Text 01:
AULA 01 : ESTRATÉGIAS DE LEITURA
Mickey Mouse, Tom and Jerry, Popeye, Bugs Bunny. All these famous cartoon characters began their lives as simple pictures on paper. Cartoon characters are painted on to sheets of clear film, called cels , so that the painted background can be seen through the unpainted parts of the cel. Then they are photographed. Each cel will have one picture, and each picture will be a little different, to make the characters appear to move when they are projected at twenty-four pictures every second. The most famous producer of animated films was Walt Disney. He introduced Mickey Mouse to audiences in 1928 in a black-and-white cartoon, Plane Crazy. At first the mouse was called Mortimer, but then the name was changed to Mickey. (The Cinema, Oxford Bookworms 3, 1997).
Nesta aula, inicialmente abordaremos algumas estratégias que facilitarão a leitura e compreensão de textos na Língua Inglesa. Para tanto, é importante que conheçamos os três níveis básicos de compreensão de um texto: 1)General Comprehension (Compreensão Geral) à É obtida através de uma leitura rápida para se captar as informações gerais do texto, ou seja, o que é mais importante o assunto abordado. 2)Main Points Comprehension (Compreensão dos Pontos Principais) à Neste caso é necessário que nos detenhamos um pouco mais em busca das informações principais do texto, observando cada parágrafo para identificar os dados específicos que mais interessam ao leitor.
01. Read the following statements: I. Tom and Jerry cartoons started as pictures. II. Some phases must be followed in order to make animated films. III. Cartoons have always been colored.
3)Detailed Comprehension (Compreensão Detalhada) à Nesse tipo de leitura há necessidade de mais aprofundamento que os anteriores. Exige a compreensão detalhada do texto e demanda, por isso, muito mais tempo.
According to the text, the correct statement(s) is (are): a) I b) II c) III d) I and II e) II and III
Em quaisquer dos tipos de compreensão abordados acima, as dicas e habilidades a seguir são de grande valia. a)
b)
Prediction à Significa inferir o conteúdo de um texto através de seu conhecimento prévio sobre o tema ( background ); através do contexto semântico (palavras de um mesmo grupo); contexto lingüístico (pistas gramaticais); contexto não-linguístico (gravuras, gráficos, tabelas, números, etc, ...), conhecimento da estrutura do texto ( lay out, título, subtítulo...).
02. Based on the text, Walt Disney s famous mouse a) b) c) d) e)
Cognates à Um item muito importante para facilitar a compreensão de um texto são os cognatos (transparentes) que representam de 20% a 25% de todas as palavras de um texto. Eles se dividem em:
has been called Mickey since 1928. was first called Mortimer. is not painted before being photographed. appeared for the first time in a Bugs Bunny cartoon. was not seen in Plane Crazy.
ANOTAÇÕES
b¹. Idênticos: chocolate, crime, vírus, radio, hospital, social, hotel,... b². Semelhantes: telephone, apartment, industry, violence,... b³. Vagamente computer,
Parecidos:
activity,
drug,
responsible,
ATENÇÃO! Os falsos cognates (false friends) são comuns e devemos traduzi-los, não isoladamente, mas sim, dentro do contexto para evitarmos possíveis atropelos (Parents = pais; Relatives = parentes; Realize = perceber; Accomplish = realizar; Pretend = fingir, Actually = realmente; Currently = atualmente...). c)Repeated Words à Se uma palavra aparece várias vezes no texto, isto significa que ela é importante para a compreensão do mesmo d)Typographical Evidences à São símbolos, letras maiúsculas, negrito, itálico, numerais, neologismos ( shopping center, lay out, outdoor, self service, fast food, ...) STRATEGIES a)
Skimming - leitura rápida para ter-se uma idéia central do texto
b)
Scanning - leitura com o objetivo de encontrar algumas informações específicas no texto.
c)
Selectivity leitura seletiva, isto é, selecionar os trechos onde se quer encontrar uma determinada informação , parágrafos, por exemplo.
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INGLÊS
EXERCÍCIOS DE CASA
EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
TEXT 01
TEXT 1 On an airplane trip, I sat next to a woman and her five-year-old grandson. When I mentioned that I was a teacher, she asked him to count backward. He started: 20, 19 , 18 , 17 ... That was wonderful , I said. Did you learn that in school? No, at home. From the microwave , he answered. (Reader s Digest, July 1994).
01.This is a _____________ story. a) sad b) love c) humorous d) horror e) detective 02.According to the text, the boy a)is not very young. b)is travelling with his mother. c)teaches Mathematics. d)has a microwave at home. e)likes airplanes.
1. a) b) c) d) e)
03.Read the following sentence: She asked him to count backward. The sequence which replaces the words She / him respectively is : a) My / I b) They / their c) He/them d) Our/us e) You/yours
2. In the picture, the sentence "If you don't come, you'll miss this brilliant musical Buddy" means that a) you should see the musical. b) you cannot come to the theatre. c) you will never be able to go to the theatre. d) you needn t buy a ticket to see the musical. e) you may win a free ticket. TEXT 02 Ecology is the study of relationships among plants and animals and their environments. Ecologists study how animals and plants live together in a community. They have discovered that seasonal changes affect the animals and plants of a community. Changes in weather, heavy storms, floods and droughts, and the works of a man also affect community life. Knowledge of ecology is probably more important today than at any other time. Ecologists have seen what happens in nature when a population of animals increases beyond the limits of the environment to support it. The human population is increasing at such a tremendous rate that is called a population explosion. Scientists must now work to increase food supplies, find new sources of fuel and power to conserve natural resources in order to restore some sorts of balance and prevent serious problems of starvation and misery throughout the world.
TEXT 2 Everyone loves summer. It`s hot and sunny. You meet your friends on the beach. You sit and talk, drink a coke, eat a hot dog, go for a swim. But be careful. That sun can hurt you. It can burn your skin. It can even give you skin cancer. (Beach Life, Macmillan do Brasil, 1997). 04. The text suggests that in summer a) people can have a good time. b) everyone always has a cold. c) everything is really perfect. d) nobody goes to the beach. e) adolescents cannot swim. 05. In the text, the sentence It can burn your skin that the sun a) is always bad for your skin. b) is never hot. c) can cause skin problems. d) cannot be dangerous. e) helps you have a beautiful skin.
The picture shows that the musical Buddy has been on for two years. five years. fifteen years. eight years. one year.
means
3.Based on the text, ecologists have found out that a) both natural phenomena and man s actions interfere in the way plants and animals interact in a community. b) there will be natural disasters in a few years. c) ecology has always been a very important subject. d) the world human population has increased because of the animal population explosion. e) it is unnecessary to prepare the environment for an animal population growth.
06. Find three adjectives in text 02: Rà
Gabarito-> 1. B / 2.A / 3.A
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AULA 02 : PRONOUNS NO: nenhum(a) . (+). Exemplo: Subjective Case
Objective Case There is no doubt about this case.
(caso reto) à sujeito da oração (caso oblíquo) à objeto da oração I me You you He him à SINGULAR She her It it we Us you you à PLURAL they them
RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHOà quem, que ; função de sujeito ou objeto; nunca é precedido de preposição, pode ser substituído por that exceto em orações entre vírgulas. Exemplos, John is a man who loves helping the poor. Mary Ann, who is a doctor, is working in a big hospital now.
REFLEXIVE AND EMPHASIZING PRONOUNS I you He She It We You Them
WHOM à que, quem; função de objeto; especialmente precedido de preposição. Exemplo: Ann is the girl with whom John is in love.
à myself à yourself à himself à herself à itself à ourselves à yourselves they à themselves
THATà que, quem. Substitui who e whom, exceto após preposilçoes ou entre vírgulas. Exemplo: Mary is a girl that everybody likes. WHICHà quem qual; usado para coisas, animais em geral. Funciona como sujeito ou objeto da oração. Usado após preposição, entre vírgulas. Exemplo: The book which you lent me, was wonderful.
USO a) Quando o sujeito e o objeto são a mesma pessoa (USO REFLEXIVO). Exemplo,
WHOSEà cujo, cujos, cuja, cujas. Usado para pessoas, animais, coisas. Faz a relação de posse dos substantivos. Usado entre dois substantivos. Exemplo: Peter is a student whose grades are great.
He cut himself this morning. ( Ele se cortou esta manhã)
WHATà que, o que, qual, o qual. É usado sem se referir a um antecedente. Exemplo: I don t know what to do.
b) Para dar ênfase normalmente colocado após o sujeito ou do objeto. (USO ENFÁTICO) Exemplo, He himself killed the thief ou He killed the thief himself. (Ele mesmo matou o ladrão)
WHEREà Onde, aonde. Refere-se a lugares em geral. Exemplo: I know where you were yesterday.
c) Precedido de by indica sozinho (USO IDIOMÁTICO). ex.: I ve done the work by myself ( Eu fiz o trabalho sozinho ).
WHENà Quando. Refere-se ao tempo da ação.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS SEGUIDOS DE NÃO SEGUIDOS DE SUBSTANTIVOS SUBSTANTIVOS I ......................my mine you...................your yours he .his his it its+ SUBST. its (forma pouco usada) we.....................our Ours you...................your Yours They .their Theirs: as, .: There are
Exemplo : She can hardly remember when she was born. WHYà Por que. Introduz uma idéia de causa. Exemplo: I d like to know why she was so upset
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Some : alguns, algumas, cerca de, uns, umas, aproximadamente Exemplo: There are some books on the table.// There is some milk in my cup. ANY : algum(a) (ns) (mas) (?) //nenhum(a) (-), qualquer , quaisquer (+) Exemplo: Is there any money with you? // No, there isn t any (money) with me.// Ex.: This exercises is so easy that any child can do it.
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EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
EXERCÍCIOS DE CASA
Substitute the capital words. Use PERSONAL PRONOUNS: a) Please, give THIS BOOK TO HELEN. à
Replace the personal pronouns by possessive adjectives. Where are (you)
1.
b) THE DOG is going to bite YOU AND ME. à
your
friends now?
Here is a postcard from (I)
2.
friend
Peggy. c) MY BROTHER always goes to school with BARBARA AND DAVE. à
3.
She lives in Australia now with (she)
d) MRS. MILLER teaches JOHN on Fridays. à Replace the words in brackets by the correct personal pronouns. Note that Sue is the person speaking. The (*) means that you are asked a question.
4.
(She)
5.
(He)
My name is Sue. (Sue) is my family.
children go to school in
am English. And this
(I)
7.
My mum's name is Angie. (Angie) Germany.
3.
Bob is my dad. (My
4.
On the left you can see Simon. (Simon) my brother.
is from
(Sue and Simon)
6.
Our dog is a girl, Judy. (Judy) old.
8.
husband and I want to go to
Australia, too. We want to see Peggy and (she)
dad)
5.
family next winter.
is a waiter. is
9.
(We)
10.
Because it is (they)
are twins.
winter! summer.
Relative Pronouns (who / which / whose)
is two years Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
(Sue, Simon, Angie and Bob)
live in 1.
Canterbury. 8.
(Canterbury)
9.
My grandparents live in London. (My
is not far from London.
grandparents) 10. What can (*)
company builds ships.
Newcastle.
2.
7.
husband works in Newcastle.
(They)
6. 1.
family.
This is the bank
2.
A boy
was robbed yesterday. sister is in my class was in the bank at
that time. often come and see us.
tell me about your family?
3.
The man
4.
He wore a mask
robbed the bank had two pistols. made him look like Mickey
Mouse. ANOTAÇÕES
5.
He came with a friend
waited outside in the
car. 6.
The woman
7.
The bag
8.
The people
gave him the money was young. contained the money was yellow. were in the bank were very
frightened. 9.
A man
mobile was ringing did not know what
to do. 10.
A woman
daughter was crying tried to calm
her. GABARITO: 2. MY // 3. HER // 4. HER // 5. HIS // 6. THEIR// 7.MY //8. HER // 9. OUR /10. THEIR
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INGLÊS
·
AULA 03
Indica ações que se repetem constantemente. My teacher is always asking questions.
· Are you still working at night? No, I am working only in the morning.
The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration
CASOS ESPECIAIS: Geralmente verbos que indicam sensação, percepção ou conhecimento não são usados nas formas contínuas, mesmo quando a ação se passa no momento em que se fala.
of an action.
see understand notice hate need mean feel think
like hear remember want prefer forget desire adore
know love smell believe depend recognize wish care
ATENÇÃO!
O Present Progressive é usado para ações que estão acontecendo no momento do discurso e para ações temporárias. Ele também é indicado para expressar desenvolvimento e ações que foram planejadas para um futuro próximo. O Present Progressive é também conhecido como o
1.
Nos verbos terminados em e, elimina-se o e e acrescenta-se ing. to smoke à smoking to drive à driving
2.
Verbos terminados em ee não o perdem, apenas recebem ing. to agree à agreeing to free à freeing
3.
Se o verbo terminar em ie, troca-se o ie por y e acrescenta-se ing. to die à dying to lie à lying
4.
Quando o verbo terminar em consoante / vogal / consoante, dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se -ing (quando a última sílaba for tônica).
Present Continuous.
Usamos o verbo to be e o infinitive do verbo principal + -ing.. am com o personal pronoun I is com os personal pronouns he, she our it (or the singular form of nouns) are com os personal pronouns you, we, they (or the plural form of nouns)
§ § §
Affirmative
negative
question
I
I am playing.
I am not playing.
Am I playing?
he, she, it
He is playing.
He is not playing.
Is he playing?
to stop à stopping to swim à swimming to cut à cutting to forget à forgetting to begin à beginning to control à controlling 5.
you, we, they
You are playing. You are not playing.
Are you playing?
6. Nos verbos terminados em ic, acrescenta-se k e em seguida ing.
Como formar as frases negative and interropgativa In negative sentences, we put not between the form of be and the verb. USOS: ·
O Presente Contínuo é usado para indicar que a ação está ocorrendo no presente momento. Jim is playing the guitar right now.
·
Expressa também uma ação presente, que pode ou não estar acontecendo no momento em que se fala dela. Usamos o Presente Contínuo quando há imperativos na frase anterior, chamando a atenção para uma ação ou situação que está ocorrendo no momento. Look! He is stealing something.
·
·
Se o verbo terminar em ie, troca-se o ie por y e acrescenta-se ing. to die à dying to lie à lying
to panic à panicking to mimic à mimicking
Também podemos usar o Presente Contínuo para expressar ações futuras. He is leaving to London tomorrow.
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EXERCÍCISO DE SALA
EXERCÍCIOS DE
CASA
Use the words below to make sentences in present progressive (Continuous)
I am reading a bo
1.
I / to read a book -
2.
it / to rain -
3.
he / to repair his bike -
4.
they / to watch a film -
5.
the cat /to sleep on the chair -
6.
Jane and Emily / to do their homework -
7.
Bill / to wait at the bus stop -
8.
we / to listen to the radio -
9.
the children / to play a game -
1.
they / to pack / their bags -
2.
you / to do / the washing-up -
3.
we / to talk / too fast -
4.
they / to clean / the windows -
5.
she / to watch / the news -
6.
you / to pull / my leg -
affirmative
I
I am working.
you
You are jumping.
negative
10. Laura / to walk the dog -
Transform the sentences below into negative sentences.
I am not w atching
1.
I am watching TV. -
2.
I am talking. -
3.
They are drawing. -
4.
He is opening the window. -
5.
Angela is cleaning the bathroom. -
6.
We are helping in the garden. -
7.
You are singing. -
8.
It is raining. -
9.
She is joking. -
he
He is not dreaming.
she
it
It is snowing.
we
you
10. I am tidying up my room. -
You are not fighting.
Write questions with the words below. 1.
Peter / to go / to the cinema -
2.
they / to play / a game -
3.
she / to listen /to the radio -
4.
I / to dream -
they
Is Peter going to t
Are they reading?
GABARITO
SECRETARIA DA EDUCAÇÃO
1. i'M NOT WORKING 2. YOU'RE NOT JUMPING] 3. HE'S DREAMING 4. SHE'S DREAMING / SHE'S NOT DREAMING 5. IT'S NOT SNOWING 6. WE'RE WALKING / WE'RE NOT WALKING 7. YOU'RE FIGHTING 8.THEY'RE READING / THEY'RE NOT READING
166
INGLÊS
AULA 04 : ARTICLES
INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A e AN ( Um; Uma )
h)
Com nome próprios no plural, representando uma família:
i)
Ex.: The Simths are living near us now. Com nome de jornais: Ex.: The New York Times; The Washington Post; The Economist,
A à diante de palavras iniciadas por consoante ou h pronunciado, sons de iu (you) e uã . j)
Ex.: A car; A book; A house; A university; A uniform; A usual; A used; A useful; A unicorn; A ewe ( ovelha ); A euphemism; A European girl; A one-dollar bill; A one-way street; A one-eyedman;
Com nomes de edifícios: Ex.: The Empire State Building
k)
Com as Expressões The last; The only; The former; The latter;
Ex.: An apple; An egg; An idol; An onion; An umbrella; An hour; An honor / honorable; An honest; An heir / heiress (herdeiro / herdeira).
l)
Com numerais ordinais:
USOS: a) Somente diante de substantivos contáveis no singular.
m)
An à diante de vogal ou h não pronunciado.
Ex.: The first; The second, ... Com os pólos: Ex.: The North Pole; The South Pole;
Ex.: There is an apple in the bowl; I saw a strange man moving in the dark last night b)
n)
Ex.: The moon; The sky; ...
Predicativo o)
Ex.: He is a doctor; She is an engineer; c)
Ex.: The coffee that I drank here yesterday, wasn t very good.
Ex.: 10 dollars a pound One dollar a dozen A hundred
OMISSÃO: a)
b)
Com Acidentes Geográficos:
c)
Ex.: Dinner is served at seven o clock.
Ex.: Betty plays the piano very well.
Mas à The delicious dinner I had yesterday, was prepared by Sylvia herself.
Com Superlativos: d)
f)
Com nomes de países no plural ou compostos:
e)
Com nomes de pessoas: Ex.: John is a kind man. ( ( O ) John é um homem bondoso )
f)
Com Adjetivos (sem acompanhar um substantivo), representando uma classe de pessoas ou coisas: Ex.: The old are wise people. The poor deserve our help.
Com títulos acompanhados do nome: Ex: President Lula is abroad again.
g)
Com títulos;
Com nomes de revistas: Ex.: Time; Newsweek; People; ...
Ex.: The doctor has just come. The president is abroad again. g)
Com Pronomes Possessivos: Ex.: My house is small but comfortable ( A minha casa é pequena, porém confortável ).
Ex.: The United States; The Philippines; The United Kingdom; The Netherlands; e)
Com nomes de refeições (exceto quando adjetivadas):
Com Instrumentos Musicais:
Ex.: Peter is the tallest boy in his class. My brothers are the most intelligent students that I ve ever known. d)
Com substantivos incontáveis e nomes de materiais: Ex.: Gold is a precious metal. Wine is a fine drink.
Ex.: The Alps; The Nile; The Mediterranean; The Atlantic; The Sahara; The Bahamas;
c)
Com substantivos genéricos: Ex.: Milk is good for health. Dogs are faithful animals.
USOS:
b)
Com substantivos específicos:
Expressões de tempo, preço, número.
DEFINITE ARTICLE: THE ( O, Os; A, As)
a)
Com substantivos únicos na espécie:
h)
Com nomes de continentes e pontos cardeais: Ex.: Europe is a rich continent. North, South, East, West
Com as palavras: Cinema / Movies, Theatre / Theater, Office, Cathedral. Ex.: Last night we went to the theatre.
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EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
EXERCÍCIOS DE CASA
Choose the correct form: Text 01 01. I d like _______ cup of tea. a) an b) some d) x
c) a
02. Patrick plays ______ violin. a) the b) a d) an
c) x
03. Is he ________ honest man? a) x b) an d) the
c) a
04. I don t eat ______ meat. a) the b) a d) x
c) an
Amazon trees don t grow like they used to. Scientists suspect shifts are due to more carbon dioxide. Strange things are happening in the Amazonian rainforests and scientists said on Wednesday rising levels of carbon dioxide could be the cause. Even in the pristine rainforests unaffected by human activities such as logging or burning, researchers have noticed dramatic differences in the growth patterns of trees over 5 the last 20 years. That could distort the forest s fragile balance, affecting rare plant and animal species. The changes in the Amazonian forests really jump out at you, said William Laurance of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. It s a little scary to realize seemingly pristine forests can change so quickly and dramatically. Laurance and his team, whose research was published in the journal Nature, notice that the growth of large trees in the Amazonian rainforests have accelerated over the last two decades while the growth pf smaller ones has slowed. Levels of carbon dioxide have risen by 30 percent in the last 20 years because of emissions from automobiles and industry and forest burning, particularly in the tropics. Much of the increase in carbon dioxide, which plants use from the air for photosynthesis, has occurred since 1960. The scientists suspect the rising carbon dioxide levels are fertilizing the rainforests and increasing competition for light, water and nutrients in the soil. So the big fast-growing trees have an advantage and are outpacing the smaller ones. The researchers believe the odd change in growth patterns could be a signal for an overall change in rainforest ecology. (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/ 01/06/04 )
05. Steve: I watched _______ interesting program on TV yesterday. Joanna: Oh, really? What was _____ program about? a) the, the b) a, the c) an, an d) an, the 06. He gave me _______ idea. I ll buy _______ shirt and _______ jumper. a) a, an, an b) a, a, an c) an, a, a d) x, a, an 07. I can play ______ volleyball but not ______ basketball. a) the, the b) a, the c) an, the d) x, x 08. He went to see ______ nurse and then _______ doctor. _______ nurse didn t think his illness was serious but _______ doctor did. a) an, a, The, the b) a, a, The, the c) the, The, a, the d) x, x, The, the
1)Pesquisadores verificaram que na Amazônia está havendo a) b) c)
Indifinite Articles
d) e)
Write the correct Indefinite Article:
mudanças drásticas no padrão de desenvolvimento das árvores predominância de árvores de pequeno porte alterações no desenvolvimento de determinadas espécies de animais diferenças dramáticas nos índices pluviométricos fertilização reduzida devido à desordenada emissão de dióxido de carbono
1.
key
2)A hipótese que ratifica a descoberta dos pesquisadores é
2.
bus
a)
3.
orange
b) c)
4.
apple
d)
5.
watch
6.
ice-cream
7.
umbrella
8.
university
9.
8-year-old girl
10.
hour
e)
emissão exagerada de dióxido de carbono oriundo da queima florestal excesso de luz em determinadas áreas da floresta Amazônica aumento dos níveis de dióxido de carbono nas florestas tropicais aplicação de fertilizantes em determinadas áreas da floresta Amazônica redução de trinta por cento da emissão do dióxido de carbono desde 1960 GABARITO
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INGLÊS
AULA 05 : SIMPLE PRESENT Simple present é também chamado de Present Simple.
positiv
O Simple Present expressa uma ação no presente que acontece uma só vez. Ele também é usado para ações permanentes e para ações previamente agendadas.. O Simple Present também expressa ações habituais e verdades gerais.
negativ
I have not got. / I do not have.
question
I/you/we/they
I have got. / I have.
Have I got? / Do I have?
he/she/it
He has got. / He has not got. / Has he got? / He has. He does not have. Does he have?
All other verbs
O infinitivo sem to do verbo em questão (to play) com os
§
Be
pronomes pessoais I, you, we and they (ou com a forma plural dos substantivos.)
§
am com o personal pronoun I.
§
is com os personal pronouns he, she ou it (ou com a
§
O verbo + s (plays) com os pronomes pessoais he, she, it (ou com a forma singular dos substantives.)
forma singular dos substantivos ) are com os personal pronouns we, you ou they (ou com a
§
Formas negativa e interrogativa são obtidas com o auxiliary DO.
forma plural dos substantives )
I, you, we, they do not / don t play Do / Don t I, you, we, they play?
Example: I am hungry
affirmative
negative
As 3ªs pessoas do singular, he, she, it, serão usadas com DOES + o infinitivo sem TO do verbo principal. he 3rd person singular of 'do' is 'does'.
question
I
I am.
I am not.
Am I?
he/she/it
He is.
He is not.
Is he?
He, she, it does not / doesn t play. Doesn t he, she, it play? Os verbos can, may, might, must permanecem ssem alteração em todas as formas.. Então, em he, she, it, não acrescentamos S, example: he can, she may, it must
you/we/they
You are.
You are not. Are you? Verbos teminados em som sibilante (ch, sh, s, x) ou O, acresecentamos ES ao invés de S. example:
Have
§
do - he does, wash - she washes Um y final após uma consoante , trocamos o Y por IES em he, she, it.
have com os personal pronouns I, you, we e they (ou com a forma plural dos substantives)
§
example: worry - he worries
has com os personal pronouns he, she, it (ou com a forma singular dos substantivos)
WATCH OUT! Um y final após uma vogal, (a, e, i, o, u) não sobre modificação..
Example:
example: enjoy
I have a dog. / I have got a dog.
he enjoys
'have got' é principalmente utilizado com o ingles britânico.
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EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
Exercise on Affirmative Sentences Exercise on Questions Organize as palavras para formar frases no Simple Present. Organize as palavras a fim de crier frase interrogativas.
I collect stamps.
1.
I / to collect stamps -
2.
we / to play card games -
3.
he / to read comics -
4.
Chris / to sing in a band -
5.
we / to have a hamster -
6.
Andy and John / to like cola -
7.
she / to be nice -
8.
they / to help their parents -
9.
the children / to speak English -
1.
she / to collect / stickers -
2.
they / to play / a game -
3.
the cat / to sleep / in the cat's bed -
4.
she / often / to dream -
5.
he / to play / streetball -
6.
you / to be / from Paris -
7.
the pupils / to wear / school uniforms -
8.
you / to go / to the cinema -
9.
she / to have / friends -
10. I / to buy a newspaper every Saturday 10. he / to read / books EXERCISE II : Exercise on Questions with Interrogatives
Exercise on Negative Sentences
Ask for the bold part of the sentence.
Make negative sentences.
I do not w atch TV
1.
I watch TV. -
2.
We play football. -
3.
It is boring. -
4.
She cleans her room. -
5.
You ride your bike every weekend. -
6.
Sandy takes nice photos. -
7.
They open the windows. -
8.
He buys a new CD. -
9.
I am late. -
10. She has a cat. -
1.
Julia likes pop-music. -
2.
Maria comes from Spain. -
3.
They play in the garden. -
4.
Rick rides his bike. -
5.
I go to the cinema on Saturdays. -
6.
We go to Mallorca because it is warm there.. -
7.
Joe repairs his bike. -
8.
Robin drives his car carefully. -
9.
Peter runs with his dog every day. -
10. Eric goes to Italy for a holiday. -
GABARITO EXERCÍCIOS 1 Does she collect strickers? Do they play a game? Does the cat sleep in the cat s bed? Does she often dream? Does he play streetball? Are you from Paris? Do the pupils wear school uniforms? Do you go to the cinema? Does she have friends? Does he read books?
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EXERCÍCIOS 2 WHAT KIND OF MUSIC DOES JULIA LIKE? WHERE DOES MARIA COME FROM? WHERE DO THEY PLAY? WHAT DOES RICK DO ON SUNDAYS? WHEN DO YOU GO TO THE CINEMA? WHY DO YOU GO TO MALLORCA? WHAT DOES JOE DO AT HIS TIME OFF? HOW DOES ROBIN DRIVE HIS CAR? WHEN DOES PETER RUN WITH HIS DOG? WHEN DOES ERIC GO FOR A HOLIDAY?
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AULA 06 : MODAL VERBS OBSERVAÇÕES: a) O verbo Can ( could ) pode expressar possibilidade factual. Ex.: Smoking can cause lung cancer ( O cigarro / fumo pode causar câncer de pulmão)
Os verbos modais são verbos com características especiais, como may, can, must, should, need. Eles expressam uma habilidade, permissão, desejo, ... para fazer algo. (I may, can, must swim.) Muitos modais não podem ser usados em todos os tempos verbais em inglês. Eles necessitam de substitutos.
Modal Verb
Substitute
Example
must
to have to
I must swim. = I have to swim.
must not
not to be allowed to
I must not swim. = I am not allowed to swim.
to be able to
I can swim. = I am able to swim.
can
b) A expressão HAD BETTER ( `D BETTER ) ( é melhor; é mais conveniente; é mais aconselhável) expressa CONSELHO, podendo, portanto, substituir SHOULD e OUGHT TO. Ex.: It began to rain. I d better go home now. ( Começou a chover. É melhor ir pra casa agora.) jogar futebol ). c) WOULD RATHER ( `D RATHER ) ( PREFERIR ), é uma expressão modal usada para indicar preferência. Ex.: We d rather play soccer ( Preferimos d) MUST NOT / MUSTN T indica proibição. Ex.: You mustn t drink alcohol ( Você não pode beber álcool).
TEXT may
to be allowed to
I may swim. = I am allowed to swim.
need
to have to
I need to swim. = I have to swim.
need not
not to have to
I need not swim. = I don't have to swim.
If a travel companion seems to have stopped breathing because of a heart attack, a stroke, or drowning, act immediately. First of all, lay the patient on a hard level surface and ask somebody to call for professional medical help. Then, kneel beside the patient and blow twice into the patient s mouth. Finally, check the side of the patient s neck for a pulse. If there is none, begin administering cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a simple combination of chest compression and mouth-to-mouth breathing.
01. Crie um título para o texto acima: Rà shall / should/ ought to
to be supposed to / to be expected to / to be to
I shall / should / ought to swim. = I am supposed to swim. / I am expected to swim. / I am to swim.
02. O que devemos fazer, segundo o texto, quando alguém pára de respirar? Rà
a)Não têm forma de infinitivo com to : Exemplos: CAN, MAY, MUST, SHOULD, OUGHT (TO), WILL, WOULD, SHALL,
03. O que os verbos em itálico expressam no texto: OBRIGAÇÃO / PEDIDO / ORIENTAÇÃO OU DÚVIDA? Rà
b)Não são seguidos de outros verbos no infinitivo com to, com exceção de OUGHT ( T0 ). Exemplos.: She can speak four languages ( Ela sabe falar 4 línguas).
04. Segundo o texto, o que é uma Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar? Rà
MAS à She ought to speak at least a foreign language ( Ela deve falar pelo menos uma lingua estrangeira). c)Têm forma única para todas as pessoas. Exemplo: I can, you can, he / she / it can, d)Não necessitam de outros auxiliares, como Do, Does, Did, em frases negativa ou interrogativa. Exemplo: Mary can play the piano beautifully à Can Mary play the piano beautifully? à Mary can t play the piano beautifully.
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EXERCÍCIOS DE CASA
EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
Use o substituto correto para cada verbo modal:
I. Choose the correct substitute for each modal verb.
1. He (ought to)
1. 1.
We ought to win the race. We
win
give evidence at the court
yesterday.
the race. 2. 2.
I can swim. I
3.
You must meet my best friend.
can)
EXERCITE O USO DA PROIBIÇÃO E DA NÃO NECESSIDADE: be in
He should be in bed by now. He
must not - prohibition (it is not allowed)
bed by now.
- need not - option (it is not necessary)
5.
I must get up early. I
6.
They may stay up late. They
get up early.
The players must not touch the ball with their hands or arms. = They are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms.
stay up
late. 7.
sleep.
PRACTICE II meet my best friend.
You 4.
swim.
Since he bought the new car he (not /
Practise the use of 'must not' and 'need not' in the following exercise. Which is correct?
see
She needs to see the doctor. She the doctor.
1. 8.
We need not walk. We
walk.
9.
You must not sleep You
sleep.
have more than 11 players on the
field during a match. 2.
10. Should I go to the cinema with them?
The teams
But there
even be 11 players playing for each
team.
go to the cinema with them?
3.
Players
wear anything which might injure
another player. II. Use modal verbs where possible. If a modal verb can't be used with a certain tense, use its substitute.
must
1.
You (must)
2.
You (not / need)
3.
We (may)
4.
He (not / can)
get up early tomorrow. call a baby sitter.
4.
Players
5.
Substituted players
6.
Players
play the ball with their feet only. return to the game. leave the game without the referee's
permission. watch the film tonight. 7.
Players
8.
The referee
hold an opponent.
see me yesterday.
5.
She (must)
stay at school yesterday afternoon.
6.
(may / you)
go to the disco yesterday?
7.
He (not / must)
sleep now.
8.
You (not / need)
answer.
committed foul play. 9.
However, if a player is sent off during the game, he
10. A period GABARITO 1.IS EXPECTED TO 2.WAS NOT ABLE TO
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send a player off if he has
172
be replaced. be over after exactly 45 minutes. PRACTICE II 1.MUST NOT 2. NEED NOT 3.MUST NOT 4.NEED NOT 5.MUST NOT 6.MUST NOT 7. MUST NOT 8.NEED NOT 9.MUST NOT 10.NEED NOT
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Forma: if + Past Perfect à Conditional Perfect (would + have + Past Participle)
AULA 08 : Conditional Sentences / If-Clauses
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
As Conditional Sentences são também conhecidas como Conditional Clauses ou If Clauses. Elas são usadas para expressar que a ação da oração principal (main clause) poderá apenas acontecer se uma determinada condição for satisfeita. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.
A oração principal também pode ser colocada no início da sentença. Neste caso, não usamos virgule. Example: I would have sent her an invitation if I had found her address.
Conditional Sentence Type 1
Obs.: A oração principal e / ou If Clause pode estar na negative. Example: If I hadn t studied, I wouldn t have passed my exams.
É possível e também muito provável que a condição seja satisfeita.
As Conditional Sentences do tipo III referem-se a situações no passado. Uma ação popderia ter acontecido no passado se uma determinada condição tivesse sido satisfeita. As coisas seriam diferentes então. Nós apenas imaginamos o que teria acontecido se a situação tivesse sido satisfeita.
Forma : IF + Simple Presentà Future ( will ) Example: If I find her address, I ll send her an invitation. A oração principal também pode estar no início da oração. Neste caso, não usamos virgule.
Example: If John had had the money, he would have bought a Ferrari.
Example: I will send her an invitation if I find her address.
Eu conhecia John muito bem e eu sei que ele nunca teve muito dinheiro, mas ele adorava as Ferraris. Ele teria adorado possuir uma Ferrari, mas ele nunca teve dinheiro para comprar uma.
Obs: Tanto a oração principal quanto a condicional podem ser negativas. Example: If I don t see him this afternoon, I will phone him in the evening.
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
As sentenças Condicionais do 1º Tipo I referem-se ao futuro. Nós não sabemos ao certo se a condição realmente será realmente satisfeita, mas as condições parecem bastante realísticas. Por isso, achamos que ela é bastante provável de acontecer.
Alguma vez no passado, eu quis enviar um convite a uma amiga. Eu não encontrei o endereço dela, no entanto. Então, acabei sem enviar o convite a ela. REVISANDO O SIMPLE PAST:
Conditional Sentence Type 2 É possível, mas muito improvável que a condição seja satisfeita.
O simple past expressa uma ação no passado . Ele pode ser usado para ações totalmente realizadas nos Passado.
Forma: If + Simple Pastà Simple Conditional ( would + Infinitive)
Form of Simple Past
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation. Positive
A oração principal também pode vir no início da frase. Neste caso, não usamos virgule.
Negative
Question
no differences I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak?
Example: I would send her an invitation if I found her address. Were ao invés de Was Nas IF Clauses Tipo II, nós geralmente usamos were mesmo com os sujeitos I, he, she or it . Example: If I were you, I would not do this. As Conditional Sentences do tipo II referem-se a situações no presente. Uma ação poderia acontecer se a situação presente fosse diferente. Eu realmente não espero que a situação venha mudar, entretanto, eu apenas imagino o que aconteceria se... Example: If John had the money, he would buy a Ferrari. Conditional Sentence Type 3 It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
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EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
§
In the if clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I, we use ___________________________________.
§
In the main clause of a Conditional Sentence Type I, we
EXERCÍCIOS DE CASA I. Use o tipo 2
Conditional Sentences
1) If we (know)
more about history, we (be / afraid of the test.
not)
use ________________________________. 2) I (go)
jogging with Tom and Sue if
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I. they (be)
§
If you (eat) _____________an ice-cream, I (have)_____________ a 3) It (surprise)
hot chocolate.
§
If she (need)_____________ a computer, her
not)
brother (give)__________ her his computer.
§
If we (have / not) __________ time this afternoon, we (meet)
He (talk) ______________ to her if you (want /
me if she (help /
you. II. Complete the sentences with the correct form (Type I or II).
1)If you need the car in the afternoon, (go) shopping in the morning.
I
___________________ tomorrow.
§
here this week.
2)If I
(wear) a hat, I would look like an old woman.
not)_________________ to do it.
§
You (win / not) ____________ the game if you (know / not) ________________ the rules.
4)She wouldn't pay cash if she
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
§
If you (wash) I (cook)
§
the dishes, dinner tonight.
If my dad (have)
time next week,
we (paint)
§
You (learn) you (visit)
§
(know) what to do. 5)If I didn't have you, I Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II. 1)If he (try)
harder,
he (reach)
his goals.
2)I (buy)
a lot about American history if
they (fit)
the exhibition.
3)It (surprise / not)
too bad tomorrow,
not)
these shoes if . me if he (know /
the answer. Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
golf. 1)If we (listen)
§
(have) a credit
card.
my room.
If the weather (be / not) we (play)
(have) it in blue.
3)I'll buy this bag if they
We (get / not)
we (hear) not)
to the radio,
there on time if we (catch / the news.
the bus. 2)If you (switch)
Conditional Sentence Type II
on the lights, you (fall / over the chair.
not) Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II. 3)She (come) If I (have)
§ I (learn)
more time, to play the guitar.
If she (study)
§ she (get)
not)
on holiday GABARITO I : 1)NEW / WOULDN T BE//2) WOULD GO / WERE// 3)WOULD SURPRISE / DIDN T HELP GABARITO II : 1) won t go //2) wore//3) have//4) had//5) didn t know GABARITO III: 1) tried / would reach//2) would buy / fit//3) wouldn t surprise / didn t know GABARITO IV: 1) HAD LISTENED / WOULD HAVE HEARD// 2) HAD SWITCHED / WOULDN T HAVE FALLEN// 3)WOULD HAVE COME / HADN T BEEN
harder, better marks.
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to our party if she (be /
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REMEMBER:
AULA 08 : Question Tags
As question tags são perguntas curtas no final da frase, usadas em conversações para se confirmar algo que nós dissemos. ·
Forma:
Se a frase for positiva, a tag será negativa.
§
positive main clause negative question tag
§
negative main clause positive question tag Examples
Ex.: John is a good man, isn t he? You are Tom, aren·t you? ·
Se a frase for negativa, a tag sera positiva.
He isn·t Joe, is he?
Ex.: John doesn t live in the country, does he? · Não usamos substantives como sujeito da tag, mas sim um pronome sujeito.
auxiliary no question tag. Ex.: You·ve got a car, haven·t you?
Ex.: Maria loves dancing, doesn t she
Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.
Observação: ·
·
Com Imperativos
isn't he
1.
Mr McGuinness is from Ireland,
Ex.: Take it easy, will you? Ex.: Don t cry, will you?
2.
The car isn't in the garage,
Com Let s:
3.
You are John,
4.
She went to the library yesterday,
5.
He didn't recognize me,
6.
Cars pollute the environment,
7.
Mr. Pritchard has been to Scotland recently,
8.
The trip is very expensive,
Ex.: Dick never tells a lie, does he?
9.
He won't tell her,
Com There to be:
10. Hugh had a red car,
Ex.: Let s dance now, shall we? Ex.: Let s not be silly, shall we? ·
Oração principal com verbo auxiliar usamos verbo
? ?
? ? ?
Com I am: ?
Ex.: I m your buddy, aren t I? * ?
*am I not, também é correto. ·
·
Com never, hardly ever, seldom,....
? ? ?
Ex.: There is someone outside, isn t there? ·
Com this, that, these, those. Ex.: That s not right, isn t it? Ex.: Those are your sisters, aren t they?
·
Com o verbo May: Ex.: It may rains soon, may it not?
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EXERCÍCIOS DE SALA
EXERCÍCIOS DE CASA CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION
Mount Rushmore
1.
1. Bruce knows Janet, ______ he? a) knows b) doesn't c) do d) did
Mount Rushmore National Memorial Park in Keystone, South Dakota covers an area of 5 km². The rock formation was a sacred Indian site once and became a national memorial on
2. Alice did a good job, ______ she? a) does b) do c) didn't d) is
March 3, 1925. Most visitors come to this place to see the famous busts of the presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore
3. Bob and Janet can't swim, ______ they? a) cannot b) can c) can't d) do
Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln (from left to right). The busts are about 18 meters high and were carved by 400 workers between 1927 and 1941.
4. It won't be difficult, ______ it? a) won't b) does c) will d) is 5.You ate my hamburger, ______ you? a) don't b) aren't c) didn't d) won't 6. They were nice, ______ they? a) didn't b) isn't c) wasn't d) weren't
Put a question tag on the end of each sentence.
1. The Mount Rushmore National keystone,
7. He was studying English,...................? a. Was he? b. Wasn't he? c. Is he?
Memorial Park is in
?
2. The rock was a sacred Indian site once,
8. The movie is fun,.....................? a. Is it? b. Isn't it? c. Was it?
?
3. It has been a national memorial since 1925,
9. I am intelligent,...................? a. Aren't I b. Isn't I? c. Am I?
?
4. The monument doesn·t show the bust of President Clinton,
? 10. He can drive,.................? a. Can he? b. Can't he? c. Could he?
5. George Washington was the first President of the United States,
?
GABARITO: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. C 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. A 10. B
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