vsvs/ a&mMudwform;rsm;u rsm;onf/ a,bk,sjzifh &TD;ae? jzD;aeolrsm;u rsm;onf/ tcsuu f sus a0zefoHk;oyfEkdio f lrsm;u vkyyf kdicf Gihf r&dSMu/ vkyyf kdicf iG h&f So d lrsm;uvnf; ZD;uGuaf vmufawmh iSuw f kdi;f vSygw,fvkdY owfrw S af eMuovm; rod/ wu,fuRr;f usio f rl sm; ab;a&mufaeonf/
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w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ ed*Hk;avm ed'gef;avm 21 &mpkonf tajymif;tvJ&mpkjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh tpOfvku d f jzpfwnfrw I kYd ed*k;H owfonfu h mvjzpfonf/ ckeyf saH usmv f mT ;í azmufxGuaf om enf;emwdkY a&yef;pm;onfhtcsed jf zpfonf/ w&m;ao ,lqcsufESifhw&m;aoenf;emwdkY wdk;r&aom tajctaejzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm tdkifwDenf;ynm aygufuGJvmjcif;ESifh A[dkcsufrwdkY ysHUusJvmjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
A[dkaygufzGm;rI 20 &mpkü A[dk [kqdkvQif wpfckwnf;udkom nTef;onf/ wpfckwnf; &nfneT ;f csuo f m jyKonf/ 21 &mpk ü A[dkwkYd uGmvmonf/ A[dkwkdY [vmonf/ A[dkaygif;rsm;pGm yGm;pD;vmonf/ ae&mtESHY A[dk tjzpf ul;ajymif;vmEdkifMuonf/ enf;ynmESifh enf;emqef;opfrIrsm; aMumifhvnf;ygrnf/ vlwdkif;u A[dkjzpfvmEdkifonf/ ae&mwdkif; Xmewdkif;u A[dk jzpfvmEdkio f nf/ A[dkjzpfzkdY udk,cf Htm; aumif;&efESihf qef;opfwDxGirf I vkyEf kid &f ef vdkonf/ vlwpfOD;csi;f pD\ udk,pf rG ;f udk,pf u xdyw f ufvm onf/ wpfOD;csi;f t&nftaoG;udk jycGih&f vmonf/ A[dkwpfckwnf;ü ajccsKyfrdxm;olawGtwGuf 21 &mpkonf pdefac:csufjzpfvmonf/ ,ckqdkvQif 21 &mpk\ oHk;yHkçyHk wpfyHkyif jynfhawmhrnf/ 21 &mpkü pdeaf c:rItopfrsm;ESihf MuHKae&qJ/ ,ckxufxd pdeaf c:rI topftqef; rsm;u tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf ay:xGufMuqJ/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 21
21 &mpk pdefac:csuf 21 &mpkukd tdkprmbifvm'ifu 9 ^ 11 jzifh MudKqdkvkduo f nf/ 21 &mpkonf tMurf;zufrsm; &mpk[kyif xifvmp&m &dSvmonf/ ,ckxufxd tMurf;zufrIonf 21 &mpk\ t"dupdefac:csufjzpfae ao;onf/ ta&SUtv,fykdi;f u tm&yfurÇmudk ajcuky, f lí urÇmtESHY jzefYusu&f ef ajcvSr;f pvmonf/ e*dktpwke;f u yxrurÇmudk ypfrSwf xm;onf/ xdkYaemuf wwd,urÇmudk ypfrSwx f m;vmMuonf/ qif;&J rGJawrIonf tMurf;zufrIwdkY aygufzGm;&m arG;ordcifjzpfvmonf/ bmoma&; w&m;ao0g'u 21 &mpkudk jcdrf;ajcmufvmonf/ vlrsKd; tcsif;csif;tMum; udk;uG,f&m t,ltqa&;&m w&m;ao ,lqcsuf wdkufyGJrsm; jyif;xefvmonf/ 20 &mpkü tdkif'Da,mfvdk*sDwpfckudk w&m;ao qkyu f kdií f vufeufukdif wdkuyf JrG sm; jzpfymG ;cJhonf/ acwfwkdY ajymif;vmonfESifhtrQ vlwdkY\ ajcukyf,lrIXme ajymif;vmonf/ tdkifwDESifhtwl tMurf;zuf0g'u A[dkawGudk cGJxkwfypfvkdufonf/ rnfonfha'o rnfonfhae&m rnfonfhtcsed w f Girf qdk tMurf;zufrI\ om;aumif jzpfvmEdkifonf/ qD;&D;,m;a'o tmz*efepöwefa'o ta&SUtv,fydkif;a'orsm;üom A[dkjzpfraeawmh/ tMurf;zufrI &SifoefEdkifaom a&cHajrcHu ydkí tjyefYus,fvmonf/
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22 rif;aoh
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pdk;&drfcsuf w&m;ao0g'onf 21 &mpk zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tvkyf rjzpfwm rSeo f nf/ odkYaomf ¤if;\ tm;udk avsmhrwGuo f ifh/ MuD;yGm;&m MuD;yGm;aMumif;twGuf taxmuftul rjzpfapaomfvnf; ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif;ü MuD;pGmaom &efoljzpfvmEdkifonf/ jzpfvmEdkifonf qdkonfxuf jzpfvmaeonf[k qdkvQif ydkírSefrnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 23
21 &mpkonf owif; enf;ynm aygufurJG u I kd cH& vl w d k i f ; td k i f w D u d k prwf u s u s oH k ; pG J onf/ qifjcifwHkw&m; edrhf wwf&efEiS hf qifjcifwkH w&m;uJaom ynmh edrfh? enf;ynmjrifhjrifhjzifh 0ef;us ifud k wnfaxmifEdki fMu vQ i fjzifh vlwkYd MuHKae&onf/ owif; w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ vufo&rf;rIudk xdef; udk trSv D ku d &f ef MudK;pm;&if; Edkifrnf axEdkifrnf/ EdkifiHa&;ü tusKd;pD;yGm; qif j cif w H k w &m;twG u f y#d y u© r sm;tMum; Mum;nyf r I v nf ; oD;oefw Y nfaqmufcsed ef nf; avsmhyg;vmEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ vmonf/ qifjcifwHkw&m; edrfhvmavav w&m;ao0g'D wdkY\ zsufvdk zsufqD;tm;udk tm;jznfh axmufyHhay;&mjzpfvmavav/ þum; owdcsyfzG,f/
tusKd;quf qifjcifwHkw&m; edrfhvmjcif;aMumifh vlwdkY w,loef ydkqefvm onf/ oHo, ydkMuD;vmonf/ rsuu f ef; ,HkMunfrI ydkí wdk;vmonf/ qif;&Jcsr;f om uGm[csuMf uD;jcif;aMumifh remvdk r½Ipw d f tm;aumif;vm onf/ 0efwdkpdwf ydkjyif;xefvmonf/ rauseyfrI ydkrsm;vmonf/ toD;oD;tooaom remvdk 0efwdkrIrsm;udk rwlaom vlywf0ef;usif tMum;ü aygufcGJypfvku d o f nf/ tdkiw f DaMumifh wpfOD;csi;f jyóemu vlUtodkif;t0dkif;\ jyóemjzpfvmonf/ tdkifwDuyif pdk;&drfrIrsm;udk tcsdefESifh wpfajy;nD jzefYcsdypfvdkufMuonf/ oHo,ESihf vltzGJUtpnf;jzpfvmonf/ vlUtodki;f t0dki;f twGi;f vlrIaumfap; yg;vmonf/ xdkYaemuf wpfukd,af umif; ydkqefvmonf/ wpfOD;csi;f wpfukd,af umif;qefrIukd jyóemESihf pdeaf c:rItjzpf rowf rSwfEdkifaomfvnf; vlUtzGJUtpnf;om xdkae&ma&mufvmygu MuD;pGm aom tEÅ&m,fudk o,fvmEdkifonf/ tkyfpkcsif; wdkufyGJrsm; jyif;xef vmonf/ Edkiif aH &;upm;uGuf xGio f rl sm; tvQKdvQKday:aygufvmonf/
24 rif;aoh
xdkYaemuf trSm;trSef a&maxG;ukefMuonf/ qifjcifwkHw&m;wdkY ZufMudK; rowfEdkifawmh/ qifjcifwkw H &m;\&efzufrmS w&m;ao0g' jzpfonf/ w&m;ao 0g'Dwku Yd qifjcifwkHw&m; wnfaqmufrI usqkH;ap&ef trSm;ESit hf rSeu f kd a&mí vTwfvdkufonf/ Zumwdkuf rpdppfEdkifolwdkY typfcHMu&onf/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;onf wjznf;jznf;ESifh ESpfvdkzG,f raumif;awmh/ pufqkyf &GH&Smp&mjzpfvmonf/
ed*Hk;vm; ed'gef;vm; 21 &mpkonf w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ ed*Hk;vm; ed'gef;vm; qdkwm awG;MunfhEkdio f nf/ zD;ESpif Suo f nf rD;avmifjymusí jymyHkxJrS topf wzef arG;zGm;yso H ef;ovdk w&m;ao0g'vnf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;vm;/ ar;cGef;udk pOf;pm;&efvdkonf/ aoqHk;oGm;aom rdpäm'dVdrsm; jyefvnf &SifoefxajrmufvmvQif e*dkrlv xufydkí aMumufp&m aumif;vm Edkifonf/ acwf\ tm;omcsuu f kdyif vufeufozG,f toHk;jyKvmjcif;u wdk;wufrIukd aMumuf&HUG vmapEdkio f nf/ w&m;ao0g'DwkYt d ay: pdk;&drrf I u Edkiif Ha&;pdk;&drcf sujf zpfvmvQif vGwv f yfcGihfESihf wDxGizf efwD;cGihfukd tusOf;csEdkifonfh jzpf&yf MuHKvmEdkifonf/
tajzrSm þtwGuf ½dk;&Sif;aom tajz&dSonf/ tdkifwDESifh tdkif'D,mudk oif;owfp&m rvdk/ tdkifwDudk qifjcifwHkw&m; aygif;xnfhEdkifaom vrf;pOfjzifh avQmufMu&efom vdkonf/ vlxkESifh tyfpyfaom oHk;pGJrI yHkpHjzifh jzefYcsEd kdiu f ydkí t&ma&mufonf/ a&maxG;aeaom A&rf;Awm qefaom trSeEf iS t hf rSm;wdkY yGx&m 21 &mpkü qifjcifwkHw&m; OD;pD;aom wDxGifrI udk;uG,frI jzefYcsdrI pm;oHk;rI xkwfvkyfrIrsm; r[kwfygu ae aysmfzG,f vlUtodkuft0ef; rjzpf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 25
vlwdkif; tdkifwDudk prwfusus oHk;pGJwwf&efESifh qifjcifwHk w&m;uJaom ynmh0ef;usiu f kd wnfaxmifEkid Mf uvQijf zifh w&m;ao0g'D wdk\ Y vufo&rf;rIukd xde;f Edkirf nf axEdkirf nf/ Edkiif aH &;ü tusK;d pD;yGm; y#dyu©rsm;tMum; Mum;nyfrIvnf; avsmhyg;vmEdkifygvdrfhrnf/ ydkrkad eaysmaf om? ydkí ESpv f kzd , G af umif;aom vlUtodkut f 0ef;jzpfzkYd w&m;ao0g'DwdkY\ ed*Hk;avm? ed'gef;avm [laom t,ludk OD;aESmuf rkefwdkif; qifMuygukef/ eHeuf 0 ; 43 11? atmufwdkbm? 2107/ p
26 rif;aoh
b,fvdk tkyfcsKyfrSmvJ zGifhqdkcsuf tpdk;&tvkyq f kdonfrSm tkyjf cif;? csKyfjcif; qdkaom teufxuf us,af jymaom t"dyÜm,faqmifonf/ txl;ojzifh tkycf sKyfa&; tvkyf onf tpdk;&vkyfjcif; tEkynmwpf&yf jzpfonf/ Politics is the art of government [laom zGiq hf kcd su&f o Sd nf/ tpdk;&tvkyo f nf todynm oufoufrQ r[kw/f twwfynm oufoufrQvnf; r[kw/f todESihf twwf tygt0if ESvkH;om;uJí tvkyv f ky&f aom tEkynm jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfjcif; tEkynmudk avhvmjcif;onfyif EdkifiHa&;rnf\/ tkyfcsKyfa&; tvkyfudk t"du wm0ef,lolrSm tpdk;&jzpfonf/ odkYaomf jynfolESihf qdkif rqdki/f qdkio f nf/ taMumif;rSm 'Drkdua&pDokdY oGm;&mvrf;ü jynfoyl g0ifru I kd t"duxm;pOf;pm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ jynfol yg0ifrIudk Civic Participation [k ac:onf/ jynfolyg0ifrI tm;enf;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHonf 'Drdkua&pD pHudk r0if/ tmrcHcsu&f aSd om 'Drku d a&pDukd jynfoyl g0ifrt I m; cdkirf I ^rcdkirf I ESifh wdkif;wmEdkifonf/ jynfolyg0ifrI avsmhvQif 'Drdkua&pD yg0ifrI avsmhrnf/ jynfolyg0ifrIü t&nftaoG;jynfhaom yl;aygif;rI jzpfygu 'Drkdua&pDckdirf I jrifhrnf/ tmrcHcsu&f Sad om 'Drkdua&pDvrf;udk oGm;jcif;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 27
jzpfrnf/ odkYr[kwfygu twdwfudk wrf;wiwfrGwfaom jynfolrsm; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/
b,fvdk tpd;k &tvkyüf b,fvkd vkyrf vJ (How to do) qdak om jyóemu ynmcsKUd aom wdki;f jynfrsm;wGif ydkíawGU&onf/ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;ESihf wnfaqmufa&;udk jydKifwv l ky&f aom jrefrmEdkiif t H wGuf enf;emjyóem u ydkí rsm;jym;onf/ tpdk;&vkyrf nfholrsm; ar;&rnfh ar;cGe;f &dSonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk ar;zdkY jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIonf vG,f ^ rvG,f/ L bmudk vkyfrSmvJ/ L b,fvdk vkyfrSmvJ/ L bmhaMumifh vkyfrSmvJ/ L b,ft&mudk t&if b,ft&mudk aemuf vkyfrSmvJ/ L b,folawGeJY vkyfrSmvJ/ L bmawG oHk;jyD; vkyfrSmvJ/ L b,folawG tusKd;twGuf vkyfrSmvJ/ bmudk vkyrf mS vJ qdw k m rl0g' jyóemjzpfonf/ b,fvv kd yk rf mS vJ qdkwm enf;emjyóem jzpfonf/ bmhaMumifhvkyrf SmvJ qdkwm &nf&G,f csuf jyóemjzpfonf/ yef;wdkifjyóem rSwfwdkif jyóemjzpfonf/ b,ft&mudkt&if b,f t&mudkaemufrSm vkyfrvJqdkwm tcsdef jyóem OD;pm;ay; jyóem jzpfonf/ b,folawGeJY vkyfrSmvJqdkwm &ef^ig pnf; jyóem jzpf 'Drdkua&pDpepfrS arG;zGm;vmaom tkyfcsKyf ovd k vl U t&if ; tjrpf a&; vkyfief;pOfü EdkifiHom; tcGifhta&; jyóemvnf; jzpfonf/ j y nf h 0 ovk d Ed k i f i H o m; wpf O D ; csif ; pD \ bmawGoHk;jyD; vkyrf SmvJ qdk wm0ef,lrIvnf; jynfh0onf/ wm0ef,l wm t&if;tjrpf jyóemjzpf onf/ aiGt&if; enf;ynm ½Hkjzifh rjyD;ao;/ wm0efcHaom acgif;cHaom t&if;? ynmt&if; ponf EdkifiHom;wm0eftxdyg xrf;aqmifonf/
28 rif;aoh
jzifh/ b,folawG tusKd;twGuf vkyfrSmvJ qdkwm tusKd;pD;yGm; pDrH cefYcGJrI jyóemjzpfonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif; tkycf sKyfa&; tvkyo f nf vkyif ef;pOfjzpfonf/ 'Drku d a&pDenf;us tkyfcsKyfa&;ü tkyfcsKyfa&;u@onf tpdk;&twGuf oufoufrQom r[kw/f jynfolUupd övnf; jzpfonf/ t&yfbufu@? yk*¾vu d u@? EdkifiHom;u@rsm; [lí toD;oD; yg0ifonf/ EdkifiHMuD;om;jzpfjcif; rjzpfjcif;udk wm0ef,lrIjzifh wdkif;onf/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfrS arG;zGm;vmaom tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;pOfü Edkiif Hom; tcGihfta&;jynfh0ovkd Edkiif Hom; wpfOD;csi;f pD\ wm0ef,lrI vnf; jynf0h onf/ wm0ef,½l kjH zifh rjyD;ao;/ wm0efcaH om acgif;cHaom EdkifiHom;wm0eftxdyg xrf;aqmifonf/ tkyfcsKyfrI yHkpHudk Munfhí tkyfcsKyfolESifh tkyfcsKyfcHoltMum; qufqHa&;udk oHk;oyfí &onf/ Oya' vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udMk unfí h vlUtzGUJ tpnf;\ p½du k v f u©Pmudk avhvmí&onf/ EdkifiHa&;'DZdkif;onf tpdk;&ESifh jynfoltMum; tjyeftvSef qufqHa&;yHkpH tay: rlwnfaeonf/
ordkif; aumufaMumif; jrefrmjynfü tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif;aygif;rsm;pGm oHk;cJhzl;onf/ ya'o&mZfpepfudk cPxm;/ vGwfvyfjyD;acwf aemufydkif; ajymif;vJ usio hf kH;vmaom tkycf sKyfa&; 'DZkid ;f rsm;u rsm;vSonf/ tkycf sKyfa&;'DZkid ;f rwnfjidrrf o I nfvnf; tkycf sKyrf n I jhH cif;\ taMumif;w&m;jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ (1) ygvDref pepf (0efMuD;csKyfpepf) (2) awmfvSeaf &; aumifpD acwf (tmPmodr;f ppftkycf sKyfa&; pepf) (3) jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf (wpfygwDtmPm&Sif pepf) (4) e0w acwf (tmPmodrf; tpdk;&)
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 29
(5) etz acwf (ppftpdk;& tkyfcsKyfrI yHkpH) (6) USDP tpdk;& vufxuf (toGifajymif; tpdk;& yHkpH) (7) NLD tpdk;& vufxuf (twdkifyifcH tkyfcsKyfa&; yHkpH) tpdk;&pepfESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;'DZdkif;rsm;onf acwfudk vdkufí ajymif;vJonf/ Edkiif aH &;tajctaeESihf jynfwiG ;f a&; y#dyu©rsm;aMumifh ajymif;vJoGm;&onf/ EdkifiHa&;odyÜHü tkyfcsKyfa&;'DZdkif;rsm; wduspGm &daS omfvnf; vufawGUü þodkrY [kw/f wdki;f jynf\ a&cHajrcHukv d ku d í f ta&mifajymif;oGm;onfcsn;f jzpfonf/ xdakY Mumifh Edkiif aH &;udk wdki;f vQif oDtdk&Dt& aywHwpfacsmif;/ vufawGUt& aywHwpfacsmif; jzpfay vdrfhrnf/ tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif;rsm;onf EdkifiHa&; tcsuftvufrsm;aMumifh &v'f ajymif;oGm;jcif;om jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&; 'DZdkif;tajymif;tvJ jzpfapaom EdkifiHa&; tcsuftvufrsm; &dSonf/ L EdkifiHa&;"avh L ordkif;aemufcH L vlrsKd;pkrsm;\ jzpfwnfyHk L twdwf tmCmwrsm; L tusKd;pD;yGm; y#dyu©rsm; L EdkifiHwum oufa&mufrIrsm; L EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm;\ A[dkjyKa&S;½Icsufrsm; L vlrI-pD;yGm;a&; tajctaersm; L vlUtzGJUtpnf;\ tm½HknTwfcsufrsm; ponfjzifh qGJxkwfMunfhEdkifonf/ toGifopfjzifh jzpfwnfvmrnfh 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&; wnf aqmufrIü pepfusaom tkycf sKyfrI'DZkdi;f udk tkwjf rpfcsEkdi&f ef ta&;MuD; onf/
30 rif;aoh
tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIqkdif&m tajccHrlrsm; Good Governance Principles [kac:onf/ aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrItwGuf tajccHrIrsm;udk avh vmyg/ L wm0efcHrI (accountability) L yGifhvif;jrifomrI (transparency) L yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifrI (participation) L vlxkvkdvm;csufrsm;ukd wkefYjyefjznfhqnf;ay;EkdifrI (responsiveness) L rQwrI E S i f h trsm;tm; vT r f ; jcH K Ek d i f r I (equitable and inclusiveness)
L
xda&mufrIESifh pGrf;&nfjynfh0rI
(effectiveness and
efficiency)
L trsm;oabmwlnDrI (consensus) ESifh L w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;rI (rule of law)
wdkY jzpfonf/
wm0efcHaom yGihfvif;aom tpdk;& (Accountable and Transparence Government)
wm0efcHrI wm0efEiS yhf wfoufí pOf;pm;p&m tcsuif g;csu&f o Sd nf/ wm0ef ig;rsKd;[k yifac:Edkifonf/ L wm0efodrI apwem&dS½Hkjzifh tpdk;& vkyfí r&/ L wm0ef&dSrI apwemü ynmaygi;f xnfrh S wm0ef L wm0ef,lrI cHrI jrifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf jzpf L wm0efausrI rnf/ L wm0efcHrI
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 31
wm0efcHjcif;onf acgif;cH tpdk;&tvkyfü jyóemrsm; tjrJ jcif;jzpfonf/ vkyo f rQ taumif; &d S a evd r h f r nf / od k Y a omf wl a om tqd k ; rsm;ud k od r f ; MuH K ;wm0ef j yóemrs m; ES p f cg r jzpf& ef ta&; ,ljcif; jzpfonf/ wm0efcjH cif;onf MuD;onf/ tjrifhqHk;aom 'D*&Dtqifhü &dS onf/ wm0efodaom jynfol? wm0efoad omtpdk;&udk wnfaqmuf&ef vdkonf/ udk,hw f m0efubmvJ qdkwmudk jywfjywfom;om; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odzdkYta&;MuD;onf/ wm0efrsm;udk a&maxG;aejcif;onf tpdk;&tvkyu f kdysuaf paom t"du taMumif;t&if;jzpfonf/ Diffusion of responsibility [k ac:onf/ wm0ef,lrI a&maxG;aejcif;[k ac:onf/ L wm0efrsm;udk jywfom;&Sif;vif;pGmodjcif; L wm0efodxm;½Hkjzifh rvHkavmuf L wm0ef tjynfht0,ljcif; L ,lxm;oavmuf wm0efausatmif vkyfjcif; L wm0ef&o Sd nft h wdik ;f twmtwGi;f tjynft h 0 acgif;cHjcif;/ vkyforQ rl0g'ESifh pDrHudef;rsm;udk acgif;cHrI tjynfht0&dSaom tpdk;&wpf&yftm;aumif;vmjcif;jzifh 'Drku d a&pD oGm;&mvrf;u acsmarGU Edkifonf/ apwem&dS½Hkjzifh tpdk;&vkyfí r&/ apwemü ynmaygif; xnfhrS wm0efcHrI jrifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzpfrnf/
yGifhvif;jrifomrI jcpm;rIESifhvmbfpm;rIjrifhaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfü wdkif;jynf rMuD;yGm;/ tjrD;usuf tjrD;pm;? acgif;usuf acgif;pm; aygrsm;aom tkycf sKyfa&; 0efxrf;rsm; ruif;yoa&GU wdki;f jynf rMuD;yGm;/ wkid ;f jynf rcsrf;om/ csrf;omjcif;onfvnf; vlwpfpküom jzpfvdrfhrnf/ xdkodkY pepfü wdkif;jynfcsrf;omí jynfolqif;&Jaom tjzpfESifh MuHKEdkifonf/ owdcsyfMuygukef/
32 rif;aoh
owif;pD;qif;rI w&m;rQwaom vlUtodik ;f t0dik ;f onf pD;aeaom a&ESifhwlonf/ pD;aeaoma& oefY&Sif;onf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrIjzifh ,SOaf om jynfolU0efaqmifrI,EÅ&m;udk toufoiG ;f Edkirf S 'Drkdua&pDESihf udkufnDaom tkyfcsKyfrIpepfudk wnfaqmufEdkifvdrfhrnf/
rljzifhtkyfcsKyfaom 'Drkdua&pDonf vljzifh tkycf sKyfaompepf r[kw/f rljzifh tkycf sKyf aom pepfjzpfonf/ rl\oabmudk aumif;pGm toufoGi;f Edkirf S rljzifh tkyfcsKyfaom pepfjzpfrnf/ 'Drdkua&pDrlonf vGwfvyfaom? w&m;rQ waom jynfoludk tajcjyKaom yGifhvif;jrifomaom wm0efcHaom jynfolyg0ifrIjrifhaom EIef;pHrsm;udk tajcjyKonf/ 'Drdkua&pDonf L vludkcifí rludk jyifaom pepf r[kwf/ L vludk cspfí rludk ypfaom pepf r[kwf/ L vludk rkef;í rludk oHk;aom pepf r[kwf/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;udk zGHUjzdK;atmifvkyfí touf0ifatmif vkyfaom tkyfcsKyfrIyHkpHjzpfonf/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;qdk&müvnf; rlrsm; pepfrsm; Oya'rsm; vkyx f Hk;vkyef nf;rsm; yg0ifovdk? rlrsm;udk taumif txnfazmfonfh ,EÅ&m;yDjyifcdkifrmrIudkvnf; a&S;½Ionf/ Oyrm A[dkbPf w&m;½Hk;vTwfawmf aumfr&SiftoD;oD;... ponfjzifh/ rlrsm;tm;vHk;onf wu,fh jyóemt&if;tjrpfudk tajcjyKí ay:xGufvm&rnf/ xdkodkYr[kwfygu temESifhaq; rwnfhbJ jzpfEdkif onf/ tpdk;&tvkyo f nf jyóem&Sm&aomtvkyjf zpfonf/ jyóemudk jyóem[k jrif&efvkdonf/ jyóem\ ta&;MuD;rIESihf ta&;ay:jzpfrI udkvnf; ydki;f jcm;&efvko d nf/ jyóemrsm;\OD;pm;ay;udkvnf; owfrw S f jyXmef;zdkY ta&;MuD;onf/ t&if[m taemuf? taemuf[m t&if rvkyf&/ jyóemudk odvQif &yfrae&/ jyóemudk ajz&Si;f &ef aq;nTe;f udk pyf&rnf/ þtcsufonf azmfjrLvmxkwfjcif; enf;emjzpfonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 33
azmfjrLvmwdkYonf jyóemESifhtyfpyfaom jynfolUtusKd;pD;yGm;udk tajcjyKrS &rnf/ azmfjrLvmjzifhvnf; &yfrae&/ aq;nTef;ygtwdkif; aq;azmf&efvdkonf/ aq;nTef;üyg0ifrnfh yg0ifypönf;rsm;udk t&nf taoG;jynfhrSDpGm vwfvwfqwfqwf azmfpyf&efvnf; ta&;MuD;onf/ yg0ifypönf; rjynfhpHk? rpHkvifygu aq;nTef;onf jyóemtwGuf rxda&mufacs/ qdki&f m jyóemtwGuf aq;tzHkzHk&jyDqkdvQifvnf; aomufoifh aomaq;? xdk;oifhaomaq;? vdrf;oifhaom aq; [lí cGJjcm; owf rSwEf ikd rf S aumif;onf/ aomuf&rnfah q;udk vdr;f acsu vdr;f &rnfah q;udk xdk;acsu temonf raysmuf/ raysmufrnfhtjyif ydkqkd;vmEdkiaf csom rsm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh rnfoljzifh ukrnfenf; qdkwm ta&;MuD;onf/ rl0g'udkazmfxkwjf yD;vQif rnfonf, h EÅ&m;jzifh rl0g'udk taumif txnfazmfrnfqkdwm ta&;MuD;onf/ aq;nTe;f aumif;ygvsuf tem rusuv f Qif aq;wdkuo f l aq;xdk;ol aq;ukoltjypfjzpfonf/ tpdk;& rsm;twGuf ta&;tMuD;qHk; OD;pm;ay;tvkyfrSm tem\ rlvZpfjrpfudk EIdufxkwfEdkifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ t&if;vSJvQif tzsm;xif;jzpfonf/ jyóem\tjrpfukd wl;jyD;owfr?S aemufwiG f jyóemay:xGurf vmjcif; jzpfrnf/ tpdk;&tvkyüf jyóemrsm; tjrJ &dSaevdrrhf nf/ odkYaomf wlaom jyóemrsm; ESpcf grjzpf&ef ta&;MuD;onf/ xdkokdY jzpfygu tkycf sKyfol nHhí jzpfonf/ q&m0efrsm; tkycf sKyfaom tpdk;& 'DZkdi;f ü aq;azmfenf; ESihf tem&Smenf;udk nTe;f jcif;udk r0Hrh &Jjzifh a&;om; wifjyvdkuyf gonf/ n 11 ; 00 30? pufwifbm? 2017/ v
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 35
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 39
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 41
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42 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 43
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44 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 45
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46 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 47
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 49
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 51
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 53
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 55
xm;a&;ESihf tMuHay; tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; tvHk;t&if;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmonf/ axmufyHhulnDay;a&;wdkY aemufuG,w f Gif qdki&f mEdkiif HESiht f kypf k rsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk,fpD wGJzufygvmonfudk owdcsyfoifhonf/ jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tvIyft&rf;umvrsm;ü EdkifiHwumyg0g EdkifiHa&; upm;uGux f iG o f rl sm; yg0ifvmEdkio f nfjzpf&m vlrsK;d a&;udp&ö yfrsm;onf tuJqwfyKG id hjf zpfvmonf/ owdMuD;MuD; avQmufvSr;f ygrS awmfumus Edkifaom ta&;udpöjzpfygvdrfhrnf/
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56 rif;aoh
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58 rif;aoh
wnf;vmaomenf; jzpfonf/ w½kwu f awmh xdkokYd r[kw/f pD;yGm;a&;udk tvsifponf/ jyD;rS atmufajc 'Drdkua&pDudk &yf^aus; tqifhu pí avhusiahf y;rIjzifh toufoiG ;f onf/ *dkbmacsmeh nf;u qdkA, D uf,el , D H jyKduGJrI &v'fjzifh ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;onf/ w½kwfenf;u avmavmq,f tajctaexd tvkyfjzpfaeao;onf/ odkYaomf pdefac:csufrsm;um; w½kwftwGuf 'if;Murf;jynfhaeonf/
odef;pdefenf; jrefrmu 2010 rSm 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJudk vkyfonf/ udk,pf m;jyKrI ppfrSejf cif;? &mcdkiEf Ie;f enf;yif enf;jim;aomfvnf; toGif ul;ajymif;a&; ,EÅ&m;udk wnfwnfjidrfjidrf pvSnfhEdkifcJhonf/ 2012 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyaJG Mumifh ode;f pdet f pdk;&u w&m;0ifrI jrifv h monf/ EdkifiHwum todkuft0ef;\ vufckyfoHudk tawmftwef&vmonf/ OD;ode;f pdet f pdk;&taeESihf pD;yGm;a&;ajzavsmhrI tawmfrsm;rsm;udk vkyEf kid f cJo h nf/ aps;uGut f opfwpfcsKUd ay:vmonf/ qufo, G af &; avmifpmqD um;udpö Edkiif Hjcm; aiGvJvS,af &;udpöESihf tjcm;aom yk*¾vu d ydkiu f @ tcsKdU tawmfzGHUjzdK;vmonf/ pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk EdkifiHa&;a[majymyGJrsm;u rajz&Sif;Edkif/ &J&ifhaom? jywfom;aom yDjyifaom rl0g'jzifhom vkyfaqmifEdkifrnf/ odkYaomf Edkiif Hjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHa&;udpöukdawmh yDjyifatmif rvkyf Edkicf Jh/ ,ck tpdk;&opfvnf; þu@udk rvkyEf kdiaf o;/ jrefrmtpdk;&wdkY tjrJMuHKae&onfh tcuftcJrSm pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk b,fu pí udkif&rSef;rodonfh jyóemjzpfonf/ ,cktpdk;&rSm ,dkaygufrsm;udk zmax;&ef MudK;pm;jcif;rSty tjcm; xifomjrifomaom pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIudk rvkyfEdkifao;/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 59
OD;odef;pdeftkyfcsKyfa&;umvü pD;yGm;a&;xuf EdkifiHa&; jyKjyif ajymif;vJrIu ydkonf/ EdkifiHa&;ta&GUudk pD;yGm;a&;ta&GUxuf ydkí vkyEf kid f onf[k rSwcf sujf yKEdkio f nf/ Edkiif aH &;tifpwDusL;&Si;f topfrsm; tjydKif;t½kdif; ay:vmjcif;ESifh EdkifiHa&; vGwfvyfcGifh tawmftwef us,fjyefYvmjcif;u 'Drdkua&pD tavhtusifhrsm;twGuf upm;uGif; jzpfco hJ nf/ jzpfvmonf/ wjznf;jznf; wnfjidraf om tajymif;tvJukd OD;ode;f pdef tpdk;&u owdMuD;MuD;xm;í vSr;f onf/ þtoD;tyGihfu 2015 a&G;aumufyGJudk vGwfvyfí w&m;rQwpGm usif;yEkdifcJhonf/ tcsed u f kduu f si;f yEkid cf Jhonf/ nifomaom tmPmvTJajymif;rIukd vkyf EdkifcJhonf/ þum; OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&twGuf EdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSwfwrf; aumif;jzpfonf/ (2)
pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHk pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkonf EdkifiHa&;tajccH tkwfjrpfuae aygufzmG ;vm&onf/ Edkiif aH &;rlabmifEiS hf ay:vpDwkYd avsmeh nf;tm;aysmh jcif;u tajccHp;D yGm;a&;udk ,dkief aYJ ponf/ txl;ojzifh tpdk;&wpf&yf\ t"duwm0efrmS jynfov l x l \ k tpmtdrjf yóem ajz&Si;f a&;omjzpfonf/ tpmtdrjf yóemudk rudkiw f G,Ef kdiv f Qif Edkiif Ha&;axmufcHrI usonf/ avsmhonf/ aemufa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf rJrsm;u raocsm/ pD;yGm;a&; enf;emudk em;rvnfvQifvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&; tEkynmu ryDjyif/ vDuGrf,ku ajymzl;onf/ ]pD;yGm;a&; em;rvnfbJ? EdkifiHa&; vkyfvdkY r&bl;} [lí/ jrefrmu tjrJ MuHKae&onfh tjzpf&o Sd nf/ pD;yGm;a&;udk *CeP em;rvnfaom tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfrI yHkpHjzifh tjrJMuHKonf/ jrefrmjynfu rnfonfh pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDukd ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f atmifjrifpmG taumiftxnf azmfEkid cf o hJ enf;/ pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ twdwu f kd jyefveS Mf unfyh g/ pD;yGm;a&;
60 rif;aoh
u@wpf&yfukd yDyDjyifjyif armif;ESiEf kdicf JhrIu r&dS r[kw/f &dSygonf/ vufcsK;d a&vdkY&onf/ odkYaomf tm;vHk;onf Edkiif Hawmf pD;yGm;a&;ta&GU wpfckvk;H udk oGio f iG Mf uD; a&GUatmif ajymif;Edkicf ahJ om ay:vpDrsm;r[kw/f
jyóemrsm; tpdk;&tqufqufu arQmfrSe;f &nf&G,í f MudK;pm;cJhMuzl;onf/ zqyv? rqv? e0w? etzESifh 2010 tpdk;& vufxuftxd Munfh Edik o f nf/ 2015 a&G;aumufyjJG zifh tmPm&vmaom tpd;k &opfvufxufü rl yDjyifaom pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfrw I u kYd kd xifxif&mS ;&Sm; rawGU&ao;/ tpdk;&oufwrf; wpf0ufa&mufvkeD;jyD/ apmifhMunfh&ef vdkYajym&atmifvnf; 2020 onf rMumao;rDESprf sm;twGuf a&mufvk jyD/ jynfolarQmfvifhcsufjznfhwif;a&;rSm ra&&m/ raocsm/ L ajrodrf; ,modrf;jyóem L jcpm;rIjyóem L jAL½dkua&pD,EÅ&m;\ 0efaqmifrIjyóem L w&m;a&;r@Kdif jyóem L o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrI jyóem L vlUt&if;tjrpf edrfhyg;rI jyóem L tvkyfvufrJh jyóem L EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI jyóem L EdkifiHydkifvkyfief;rsm; jyóem L aiGrnf;jyóem ponfh jyóemrsm;u tyHktyif/ 0efMuD;rsm; tajymif;tvJvkyf½Hkjzifh pD;yGm;a&;tajzudk &rnf r[kwf/ pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk EdkifiHa&;a[majymyGJrsm;u rajz&Sif;Edkif/ &J&ifhaom? jywfom;aom yDjyifaom rl0g'jzifhom vkyaf qmifEkid rf nf/ rl0g'udk taumiftxnfazmf&mwGiv f nf; pepfwus wnfaqmufxm;aom ,EÅ&m;r&dSygu taumiftxnfrazmfEdkif/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 61
yk*v ¾ u d u@udka&S;½Iaom ay:vpDrzGUH jzdK;ygu aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;pepf ryDjyifEdkif/ tvm;tvmvnf; raumif;/ oufMuD;yk aps;uGuf pD;yGm;a&;jzifh xyfrHí ESpfyg;oGm;&OD;rnf [k ,lq&onf/ (3) t&if;cHtaMumif; ESpfyg; EdkifiH rzGHUjzdK; rwdk;wuf&jcif; taMumif; (2) yg; &dSonf/ (1) ay:vpD jyóem ESifh (2) vlUt&if;tjrpf nHhzsi;f rI jyóem ESp&f yfu tajccHusonf/ taxGaxGaom pD;yGm;a&; jyóemtm;vHk;onf tqdkyg jyóem (2) &yfrS ay:xGuv f m&onf/ tpdk;& tqufqufü rl0g' jyóemudk tMuD;tus,fMuHK&onf/ ,cifuvnf; MuHK&onf/ ,ckvnf; MuHK &onf/ L rl0g' csrSwfyHk rtyfpyfjcif; L rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfrI nHhzsif;jcif; ESifh L rl0g' oHk;oyfrI tm;enf;vGe;f jcif; wdkYu jyóem&yfcGJrsm; jzpfonf/
xHk;enf; (2) rsKd; rl0g'ESifh ywfoufí csOf;uyfyHk (2) rsKd;&dSonf/ (1) yef;wdkif tajcjyK (mission orientated) ESifh (2) jyóem tajcjyK (problem orientated) csOf;uyfyHk (2) rsKd;jzpfonf/ yef;wdik f tajcjyK csO;f uyfro I nf tvkyjf zpfa&;u t"dujzpfonf/ yef;wdkiu f rSm;jcif;? rSejf cif;? oifhjcif;? roifhjcif; vdktyfcsuEf Sihf udkuf nDjcif;? rnDjcif;udk rpOf;pm;/ csrSwfxm;aom yef;wdkifay;xm;aom trdeYu f kdom atmifjrifatmif taumiftxnfazmfEkdi&f ef MudK;pm;onf/ temESifhaq; wnfh ovm; rwnfhovm; rpOf;pm;/ pOf;pm;&efvnf;
62 rif;aoh
wm0efr&d/S tm;vHk;aom yef;wdkirf sm;onfvnf; rjrif &aom txufqrD S usvmaom trdefY nTefMum;csufrsm;u wpfqifhjzpfonf/ jyóemtajcjyK csO;f uyfru I jyóem ajyvnfa&;t"dujzpfonf/ jyóemudk qef;ppfonf/ jyóemudk &Smonf/ wpfenf; temudk &Smonf/ a&m*g\taMumif;t&if;udk &Smonf/ jyD;awmh aq;udak zmfonf/ temESifhwnfhaom yg0ifypönf;wpfckcsif;pDudk pdppfonf/ azmfjrLvm xkwfonf/ azmfjrLvmudk taumiftxnfazmfrnfh,EÅ&m;udk wnf aqmufonf/ jyD;rS rl0g'oHk;oyfa&;ESi, hf OS af om taumif txnfazmfrI udk ponf/ jyóemrsm;udk jyify {&d,mrSwpfqifh em;pGio hf vdk tzGUJ tpnf;wGi;f oHk;oyfrrI sm;udkvnf; rjywfvkyo f nf/ taMumif;tusK;d ESihf oufa&muf rIrsm;? xdckduef pfemrIrsm; tusK;d pD;yGm; &ol? r&olrsm;tMum; pdppfrIjzifh rl0g'udk taumiftxnfazmfonf/ jrefrmü rl0g' jzpfpOf cdkirf mpGmjzifh pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHkukd yHyh k;d ulnrD eI rd o hf nf/ ae&mwum tpdk;&0ifyg&rnf [laom enf;pOfonf oabmw&m;a&; trSerf [kw/f tifpwDusL;&Si;f tm;enf;aom tcif; tusif;ü t&m&mudk yk*¾vdu vufvTJjcif;onfvnf; rjzpfoifh/ tpdk;&onf "mwfuyl pön;f toGijf zifh ulnaD om yGpJ m;ae&mudk ,lwwf&ef vdktyfonf/
OD;aESmufvm; edrfhjcif; jyóem touftvdkuf ÓPf&f nfzGHUjzdK;rI edrhfjcif;onf ADZ jyóem ESihf qdkifonf/ ynma&;0ef;usifESifh qdkifonf/ taxGaxGaom vlUt&if; tjrpf jyóemonf ADZESihf ywf0ef;usiu f kd tajcjyKí xGuaf y:vm&onf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;onf ADZrnHhaMumif; txift&Sm; om"ursm; &dSxm;jyD; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf ywf0ef;usifnHhrsm;ü umvtawmfMum jzwfoef; cJh&onf/ xdkYaMumifh ADZaumif;rsm;yif tnTefYwkH;oGm;Mu&onf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 63
jzpfay:cJhorQaom tcif;tusif;rsm;udk aemufjyefiJhMunfhyg/ awmfvSefa&;ESifh wnfaqmufa&;jyóem tMum;Mum;nyfjcif; vlrI aumfap; ,kwaf vsmjh cif;ESihf &ef^ ig pnf; jyóemwdu Yk vlUt&if;tjrpfukd owfaom taMumif;w&m;rsm; jzpfEdkifonf/ ordkif;udk Munfhyg/ twdwfudk Munfhyg/ rMumao;rD umvudk iJhapmifhMunfhyg/ vuf&dS ypöKyÜefudk Munfhyg/ wuúodkvfrsm;u vkyftm; t&if;tESD;udk xkwfay;onf/ aps;uGufrSm vkyt f m; aps;uGuu f kd toH;k cs&mae&mjzpfonf/ wuúov kd u f avhusijhfyo vdkufwm wjcm;? pD;yGm;a&;aps;uGufu vdktyfwmwjcm;jzpfonf/ tHvGJ ay:vpDudk jrefrmu tckxd rjyifEdkifao;/ Mindset rsm; jyKjyifa&; aMu;G aMumfoo H nf ay:vpDaumif;r[kw/f
pepf\tcsDtrjzifh wnfhrwf&ef jzpfonf/ pepfukd jyifqif xkwyf kd;jcif; onf tpdk;&tvkyjf zpfonf/ xkwyf k;d xm;aom pepfukd taumiftxnf azmfjcif;onf tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;\ wm0efjzpfonf/ vlrjI yóemrsm;udk xde;f uGyjf yD; ta&GUwpfcük 0dik ;f íwGe;f jcif;onf tm;vH;k \ wm0efjzpfonf/
ynma&; csKdUwJhrI ynma&; csKdUwJhrIu rdb q&m ausmif;om; tpdk;& tm;vHk;ESifh ywfoufonf/ jrefrmjynf\ ynma&;onf ynma&; r[kw/f vlrIa&; jzpfaeonf/ vlraI &;odum© twGuf ynmoifjcif;jzpfaeonf/ pD;yGm;a&; armif;ESiftm;twGuf ukwftm;rjzpf/ touf&Sifoefa&;twGuf vufeufrjzpf/ tawG;tac:ESihf vlUb0wefzkd;twGuf xHk;enf;rjzpf/ yumoetwGuf oifMum;aom ynma&;tajctaejzpfonf/ þudpö onf tpdk;&jyóemrQom r[kw/f vlrt I odki;f t0ef;\ tm;enf;csuu f ydkí ta&;ygonf/
64 rif;aoh
vufawGUusaom ukex f kwpf rG ;f tm;udk yifw h ifay;aom ynma&; pepf r[kwí f tusK;d rjzpf/ wuúokv d rf sm;u ESppf Of bGUJ &rsm; aomif;ESihf csD xkwfvkyfEdkifMuonf/ odkYaomf tvkyfvufrJhrsm; aygrsm;aeqJ/ tvkyfac:pmrsm;uvnf; rjywfaMujimaeqJ/ vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;ü uRrf;usiv f kyo f m;aps;uGuf vdkonf/ 0efxrf; vdktyfcsufrsm; tjrJ&dSaeonf/ tvkyfavQmufxm;rIrsm;uvnf; rsm;jym;vGe;f onf/ tvkyrf &rIuvnf; xkvkdu?f xnfvkdu&f Sad eonf/ jzpfpOfukd jcHKí Munfah omf tvkyw f m0efEiS u hf ku d n f aD om 0efxrf;&Sm;yg;rI jyóemu t&if;cHtaMumif;jzpfonf/ vufawGUtvkyfjzpfaom wuúodkvfynmu jyóemjzpfonf/
xkwfvkyfrI ESifh vdktyfcsuf tvkyv f ufrJh jyóemrSm 0,fvkdtm;ESihf a&mif;vdktm; jyóem tay:tajcjyKaeonf/ Supply / Demand [k qdv k Qi&f onf/ wuúov kd f rsm;u vkyftm; t&if;tESD;udk xkwfay;onf/ aps;uGufrSm vkyftm; aps;uGuu f kd toH;k cs&mae&mjzpfonf/ wuúov kd u f avhusijhf yovdu k w f m wjcm;? pD;yGm;a&;aps;uGuu f vdktyfwmwjcm;jzpfonf/ tHvaJG y:vpDukd jrefrmu tckxd rjyifEkid af o;/ temESiahf q; wnfah tmif tckxrd ay;Edkif ao;/ 0,fvkdtm;ESihf a&mif;vdktm; udkuaf tmif rpD&ifEkdio f a&GU jrefrmh pD;yGm;a&;u xlxal xmifaxmif jzpfrmS r[kw/f jynfoUl tpmtdrjf yóemu ydkí qdk;oGm;p&momtaMumif;&dSonf/ (4)
pD;yGm;a&; pdefac:csuf pD;yGm;a&; zGUH jzdK;rI edru hf s&jcif;taMumif;rsm;vnf; &daS ejyefonf/ (u) pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fü EdkifiHawmf\tcef;u@ MuD;rm;pGm yg0ifaejcif;? (c) aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&; pepf ryDjyifjcif;?
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 65
(*) EdkifiHjcm;wdkuf½kduf&if;ESD;jrKyfESHrI vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; toufr0ifjcif;? (C) tpdk;&,EÅ&m;twGif; jcpm;rI jrifhrm;aejcif;? (i) rl0g'vkyx f kH;vkyef nf;rsm; &Si;f vif;wdusrI r&djS cif;? rwnf jidrfjcif; toufr0ifjcif;? (p) qufoG,fa&;pepf o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;pepf pGrf;tif a& t&if;tjrpfcGJa0rI ponfh tajccHtaqmufttHkrsm; nHhzsif;jcif;? (q) uRrf;usifvkyfom; &Sm;yg;jcif;? (Z) tajccHynma&; nHhzsif;jcif;/ (ps) vGwfvyfaom tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; tm;enf;jcif; (Oyrm - A[dkbPfuJhodkY) (n) bPfpepf rzGHUjzdK;jcif; (#) "eOpömcGJa0rI rnDrQjcif; (X) "eOpömydkifqdkifrI tmrcHcsuf edrfhjcif; (!) acwfrDenf;ynmtwGuf a&cHajrcH r&dSjcif; (¡) toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynm rjzpfxGef;jcif; (P) aiGaMu;c0gcsrI ponfh tcsufrsm;udkawGU&onf/ tpdk;&wpf&yfonf jynfolUpm;0wfaea&; zlvHk&eftwGuf tm½Hk pdu k o f ifo h nf/ jynfocl sr;f omjcif;onf wdik ;f jynf csr;f omjcif;jzpfonf[k cH,lEkdi&f efvkdonf/ jynfwGi;f vkyif ef;&Sirf sm;ESihf jynfy &if;ESD;jrKyfESHol wdt kY Mum; yGpJ m;vkyaf y;&rnf/ tusK;d tjzpfxeG ;f Edkiq f k;H jzpfrnfh pD;yGm;a&; u@wpf&yfudk aZmufcsí pD;yGm;a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIudk vkyf&rnf/ Oyrm - tdkifwD pdkufysKd;a&;/
tcsKyf Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;onf Edkiif HhpD;yGm;a&;udk wnfaqmufjcif; jzpfonf/ Edkiif HhpD;yGm;a&; wnfaqmufjcif;onf jynfolrsm;udk aumif;
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 69
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 71
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72 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 75
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76 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 77
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78 rif;aoh
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80 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 81
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82 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 83
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84 rif;aoh
(4)
xdyfwkdufawGUa&;ESifh *drf; oDtdk&D &ef - ig pnf;udk ausmMf unfEh kid rf S wnfjidraf om vlUtzGUJ tpnf;udk pkaygif;wnfaqmufEdkif vdrfhrnf/ jzL-rnf; EdkifiHa&; e,fy,fxJwGif ESpjf rKyfaeaom Edkiif Ha&;orm;rsm;jzifh jidr;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufvkdY r&/ wpfr[kwf ESpaf vmh*spjf zifh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkru l kd tkwjf rpfcsí r&/ rwlwdkif; uGJaerSmvm;qdkonfh ar;cGef;udk ar;&rnf/ EdkifiHa&; onf *DwoHpOf0kdi;f ESihfwlonf/ rwlaom *Dwwl&, d mrsm;jzifh [mrdkeD jzpfpGm aygif;pyfvkduaf omtcg vSyaom oHpOfaw;oGm;rsm; xGuv f m onf/ Edkiif aH wmftpdk;&rSm wD;0dki;f \ [mrdkEku d Zf myifjzpfonf/ aw;oGm; oHpOfrsm; olUae&mESio hf l tH0ifciG u f s jzpfap&ef OD;aESmufjzifh pDpOf&onf/ ESvHk;om;jzifh cHpm;wnfaqmuf&onf/ um,ÓPf pdwå oHk;yg;pvHk; yg0ifaom tvkyu f kd tEkynm[l orkwt f yfonf/ tkycf sKyfjcif; tvkyf tpdk;&tvkyf qdkonfrSm tEkynm tvkyfyifjzpfonf/ xdyw f ku d af wGUjcif;ü zGix hf m;aom pdwrf &dv S Qif ppfyq JG o D kYd OD;wnf oGm;Edkio f nf/ zGix hf m;aom pdwjf zifh xdyw f ku d af wGUvQif pm;yG0J kid ;f Edkiif aH &; jzpfxGe;f onf/ pm;yGJ0kdi;f Edkiif Ha&;aemufuG,üf tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm; yg;vs vQif Edkiif Ha&;tajz jrefjrefxGuo f nf/ ynmjzifh ,SOpf yfaom Edkiif Ha&; tajzrsm;onf jynfolUtusK;d udk vufawGUxrf;aqmifEkdio f nf/ jzpfEkdif acs&dSwmudkvkyfwm EdkifiHa&;qdkonfhtqdkudk owdcsyf&ef vdkonf/ olEdkif - ig½HI; qufqHa&; ol½HI; - igEdkif qufqHa&; ol½HI; - ig½HI; qufqHa&; olEdkif - igEdkif qufqHa&; b,folaoao iawrmjyD;a&m qdkonfh pum;yHk&dSonf/ *drf; oDtkd&Dü ol½HI; - igEdkif qufqHa&;jzpfonf/ ayjzpfvQifcH? wljzpfvQif
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 85
ESHqkdonfh pum;yHk&Sdonf/ ig ½HI;xm;wke;f aeESihfOD;ayghuGm? ighhtvSnhf a&muf&ifawmh tjywfaqmfr,f qdkonfh pdw"f mwfrsK;d jzpfonf/ tjidK; taw;ESifh tmCmwrsm; xHkrTrf;xm;aom qufqHa&;jzpfonf/ rpm;&onfh trJ? oJESifhyufqdkonfh pum; vlrsKd;pkrsm;bufrS ordkif;emusnf;csufrsm; S nf/ ,HMkunfrI tvGo J ;kH pm; yH k & d S o nf / ol ½ H I ; -ig½I H ; tawmfrsm;rsm;&do quf q H a &; jzpf o nf / vk y f c H & j c if ; rsm;vnf ; yg 0 if c J h v d r f h r nf / remvdk pdwfwdkYjzifh MuD;pdk; vufeufudkifrsm;tMum; ajrpmyif tjzpf aeonfh qufqHa&; jzpf cH&jcif;rsm;vnf; ygonf/ onf/ &SOfhvnf; avQmuf om? ysm;vnf;pGJom qufqHa&;rSm olEkdi-f igEdkif qufqHa&;jzpfonf/ ajrGrao wkwfrusKd;awmh r[kwfacs/ &v'fxGufaom qufqHa&; jzpfonf/ (5)
'dkif,mavmhrsm;\ aemufuG,f xdyfwdkufawGUqHk;jcif;onf EdkifiHa&;'dkif,mavmhwGif wpfauGU r[kwf wpfauGUMuHKrnf qHkrnfjzpfonf/ tzktxpfrsm;ESihf txHk;tquf rsm;wGif wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf axmifah ygif;pHku jrifatmif MunfEh kid af om Edkiif Ha&;pGr;f &nfjrifhygu aphpyfn§dEIid ;f rI atmifjrifEkdio f nf/ xdkrQru tusKd;pD;yGm;csif; xdyfwdkufawGUrIrsm; ydkrdkMuHK&Edkifonf/ taMumif;rSm jynfwiG ;f ppf Mum&Snjf cif;\ tusK;d qufjzpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfaMumifh ppftwGi;f rSmyif tcGihftvrf;rsm; ay:vmonf/ t&if;tjrpf xkw, f l Edkijf cif; tygt0if jynfyaxmufyHhrItusK;d pD;yGm;u ,Ofyg;aeEdkio f nf/ xdkYtjyif vufeuf0,fa&mif;olwkdY\ aemufu, G u f tusK;d pD;yGm;vnf; &d[ S efwo l nf/ ppfaMumifh tusK;d tjrwf&aeolwo kYd nf ppfyjJG yD;qHk;rnfukd rvdkvm;/ ppfyu JG kd &Sno f xuf &Snaf pcsio f nf/ Mumoxuf Mumapcsif
86 rif;aoh
onf/ odkYr[kwf ppfyGJtoGif y#dyu©rsK;d rsm;rsm;ay:aygufapvdkonf/ odrkY o S m vufeuf0,f,al &;twGuf wyfveS v Yf akYd &mif;rnf/ pdk;&drcf suu f kd taMumif;jyjyD; vufeufa&mif;aumif;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfwkid ;f \ aemufu, G w f iG f Edkiif Hwum vufwHrsm;udk jrifatmifMunfh&ef txl;ta&;MuD;onf/ rjrif&aomvufrsm;u ppfyGJ\ aemufuG,fwGif&dSonf/ ppfyGJ\aemufwGif tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm; ud, k pf &D aSd eMuonf/ jynfwiG ;f ppfukd y#dyu©toGif ajymif;apjcif;uvnf; jidrf;csrf;a&; jzpfpOfudk ½IyfaxG;apaom taMumif;tcsufjzpfonf/ yg0ifn§Ed iId ;f olwkdY A[dkjyKcsuf aysmufomG ;Edkio f nf/ jyóem\ ay;xm; csurf sm; a00g;oGm;Edkio f nf/ jidr;f csr;f a&;twGuf tm;vHk;yg0ifjcif;onf wefzk;d jzpfaomfvnf; typftcwf&yfpaJ &;wGif tm;vHk;yg0if&ef rvdktyf/ vufeufukid o f l tcsi;f csi;f om nd§Mu&ef vdkonf/ tpdk;&ESihf vTwaf wmf u Mum;0ifay;&rnf/ w&m;0ifrIESifh tmrcHcsufudk vTwfawmfESifh tpdk;&uom ay;Edkifonfjzpfonf/ vlrsK;d pkrsm;bufrS ordki;f emusn;f csurf sm; tawmfrsm;rsm;&do S nf/ ,HkMunfrI tvGo J kH;pm; vkycf &H jcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifcv hJ rd rhf nf/ vufeuf udkirf sm;tMum; ajrpmyif tjzpfcH&jcif;rsm;vnf; ygonf/ ½dk;&m"avh p½dkurf sm; vspv f sL½I ypfy,fcH&jcif;rsm;aMumifh pdwt f nd§K;rsm; rajzEdkif jzpf&onf/ 'dkif,mavmhjzpfpOfwGif todtrSwfjyKjcif; enf;em ta&; wMuD; vdktyfonf/ yg0ifol ryg0iforl sm;udk olUu@tvdkuf olUvrl sK;d trSwfo½kyftvdkuf todtrSwfjyKay;rI vdktyfonf/ 'Drdku&uf wdkufaZ;&Sif;jzpfpOfudk taESmihft,Suf tay;qHk; taMumif;rSm jynfwGi;f ppfjzpfonf/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf"avhrsm;jzifh r,Of yg;ao;onfh umvwGif awGUqHkaqG;aEG;a&;rsm;jzifh tajz&SmrIudk aZmif;ay;jyKvkyf&mü pdwfysufoGm;Edkifacs&dSonf/ tvkyfrjzpfaom pm;yG0J ikd ;f rsm;udk wefz;kd jzwfypfwwfMuonf/ 'Dru kd a&pD\ tESpt f om;udk rjrif awGU&cif 'Drkdu&ufwpf"avhukd tqdk;jrifoGm;Edkio f nf/ yg0ifol tm;vHk; ESifh jynfoltm;vHk;tzddkY tem*wfxuf twdwfta[mif;udk
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 87
jyefwrf;woGm;Edkio f nf/ tqdkyg twdwv f rG ;f qrIonf toGiu f ;l ajymif; a&;udk tcktcH jzpfapvdrfhrnf/ pmzwfolwdkY owdcsyfí rSefbDvl;MuD;MuD;jzifh jidrf;csrf;a&;udk csOf;uyfMuygukef/ pmnTe;f - Deeply Divided Society and Democracy by Educational initiatives Burma
(3? 1? 2017) n - 9 ; 06 v
o&D; tD; tusyftwnf; jrefrmEdkiif H Edkiif w H nfaqmufa&;rSm MuHKae&onfh tusyt f wnf; pdeaf c:rIrsm;pGm&do S nf/ xdktcsurf sm;xJrS t&if;tjrpftusqkH; pdeaf c:rI axmifacsmuf (3)&yfudk awGU&onf/ o&D; tD; (3 E ) [k uRefawmf 0dN*Kd[fjyKvdkufonf/ (1) pD;yGm;a&; (Economy) (2) wdkif;&if;om;ta&; (Ethnic) (3) ynma&; (Education) ponfh tD; oH;k vH;k tusyt f wnf;jzpfonf/ vGwv f yfa&;&jyD;acwf rSonf ,ck 'Drku d a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;acwftxd yHko@mefaygif;pHk tusyt f wnf;toGit f rsK;d rsK;d jzifh MuHKawGUc&hJ onf/ ,ckvnf; a&SUquf wdk;&efcufaeaom r[mAsL[mjyóemrsm;jzpfonf/ Economy (pD;yGm;a&;udpö)
Edkiif Ha&;y#dyu©wkdY b,fu tpjyKoenf;/ uRefawmfwkdY pOf;pm; MunfhMuzdkYvdkonf/ tpu þodkY ponf/ b,fqDudk b,fvrf;u avQmufrnfenf;qdkonfh r[mAsL[m tjiif;yGm;rI jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkiif H ordki;f pOf wpfavSsmufvkH; þtjiif;tckeu f ,ckxufxd tuif;rao ao;/ tema[mif;rsm;vnf; yGvsuf xvsuf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 89
ygvDrefacwfwiG f Edik if aH wmfu pyGeq f mvkyo f nfh t&if;&Sipf epfukd usifhoHk;onf/ a0g[m&toHk;t& State Capitalism [k qdkonf/ jynfwGif;ppf ua,mufu,uf oHo&m0JxJ usifvnfjyD; oumv 1964 avmufupjyD; qdk&S,v f pfpDrHued ;f wdkY tpjyKvmonf/ xdkYaemuf jyif;jyif;xefxef usifhoHk;vmcJhonf/ EdkifiHawmf0rf;pmudk qdk&S,fvpf 0daoorsm;u armif;ESifrIudk ESpfaygif; 20 ausmf cHcJh&onf/ pepfESifh vl\csKUd ,iG ;f csurf sm;aMumifh tpdk;&wpf&yf jyKwfusco hJ nft h xd Edkiif aH &; tusyftwnf; qdkufcJh&onf/ þtjzpftysufudk ½Ijcif;tm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&; cRwfjcHKusrIu Edkiif Ha&; rwnfjidrrf Iukd zefwD;pD&ifonfh taMumif;wpf&yfjzpfaMumif; owdcsyo f ifhonf/ Edkiif Ha&; rwnfjidrrf IrSonf tpdk;&tajymif;tvJokdY wdkiaf tmif arG;zGm;ay;Edkiaf om a&cHajrcHrsm;jzifh yHyh k;d ygu tpdk;&wpf&yf yif emvefrxlEkid af vmufatmif jzpfomG ;wwfaom ordki;f om"uvnf; &dSxm;jyD;jzpfonf/
tpmtdrfjyóem ,ck jrefrmEdkiif HMuHKae&onfu tpmtdrjf yóemjzpfonf/ 88 ta&;tcif;umvaemufyikd ;f pD;yGm;a&; wpfpw kH pf&m yGiv hf if;vmrIaMumifh vlxk vlwef;pm;wcsKUd taetpm; acsmifvnfvmaomfvnf; usyw f nf;jrJ usyfwnf;vsuf&dSaom jynfolrsm;u 'kESifha';/ aep&mtwGuf usL; ausmfwJrsm;udk jrdKUjy0ef;usiftESHYwGif awGU&onf/ wdkufjrifhMuD;rsm; eab;u wJtrd rf sm; usLx&Hum tdrrf sm;udk trsm;tjym; awGUae&onf/ awmif;&rf;pm;aomufol vk,uf cdk;0Suo f rl sm;uvnf; qifajc zkH;a'orsm;ü tESHYtjym;usifvnf usufpm;vsuf/ tvkyftudkifrJhrI 0ifaiGedrfhusrI qif;&JrGJawrIu &mZ0wfrIrsm;udk xlajymaponf/ xdk taMumif;tcsufu w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; r@Kdifudk ESJYonf/ vlom; vHkjcHKrIukd jyefvnf jcdr;f ajcmufvmonf/ tpmtdrjf yóemu tjcm;aom cE¨mtpdwt f ydki;f rsm;udkyif aESmuf,u S zf suq f ;D ovdk temaqG; vdkuv f m onf/
90 rif;aoh
temESifhaq;awGUa&;onf r[mAsL[mjyóem jzpfonf/ temudk temvdkYodzdkYu EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifvkyfaeol tzdkY ta&;MuD; onf/ a&m*gudk a&m*gvdkY rjrifao;oa&GU ukzkdY rMudK;pm;/ þtcsuf onf "r®wmjzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH\ tpmtdrfjyóemudk aq;rDS;wdk enf;jzifh ukvkdY r&/ AdaEémq&m ya&m*q&mjzifh rukotyf/ q&mMuD; a'gufwmvSjrifh ajymzl;wm Mum;zl;onf/ pD;yGm;a&;rSm bdk;bdk;atmif r&dSbl;.... [lí/ jrefrmvlxktzdkY tpdk;&tqufquf ajymif;wdkif;MuHKaeonfu aoa&;xuf aea&;cufvaS om tajctaejzpfonf/ vufawGUusaom Edkiif Ha&;acgif;aqmifrIrjzpfygu jrefrmEdkiif Honf tiwfurÇmu xGuf Edkifrnf rxif/ jrefrmjynfü iwfí aoaom rom r&d/S odakY omf.... 00vifvif rpm;&bJ aooGm;aom romaygif; oef;ESihcf sDjyD; &dScJhonf/ &dSaeonf/ ,cktwdkif;qdkvQif &dSaeOD;rnfvnf;jzpfonf/ Ethnic
(wdkif;&if;om;ta&;udpö)
vlrsK;d a&;tuGJtjyJrsm;vGe;f onfh Edkiif Hrsm;pm&if;ü jrefrmyg0if onf/ vlrsKd;a&;p½dkufrwlovdk rwlrIudk tajcjyKí uGJjym;rIvnf; rsm;jym;onf/ vGwfvyfa&;MudK;yrf;udk jydKifwlwGef;cJhMuaomfvnf; udkvked t D qkwüf vlrsK;d a&;xdyo f ;D acgif;aqmifrsm;tMum; 0d0g'uGjJ ym;rI xdyfwufvmonf/ awmifwef;jynfr cGJjcm;a&; tuGJtjyJudk pMuHK& onf/ xdkYaemuf vlrsKd;a&; tmCmwrsm; ,dkzdwfvmonf/ vlrsKd;MuD; 0g'udk vufeufudkif tkyfpkrsm;u tm;jznfhvdkufaomtcg vlrsKd;a&; y#dyu© ydkMuD;vmonf/ ydkeufvmonf/ ,ckxufxd tuif;raoao;aomtemrsm;udk tjrJaq;wdaYk y;ae &aom tajctae a&mufaeonf/ ao;i,faomtemrsm;u toGit f jyif uGJvGJrItay: txifrSm;pGm ,lqcsurf sm;aMumifh ydkrkd MuD;rm;vmonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 91
temrsm;u eufoxuf eufvmonf/ us,foxufus,fvmonf/ MuD;oxufMuD;vmonf/ temtwGuf aq;enf;trSm;rsm;uvnf; tqdk;ausmh oHo&mudk xyfcgxyfcg vnfaponf/ þ taMumif;tcsurf sm;u rjidr;f csr;f rIukd zefwD;onf/ wnfjidrrf Ir&dSaom jidr;f csr;f rIr&dSaom a'oodkY "e OpömwdkY rpD;0ifwwf/ rjidr;f csr;f aoma'oonf "eOpömwdkY ul;oef;azmufum;&m a'o r[kw/f xdkrwnfjidrrf Iu a'otwGi;f jynfolvlxk\ 0rf;pmudk qdk;usKd;jzpfaponf/ rwlwdkif; &efjzpfaeoifhovm;qdkonfh qifjcifwHkw&m;rsm;rS aumif;onf/ qifjcifww kH &m;udk ynmu armif;ESio f nf/ ynmonf oabmxm;tcH r s m ;\ tpG e f ; a&muf r I u d k tuif ; aoatmif vkyfay;EdkifpGrf;&dSonf/ ygarmu©aygaumfv, D mu qif;&J&jcif; taMumif; (4) csux f üJ jynfwGif;ppf &SnfMumaom EdkifiHrsm;udkyg xnfhoGif;onf/ jynfwGif; ppfonf qif;&J&jcif;\ t"dutaMumif;rsm;xJrS wpfcsufjzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfonf rjidr;f csr;f rIukd MudKMum; MudKMum; MuHK&onf/ tjrJMuHK ae&aom a'orsm;&do S vdk uGuu f sm;rd;k &GmcH&aom jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm;vnf; &dSonf/ ynmESifh 'Drdku&ufwpf"avh csKdUwJhjcif;u vufeuf tm;udk; ajz&Sif;onfh EdkifiHa&;upm;yGJrsm;udk qGJqefYvsuf&dSonf/ L rwlnDrIrsm;tay: oabmuGJvGJrI L aqG;aEG;ndSESKdif;tajz&Smwwfonfh "avhyg;vsrI L vlrsKd;a&;tpGJ a'otpGJ MuD;rI L w&m;ao0g'\ abmifcwfuefYowfrI L twdwftusOf;om;b0rS rxGufcGmEdkifrI
92 rif;aoh
L qif;&JcsKdUwJhrI L
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(ynma&;udpö)
ynma&;udpöukd uRefawmfwkdY cyfus,u f s,f csJUMunfhoifhonf/ wuúokv d yf nm tajccHynma&;rsm;jzifo h m rMunfah ptyf/ ynma&;[k ajymvQif todt&if;tESD;udk ydkí ajym&rnf/ L vkyfcsifonfhtvkyfrsm; L a&mufcsifonfh c&D;rsm; L vSrf;csifonfh avSum;rsm;twGuf t&if;tESD;vdkonf/ t&if;tESD;[k qdk&mü aiGaMu;t&if;tESD; enf;ynmt&if;tESD; o,HZmwt&if;tESD; tcsed t f &if;tESD; ponfjzifh t&if;tESD; aygif;pHk &do S nf/ tm;vHk;aom t&if;tES;D rsm;udk jyKjyifp&D ifonfh t&if;tED;S um; ynmjzpfonf/ ynmt&if;jzpfonf/ pD;yGm;a&; EdkifiHa&; usef;rma&; ppfa&; ponfh ta&;t&mrsm;udk ynmu zefwD;onf/ r[mAsL[m rl0g'jyóemrsm;udk &Si;f rxkwEf kdijf cif;onf ynm csKUd í jzpfonf/ Edkiif Ha&;todcsKUd wJhjcif;u jynfolrsm;\ aeUpOf tusyf twnf;udk MuD;oxuf MuD;vmaponf/ L aeYpOf pm;0wfaea&;twGuf vIy& f Sm; ½ke;f uefae&jcif;udpö L qufoG,f oGm;vmrIrsm;twGuf MuHKae&onfh tcuftcJ
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 93
L vHkjcHKrI L
vGwfvyfrIponfh udpö&yfrsm;twGuf jyóemrsm;u tyHktyif/ jrefrmEdkiif H\ e,fy,ftoD;oD;ü pGr;f &nf csKUd wJhjcif; todt&if; csKUd wJhjcif;udk tjrJMuHK&onf/ ae&mwdki;f rSm MuHK&ovdk tcsed w f kdi;f vnf; MuHK&onf/ uRr;f usirf I vkyo f m;enf;yg;jcif;u Edkiif u hH kex f kwpf rG ;f tm;udk jr§irhf ay;Edki/f enf;ynmopfrsm;udk tvG,w f ul oif,El kid &f ef tqifjh rifh ynma&;a&cHajrcH wuúodkvfrsm;rSm r&dS/ ay;vdkufaombGJUrsm;u puúLpm&Guf wpf&u G x f ufykrd vm/ ausmif;rsm;oifwef;rsm;u vufawGU usaom oifMum;rIrsm;udk rvkyf/ todt&if;tESD;udk wdkif;wmEdkifonfh tkyfpkrsm;&dSonf/ (1) jAL½dkua&pDtwGi;f u t&m&dS t&mcHrsm;\ todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/ (2) vTwaf wmftwGi;f u trwfrsm;\todpGr;f &nfukd avhvm yg/ (3) wuúov kd t f wGi;f u q&mrsm;\ todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/ (4) ukrP Ü t D wGi;f u refae*smrsm;\todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/ (5) tzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f u Ouú|rsm;\todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/ (6) pDrHudef;twGif;u tif*sifeD,mrsm;\todpGrf;&nfudk avhvmyg/ (7) wyf&if;twGi;f u Adv k Mf uD;rsm;\todprG ;f &nfukd avhvmyg/ (8) pme,fZif;e,fu owif;pmorm;rsm;\ todpGr;f &nfukd avhvmyg/ (9) pmaye,fu pma&;olrsm;\ todpGrf;&nfudk avhvmyg/ (10) w&m;a[m ykv’ifxufu "r®q&m\todpGrf;&nfudk avhvmyg/ uRefawmfwdkYrSm wdkif;wmp&maywHrsm; rsm;pGm &dSygvdrfhrnf/ e,fy,ftoD;oD; tzGUJ tpnf;toD;oD;rSm todt&if;tES;D ajrmufrsm;pGm
94 rif;aoh
udkix f m;Edkiaf om r@dKifrsm;jzpfaeoifhonf/ tzGJUrwl e,fy,frwljcif; onf tjypfr[kwf/ tjiif;yGm;p&mvnf; r[kwf/ udk,af &mufaeonfh ae&m udk,&f aeonfh vkyyf kid cf iG hf udk,x f rf; ae&onfh wm0efukd wm0efausrI xufykad om pGr;f aqmif&nf &dx S m;jcif; onf EdkifiHhtwGuf&wem[k uRefawmf orkwfcsifonf/ todt&if;tESD;MuD;MuD;jzifh wm0efMuD;MuD;udk xrf;&Gufap&ef vdo k nf/ todEiS hf wm0efonf wdu k ½f u kd t f csK;d usonf/ todMuD;oavmuf wm0efMuD;MuD; ,l&rnf/ ,l&efoifo h nf/ ,latmifvnf; ay;zdkv Y ko d nf/ wm0ef,lrI MuD;oavmuf todMuD;MuD;vnf; vdkonf/ vkyfydkifcGifhMuD;MuD;udkawmh arQmfvifhyg&JU todMuD;MuD;jzpf&ef tm;xkwrf I csKUd wyhJ gu Edkiif q H kw, f kwo f nf/ þodkaY om vlrsm;rsm;ygu EdkifiHonf tMuD;tus,f qkwf,kwfonf/ pOf;pm;Muygukef/ todMuD;olrsm; L wm0efodMuygap/ L wm0efodoavmuf wm0ef&dSvmygonf/ L wm0ef&dSonfhtwdkif; wm0ef,lwwfMuygap/ L wm0ef,loavmuf wm0ef ausMuyg/ L wm0efausonfxufya kd om wm0efcrH rI sm; tHv k u kd u f si;f vdu k f zGHUjzdK;ygap/ n 10 ; 34 22 Zlvdkif 2017 v
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ukodkvfuvnf; ukodkvfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifw,f/ L ukodkvfuvnf; tukodkvfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifw,f/ L tukodkvfuvnf; tukodkvfudk aus;Zl;jyKEdkifw,f/ L tukokv d u f vnf; ukov kd jf zpfatmif aus;Zl;jyKEdkiw f ,f/ qdkonfh oabmudk a[monf/
96 rif;aoh
uRefawmfwdkY pepfaumif;ESifh rMuHK&jcif;onfyif uRefawmfwdkY b0udk ud, k w f idk f vGwv f yfpmG xlaxmifonfh taMumif;w&m;jzpfEikd o f nf/ uReaf wmfuawmh vufawGUMuHKonf/ tu,fíom uReaf wmf usuúov kd f odrkY a&mufygu xdkt0ef;t0dki;f wGif oifMum;aomtodjzifo h m wif;wdrf jyD; rSed ;f aejzpfvrd hrf nf xifonf/ tckawmh uRefawmf pmav; enf;enf; yg;yg; zwfí vlUywf0ef;usirf mS enf;enf; t&moGi;f cH&ol jzpfaeonf/ uReaf wmf wu,fyh nmwwfjzpfcsio f nf/ usuúokv d af &mufonfh tcsed rf mS onfu bGUJ &ausmif;jyD; oGm;aomolrsm;udk uReaf wmf vSr;f Munfh onf/ avhvmMunfo h nf/ olwkaYd wGrmS tm;vHk;vdkvkd wlonfh tcsuu f kd awGU&onf/ ¤if;rSm þodkY/
0g'jzefYcH&jcif;\ tp olwdkYtm;vHk;rSm wlonfhtcsufu usuúodkvfu &onfhbGJUudk rlvwefzdk;xuf ydkíwGufjcif;jzpfonf/ bGJUvufrSwfudk wefzdk;r&dS[k uRefawmf rqdkvdk/ rnTef;qdk/ odkUaomf uRefawmfwdkY udk,fwdkifu bGJU vufrSwu f kd rlvwefzkd;xuf ydkwGuMf uonf/ ydkwGu&f onfh taMumif; rsm;uvnf; &dSaeonf/ taMumif;u þodkY/ tpdk;& rdbq&m ywf0ef;usif polwdkYu ynma&; aumif;aMumif;w&m;rsm;udk a[monf/ [kwyf gonf rSeyf g onf/ ynmwwfvQifaumif;onf/ bGJU&vQif aumif;onf/ bGJUr& ynmrwwfí vlvdkolvdk rjzpfonfholrsm; &dSonf/ 'gudk uRefawmf vufcHygonf/ odkYaomf onfrSm vGJonfhtcsufu bGJUr&aomfvnf; atmifjrifMuD;yGm;aeMuolrsm; &dSonfqdkwmudk uRefawmfwdkYrdbrsm; q&mrsm;u ra[mMum;ay;/ xdkokYd tjrif&o Sd rl sm;rSm rdbq&mrsm;xJu yrmPtenf;i,fyif &dSvdrfhrnfxifonf/ þtcsuaf Mumifhyif uRefawmfwkdY tm;vHk; *si;f xnfh cHvkduMf u &onf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 97
]ausmif;ynmudk wwfatmifoif ausmif;ynmu rif;wdkYudk b0wefzkd;jrifhatmif aqmifMuOf;ay;vdrhrf ,f/ ausmif;ynmrwwf&if rif;wdkYb0u vl&mr0ifbl;/ Munfhvdkufprf; awGUvm;/ olrsm;EdkifiH awGrSm rif;ywf0ef;usifrSm ynmwwfbGJU&awG b,fvdk atmifjrifae Muw,f...} qdkwmudk ajymonf/ onfvdk pum;rsm;udk aeYpOf &ufquf Mum;vm&oltzdkY bGJUudk ydkí arQmfvifv h monf/ xdkarQmfvifch suaf Mumifyh if bGUJ &atmif MudK;pm;jyD; b0udk xlaxmifomG ;olrsm;vnf; &dyS gonf/ odaYk omf þodaYk omolrsm;u enf;vdrrhf nf xifonf/ taMumif;rSm xdo k aYkd omolrsm; ud, k w f ikd o f nfyif bGJU&tjyD; wu,fhvufawGUb0xJwGif a&mufoGm;aomtcg olwdkY arQmfvifhonfhtwdki;f r[kwMf uonfukd owdxm;rdMuonf/ þtcsed f wGif udk,fudk,fudk,f jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; vkyfEdkifolrsm;om t&m a&mufomG ;Muonf/ tawmfrsm;rsm;u pdwyf sut f m;avsmjh yD; vHk;vnfcsm vdkuaf eonf/ onfvkdESihf vky&f if; vky&f if;jzifh b0Zmwford ;f oGm;Mu olrsm;u 'kESifha'; /
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98 rif;aoh
usuúokdvu f ay;aom bGJU\ rlvwefzkd;onf wpfaomif;wefygonf/ þodkYyrmjyKí ynwfvdkufMupdkY/ odkYaomf uRefawmfwdkYrdbrsm; q&m rsm;u bGJUudkwpfoef;wefygonf[k apwem t"dywdxm;í 0g'jzefY onf/ rnfoyYkd if apwem t"dywdxm;í qG,yf gaprl wpfaomif;wefonf wpfaomif;om jzpfonf/ wpfaomif;xuf b,faomtcgrS ydkroGm;/ wpfaomif;onf wpfodef;rjzpf/ wpfaomif;onf wpfoef; r[kwf/ þpdwfjzifh rSdef;í uRefawmfwdkY usuúodkvfausmif;om; b0udk jzwfoef;cJhMuonf/ jyD;oGm;onf/ tcsed w f ef pmav;usuf usL&Siaf v; wuf rdbqDuydkuq f aH v;vufjzefaY wmif; pdwu f ;l av;,OfjyD; &nf;pm; av;bmav;xm;/ aumifrav;eJY usL? aumifav;eJY tDpDuvD xk... tcsed w f ef pmav;usujf yD; pmar;yGaJ jz... pmar;yGaJ v;u yHkrkeb f UJG av;& ... oifwef;av; bmav; qufwuf.../ onf vdkESihf tvkyw f u,f &SmonfhtcsdefrSm ESmacgif;usnfayGUawGUawmhonf/ rnfodkY rnfhyHk ESmacgif;usnfayGUawGUonf qdkwmudk uRefawmf tao;pdwrf a&;/ tawmfrsm;rsm; MuHKzl;MujyD; jzpfrnfxifonf/ udk,f bGJUudk udk,fqkyfudkifxm;jyD; atmufajcu 0ifrwdk;csifonfhpdwfESifh wu,ftvkyjf zpfa&;udk pOf;pm;onfh vkyif ef;&Siw f EYkd iS hf awGUMuawmhonf/ uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHrSm bGJU&awG ordkif;udk Munfhyg/ rsm;onf/ bGUJ & tvkyv f ufrrhJ sm; vnf; &Dae;qeYfacwf rjzpfyJ pufrI rsm;onf/ ydkíyif rsm;onf/ bGJUr& awmfvSefa&; acwfodkY tvk y f r &d S r sm;vnf ; &d S o nf / &&m ra&muf/ tvkyEf Sihf rausreyf ESpyf g;oGm;ae&ol puf r I a wmf v S e f a &;rj z pf y J rsm;uvnf; 'kEiS hf a';/ [dka,mifa,mif vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;/ 'Da,mifa,mifEiS hf rdbudk nmpm;aeonfh vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;bJ qifjcifwkH a,mif0g;rsm;vnf; &dSonf/ EdkifiHjcm; w&m;ES i f h ,S O f a om ynm xGuaf wmhrvdkvkd [dkoifwef;wufawmh a&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkif/ rvdkvkd [dktvkyv f kyv f kduaf wmh rvdkvkd ESifh vdkvdkvdkvdk usuúodkvf ausmif;qif;rsm;uvnf; trsm;tjym;/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 99
t&if;ppf uRefawmfwkYd usuúov kd u f bGUJ &Muonf/ bmhaMumifh vkyif ef;cGif udk r0ifEdkifMuovJ/ taMumif;aygif;rsm;pGm aus;Zl;jyKjcif;aMumifh jzpfygvdrrhf nf/ þtaMumif;aygif;rsm;pGm\ t&if;tjrpfukd uReaf wmfwkYd ppfxkwfMupdkY/ t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSmum; þodkY/ (1) usuúodkvf ynma&; pepfjzpfjcif; (2) bGJUudk rlvwefzdk;xufydkwGufatmif jyKpm;aom vlrI todkuf t0dkif;jzpfjcif; (3) vufawGUrusí toH;k 0ifrI wefz;kd edrahf om oifMum;a&;pepf jzpfjcif; (4) oif;owfc&H aom q&mq&mr rsK;d qufonf taMumif;wyg; (5) usufí ajzaom pmajzrI pepf usifhoHk;jcif; (6) q&m0ef tif*sief , D mrS vl&m0ifonf[k ,Hrk w S af omvlr"I avh (7) þvlrI"avhudk axmufcH aus;Zl;jyKaom tqifhjrifh ynma&;pepf (8) vGwv f yfpGm jyXmef;aom vGwv f yfpGm oifMum;aom trSD tcdkuif;aom pepfrjzpfjcif; (9) rufvkH;&daS om MudK;pm;vQif MudK;pm;oavmuf tcGit hf a&; &dSaom ynmt0ef;t0dkif; rjzpfjcif; (10) tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh oifMum;a&;udk cGJrxm;jcif; (11) okawoe tay:udk tajcrjyKjcif; (12) tpdk;&wdkY rajymif;&Jjcif; rajymif;wwfjcif; (13) pGeOYf ;D wDxiG f yg^csKyf ygarmu©rsm; q&mrsm; ausmif;tkyrf sm; &Sm;yg;rsKd;pdwfb0odkY a&mufaejcif; (14) vkyfouftay: tajccHaom tusKd;cHpm;cGifhjzpfjcif; (15) rvkyf r½Iyf rjyKwf rSdef;pm;aeaom ynma&;0efxrf;rsm; rsm;jym;jcif;
100 rif;aoh
(16) ynma&; toHk;p&dwf enf;yg;vGef;jcif; (17) yk*v ¾ u d ydkijf yKaom tqifjh rifyh nma&; pepf rxGe;f um;jcif; (18) awmfolukd rajrSmufpm;jcif; todtrSwrf jyKjcif; acsmifx;kd xm;jcif; (19) vGwfvyfpGm bmom&yfudk a&G;cs,foifMum;cGifh r&jcif; (20) bGJUonf tqifwefqm taqmifta,miftjzpf rSwfxif aejcif; (21) oef;uJhodkYaom ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJolrsm; &dSjcif; ponf&o Sd nf taMumif;t&if;rsm; jzpfonf/ uReaf wmf qufa&; csifao;onf/ odkYaomf 21 &mpktwGif;rSm 21 csufa&;jyD; uRefawmf b&dwftkyfvdkufygonf/
oef;rsKd;pdwf wpfckuJhodkY oef;uJo h kaYd om ynma&;pDrcH efcY o JG rl sm;&dSjcif; qdkonfukd &Si;f csif onf/ usuúokv d t f aMumif;a&;íom ynma&;pDrd cH efcY o JG rl sm;[k emrnf wyf&onf/ wu,fawmh tjcm;0efMuD;Xme OD;pD;Xmersm;wGifvnf; þodkYaom oef;vlom;rsm;u 'kESifha'; &dSonf/ uRefawmf wifjyaom tcsurf sm;udk acgif;aqmifvkyaf eolrsm; pDrHcefYcGJaeolrsm; rodbl;[k xifaeygovm;/ r[kwfyg/ odygonf/ odwmrS *CePudk odygonf/ L odjcif;onf wjcm; L vkyfjcif;onf wjcm; L vkyf&Jjcif;onf wjcm; L vkyfwwfjcif;onf wjcm; L vkyfcGifh&jcif;onf wjcm; jzpfonf/ oef;rsK;d pdwf wpfcktaMumif;ajymygrnf/ tqdkyg oef;rsm;onf ckefqG ckefqG vkyfaomoef;rsKd;pdwfwpfck jzpfonf/ xdkoef;rsm; cHkvQif wpfay ausmaf usmf tjrifah vmuf ckeaf vh&o Sd nf/ odkUaomf xdkoef;rsm;udk
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 101
cGuw f pfckxJ xnfhvkduyf g/ tqdkyg cGuu f kd tay:u tzHk;tkyv f kduyf g/ oef;rsm;u olUyHkrSeftwdkif; ckefygonf/ tzkH;tkyfvdkufaomtcg tay:u tzHk;ESifh wdkufonf/ olwdkY qufckefMuonf/ tzkH;ESifhwdkuf onf/ oef;rsm;u txmeufonf/ olwdkY b,favmufckefckef olwdkY tay:rSm wpfckcku cHaeonf/ ckefvdkY r&qdkjyD; rSwf,loGm;onf/ xdkYaemufoef;rsm; wpfayausmfausmf rckefMuawmh/ tzkH;u 6 vufr tjrifhavmufyJ &dSonfqdkvQif 6 vufrtjrifhavmufom ckefMuawmh onf/ onfvdkESifh oef;rsm;udk zkH;xm;aom tzkHk;udk vSyfvdkufonf/ oef;rsm;u olwdkYtay:rSm tzHk;rsm; r&dSawmhonfudk rod/ olwdkY[m b,favmufcek cf ek f tay:rSm wpfcck w k m;qD;aeonf[k w&m;aorSwx f if pGJjzifh tjrJ 6 vufr tjrifhavmufom ckefaeMuawmhonf/ xdkokdYaom oef;rsm; &dSonf/ ynma&; pDrHcefYcGJolrsm;wGiv f nf; xdkenf;vnf;aumif;/ oef;uJhodkYaomolrsm; rsm;pGm&dSonf/ tzkH;rsm; &do S nf/ tck tzk;H awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk vSyx f m;vdkujf yD;jyD/ t&iftwdki;f wpfayausmf ESpfayavmufudk ckefypfvdkufprf;yg/ e*dkrlv pGrf;&nfu ckefEdkifpGrf;&dSMujyD;om;/ tckawmh onfvdk r[kwf/ uRefawmfwdkY usuúodkvf ynma&;pepfudk þodkY &dS\/ usuúokdvo f kdY ajcpHkypf0ifMurnfh usuu f av;rsm; odygavp/ usuu f av;rsm;arG;xkwaf om usuúokv d w f kYd wufapcsiaf om rdbrsm;? OD;av;? ta':rsm; usuúodkvfü wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaomolrsm; qifjcifMuygukef/ ordkif;udk Munfhyg/ &Dae;qeYfacwf rjzpfyJ pufrIawmfvSefa&;acwfodkY ra&muf/ pufrIawmfvSefa&;rjzpfyJ vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;/ vlwdkY rMuD;yGm;bJ qifjcifwkHw&m;ESifh ,SOfaom ynma&;udk rwnfaqmufEdkif/
102 rif;aoh
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104 rif;aoh Right
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 105
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106 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 107
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108 rif;aoh
tm;enf;jcif;ESifh owif;jzefYcsdrI rnDnTwfjcif;aMumifh jzpfavh&dSaom oabmjzpfonf/ e-government tjzpf toGirf ajymif;Edkif jcif;tay:rSm vnf; rlwnfaeao;onf/ tpdk;&tqufquf\ tkycf sKyfa&; nHhzsi;f rI aMumifv h nf; jzpfovdk tusK;d pD;yGm;rsm;udk b,fvkpd rD cH efcY &JG rvJqkw d mudk aumif;pGm em;rvnfjcif;aMumifhvnf;jzpfonf/ How to manage the interests udk tpdk;&vkyo f lrsm; aumif;aumif; em;vnfrS tkycf sKyfwwf onf[k qdkEdkifonf/ udk,u f sK;d pD;yGm;&Smjcif;ESihf pD;yGm;a&;ü Edkiif Hawmf\yg0ifrI MuD; rm;aejcif;aMumifh jcpm;rI t"dujzpfonf[k ,lqEdkio f nf/ jcpm;rIESihf ywfoufí nDrQjcif; wpf&yf&dSonf/
C = R + D –A
C = Corruption
R = Rent Seeking
D = Determination
A = Accountability
C rSm jcpm;rI jzpfonf/ R rSm pD;yGm;a&; tusK;d tjrwfjzpfonf/
D rSm
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 109
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110 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 111
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 113
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 121
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 123
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124 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 125
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126 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 127
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 129
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 133
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 135
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 137
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 141
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142 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 143
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144 rif;aoh
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146 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 147
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Rule by Man
Rule by Law
Rule of Law
148 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 149
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150 rif;aoh
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&&ef xrf;&ef 'Drku d a&pDü tcGit hf a&;ESiw hf m0efukd yl;wGJ ajymonf/ tcGit hf a&; aemufwiG f wm0efygvmonf/ wm0efESihf ,SOí f tcGiht f a&;wdkY &onf/ þodkY tjyeftvSef tnrn qufpyfrjI zifh 'Drku d a&pDukd armif;ESio f nf/ jynfolrsm;u tpdk;&xHu &zdkYawmif;onf/ &jyD;vQif xrf;&rnf/ xrf;jyD;vQifvnf; &&rnf/ tpdk;&u tcGefaumufjcif;onf jynfolU 0efaqmifrIay;&ef jzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pDü tay;t,lrQrS aumif;onf/ tpd;k &uvnf; ay;&rnf/ jynfou l vnf; ay;&rnf/ ay;oavmufvnf; jyef&&rnf/ &oavmufru jyefay;&efvnf; vdkonf/ jynfolu rcdk uyf&/ tpdk;&uvnf; jcrpm;&/ þum; 'Drkdua&pD aywHjzpfygonf/ nae 3 ; 29 16 Zefe0g&Dv 2018/ v
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152 rif;aoh
EdkifiHa&;upm;uGuf xGifrIawGMum;rSm yg;yg;eyfeyf usifvnfEdkifwJh pGrf;&nfudk ajymwmyg/ EdkifiHa&;upm;uGufudk t*Fvdyfvdk Political manipulation vdkY ac:w,f/ Edkii f Ha&; ajcxk;d rIawGukd udk,w f kdiv f kyzf kdY rqdkvkdygbl;/ twdkut f cdkuaf wG tcktcHawGtMum;rSm epfjrKyfroGm;zdkY udk,f udk,w f kid u f vnf; yg;eyfpmG Edkiif aH &; upm;Edkirf ,fh enf;pOfawGukd em;vnf wwfuRrf;xm;jcif;udk qdkvdkwm jzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;orm;[m tajymorm; oufoufcsnf;jzpfaevdkY r&bl;/ tvkyform;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ tajymorm;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ EdkifiHa&; orm;twGuf ajymwmudu k olt U vkyf jzpfaewmvnf; ygw,f/ 'Dawmh aj y m&if v nf ; vuf a wG U u s u s xd x d a &muf a &muf em;0if a tmif tvkyfjzpfatmif ajymEdkifzdkY pDrHcefYcGJrIoabmw&m;udk od&r,f/ Edkiif Ha&; tjrif[m avhvmEdkipf rG ;f tm;tay:rSm rlwnfygw,f/ pl;prf;avhvmrI tm;aumif;&if Edkiif Ha&;tjrif[m us,v f mr,f/ euf vmr,f/ tay:,H tawG;tac:rsK;d eJY Edkiif aH &;vkyw f o hJ l rjzpfawmhygbl;/ EdkifiHa&;tajrmftjrif[m udk,fh&JU EdkifiHa&;jzwfoef;rIeJY qdkifyg w,f/ ud, k u f b,fe,fy,f b,f0ef;usirf mS usiv f nfusupf m;cJw h ,f/ jrL;wl;cJhw,f/ tawGUtMuHKawG,lEkdicf Jhw,f/ b,fvkdyk*¾Kv d rf sK;d eJY teD; uyf avhvmcGi&hf cJw h ,f qdw k mawGu ta&;ygygw,f/ ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ Edkiif aH &; tajrmftjrifqkw d m odrq I kw d mxuf em;vnfryI k&d rSd S &Edkiw f t hJ &m jzpfw,f/ tem*wfukd MunfhEkdijf cif; a&SUukd MudKMunfhEkdijf cif;eJY twdki;f tqudk odjcif;tajctaeeJY tcsdeftcgudk rSef;qEdkifjcif; jzpfygw,f/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh Timing jzpfygw,f/ Edkiif Ha&;rSm Timing u ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ udk,hf&JU vky&f yfawG rSeaf eaptHk;awmh timing rudku&f if tm;vHk; ta[moduH jzpfEkid yf gw,f/ 'gu owdxm;p&m jzpfygw,f/ xm;awmh/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 153
eHygwf (2) pGrf;&nf pDrHcefYcGJrI pGrf;&nfjzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;orm; vkyfr,fhol[m vkyyf kdicf Gi&hf vmr,f/ vkyyf kdicf Gihef JYtnD vkyif ef;awGukd taumiftxnf azmf&r,f/ nTeMf um;&r,f/ tMuHÚmPfay;&r,f/ a0zef&r,f/ qef;ppf &r,f/ tkycf sKyaf &; vdik ;f bufvnf; a&mufEikd w f ,f/ rl0g'qH;k jzwfov l nf; jzpfEikd w f ,f/ ud, k pf m;jyKjyD; jynfoUl oabmxm; toHukd us,u f s,af vmif avmif atmfay;&olvnf; jzpfEkid w f ,f/ tkycf sKyfoal wG taumiftxnf azmfoal wGukd a0zefqef;ppf owday; qifjcifok;H oyfcsuaf wG ay;&wJo h l vnf; jzpfEdkifw,f/ pDrHcefYcGJrI pGr;f &nf[m tvkyo f rm;twGuf t"du vdkygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;orm;[m tajymorm; oufoufcsnf;jzpfaevdkY r&bl;/ tvkyform;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ tajymorm;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ EdkifiH a&;orm;twGuf ajymwmudku olUtvkyf jzpfaewmvnf; ygw,f/ 'Dawmh ajym&ifvnf; vufawGUusus xdxad &mufa&muf em;0ifatmif tvkyjf zpfatmif ajymEdkizf kdY pDrHcefYcGJrIoabmw&m;udk od&r,f/ pDrHcefY cGJrI enf;pOfudkod&r,f em;vnf&r,f/ wwfuRrf;&r,f/ tu,fí tcGihfoifhvkdY tkycf sKyfa&;tmPm udk,hfvufxJa&mufvm&if tçraezdkY vdkw,f/ pçvHk;a& pçraezdkY vdkw,f/ tckjzpfaewJh olawGukd oifcef;pm ,lEdkif&r,f/ aemufqHk; Edkiif Ha&;orm; vkyo f l[m tmPm r&ao;&ifawmif udk,yhf gwDwiG ;f rSm udk,&hf UJ prD cH efcY JG rIprG ;f &nfu ygwDwnfaqmufa&;rSm toHk;0ifr,f/ ygwDzGHUjzdK;a&;rSm toHk;usr,f/ pDrHcefYcGJrI aumif;wJh EdkifiHa&;orm;awG&dSwJh ygwDu z½dkz&J rjzpfawmhbl;/ A&rf;Awm rjzpfawmhb;l / vkyx f kH;vkyef nf;usus enf;pepfusus ½Hk;vkyif ef;awGukd vkyEf ikd rf ,f/ Edik if aH &; pnf;½H;k rIawGukd vkyEf ikd rf ,f/ wenf;tm;jzifah jym&if ygwDwGif;rSm OD (Organizational Development) jzpfvmr,f/ pnf;pepfusus eJY rl0g'cdkifcdkif &yfwnfaewJh ygwDudk b,f jynfou l rav;pm; raxmufcb H aJ ervJ/ udk,u hf kd raxmufcaH o;wm
154 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 155
pGrf;&nf vdkw,f/ ESvHk;om;pGrf;&nf vdkw,f/ tajymta[mpGrf;&nf vdkw,f/ EdkifiHa&;orm; vkyfr,fhol[m olU&JUta[mtajymeJY ol[m ywåjrm;jzpfaMumif; vltrsm;odatmif jyKpGrf;Edkifw,f/ n 10 ; 06 13 'DZifbmv? 2017/ p
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 157
jynfoUl &UJ jy|mef;csuu f yDyjD yifjyif&aSd vav 'Drku d a&pD&UJ tmrcHcsuu f jrifhavav jzpfygw,f/ 'Dru kd a&pD rSe&f if a&G;aumuf vT w f a wmf e J Y tk y f c sKyf a &;u yGJ &dSw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJ &dS½HkeJYawmh twl w l e J Y tEl E l 'D y k y f x J u 'Drdkua&pD rac:bl;/ 'DyJqdk&if txdef;tax r&dSbl;/ 'Drdkua&pD a&G;aumufyGJ wpf*sdwfwnf; wpfÚmPfwnf; rSef&if vGwfvyf&r,f/ w&m;rQ qdk&if 'Drdkua&pD ryDjyifbl;/ w&r,f/ yHkrSeaf &G;aumufyGJ &dS&r,f/ a&G;aumufyGJrSm jydKifvdkYEdkif&ifvnf; tmPmtyf&r,f/ todtrSwfjyK ygw,f qdkwJhtqifheJY r&bl;/ aemufjyD; a&G;aumufyGJqdkwm 'Drdkua&pD&JU aywHwpfck jzpfay r,fh a&G;aumufyGJ'Drdkua&pD (Electoral Democracy) tqifheJY awmh &yfraezdkY vdkw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDrSm t"dyÜm,f &dSw,f/ wefzdk;&dSw,f/ tESpfom& &dSw,f/ aywH&dSw,f/ EIef;pH &dSw,f/ (2) 'Drku d a&pDqkw d m rwlujJG ym;rItay:rSm pkpnf;Edkijf cif;jzpfygw,f/ q&mMuD; '*kew f m&mu 'Drkdua&pDqkdwm rwnfhtwlae0g'vdkY awmif ajymzl;w,f/ e,fajrtydki;f tjcm;t& vlrsK;d t& taoG;ta&mift& udk;uG,f ,HkMunfrIt& uGJjym;aewm &dSaumif;&dSr,f/ odkYayaomfjim;vnf; 'Drkdua&pDqkdwJhrl tay:rSm &yfcHjyD; aygif; pnf; vkyfaqmifEdkif&if odyfaumif;wJh tavhtusifh jzpfygw,f/ 'g[m 'Drdkua&pD EdkifiHa&; "avh&JU wefzdk; jzpfygw,f/ Edkiif aH &;vkycf iG hf tcGit hf a&;eJY ywfouf&if ydki;f jcm;ajymvd&kY w,f/
158 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 159
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160 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 161
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162 rif;aoh
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164 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 165
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 169
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 179
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 181
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 183
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 185
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 187
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 189
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 191
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 193
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 217
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218 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 219
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220 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 221
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 223
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224 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 225
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(1) 'Drdkua&pD wnfaqmufa&; ygwDwGif; 'Drdkua&pD&dSrS EdkifiHtwGif; 'Drdkua&pD &dSrnf/ 'Drku d a&pD Edkiif aH wmfwpfcktwGuf 'Drku d a&pD ygwDwnfaqmufa&;onf
226 rif;aoh
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(2) ,HkMunfrI wnfaqmufa&; ygwDwnfaqmufa&;qdkwm vlxkEiS yhf gwDtMum; ,HkMunfrw I nf aqmufjcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif ,HkMunfrIupd öukd pum;ajym&rnf jzpfonf/ vlxku bmudk ,HkMunfMuoenf;/ ,HkMunfrI[k ajymvQif jrefrmpum;vHk;ü a0g[m&wpfvHk;om &dSaomfvnf; t*Fvyd af 0g[m&ü oHk;rsKd;uGJonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk ,HkMunfrI t,ltq0g' wpfckckudk ,HkMunfrIESifh tcsif;csif;tMum; ,HkMunfrI/ Confdence, believe ESifh Trust wdkY\ a0g[m& uGJjym;csufyif jzpfonf/ L ygwDonf 'Drdkua&pDudk ,HkMunf&rnf/ L ygwD0ifrsm;onf ygwDukd ,HMk unf&rnf/ ygwDacgif;aqmif rsm;udk ,HkMunfrI &dS&rnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 227
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yg;vdkuf&onfh pum; jynfolvlxk\ ,HkMunfrIudk tvum;yJwif;jzifh r&Edkif/ jynfou l vnf; omrefanmifn vky&f yfrsm;jzifh av;pm;rIjyKrnfr[kw/f ordki;f ESichf saD om jzwfoef;rI tepfemcHc&hJ rsm;twGuf axmufcjH cif;onf bmvkyfvkyf axmufcHaernf[laom oabmudk roufa&muf/ jynfolU,HkMunfrI&&ef xdkufwefaom &if;ESD;rI&dS&rnf/ L *kPfodu©mt&if;tESD; L ordkif;jzwfoef;rIt&if;tESD; L ynmt&if;tESD; L apwem t&if;tESD; L ½dk;om;rI t&if;tESD; L vHkYv t&if;tESD;
228 rif;aoh
ygwDacgif;aqmifrsm;u av;pm;xdkurf S ygwD*kPo f u d ©m wuf onf/ Edkiif aH &;ü ordki;f jzwfoef;rIonf ta&;MuD;onf/ ordki;f trnf; pufonf zsuí f r&/ rlEiS v hf rf;pOfukd r[myJu h ikd &f iS w f u Ykd wnfrh wfEikd jf cif; onf av;pm;csD;usL;p&m aumif;onf/ tjrD;usuf tjrD;pm;? acgif; usuf acgif;pm; vky&f yfrsm;jzifh jynfolukd qefay;? qDay; vmbfxkd;í rJq, G f vdkrY &/ ,HkMunfrI wnfaqmuf&mü aq;rS;D wdkenf;udk roHk;oif/h wpfyx JG k;d enf;udk roHk;oif/h oHk;olwu kYd kd jynfow l kYd 'Pfcwfypfvku d o f nfh om"ursm;u ordki;f rSww f rf;rsm;rSm tzHkzHk/ tjcm;Edkiif Hrsm;\ ordki;f jzpf&yfrsm;rSmvnf; oufaojyaeonf/ jynfoludk A[dkjyKaomrlrsm; vrf;pOfrsm;jzpf&ef ygwDnDvmcH vlxk nDvmcHwjYkd zifh toufoiG ;f &rnf/ nDvmcHvyk v f Qif uGo J nf[al om tusihfukd uRefawmfwkdY azsmufypf&rnf/ tusihfrSm;rsm; t,lrSm;tjrif rSm;rsm;udk tem*wfrSm qufvuf ro,faqmifoifh/
(3) pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufa&; EdkifiHa&;orm;\tEdÅr&nfrSef;csufrSm EdkifiHa&;tmPm&&ef jzpfonf/ Edkiif Ha&;tmPm&&ef a&G;aumufyGJü Edkirf S&rnf/ a&G;aumuf yGJrSm udk,fcsnf;Edkif½Hkjzifh rvHkavmuf/ tHkvdkufusif;vdkuf tEdkif&rS Edkiif aH &; vkyyf kid cf iG u hf kd tjynft h 0 toHk;jyKEdkio f nf/ cyfyg;yg;om&aom EdkifiHa&; vkyfydkifcGifhjzifh jynfolUtusKd;pD;yGm;udk rqdkpavmufom xrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf/ wGufacsrudkuf/ Edkiif aH &;tmPm&vQiv f nf; tkycf sKyfwwf&ef vdkonf/ jynfou l b,fol tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwmxuf b,fvdk tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwmudk ydkí pdwf0ifpm;onf/ ygwDawGu udk,fhwm0efESifh udk,fh&yfwnfcsufudk udk,f jywfjywfom;om; odxm;oifhonf/ ygwDtwGuf tajccH (3) csuf L vlxk tusK;d pD;yGm;udk,p f m;jyKrI ppfrSejf cif; us,jf yefYjcif; yDjyifjcif;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 229
a&G;aumufyGJrSm ,SOfjydKifjcif; L wdkif;jynfudk tkyfcsKyfwwfjcif; ygwDwo Ykd nf þtajccHtcsuf (3) csut f wGuf tjrJ tm;xkwaf e oifhonf/ tm;xkwfae&rnf/ vHkYv xkwfae&rnf/ ygwDrsm;\ yxrtvkyfrSm vlxk,HkMunfrI&&dSa&; jzpfonf/ þtcsufu w&m;0ifjzpfrI 'D*&Dudk jr§ifhay;vdrfhrnf/ 'kwd,tvkyfrSm a&G;aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&&dSa&; jzpfonf/ þodkYjzpf&ef a&G;aumufyGJ r[mAsL[m yDyDjyifjyif &dSxm;&rnf/ a&wdk twGuaf &m a&&Snt f wGuyf g pOf;pm;xm;&ef jzpfonf/ qufoG,af &; enf;em tpHkpHkESihf euf0yftrsm;tjym;udk vufwHrsm; jzefYusux f m;&ef txl;ta&;MuD;onf/ wwd,tvkyrf mS tem*wfacgif;aqmifukd arG;xkwaf &;jzpfonf/ tem*wftkyfcsKyfa&;,EÅ&m;twGuf rsKd;qufopfrsm;udk a&G;&rnf/ arG;&rnf/ awmforl sm;udk acgif;acgufa&G;&rnf/ tvm;tvm&do S rl sm;udk pepfwus oifwef;ay; arG;jrL&rnf/ 'Drkdu&ufwpf au'grsm;jzpf&ef pepfwus qJvfyGm;,lxm;oifhonf/ pwkw¬tvkyfrSm vlrIta&GUwpfckudk wGef;wif&ef tpDtrHrsm; csrSwf jyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/ xdktpDtrHrsm;twGuf rl0g'jzpfpOfudk aMunufaom jyóemajz&Sif;enf; (Problem solving) udk em;&nf vnfpmG uRrf;usiaf omoDtk&d &D iS rf sm;jzifh 0ef;&HpkzUJG xm;&rnf/ xdkaY emuf a&;&mtvdu k f jyifqifcsujf yKwf xkwyf ;kd xm;aom ay:vpDtxkwt f yd;k rsm; udkifxm;&rnf/ aemufqHk; tkycf sKyfa&;pGr;f &nf Oya'jyKa&;pGr;f &nf pnf;½Hk;a&; pGr;f &nfEiS hf jyóemajz&Si;f enf; pGr;f &nfrsm;twGuf tjrJavhusio fh ifMum; ay;ae&rnf/ þtwGuf ygwDwiG ;f okawoevkyif ef;rsm; rl0g'a&;&m qef;ppfo;kH oyforl sm; oifwef;ausmif;rsm; tdik 'f aD ,mfv*kd saD cgif;aqmifrsm; trsm;tjym; vdktyfonf/ xkt Yd wGuf wnfaqmuf&rnf/ odrkY [kwyf gu EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&;onf ryDjyif/
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230 rif;aoh
EdkifiHhpD;yGm;a&;usrIonf jynfolUtpmtdrfudk xdjcif;aMumifh a&G; aumufyJG tEdki&f rItwGuf tueft Y owf t[eft Y wm; jzpfEkid o f nf/ ygwDtwGif;rSm vkyfp&mrsm;u tyHktyif/ vkyfzdkY vdkonf/ vltm;? aiGtm;? ynmtm;? tquftoG,t f m;? pdw"f mwfceG t f m; oEéd|mefwdkY yDjyifjywfom;&ef ta&;MuD;onf/ 'Drkdua&pD ygwDukd wnfaqmufjcif;onf tem*wf 'Drkdua&pD Edik if aH wmfukd wnfaqmufonfh tajccH,el pfjzpfonf[k uReaf wmf,MkH unf onf/ L vGwfvyfrIqdkwm oHk;aerS vGwfvyfonf/ L 'Drdkua&pDqdkwmvnf; oHk;aerS 'Drdkua&pD &dSaeonf/ &aeonf/ L vGwv f yfru I kd roHk;awmhonfh wpfaeY vGwv f yfrI aysmufqk;H rnf/ L 'Drkdua&pDxHk;enf; usihx f Hk;rsm;udk roHk;awmhonfh wpfaeY 'Drdkua&pD aysmufrnf/ L ,aeY roHk;vQif ,aeYaysmufrnf/ eufjzef roHk;vQif reufjzef aysmufrnf/ L raeYu roHk;cJhvQif raeYu aysmufaecJhonf/ pmnTef; 1/ Political Parties and the Transition to Democracy (A Primer in Democratic Party building for Leadersç Organizer and Activists) by The National Democratic Institute for international affair (NDI)
2/
Political Parties ; Functions and Organization in Democratic
Societies by Wilhelm Hofmeister^ Karsten Grabow (Publication by Konrad Adenauer Stiftung)
aeYv,f 11 ; 45 14? ZGefv 2017/
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232 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 233
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234 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 235
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Plastic Rainbow Book Publication
eHeuf 9 ; 56 28? ZGefv 2017/ v
tpdk;&rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,m ESifh vlxktvTmjcHK tpdk;&rD'D,m rD'D,mwdkY *a&; (gray) ZHkxJa&mufvmjcif; þae&mwGif tpdk;&rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,mESifh tpdk;&ydkifonfh tpdk;&r[kwfaom rD'D,mudk cGJjcm;em;vnf&ef vdktyfonf/ tpdk;& rydkifaom tpdk;&rD'D,monf EdkifiHawmfydkifrD'D,mudk qdkvdkonf/ tpdk;&ydkifr[kwfjcif;[k qdkvkdjcif;rSm tpdk;&onf EdkifiHawmfr[kwf/ odkYaomf EdkifiHawmf[koHk;vQif tpdk;&u udk,fpm;jyKonfomjzpfaom aMumifh tpdk;ydkifr[kwfonfh tpdk;&rD'D,m[k qdkjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf tpdk;&ydkio f nfh tpdk;&r[kwaf om rD'D,mudk em;vnf &efvdktyfonf/ xdkjyqdkcsufrSm tpdk;&bufawmfom; tDvpfwpfpkydkif qdkonfh vlxkrD'D,myifjzpfonf/ vlxktvTmjcHKtpdk;& rD'D,m[kyif qdkEdkifonf/ pme,fZif;qdkonfh pum;vHk;xuf rD'D,m[lonfh a0g[m&u ydkí jcHKrdikHrad om oabm&do S nf/ tmPm&Sif Edkiif rH sm;wGiu f m; rD', D m\ wnf&rSd o I nf xifomjrifom&do S nf/ Edkiif yH kid rf 'D , D mESihf vlxkr'D , D m[lí oJoJuGJuGJ&dSonf/ odkYaomf pyfMum;tpdk;& (Hybrid Regime) rsm; tkyfcsKyfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif;wGif rD'D,monf rD;cdk;a&mifZHk (Gray Zone) xJ a &muf a eonf / taMumif ; rS m tpd k ; &yd k i f a om tpdk;&r[kwfonfh rD'D,mrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 239
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 241
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 243
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'Drdkua&pDudk ,kwfavsmhaponfh State Media State Media rsm;onf 'Drku d a&pDukd tvHk;pHk ra&muf&aSd tmifEiS hf aemufaMumif;jyefvSnhrf Iukd jzpfapaom t"dutaMumif;tcsux f JwGif yg0ifonf/ tpdk;&ESihf olyY gwemwpfpk wnfaxmifxm;onfh 'D*spw f ,f rD'D,mrsm;onfvnf; MuD;pGmaom tE å&m,fukd ,laqmifvmEdkio f nf/ toGiu f l;ajymif;a&;umvwGif xdktcsuu f kd tav;xm; pOf;pm;&efvkd onf/ tpdk;&u wpful;wu qifqmjzwfawmufrI rvky&f bJ rdrw d kdY bmom qifqmrl0g'ESifh ,Ofyg;aeonfh tvTmjcHKrD'D,mrsm;um; tpdk;&aemufuG,frS rjrif&aomvufwHrsm; jzpfaeEdkifonf/
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 245
tpdk;&rsm;wGif wm0ef&dSonf/ vGwfvyfcGifhudkomru zGHUjzdK;rItwGuf tyHhtydk;jyK &rnf/ 'Dru kd &ufwu kd af Z;&Si;f udk jzwfoef;Muaom Edik if rH sm;wdik ;f vdv k ykd if ajzavsmhrIyHkpHrsm; pwifvkyaf qmif&mwGif wlnDMuonfr[kw/f xdkokdY rwlnDjcif;onfyif udk,fhenf;udk,fh[ef tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfopfrsm; ay: xGuv f mjcif;\ taMumif;t&if;rsm; jzpfaeEdkio f nf/ þum; Hybrid Regime yHko@mefrsKd;yifjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD toGiful;ajymif;a&; umvtwGif; jzwfoef;aeMuaom EdkifiHrsm; owdxm;Muukef/ pmudk; Journal of Democracy (Volume 25, Number 1, January 2014)
Breaking the News, The Role of State-Run Media
(Christopher Walkerç Robert W. Orttung) v
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 249
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250 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 253
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254 rif;aoh
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tdkif'D,m&JU ta&;ygrI tdkiw f rD ay:rD acwfu ynmqdkwm tawGUtMuHKtay: wdku½f ku d f tajccHw,f/ tawGUtMuHK rsm;avav ynmrsm;avav qdkwo hJ abm/ tdkiw f aD y:jyD;wJah cwfrmS ajymif;jyefjzpfomG ;w,f/ ynmqdkwm avhvmrI pl;prf;rI &SmazGazmfxkwrf Itay:rSm rlwnfoGm;w,f/ avhvmrIaumif; avav? ynmwwfavav ynmwwfavav vl&m0ifvmavav jzpfvmw,f/ vl&m0ifw,fqkw d m vlaygif;qHhw,fqkw d Jh omref tqifh rsK;d avmufukd qdkvkdcsiw f m r[kwb f l;/ tdki'f D,morm;tzdkY olUywf0ef; usifrSm ol[m ta&;ygwJh vlwpfa,mufjzpfvmw,f/ aemufqHk; r&dSrjzpf vlwpfa,mufjzpfvmw,f/ ywf0ef;usiu f olUtay: rDSckdvm &w,f/ txl;ojzifh olUtdkif'D,mtay: rDScdkvm&w,f/ 'ghaMumifh tdkif'D,morm;[m wefzdk;eJYvl jzpfvmw,f/ tdkif'D,mqdkwmvnf; olUtcsif;csif;wGef;rS wdkufrS wefzdk; topf awG xGuv f mwwfwmrdYk tdik 'f , D morm;awG OD;aESmuf rkew f ikd ;f qifzYkd vdkw,f/ OD;aESmufudkqGrS tdkif'D,mtopfawG Edk;xvmr,f/ tdkif'D,mawG Edk;xrS tdkif'D,mawGuxjyD; tvkyfvkyfr,f/ tdik 'f , D mawG tvkyv f yk rf S &v'fawG xGurf ,f/ &v'fxu G af tmif tvkyfvkyfwwfrS wefzdk;&dSr,f/ acwfMu;D u wd;k wufvmavav ynmu ydjk y;D ta&;ygvmavav jzpfvmw,f/ acwfu jydKifqdkifrIrsm;w,f/ jydKifqdkifrIvnf; jyif;xef w,f/ taotaus wdkucf kdu&f wmawG rsm;vmw,f/ touf&Siu f sef EdkifzdkYtwGuf tawmfMudK;pm;,lae&wJhacwf jzpfvmw,f/ vlqdkwm
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 255
uvnf; &Sio f efzkdYtwGuf yxrta&;tMuD;qHk; xm;&wmr[kwv f m;/ &SifoefzdkYtwGuf omrefeJY r&awmh ynmu ydkjyD; ta&;MuD; vmw,f/ ynmMuD;wJo h al wG ydkjyD; oufaomifo h ufom &dv S mw,f/ ydkjyD; prwfus vmw,f/ ynmu acwfopfrSm ydkjyD; vdkvmavav tdki'f D,morm;wdkY ykjd yD; a&SUa&mufvmavavyJ/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ajym&&if tdik 'f , D morm;wdYk ydkjyD;vkv d mavavyJ/ tdki'f , D m tenf;tusO;f avmufeYJ a&SUa&mufaewJh olawGukd MunfhjyD; tdki'f D,mrsm; tHkvkduu f si;f vdku&f Sd&if b,favmuf aygufajrmufrvJqdkwmudk awG;MunfhEkdifw,f/
tdkif'D,mwdkY xHkul;jcif; tdki'f D,m&JUoabm[m aygif;pyfwwfwJh oabm&dSw,f/ "mwf ul;w,f/ "mwfjyKw,fqdkwJh oabm&dS jyefw,f/ "mwfjyKjyD; topf aygufzGm;vmw,f/ tdki'f D,mtopfawGuom acwfopfukd OD;aqmif w,f/ tckjzpfaewJh acwfuvnf; tdki'f , D mtopfawGu jyKjyifzefw;D wJh avmujzpfvmwmudk awGU&w,f/ 'gudk tdik 'f , D morm;wd&Yk UJ acwfvaYkd jym&if rrSm;bl;aygh/ tdki'f D,mwdkY xHkul;zdkYqkd&if tdki'f D,mawGu rwluGJjym;rS&r,f/ rqDrqdkifwJh tdkif'D,mawGu xHkul;zdkYrvG,fbl;/ qefYusifbuf tdki'f , D mwdku Y xHku;l zdkY vG,w f ,f/ A[kokwqdkwm olUcsn;f oufouf oHk;r&ygbl;/ A[kokwudk tajccHjyD; tdkif'D,mtjzpfajymif;vJEdkifrS toHk;0ifw,f/ wefzdk;&dSw,f/ tdki'f , D mqdkwmvnf; olUtcsi;f csi;f wGe;f rS wdkurf S wefzk;d topf awG xGufvmwwfwmrdkY tdkif'D,morm;awG OD;aESmuf rkefwdkif;qifzdkY vdkw,f/ OD;aESmufukdqGrS tdki'f D,mtopfawG Edk;xvmr,f/ tdki'f D,m awG Edk;xrS tdkif'D,mawGuxjyD; tvkyfvkyfr,f/ tdkif'D,mawG tvkyv f kyrf S &v'fawG xGurf ,f/ &v'fxGuaf tmif tvkyv f kyw f wfrS wefzdk;&dSr,f/ 'g[m tdkif'D,mwdkY xHkul;jcif;&JU tusKd;aygh/
256 rif;aoh
vli,feJY tdkif'D,m vli,frSef&if pdwu f l;,Of&r,f/ tdki'f D,meJY vlom;jzpf&r,f/ tdki'f , D mqdkwm pdwu f ;l pdwo f ef;aumif;wmudk ac:wm/ pdwu f ;l aumif; zdkYqdk&if ynmA[kokw tajccHvdkovdk pdwful;,OfwwfzdkYvnf; vdkw,f/ pdwu f l;,Ofw,fqkdwm arQmfvifhcsuf wpfckvnf;jzpfw,f/ 'DvdkyJ &nfrSef;csufvnf; jzpfw,f/ bmvdkYvJ qdkawmh oljzpfcsifwJh tajctaeudk arQmfrSe;f jyD;awmh awG;awmh pdwu f l;,Ofw,f jzpfomG ;wm aygh/ 'Dae&mrSm pdwful;wmawG vufawGUjzpfEdkifzdkY ta&;MuD;w,f/ tJ'DrSm tdki'f D,mu odyt f a&;MuD;oGm;jyD/ vufvTwpf yg,fawG;wmudk pdwu f ;l w,fvkYd ajymayr,fh pepfwus awG;wmudk tdki'f , D m xkww f ,f vdkq Y kw d ,f/ pdwOf ;D wnf&h m awG;wmeJY tdki'f , D m xkww f ,f qdkwt hJ Mum; rSm pnf;uav; yg;yg;yJ jcm;ygw,f/ 'gudk odzdkYvdkw,f/ avmurSm tqef;jym;qHk;t&mawGu t½dk;&Sif;qHk;t&mawGyJ/ ½d;k &Si;f vGe;f vdu Yk kd qef;aewm/ t½d;k &Si;f qH;k todawGu qef;jym;wJt h ikd 'f , D m awG xGufvmwwfw,f/ tdkif'D,mqdkwm ½IaxmifhwpfrsKd;vnf; jzpf w,f/ olrsm; rjrifEkdiw f mudk jrifatmif MunfhEkdiw f mu ynm/ olrsm; rodwmudk odwmu tod/ udk,fh&JU ½Iaxmifhu olrsm;awGeJY rwlapzdkY axmifah jymif; pOf;pm;enf;u ta&;wMuD; vdkygw,f/ udk,hf ae&muae csn;f yJ awG;raeeJY/ olrsm;ae&muae0ifjyD; awG;wwf jrifwwfygap/ 'DvdkyJ ynm&JUoabmxJrSm &SmazGazmfxkwfjcif; qdkwmygw,f/ udk,fh ae&muaeyJMunfh&if wpfckwnf;yJ jrifr,f/ axmifhajymif;jyD; MunfhEkid f &if tjrifopf tawG;opf todopf&r,f/ 'g[m &SmazGawGU&jSd cif;yJaygh/ 'Dawmh vli,fawG tdki'f , D mtopfawG xGuzf t kYd wGuf orm½dk;us enf;vrf;awG roHk;eJY/ yHkaorxm;eJY/ yHkaorawG;eJY/ wpf,lroefeJY/ tpGJyg;EdkiforQyg;atmif MunfhEdkifygap/ 'DvdkyJ jrifEdkiforQ rsm;rsm; jrifatmif rsufpdudkzGifh em;udkpGifh OD;aESmufudk tjrJ qGaezdkY vdkw,f/ ESvHk;om;[m yGifhvif;vGwfvyf ae&r,f/ 'grS tdkif'D,m topfawG xGufr,f/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 257
wu,fh tdkif'D,morm; tdki'f , D mtopfawGu tawG;tac:topfawG t,ltqtopf awGukd ay;w,f/ tawG;opfawGeJY touf&Siw f Jh vl&JUb0u tjrJvwf qwfaew,f/ vef;qef;aer,f/ ol[m tjrJ wufMuGaer,f/ vIy&f mS ;ae r,f/ olU&JU vkyf&yfawGu yHkaotjrJ r&dSbl;/ olU&JU vkyfyHkudkifyHkawG uvnf; tjrJxufjrufaer,f/ oGuv f ufaer,f/ topf topfawGeJY taumif;qHk; MudK;pm;aer,f/ tdki'f D,morm;&JUpw d [ f m pdw"f mwfuswm enf;w,f/ bmvdkYvJ qdkawmh ol[m tdki'f D,mtopfawGeJY tjrJxpd yfaevdkY jzpfw,f/ orm; ½dk;us tawG;tac:awGrSm ausmufcsraebl;/ t,ltqopf tjrifopf awGeYJ ywf0ef;usirf mS aexdkiw f t hJ cg olUywf0ef;usiu f vnf; tjrJajymif; vJaew,f/ yHkao r[kwb f ;l / a&aovdkY r[kwb f ;l / pD;qif;aewJah &[m tjrJ oefY&Si;f aeovdk tjrJajymif;vJaewJholuvnf; vef;qef;aew,f/ wufMuGaew,f/ ol[m b0t"dyÜm,f&dSwJholyJ/ ol[m &SifoefaewJh b0udk &w,f/ ajymif;vJaew,f qdkuwnf;u &Sio f efaevdkYaygh/ ,HkMunfcsuf awG cH,lcsuaf wGuawmh cdkirf m&r,f/ 'gayr,fh tjrifawG t,ltq awG todawGu tjrJajymif;aeatmif MudK;pm;&r,f/ ajymif;w,fqkdwJh ae&mrSm ydkjyD;aumif;wJhae&mudk ajymif;oGm;wmudk ajymwmjzpfygw,f/ tdkif'D,morm;[m tajymif;tvJtay:rSm rQrQww ½IjrifEkdifw,f/ 'Dawmh tajymif;tvJrmS vku d yf gEdkiw f ,f/ tajymif;tvJrmS vdkuyf gEdkirf S &Siu f seEf kid rf ,fh acwfrmS ajymif;vJEkid w f o hJ al wG a&SUwef;a&mufvmw,f/ ajymif;vJEdkifoljzpfzkdY tdki'f D,mvdkw,f/ orm½dk;usorm;[m a&S;½dk;pGJ enf;emawGudk zufwG,fw,f/ 'Dawmh topfqdk&if jiif;y,fw,f/ ta[mif;qdk&if tjrJwrf;aumif;w,fqkdwJh pdwt f pGJ&Sdw,f/ tdki'f D,m topfawGcsjy&if udk,hu f kd,u f kd rvHkjcHKovdk cHpm;&w,f/ oufaomifh oufom r&dSwJh ZHkxJrSm a&mufaaeovkd cHpm;&w,f/ 'ghaMumifhol[m ta[mif;qDrSmyJ tjrJaew,f/ aemufqHk; oludk,fwdkifu rajymif; wJhtcgrSm tajymif;cH&wJh tajctaeudk a&mufoGm;w,f/
258 rif;aoh
vdk&if; ed*Hk;csKyftaeeJY ajym&&if acwfu wdk;wufvmavav ynmu ydkjyD; tc&m usvmavavyJ/ ynmu ydkjyD; t&ma&mufvmavav tdki'f D,mydkjyD; ta&;ygvmavavyJ/ tdki'f D,m ta&;ygjcif;u tdki'f D ,mwdkY topfawGay:xGuv f mjcif;eJY qdkiw f ,f/ tdki'f D,mtopfqkdwm qefYusifbuf tjrifawGtay: awG;qqifjcifjyD; odpGrf;Edkifjcif;udk ac:wm/ tpGJawG yHkaoenf;awG aocsmw,fqkdwJh pum;vHk;awGuae uif;vGwfaewm/ tdkif'D,mqdkwm tjrJajymif;vJaewJh urÇmrSm odyf ta&;MuD;w,f/ ajymif;rvm; tajymif;cHrvm;qdkwJh ar;cGef;rSm tdkif'D,morm;u oluyJ ajymif;w,f/ oludk tajymif;cH&atmif b,fawmhrS raebl;/ tdkif'D,morm;qdkwm tjrJajymif;vJaezdkY olU udk,folvnf; MudK;pm;aeovdk olUywf0ef;usifudkvnf; ajymif;zdkY MudK;pm;aewJholjzpfvdkY ol[m &Sifoef aew,f/ vIyf&Sm;aew,f/ ajymif;vJaewJh urÇmrSm tdik 'f , D morm;awGom &Siu f seaf eEdik rf ,f/ ,SOjf ydKifru I jyif;xefvmw,f/ wdkuw f m cdkuw f mawGu Murf;wrf;vm w,f/ 'DrSm tdki'f D,mu az;rrIr&dS&if aooGm;r,f/ ½IH;edrho f l jzpfawmh r,f/ tdki'f , D morm;jzpfzkYd avhvmrIu t"duusw,f/ avhvmrIqkw d m rSmvnf; orm½dk;usqnf;yl;rIuae a&SmifcGmEkid rf S jzpfr,f/ csO;f uyfrI topfawG axmifhajymif;pOf;pm;enf;awGeJY ½IaxmifhpHkukd MunfhEkid af tmif MudK;pm;&r,f/ 'DacwfrmS avhvmp&mawGu rsm;w,f/ awGUu&modcsif avhvmcsifvdkY r&bl;/ udk,fhtwGuf ta&;ygwmeJY ta&;MuD;wmudk a&G;cs,jf yD; avhvmwwfzkv Yd kw d ,f/ b,ft&mu udk,t hf wGuf ta&;yg w,f/ b,ft&mu udk,t hf wGuf ta&;MuD;w,fqkw d mudk odjcif;uom ynmjzpfw,f/ ynmr&dS&if tdki'f D,morm; rjzpfbl;/ tdki'f D,morm; rjzpf&ifvnf; ynmrjzpfbl;/ ynmeJY tdkif'D,m[m tnrnoabm qufpyfaew,f/ olwdkYwawG[m tjyeftvSef aus;Zl;jyKaew,f/ v
tifpwDusL&Sife,fvdkufaZ;&Sif; (1) jrefrmhEkid if aH &;onf tul;tajymif;rsm;onf/ 1948 umvrSpí ajymif;vdkufaom tul;tajymif;wdkYonf ,aeYtxdyif jzpfonf/ 1958? 1962? 1974? 1988? 2010? 2015 ponfh ckESpfrsm;tvdkuf toGiftrsKd;rsKd; ul;Mu? ajymif;Muonf/ jrefrmtzdkY tajymif;tvJESifh ,Ofyg;aeonf[kyif xifEkdipf &m&dSonf/ odkYaomf xdkokdYr[kw/f toGif ul;ajymif;a&;onf odrfarGUonf/ eufeJonf/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&; tul;tajymif;wdkYonf ydkrdkeufeJ odrfarGUwwfaom oabm&dSonf/
oabm obm0 toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk tbufbufrS jyKjyifajymif;vJ&aom oabm&dSonf/ bufaygif;pHkrS jyKjyifjcif;onf qifhuJjyKjyifajymif;vJrI rsm;rSwpfqifh tvHk;pHk toGiu f l;ajymif;a&;tqifhokdY a&muf&SEd kdio f nf/ jrefrmwGif tul;tajymif;tMum; wnfjidrrf Ijzifh jzwfoef;Edki&f ef txl; vdktyfonf/ wnfwnfjidrjf idrjf zifh rajymif;Edkiu f jynfolwkdYukd cHpm;rI Murf;Murf; &apEdkio f nf/ toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGif trsm;tm;jzifh y#dyu©trsKd;rsKd;jzifh MuHK&wwfonf/ vltkyfcsKyfaom EdkifiHa&;pepfrS Oya'tkycf sKyfaom Edkiif Ha&;pepfokdY toGiu f l;ajymif;&mwGif wnfwnf jidrfjidrfjzifh qifhuJtoGifajymif;EdkifrSom rsm;pGmaumif;rGefEdkifonf/
260 rif;aoh
vlrSrlodkY toGiful;ajymif;jcif;udk 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif;[k ac:onf/ EdkifiHa&;pepf pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk t"duajymif;vJjcif;jzifh Edkiif H\pepfukd ajymif;onf/ 'Drkdu&ufwkduaf Z;&Siüf Edkiif Ha&;wGif 'Drkd ua&pDjzpfí pD;yGm;a&;wGif aps;uGujf zpfonf/ 'Drku d &ufwku d af Z;&Si;f udk avhvm&efum; b,fvdk'Drdkua&pDESifh b,fvdkaps;uGuf [lonfudk txl;jyKavhvm&efyif jzpfonf/ jrefrmhvTwfawmftwGif; ppfbufyg0ifrIudk tvsifpvdk avsmhcsjcif;onf jrefrmtwGufaumif;aom tajctaeudk jzpfay:aprnfr[kwf/ t&yfbufwGif 'Drdkua&pD &ifhusuf vmonfEiS t hf rQ vTwaf wmftwGi;f ppfbufyg0ifru I kd avsmyh g; aprSom EdkifiHa&; tajctaeaumif;udk &vmapEdkifrnf/
ppfabmifusKHUa&; 'Drku d &ufwku d af Z;&Si;f odkY toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;wGif ppfbuft&yf buf taetxm;udk *½kwpdkuaf vhvm&ef vdkonf/ ppfbuf t&yfbuf oabmudk aumif;pGm raMunufygu wnfjidrpf mG toGiu f l;ajymif;&ef rsm;pGm cufcJwwfonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzihf 'Drkdu&ufwkduaf Z;&Si;f wGif ppfbuf t&yfbufEiS hf ygwD[o l nfh axmifo h ;kH axmifrh S Munf&h efvo kd nf/ t&yfbufwGif vlxkyg0ifovdk t&yfom;tpdk;&\ tcef;u@onf rsm;pGm yg0ifonf/ 'Drkdua&pDtoGiu f l;ajymif;a&;\ taetxm;wGif Edkiif Ha&;½IaxmifhrS MunfhvQif ppfbuft&yfbufESihf ygwD [lí u@ oHk;ck cGJí Munfh&efvkdonf/ pD;yGm;a&;wGif aps;uGuo f ½kyu f kd rnfhonfh twdkif; twmtxd tazmfaqmifEdkifjcif; tay:rlwnfonf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 261
(2)
ppfbufu@ jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDa&;wGif ppfbuf\tcef;u@udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;rS jynfhpHkrSefuefrnf/ ppfbufudk Munhfí pOf;pm;vdkY r&/ cP tomz,fxm;í pOf;pm;vQifvnf; r&acs/ ppfbufonf Edkiif HtwGuf ta&;MuD;ovdk EdkifiHa&;udk rsm;pGmvIyfcgEdkifaom vufeufudkif tzGJU tpnf;jzpfonf/ ppfbuftcef;u@onf 'Dru kd a&pD toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; wGif rnfuo hJ kaYd om taetxm;wGif yg0ifaeoenf;/ tqdkygar;cGe;f udk ajz&ef avhvmcsuftcsKdU jyK&rnf/
csOf;uyfyHk vTwfawmftwGif; ppfbufrS t&,lxm;aom taetxm;udk oHk;oyf&efvdkonf/ rnfodkYaom ta&;udpörsKd;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzuf wwfoenf;/ rnfonh½f aI xmifw h iG f trsm;tm;jzifh tm½H&k aeoenf;qdo k nfh ar;cGe;f rsK;d jzifh csO;f uyfavhvm&ef vdkonf/ b,fvkdta&;t&mrsK;d wGif jiif;qefwwfjcif;onf rnfonho f abm xm;&daS Mumif; odomEdkio f nf/ toGiu f ;l ajymif;rI tpwGif Edkiif aH &; wnfjidrrf &I ap&ef vTwaf wmf wGif ppfbuf\ yg0ifrIudk cGifhjyKvQif &Edkifaomfvnf; a&&SnfwGif ppfbufyg0ifrIudk avsmhcs&efvdktyfonf/ jrefrmhvTwfawmftwGif; ppfbufyg0ifru I kd tvsipf vdk avsmch sjcif;onf jrefrmtwGuaf umif;aom tajctaeudk jzpfay:aprnfr[kw/f t&yfbufwiG f 'Drku d a&pD &ifu h suf vmonfESiht f rQ vTwaf wmftwGi;f ppfbufyg0ifrIukd avsmhyg;aprSom Edkiif aH &; tajctaeaumif;udk &vmapEdkirf nf/ þum; jrefrmhvw T af wmf Edik if aH &;wGif ppfbufyg0ifrI tajctaeudk rnfuo hJ aYkd om taetxm;wGif &dSap&efvdktyfonf [lonfh wifjycsufyifjzpfonf/
262 rif;aoh
ppfbuf? t&yfbuf qufqHa&; ppfbuf? t&yfbuf qufqHa&;aumif;rGefvQif 'Drdkua&pD &ifhusurf t I csed u f kd wdkwkjd zifh &vmEdkipf &m&dSonf/ xdkokq Yd kv d Qif ppfbuf t&yfbuf qufqaH &;aumif;rGeaf p&ef ,HkMunfrw I nfaqmufa&;tqifh rsm; vdktyfvmonf/ ,HkMunfrIwnfaqmufa&;\ tpum; ppfbuf t&yfbufacgif;aqmifrsm; ]EdkifiHawmf}[lonfh t"dyÜm,fudk A[dkjyK xm;aom oabmxm;&dSrSom taumif;qHk;jzpfrnf/ oabmxm;MuD;í cHpm;csuu f if;pifaom aqG;aEG;awGUqHkrIrsm;jzifh ,HkMunfhrIwnfaqmuf jcif;udk jznf;jznf;csif; 0uftl&pfwif;&ef vdktyfonf/
yifudk,foabm ppfbufEiS hf &if;ES;D pGm qufqEH kid &f ef ygwDrsm; taejzifh tcGit hf cg ray;ao;acs/ oHo,jzifh tjrJMunfhwwfaom ppfbuf\ obm0udk ausmfvGefEdkif&ef rvG,fulay/ xdkYtjyif t&m&mudk vHkjcHKa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;twGuf tom;ay;vGef;jcif;onfh ppfbufwdkY\ yifudk,f obm0 jzpfonf/ ppfbuf\ rlvyifudk,fobm0tm; tjypfqdk&ef r[kwf/ ppfbuf\ wm0efudku xdkenf;twdkif;yifjzpfonf/ obm0csif;rwlnDonfh tzGJUtpnf;ESpfck wpfom;wnf; jzpf wnf&ef rarQmfvifhoifh/ EdkifiHtwGuf qdkif&m u@tvdkuf toD;oD; wm0efxrf;aqmif&jcif; oabm&do S nf/ ud, k w hf m0efukd ud, k o f &d efvt kd yf ouJhokdY udk,hpf nf;udk,f owd&S&d efvnf; vdktyfonf/ ppfbufvkyEf kdif pGr;f onft h &monf ae&mwdik ;f wGif r&daS cs/ t&m&m ppfbufO;D aqmifrw I iG f &daS eaom taetxm;wdkY y,fzsuo f ifah csjyD/ xdt kY wl t&yfbufuvnf; t&mtm;vHk;udk wwfpGrf;onf[k rrSwf,loifh/ ppfbuftm; obm0usaom tzGUJ tpnf;taejzifh ½Ijrifoifo h nf/ txl; owdcsyf&efum; ppfbufudk uRefozG,f oabmrxm;oifh/ jynfolUuRef[k oHk;EIef;csio f lawGtwGuf owdxm;p&m jzpfonf/ rdrd u olwyg;udk av;pm;rSom olwyg;u rdru d kd jyefvnf av;pm;rIay;rnf/
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 263
ppfbuf? t&yfbuf qufqHa&;wGif owdxm;zG,ftajctaewGif jrefrmu &dSaeao;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh ppftkycf sKyfa&;rS t&yfbuf tkycf sKyaf &;odYk toGiu f ;l ajymif;aeonfh umvwGif tvGef owdxm;&rnf/ (3)
t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ wm0efcHrI 'Dru kd a&pD vlaY bmiftzGUJ tpnf;wGif t&yfbuf vlUtzGUJ tpnf;rsm; \ wm0efonf rsm;pGmta&;ygonf/ ta&;vnf;MuD;onf/ taMumif;rSm 'Drdku&ufwpftpdk;&wdkY rvkyfEdkifaom vkyfief;rsm;udk t&yfbuftzGJU tpnf;rsm;rS aumif;pGm vkyaf qmifEkdiaf omaMumifhjzpfonf/ 'Drkdua&pD udk touf0ifaponfrSmvnf; CSO rsm;yifjzpfonf/ 'Drdkua&pD yDjyifapjcif;onfvnf; CSO rsm;\ tyHhtydk;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/
zmax;a&; wm0ef txl;ojzifh tpdk;&vufwHwdkaeaom vkyfief;rsm;udk CSO rsm; vkyEf kdio f nf/ tpdk;&taejzifh CSO rsm;tm; wm0eftawmfrsm;rsm; ay;vdkujf cif;tm;jzifh vlrIa&;0efxky0f efyk;d rsm; ayghoGm;Ekid pf &m&dSonf/ xdkokdYqkdvQif Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif tm½HkpkduEf kdiaf p&ef tajctaeaumif;rsm; ydkí jzpfvmEdkio f nf/ vkyyf kid cf iG rhf sm; rsm;jym;oGm; vQif tpdk;&\c&D;vrf;wGif tav;tzifh jzpfaeEkid o f vdk enf;oGm;vQif vnf; rdrw d \ kYd wdki;f jynfavSsmufvrS ;f &m c&D;Murf;onf a&SUa&mufEkid rf nf r[kwfacs/
0efaqmifrIxuf ynmudk ydkí tajcjyKap t&yfbuf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;[k qdkvQifvnf; bmvmvm jyD;a&m jzpfaep&mrvdk/ 0efaqmifrItajcjyK tzGJUtpnf;rsm; &dSoifhonf/ rsm;&rnf/ xdkt Y wlyif ynmudk tajcjyKí vkyaf qmifaeaom t&yfbuf
264 rif;aoh
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;&d&S rnf/ rsm;&rnfyifjzpfonf/ Service xuf Advocacy udktajcjyK&ef vdkonf/ 'Drdku&ufwpf tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; taumif;rS 'Drdkua&pD cdkirf muspv f sprf nf/ 'Drkdua&pD ckid rf muspv f sp&f ef ynmtajcjyK t&yf buftzGUJ tpnf;rsm; tm;aumif;&rnf/ 'Drku d a&pDukd a&mufatmifweG ;f Edkifaom ae&mwGif ynmtajcjyK t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzifh a&TU& rnf/ ynmjzifhom 'Drdkua&pDudk wnfwnfjidrfjidrf a&TUapEdkifonf/ 0efaqmifrI tajcjyKjcif;onf jrefrmtwGuf a&S;tpOftvmuwnf;u &daS ejcif;aMumifh odyt f axGtxl; a&;om;aep&m rvdktyf/ omrIemrIwiG f tawGUtMuHK&dSjyD;jzpfaom t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf tm;aumif; aejyD;om;yifjzpfonf/ (4)
wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmf yDjyifvmapa&; 'Dru dk a&pD tm;aumif;apa&;onf tpd;k &wGif ta&;Mu;D onfw h m0ef &dSonf/ tpdk;&qdk&mwGif Oya'jyK vTwaf wmf tkycf sKyfa&;tzGJUESihf w&m; pD&ifa&;tzGJUwGif rsm;pGmta&;MuD;onf/ udk,hw f m0efukd,af usyGerf Som Edkiif HzGHUjzdK; wdk;wufa&;twGuf aumif;rnf/ t"dutm;jzifh jrefrmEdkiif H wGif ta&;MuD;onf tcsuw f pfcsu&f Sdonf/ ¤if;rSm vTwaf wmftwGi;f ynm wwfvlxkudk,fpm;vS,frsm; rsm;rsm;0ifa&mufap&efjzpfonf/ e,fy,f t&yf&yfrS ynm&Sifrsm; vTGwfawmftwGif; a&muf&dSvmvQif jrefrmEdkiif \ H c&D;oGm;ajryHkonf tvkyjf zpfEkid o f nf/ ta&;MuD;onfum; ynm&Sifrsm; ta&G;aumufcH&efvdkonf/
2020 twGuf jyifqif&ef ynm&Siftydkif;wGif vlMuD;vli,f rsm;pGmyg0if&ef vdkonf/ acwfumvaMumifh vlMuD;ydki;f ynm&Sirf sm; &Sm;yg;Edkiaf omfvnf; tvm;
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 265
tvm&dSaom vli,fynm&Sifrsm; vTwfawmftwGif; 0ifa&mufEdkif&ef ta&;wMuD;vdkonf/ jynfoEl iS hf vli,fynm&Sirf sm;tzdku Y m; Edkiif aH &;udk pdw0f ifpm;&ef vdktyfjyD; Edkiif t H wGuf trsK;d om;Edkiif aH &;ESihf ygwDEkid if aH &;udk vkyaf qmif &ef a&G;cs,o f ifhonf/ ynm&Siq f efavav Edkiif Ha&;pdw0f ifpm;rI enf; oGm;avav rjzpfap&ef owdxm;&rnf/ todonf Edik if w H nfaqmufa&; twGuf jzpfap&rnf/ Edkiif Hwnfaqmufa&;udk vkyaf qmif&mwGiv f nf; todjzefYa0í xdxda&mufa&muf vkyfEdkifrnf/ wpfEdkifiHvHk;twdkif;twmjzifh EdkifiHa&;todMuG,fap&efum; rvkyfEdkif/ vkyfEdkifvQifvnf; a&&Snftvkyfomjzpfí vwfwavm oufa&mufrI enf;apEdkifonf/ txl;ojzifh vTwfawmfEdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufupm;rnfh ynmwwfvil ,frsm; jrifrh m;aom Edkiif aH &;todukd aygif;pyf&efom ta&;MuD;onf/ xdkYaemuf AsL½dkua&pD ,EÅ&m;xJu vli,frsm; EdkifiHwnfaqmufa&; todjrifhap&ef ta&;MuD;onf/
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266 rif;aoh
wpfqo kd nfah e&mwGiyf if ya'ompHpk mG wnf&aSd eonf/ ya'ompHjk cif;onf 'Drkdua&pD\ oabm0yifjzpfvifhupm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfta&jcHK A[dkcsKyf udkifrIuJaom 'Drdku&ufwpfrsm; jzpfaponf/ MudK;eDpepf\ t&dyfudk tefwkzufjydKifcJhonfum;&dS\/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDwGif;rSmyif 'Drdku&uf wpfqefqef vkyfEdkifudkifEdkifrS EdkifiHawmftqifhudk wm0ef,l taumif txnfazmfonfhtcg atmufoufausrnf jzpfygonf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI(0g)MudK;eDpepfonf 'Drdkua&pDESifh rtyfpyf/ xdk trltusihu f kd rdryd gwDtwGi;f rSmyif ajzavsmhEkdif rS Edkiif Ha&;yg0g&vQif 'Drdku&ufwpfjzifh ,Ofyg;rnfjzpfonf/ vTwfawmfEdkifiHa&;wGif 'Drdk ua&pDukd tcdkit f rmwnfaqmufEkdi&f ef ygwDtqifhuyif pwif&rnf jzpfonf/ v
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 267
rl0g' jzpfpOf tpkd;&u jyóemaygif;rsm;pGmudk oHk;oyfqef;ppfjyD; tusKd; aus;Zl;rsm;rsm;&dES kid rf ,fh tpDtpOfwpfckukd a&;qGjJ yD; taumiftxnfazmf wmudk rl0g'vdkYac:w,f/ vlrIjyóemawGu rsm;pGm&dSEkdiw f ,f/ tpk;d & &,fvkdY jzpfvm&if jyóemawG &Sm&w,f/ jyóemwdki;f udk tajzwpfck csif;pDeJY ajz&Sif;vdkY r&EkdifwmawGu wpfyHkMuD;&dSw,f/ jyóemawG&JU t&if;tjrpfuswJh tcsufudk ppfwrf;awGvkyf okawoeawGvkyfjyD; &SmazGoifhu &Sm&w,f/ jyóemawGudk aumufcsufqGJ rSm;oGm;&if rl0g'awGvnf; vGJawmhwmyJ/ 'gudk tpdk;&awG odxm;oifhw,f/
w&m;ao csOf;uyfrI jyóemawG trsm;MuD;[m t&if;rlv Zpfjrpfwpfckwnf;uvnf; vmcsifvmEdkifw,f/ rlv ZpfjrpfESpfck aygif;jyD;vnf; vmEdkifw,f/ bmZpfjrpfrSr&dSbJ vuf&dStaMumif;awGaMumifh tusKd;w&m;wpfck ½kww f &uf jzpfay:wmvnf; jzpfcsif jzpfEkdiw f ,f/ vlrIjyóemawGukd yHkaowGuv f kYd r&bl;/ vlrjI yóemawGukd ½Ijrifqef;ppf&mrSm w&m;ao tawG;tac:rsKd;eJY qef;ppf&if b,faomtcgrS tajzrxGufEdkifbl;/ tajz xGufcJh&ifvnf; tJh'Dhtajz[m trsm;MuD; vGJoGm;vdrfhr,f/ rl0g'awGu vlrIjyóemawGeJY t"du qufpyfaew,f/ txl; ojzifh jynfolUa&;&m rl0g'awGu jynfol vlrI tdrfaxmifpk pwJh
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rl0g' tqifh rl0g'jzpfpOfrSm tqifh (4) qifh&dSw,f/ (1) rl0g' tpjyKrI (2) rl0g' csrSwfrI (3) rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfrI (4) rl0g' oHk;oyfrI pwJh tqifhawG jzpfygw,f/ rl0g' tpjyKrIu trsKd;rsKd;jzpfEdkifw,f/ jyóemawGuvnf; pjzpfEikd w f ,f/ tpd;k &ud, k w f ikd u f vnf; jzpfEidk w f myJ/ avmfbt D yk pf ak wGu aevnf; vmEdkiw f ,f/ vTwaf wmfuaevnf; vmEdkiw f ,f/ ynmwwf tkypf kawGu tpjyKwmvnf; jzpfcsif jzpfEkid w f ,f/ 'gayr,fh jyóem&JU
EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 269
t&if;tjrpfay:rSm tajccHjyD;rSyJ rl 0 g ' qd k w m wpf O D ; wpf a ,muf tpjyKvdkY &w,f/ jyóem[m wnf; tusK;d twGuf rjzpfap& bl;/ rl0g'&JU tpyJ/ tk y f p k w pf c k tzG J U w pf c k w nf ; rl 0 g'csrS w f w mud k a wmh twGuv f nf; rjzpfap&bl;/ trsm; tpdk;&wGif; yk*¾KdvfawGuvnf; jynf o l t ay: tajcjyK&w,f / vk y f w ,f / ynm&S i f t k y f p k a wG trsm;&Jt U usK;d pD;yGm;udk a&S; ½I&w,f/ tMuH a y;tkyf p kawG u vnf ; rl0g'awGukd tpjyKou l awmh tpd;k & vkyfw,f/ wufuEdku&ufawG yJ jzpfygw,f/ uvnf; vkyfavh&dSw,f/ olwdkY uawmh azmfjrLvmxkwaf y;w,f/ a&;qGJay;w,f/ twnfjyK qHk;jzwfwmuawmh tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfjzpf vTwfawmfjzpfjzpf wpfckckuom vkyfEdkifygw,f/ rl0g'udktaumiftxnfazmfwhJ tzGUJ tpnf;&dyS gw,f/ 0efMuD;Xme &JUtvkyu f rl0g'udk taumiftxnfazmfwJhtvkyrf Sm t"du wm0efcH& ygw,f/ 0efMuD;Xme&JUatmufrSm jAL½dkua&pD ,EÅ&m;&dSw,f/ jAL½dk ua&pDqkdwm rl0g'taumiftxnfazmfwJh t"du,EÅ&m;jzpfygw,f/ 0efMuD;Xmeu rl0g'taumiftxnfazmfru I kd wm0efcjH yD; jAL½dkua&pDu rl0g' taumiftxnfazmfrIudk wm0ef,l&ygw,f/ rl0g' oH;k oyfwhJ tqifu h kd wm0ef,w l hJ ZmwfaumifawG&ySd gw,f/ t"duuawmh vGwfvyfwJh rD'D,meJY t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;awGu 'D wm0efukd ,lygw,f/ tpdk;&u olUtvkyaf wGukd oluk, d w f kid f oHk;oyfwm vnf; &dyS gw,f/ 'gayr,fh rD', D meJY t&yfbuf tzGUJ tpnf;awGavmuf trDStcdk ruif;Mubl;/ aemufjyD; okawoe tzGJUtpnf;awGuvnf; rl0g'awGudk oHk;oyfwmawG vkyfygw,f/
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270 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 271
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 273
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 275
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276 rif;aoh
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EdkifiHa&;zwfpm 277
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