Perfect Diver Magazine 17 issue by perfectdiver

diving

No. 17 5(17)/2021

SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER

Price 12,50 € Tax included

freediving

passion

knowledge

MUSAN

AN UNDERWATER MUSEUM AND AN ARTIFICIAL REEF

WONDERFUL ICELAND MALIN HEAD WRECK SITE 1

the foreword

WOJCIECH ZGOŁA

Editor-in-Chief

he holidays are gone and the time for good visibility in European lakes has come. Let’s make the best of it and dive safely!

In this issue, we discuss MUSAN – an underwater museum that cost a million euros. Was it worth it? Is it worth diving there? As we visited MUSAN, you can find our opinion in the article. After a long absence, Irena comes back with an article about an iconic Ireland wreck site. It is a real treat for technical divers. Additionally, Tomek wrote a piece about ORP Delfin from the Baltic Sea. Zbyszek retells a journey to fantastic Iceland and shares the adventures of the entire team. Practical tips will be useful to everyone who plan to visit the island that was once discovered by the Vikings. There are also great publications about discovering nature up close, written by Laura and Klaudyna. A few words about corals and sharks in Spain. Finally, we present you with some technical information about gear. At long last, the world champion, Agnieszka Kalska, comes back and Aleš presents his research results after a series of articles about static apnea. Finally, I would like to make it absolutely clear that Wojtek A. Filip’s articles branded Tecline Academy are not only advertisements of the gear of our partner – Tecline. They contain practical tips and condensed knowledge presented in an approachable way. I heard some voices saying “I don’t read these articles, sure they just tout Tecline gear”. Seriously? Read at least one article to know what you are talking about. You can also cover the Tecline Academy brand with an opaque tape and see for yourself. Only then feel free to comment. Welcome to e-diving. May the force be with you. Let’s plan dives, discover new sites and enjoy life! And we’re already working on the next issue – the last one in 2021.

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

ta b l e o f co n t e n t s

30 12 TRAVELS 12

MUSAN. An underwater museum and an artificial reef

Blue sharks. Basque sharks

Wonderful Iceland

Niedackie Lake

PLANET EARTH 20

Love corals

Ubiquitous wagtails

FREEDIVING 52

WRECKS

Malin Head wreck site

Disenchanting the Baltic wrecks. ORP “DELFIN”

Static apnoea. Results

KNOWLEDGE 64

Buddy system. Safe diving with a reasonable approach

Publisher PERFECT DIVER WOJCIECH ZGOŁA

EQUIPMENT 50

Drysuit

Freediver mask. How to choose and use it correctly

ul. Folwarczna 37, 62-081 Przeźmierowo redakcja@perfectdiver.com ISSN 2545-3319

editor in chief

Wojciech Zgoła

underwater archaeology

Mateusz Popek

publicist, photographer marketing

english language translators

Bartosz Pszczółkowski Hubert Reiss Agnieszka Gumiela-Pająkowska Arleta Kaźmierczak Reddo Translations Sp. z o.o.

legal care graphic design and composition

Lawyer Joanna Wajsnis Brygida Jackowiak-Rydzak

the magazine was folded with typefaces

Montserrat (Julieta Ulanovsky) Open Sans (Ascender Fonts) Spectral (Production Type)

printing

Wieland Drukarnia Cyfrowa, Poznań, www.wieland.com.pl

distribution

dive centers, online store

preorder@perfectdiver.com

TIPS & CURIOSITIES 70

PowerJet FINS – soft SF and hard HD

cover photo

Wojciech Zgoła place

MUSAN, Cyprus

www.perfectdiver.com

The Editorial Office does not return unsolicited materials, is not responsible for the content of advertisements and reserves the right to shorten, edit, title the submitted texts and select illustrative materials. Reprinting of articles or parts thereof, copying only with the consent of the Editorial Board. Editors are not responsible for the form and content of advertisements.

If you like this issue, donate any amount! Donation is voluntary. PayPal.Me/perfectdiver PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

e d i to r i a l t e a m

WOJCIECH ZGOŁA

HUBERT REISS

He often repeats that he travels by diving and that is his motto. In 1985

An IT specialist by profession, but a flesh and blood salesman who is not

he obtained a yacht sailor's license, and only in 2006 began to dive. In the

afraid of any job. Diving has always been my big dream. At the beginning

following years he improved his skills by obtaining the Dive Master degree.

it was supposed to be a challenge, a short episode but it turned out to be

He completed nearly 650 dives in various climatic conditions. Since 2007, he

a passion for the end of the world and one day longer. Under water I react

has been taking photographs underwater, and since 2008 he has also been

and rest. As a Divemaster, sidemount Razor diver, and recently also a pho-

filming. As an independent journalist, he published dozens of articles, mainly

tographer, I realize my dreams by admiring and immortalizing the beauty of

in journals dedicated to diving, but not only. Co-author of photo exhibitions in

the underwater world. "Passion breeds professionalism, professionalism gives

Poland and abroad. He is passionate about and propagator of diving.

quality, and quality is a luxury in life. Nowadays, especially..."

Since 2008 he has been running his own website www.dive-adventure.eu. On the basis of extensive experience, in August 2018 he created the new Perfect Diver Magazine.

MATEUSZ POPEK

BARTOSZ PSZCZÓŁKOWSKI

”My passion, work and life are under water.” He has been diving since 2009.

That's my name and I come from Poznań. I have been associated with water

Since 2008, he's walking in caves. Underwater archeologist by education.

practically from birth and with diving since I learned to walk. My grandfather

He participated in numerous projects in Poland and abroad. He has been

instilled my passion for the underwater world, a CMAS*** instructor taking

engaged in professional diving since 2011. In 2013 he obtained the quali-

me to the lakes at any free time. I obtained my first qualifications in 1996.

fications of a 2nd class diver. Has experience in underwater work both at

A year later I went to Croatia and literally went crazy at the sight of blue water,

sea and inland. Since 2013 he has been diving in caves, especially in the

octopus and colorful fish;) I bought my first underwater camera – Olympus

mountains, and since 2014 he is a diving instructor CMAS M1. In June 2020,

5060 and started the adventure with underwater photography. I acquired my

he obtained a doctoral degree in underwater archeology.

diving experience in the Canary Islands, Sardinia, Norway, Maldives and in Polish lakes. I am currently a Padi and ESA instructor, I train diving enthusiasts in Europe and pass my passion on to others. I invite all lovers of the underwater world and photography to Beediver (FB) – see you soon.

co n s ta n t coo p e r at i o n

WOJCIECH A. FILIP

ANNA SOŁODUCHA

SYLWIA KOSMALSKA-JURIEWICZ

Has more than 8000 dives on his account. He

A graduate of Geography faculty at the University

A traveller and a photographer of wild nature.

has been diving for over 30 years, including over

of Wrocław and an incurable optimist… with a per-

A graduate of journalism and a lover of good liter-

20 years as a technical diver. He is a professional

manent smile on her lips! It was probably Destiny

ature. She lives in harmony with nature, promotes

with great theoretical and practical knowledge. He

that led her to Activtour… and she's been here

a healthy lifestyle: she is a yogini and a vegetarian.

is an instructor of many federations: GUE Instruc-

on permanent basis. She passionately fulfils the

Also engaged in ecological projects. Sharks and

tor Mentor, CMAS**, IANTD nTMX, IDCS PADI, EFR,

dreams of many, organizing diving trips around the

their protection are especially close to her heart.

TMX Gas Blender. He participated in many diving

world, and she has already been diving for more

She writes about the subject in numerous articles

projects and conferences as a leader, explorer,

than half of her life. Each year she explores a dif-

and on her blog www.divingandtravel.pl. She be-

originator or lecturer. These included the Britan-

ferent ‘piece of the ocean’, pinning another pin to

gan her adventure with diving fifteen years ago

nic Expedition 2016, Morpheus Cave Scientific

her diving world map. In winter she changes fins

by total coincidence. Today she is a Divemaster,

Project on Croatia caves, GROM Expedition in

into her beloved skis and gets away into the Alps.

she visited over 60 countries and dived on 5 con-

Narvik, Tuna Mine Deep Dive, Glavas Cave in Croa-

A recipe for life? ”The only a dead trunk flows with

tinents. She invites us for a joint journey with the

tia, NOA-MARINE. Professionally, he is a technical

the current – the explorer's canoe flows up the river!”

travel agency www.dive-away.pl, of which she is

director at TecLine in Scubatech, and a director of

anna@activtour.pl

a co-founder.

training at TecLine Academy.

activtour.pl; travel.activtour.pl; 2bieguny.com

KAROLA TAKES PHOTOS

JAKUB DEGEE

MICHAL ČERNÝ

Karolina Sztaba, and professionally Karola Takes

Polish photographer, winner of awards and dis-

"Wet photos" – He has photographed since he

Photos, is a photographer by education and pas-

tinctions in world underwater photography com-

remembers. After several years of experience as

sion. She is currently working at the Trawangan

petitions, has already dived all over the world: with

a diver, he wanted to keep memories of underwa-

Dive Center on a tiny island in Indonesia – Gili

sharks and whales in South Africa, with orcs be-

ter dives. He bought his first compact camera with

Trawangan, where she moved to live four years

hind the Arctic Circle, on Galapagos with hundreds

an underwater housing. Over time, however, the

ago. She photographs above and below the wa-

of hammerhead sharks and humpback whales in

desire to have the best photo began to dominate,

ter. In addition, she creates photographic proj-

the Tonga Islands. He participates in specialist

which was not quite possible with the compact

ects against littering the oceans and polluting

photographic workshops. He has been diving for

he used. That's why he switched to the Olympus

our planet with plastic ("Trapped", "Trashion").

27 years, he started at the age of 12 – as soon as

PEN E-PL 5 reflex camera, which allows the use of

She cooperates with NBO organizations dealing

it was formally possible. He was the first in the

several different lenses. He uses a combination

with environmental protection and actively partic-

world to use the Hasselblad X1d-50c camera for

of underwater flashes and lights. He focuses on

ipates in pro-ecological actions (coral protection,

underwater macro photography. Recently, in the

wildlife photography, not arrangement. He photo-

coral planting, cleaning the world, protection of

remote Chincorro archipelago on the border be-

graphs in fresh domestic waters as well as in the

endangered species). She is also the official pho-

tween Mexico and Belize, he did it again, taking

seas and oceans of the world.

tographer of Ocean Mimic – a brand that creates

a successful attempt to photograph the eye of

He has already won numerous awards at Czech

swimwear and surfwear from rubbish collected

a crocodile with a macro lens with an additional

and foreign photography competitions. More

on the beaches of Bali. She cooperated with many

magnifying lens, which is the world's largest photo

photos can be found on his website, where you

brands of diving equipment for which she created

of the crocodile's eye living in the wild (in terms of

can also buy them not only as photos, but also as

advertising campaigns. In 2019, she became the

pixel count, print size, quality).

photos printed on canvas or on another medium.

ambassador of the Polish company Tecline.

www.mokrefotky.cz

She has been a technical diver for two years.

www.facebook.com/MichalCernyPhotography www.instagram.com/michalcerny_photography/

co n s ta n t coo p e r at i o n

WOJCIECH JAROSZ

AGNIESZKA KALSKA

LAURA KAZIMIERSKA

A graduate of two Poznan universities, the Acad-

”I can't imagine living without water, where in a free

Laura Kazimierska is currently working as PADI

emy of Physical Education (coaching specializa-

body I experience freedom of the spirit.”

Course Director at TrawanganDive Center on the

tion – handball) and the University of A.Mickiewicz, Faculty of Biology (specialty of experimental biology). He connected his professional life with this first university trying to influence the direction of development of future professionals on the one hand, and on the other planning and implement-

• founder of the first freediving and swimming school in Poland – FREEBODY, • Apnea Academia International and PADI Master Freediver freediving instructor, • world record holder in freediving (DYN 253 m),

Indonesian island of Gili Trawangan. Founder of the Divemastergilis portal. www.divemastergilis.com @divemastergilis For over 7 years she has lived and discovered the underwater world of Indonesia. She is not only an avid technical diver, but also the face of the

ing research, pushing laboriously in the right di-

• record holder and Polish champion, member

Planet Heroes platform and the ambassador of

rection of the stroller called science. In his free

of the national team in freediving 2013–2019,

the Ocean Mimic brand. She actively contributes

time he spends his time actively – his main pas-

• winner of the World Championships in freed-

to the promotion of the protection of corals and

sions are sailing (sea helmsman), skiing (downhill

iving 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2018,

the natural environment of fish and marine an-

skiing instructor), riding a motorcycle, recreational

• multimedalist of the Polish Championships

imals by taking part in scientific projects, cam-

diving and many other activities, as well as pho-

and a member of the national team in swim-

paigns against ocean littering and cooperating

tography, mainly nature.

ming in the years 1998–2003,

with NGOs in Indonesia.

• passionate about freediving and swimming.

@laura_kazi

AGATA TUROWICZ-CYBULA

ADRIAN JURIEWICZ

IRENA KOSOWSKA

Since I was a child, I had dreamed of becoming

A traveler, photographer and the underwater

Regional Manager Divers Alert Network Polska,

a marine biologist and I managed to fulfill that

world filmmaker, an Asian cuisine enthusiast

diving and first aid instructor, technical diver and

dream. I did a degree in oceanography, where

and a PADI diving instructor. He visited over

cave diver. In love with all flooded, dark, cold,

I recently started my doctoral studies. My diving

70 countries and dived on 5 continents (the

tight places and invariably from the beginning

adventure began when I was 12 years old. I love

other two are planned for next year's expedi-

of the diving route – in the Baltic. Implementing

observing the underwater life up close and I try to

tions). For several years he has also been an

the DAN mission, he conducts a series of lectures

show other divers how fascinating the underwa-

instructor and trainer of the unmanned aircraft

”Dive safely” and Diving Safety Laboratory, so field

ter, Baltic creatures are.

flights. A co-author of a travel agency for divers

research of divers for scientific purposes.

www.dive-away.pl. He documents his expeditions with photos and descriptions of his journeys on his blog www.divingandtravel.pl

o u r au t h o r s

ALEŠ KOŠTOMAJ

KLAUDYNA BRZOSTOWSKA

TOMEK RAMUTKOWSKI

My name is Aleš Koštomaj. I'm from Slovenia (Eu-

PADI diving instructor and videographer. She

He has always been fascinated by the underwater

rope). I was born 1978 (43 years old) in city Cel-

spends most of his time in the water documenting

world, and from the very beginning of his diving

je. From what I can remember I loved snorkeling

a fascinating underwater world. She graduated

journey, he has been associated with the wrecks

and freediving. I studied at the Faculty of Sports

from the Academy of Fine Arts in the field of Fash-

of the Baltic Sea. Currently, he has completed

in Ljubljana, where I became more professionally

ion Design in Łódź and Film studies at the Adam

several thousand dives in various places around

acquainted with freediving. At first I was active in

Mickiewicz University in Poznań, trained as a tai-

the world. He dives mainly technically, wreck and

spearfishing (between 2001 and 2009), and then

lor, and with a love of nature and a large dose of

cave. Fascinated by rebreathers and underwater

for a few years I completely focused on freediving.

adrenaline. She loves everything related to water.

photography. Tomek is an Instructor Trainer,

Between 2009 and 2016, I trained and competed

Her diving adventure began with a backpacking

rebreather, technical, wreck and sidemount in-

in freediving. My biggest success is a 3rd place in

trip in 2016. During her stay in Thailand she dived

structor in several training organizations. For over

CWT (AIDA international world) in Croatia (Lopar,

for the first time and from then on she got hooked

10 years, he has been sharing his knowledge with

2011). In 2017, I received my master’s degree from

on at this sport. Spending the last years and most

others, focusing on high quality training. Founder

the Faculty of Sports and became a master of sci-

of her days under water, teaching and showing

of the 4baltic Association, owner of Deepbusters

ence in freediving. Since 2017, I no longer compete

the beauty of the underwater world in Asia, she

and Wreckbusters.

but I love discovering the underwater world with

believes that diving means unity – unity with own

www.4baltic.pl

an underwater camera in freediving and I also do

mind, nature and unusual creatures.

www.deepbusters.pl

researches with top Slovenian freedivers (Samo

@waterographyk

www.wreckbusters.pl

Jeranko, Andrej Ropret, Jure Daić...).

www.facebook.com/tomekramutkowskitechnical

So far, I have the highest scientific education in freediving in Slovenia (Mag. Aleš Koštomaj).

+48 502 138 403 http://www.deepdivingslesin.pl/ baza-nurkowa-honoratka/

DIVING CENTER DIVING SCHOOL

o u r au t h o r s

ZBIGNIEW ROGOZIŃSKI

WOJCIECH PRUSKI

JULIA PRUSKA

A passionate and enthusiast of diving, he photo-

Diving and first aid instructor, a photographer

Julia Pruska. Despite her young age (19), she

and a founder of the Good Dive diving school. He

fulfilled her dream and became a PADI diving in-

himself dives the Prism 2, a vessel ideal for pho-

structor. Her passion was instilled in her by her

tographing more skittish animals. He is fascinated

father, a PADI instructor, who took her to the first

by cave and wreck diving. In addition to diving

course when she was just 12. She loves most the

and photography, he also likes travelling and ex-

life under water and diving among animals gives

ploring previously unknown parts of the world. If

her the greatest pleasure. Currently, she is devel-

he doesn't dive – he runs or rides a bike. He just

oping her passion and spreading it to others in the

likes to spend time actively and be in good shape.

family-run Good Dive diving school. In addition to

Diving gives him the opportunity to break away

diving, he likes cooking and horse-riding.

from everyday life and a feeling of total freedom.

www.good-dive.pl

graphs amateurly and likes to know what he sees under the water, what are the names of the animals he calls and what stories hide the wrecks. He has been diving since 2009, getting the PADI Instructor Assistant degree, and in 2010 he and his friends opened a diving school and Wolsztyn Diving Club Bad Fish.

If he does not train under water, he can always be found with a camera or camcorder.

ZYGFRYD KWIATKOWSKI Zygfryd Kwiatkowski. He comes from Kashubia, so water is his second home. A passionate sailor, motor boater, WOPR rescuer, diving instructor. He specializes in wreck and cave diving. Underwater photography has been his hobby for several years.

DIVING CENTER

Głębokie Lake Lubuskie

@bazanurkowaextremedivelubuskie extreme-dive.pl

Rehasport - motor medicine

MAKE AN APPOINTMENT

ONLINE Specialty or name City

Find injury Select the body part in which you feel pain.

www.rehasport.pl

t r av e l s

MUSAN

AN UNDERWATER MUSEUM AND AN ARTIFICIAL REEF

Text and photos WOJCIECH ZGOŁA

travels

Nicosia

EUR 1 million was spent. For what? To create a complex of sculptures and place them on the seabed in Cyprus. The entire project, which took over 3 years to officially open, is located close to the mainland near the city of Agia Napa.

CYPRUS Larnaca

MUSAN Museum of Underwater Sculpture Ayia Napa

sculptures in the water will remain. There was also admiration for a wide view of human interaction with nature, and opinions that maybe such museums will raise the awareness of

erfect Diver editors were invited by the Ministry of

mankind, what this world is aiming at, that not everything can

Tourism of Cyprus to the official opening and the first,

be seen only through the glass of the screen, that it is worth

inaugural dive. I would like to add that the organisation,

reflecting on the meaning of existence...

logistics, atmosphere were very good, and the weather was

In the morning we got on the bus that had been brought

even too good, because the temperatures fluctuated between

to the parkin place. I must add that, wherever it was, there

38 and 40°C.

was an air-conditioned coach waiting for us, previously cooled

Both before and after the opening of the MUSAN – Agia

down. It was very nice to enter it and rest from the heat. We

Napa Underwater Sculpture Museum), there were votes for

went to the restaurant "KAI chill‚ n joy ", located by the sea. We

and against. Because why spend so much money on a piece

collected personal badges that authorized all invited people

(quite a lot) of concrete? Or that we destroy the oceans in such

to attend a breakfast with the Agia Napa authorities and the

a way, catch everything that moves, that in a moment only such

MUSAN creator Jason de Caires Taylor. It was delicious, Cy-

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

t r av e l s

priot and professional. We heard short speeches among the

ment with the world-famous artist, the aforementioned Jason

cameras and video cameras. There was also time to talk to the

de Caires Taylor. There is, among others, an underwater forest,

artist himself.

human figures, some with shrubs instead of heads. Children

Then we went back to the hotel to pick up our diving gear and went to the ship we were diving from. I had the pleasure to dive together with Katarzyna Boni. I would like to add that

The creators hope that, thanks to the museum, the biodiversity of this area will be enriched over time.

the heat was unmerciful, and the sun heated the plastic or

While diving, we watched the figures, the way they were

metal parts of the ship very much. And since there were quite

presented, as well as fish and hermit crabs. I wondered why

a few diving journalists, it took "a little" time to land in the

this woman looked like this, folded in a fetal position on her

water. Temperature 28°C was cold 

left side and a plant growing out of her belly? Or why are two

Before that, there was a general briefing in English. We

other women facing each other with a brown fish circling be-

dived without guides. We had as much time as the air in the

tween their backs – a damselfish? There is also, among others,

cylinders. Nobody rushed us and we spent over an hour diving

the figure of a girl with difficulty carrying a satisfied old man

among the sculptures of the museum.

on her back, or the figure of a small, crying boy that no one

It turned out that 93 sculptures were sunk here. All thanks

looking at the world only through the camera lens.

pays attention to.

to the Mayor of Agia Napa, who in cooperation with the De-

Several times a day I was able to talk to the creator. The

partment of Fisheries and Marine Research reached an agree-

sculptures are inspired by nature and man. They are made of

podróże

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

podróże

Technically … neutral materials with a neutral pH. They do not have a destructive effect on the area and are already visited by shoals of fish. – I hope that the created artificial reef will attract a variety of marine fauna and flora that will become permanent here, said Jason. When asked if he was worried about the storms, because the sculptures

the best. Hollis gear stands up to any condition. So, how deep will you go?

are only 8–10 meters deep, he replied – We chose this place from several different more or less available ones. The sculptures have very wide and heavy bases and are firmly anchored to the ground. I don't think anything will happen to them. Coming back from diving at MUSAN to the hotel, we talked about our feelings, we continued the conversation for some time later. Then we had time to shower and change and we were on our way to the evening gala where there were more speeches, more glamour, more coolness (but only in the air) after sunset, great snacks and drinks and live music. Our meeting ended with a fireworks show.

www.nurkowanie-ecn.pl

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

t r av e l s

I would like to add that the depth of the MUSAN underwater museum is perfect for freedivers and for people who practice snorkeling. The underwater forest and human figures can be seen from the surface of the water, and divers can observe them up close for longer. Moreover, for those who do not dive – the museum without walls and roof can be admired from the deck of a glass-bottom boat The one mentioned at the beginning of EUR 1 million is probably a lot, and many will find other spending options than the creation of the first (geographically) underwater museum

Cyprus has some great wrecks for diving. The most famous Zenobia in the world is waiting for more divers. We also visited it during this visit. Cyprus is a unique dive site and there is a lot to choose from. Warm and clear water, great opportunity to meet sea turtles and have great food. Now there is an additional attraction – MUSAN. #visitcyprus #purenature

in Europe. On the other hand, countries have their own budgets and spend them as they see fit. Cyprus lives from tourism,

PS. We kindly thank the Ministry of Tourism of Cyprus for

and many places in the Mediterranean Sea are poor in marine

the invitation and care during this escapade.

life. Perhaps this is the artist's expression of human-nature interaction that will give food for thought to visitors? And those who do not dive, thanks to photos and films, they will be able to see the whole project. Finally, how will MUSAN be adopted

Depth: 8–10 m

by the sea and its inhabitants? Let's wait, there is a good chance

Bottom: sandy

that the biodiversity of marine life in this area will increase.

Number

However, what I am most interested in is how the next tourists will react when visiting this place. Will they begin to perceive Nature in a different way? Will they understand that it needs to be respected, supported and contemplated?

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS: Location: 200 m from Pernera Beach in Agia Napa

of sculptures: 93 Diving from the boat for a fee

www.musan.com.cy

planet earth

Love corals Text LAURA KAZIMIERSKA Photos KAROLA TAKES PHOTOS

planet earth

by the life of marine animals. I love all fish and creatures, from

Gili Trawangan is one of three islands located in northeastern Lombok, Indonesia. Even though most restaurants, bars and hotels are closed and tourists are banned from entering the country due to the pandemic, our diving community is thriving.

huge sharks to tiny hairy crabs and shrimps, but I've never had much knowledge of corals. I decided it was time to change that. I love being a trainee! Thanks to this, diving is never boring for me. This time I found out that a coral can get decompression sickness, I understood why corals are stressed and how we can protect the coral with minimal resources. I had never thought that coral protection could be so simple and at the same time fascinating.

Coral – a plant or an animal?

ortunately, we have great diving spots under our noses,

Corals derive their energy mainly from photosynthesis, which

which means we don't even have to use a boat to reach

some trees and flowers require. Most of them cannot move

them.

and live in one place all their lives. In many ways, corals have

For years, I have not dreamed of having so much time at my

more to do with plants, but actually they are animals. Mainly

disposal. And as I can't sit still, I decided to sign up for a course

due to the fact that they are not able to produce their own food

to propagate coral: Ocean Quest Coral Propagation. As a diving

like plants do, corals form complex, diverse colonies and are

instructor, I spend a lot of time underwater, and I am fascinated

key to a healthy marine ecosystem.

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

planet earth

Since the beginning of their life cycle, corals are involved in the marine food

Why are coral reefs so important? chain. The journey begins with joining zooplankton. By drifting in the current, they become the main food source for all filter feeders such as manta rays and whale sharks. They then sink to the bottom of the ocean, providing nutrients to animals such as giant clams and sea urchins. Those that survive and find a suitable place to settle become reef-building structures, providing shelter and food for most species of sea creatures. Corals form barriers to protect coasts from waves, as do mangroves on land. They are also a centre for the reproduction of marine life. It is estimated that coral reefs produce a significant part of the oxygen and absorb a third of the carbon dioxide, which contributes significantly to climate change. If that's not enough to impress you, coral reefs stabilise the pH level in the water, thus creating a sustainable ecosystem for all marine life, while also acting as indicators of the state of the environment. By observing the coral reef ecosystem, we can obtain information about pollution and environmental degradation and take appropriate steps to prevent it. A healthy reef is beneficial to coastal communities because it brings income from tourism and fishing. Another interesting fact is that coral reef plants and animals are an important source of innovative pharmaceuticals to help treat cancer, bacterial infections, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, viruses and other diseases. They can also be used in natural cosmetic products. Hidden beneath the surface of blue, pleasing the eye of every diver, coral reefs are undoubtedly one of the most important ecosystems on our planet.

Threats to coral reefs As valuable as they are, coral reefs are in danger of extinction. For more than a century, industrialised societies have contributed to extremely high carbon dioxide emissions and pollutants that affect the climate and imbalances in the marine ecosystem. The exploitation of our oceans, deep-sea mines and destructive fishing practices have a huge impact on the health of coral reefs. In the last decade, a record number of cases of coral bleaching have been recorded in various parts of the world (when the water temperature rises, corals reject zooxanthellae, which are the main source of food formation in the process of photosynthesis). Without algae, corals become weak, prone to disease and extreme weather conditions. All this contributes to the slowed restoration of coral reefs so important not only for marine animals, but also for humans. To protect what is left and secure this unique environment for future generations, we must act now.

Ocean Quest. My adventure with coral reproduction For more than a decade, Malaysian organisation Ocean Quest Global has been experimenting with coral propagation. After many years, the organisation created its proprietary techniques, methodology and materials for the restoration of the coral reef. A few years ago, they started cooperation with diving centres and organisations dealing with the protection of the marine environment. Our Trawangan Dive Center is one of them! What attracted me to the Ocean Quest project was that they use only ecological methods of propagating coral. From collecting building material

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

from the reef, to ingredients that accelerate growth to creating

parts of the coral lying on the bottom. It could be disconnected

a natural development environment.

from the reef naturally (current, waves) or less naturally (hu-

The first thing we did during the course was theory. I'm a "super nerd" and of course I had a million questions.

the healthy colony, and also not to collect more corals than

It is important to understand the life cycle and reproduction

you will be able to propagate. You need to make sure that you

of corals, as well as the risks to which we expose them during

collect only healthy samples so as not to spread infections or

the transition period from the natural environment to the

diseases in the coral nursery.

stage of reproduction. I discovered that propagation requires

The branched corals of the Acropora family are easier

great precision of the right tools and any unnecessary inter-

to propagate because some of the fragmentation processes

ference can cause damage to the coral.

do not require specialised equipment or skills. Still underwater,

The practical part was amazing! The first dive was intend-

man intervention). The most important thing is not to damage

we submitted the samples to a strict selection.

ed to collect natural building material for a new coral resto-

Once we found the right amount, we began to surface.

ration nursery. The visibility was great, but the sea current

By bringing corals to the surface, you want to give them time

was quite strong, which complicated the whole situation. We

to acclimatise to the change in pressure and temperature. Like

swam in pairs established earlier, filling baskets with rocks.

divers surfacing from technical diving, we stopped at different

Great buoyancy and breath control are key skills to accom-

depths to wait a few minutes. In this way, you give the sam-

plish this task. I could feel myself sweating under the water,

ples time to adapt to changing conditions, and this reduces

if that is at all possible.

their stress.

We also collected some "live rocks" and dumped them into

While the two of us waited underwater with corals neatly

the shallows. Later, we will join them with our corals ready

tucked away in plastic bags, the other part of the team was

to breed.

preparing a propagation station on the beach.

During the second dive, although the current began to gain

Our task was to divide the samples into smaller pieces and

strength, we focused on collecting the right coral. When look-

glue them to the "living rocks" that we had collected during

ing for samples to propagate, it is best to focus on the loose

the previous dive. Time is essential because you want to mi-

nimise the time that corals are on land. We have prepared saltwater bowls to water the corals and the substrate while joining the elements. We acted quickly. First, a live rock substrate. Then glue. Then coral and catalyst. Meanwhile: Splash! Splash! To keep the moisture level. And boom! New coral ready to be transferred to the reef. We ran like crazy, carrying the multiplied corals to a temporary station located in shallow water right on the beach. When we finished, it was time for the third dive. This time our task was to transfer and secure the multiplied corals to the nursery. It was not easy under the rapid current conditions, but the mission was successful. It was fascinating to see our reef come to life. After a few minutes, the little excited wrasses started heading towards us, and then the other species inhabiting the coastal coral reef. They will be the personnel taking care of our new, young corals, protecting them from the development of algae and other natural competitors. Thus, without any experience in marine biology, thanks to Ocean Quest I became a propagator of corals. From now on, my task will be to observe and keep notes. We need to make sure that our corals grow strong and healthy. Maintaining the nursery involves checking that the samples have not fallen over under the influence of sea currents and waves, that they have access to light and nutrients, as well as analysing potential hazards.

Satisfaction guaranteed Being part of this project was an immensely enriching experience, giving hope for the future of coral reefs. I have seen many different methods of protecting and cultivating coral: using metal structures or underwater sculpture. However, I have never seen so much fish activity immediately after installing coral samples. The bonus is that it's a completely natural process. Immediately after installation, human interference in maintaining the new ecosystem is minimal, while other methods require much care to keep the artificial reef healthy.

causes and effects!

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

FOT: KAROLATAKESPHOTOS

The future of coral reefs is in our hands. Everyone can contribute to their survival by making responsible choices in everyday life, understanding the

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Blue sharks. BASQUE SHARKS

Text and photos KLAUDYNA BRZOSTOWSKA

I was travelling around Spain I did not expect that I would have such an exciting meeting with sharks. It turned out that all what it took was the right geographical location, one hot afternoon, water around 21°C and I had two hours in water with 9 sharks guaranteed.

BERMEO

Bilbao

Madrid

usually dedicate my travels to div-

tion of a good dive. This is how I felt

ing with larger animals. It is very im-

after diving with Isaias, the founder of

portant for me to find places where

Mako Pako.

people with passion run an intimate

In the Basque Country there is

business. I try to choose companies

a beautiful port town – Bermeo. It is

that promote conscious diving tourism

from here that we take a boat deep into

focused on environmental conservation

the Cantabrian Sea to find sharks. In

and protection of endangered species.

Spain, the term Cantabrian Sea is used

I find it difficult to imagine a better dive

to describe the southern part of the Bay

than the one accompanied by a guide

of Biscay. It is a coastal sea of the Atlantic

who is a total freak and takes you

Ocean that washes the northern coast of

to unique places. When you come out

Spain. This part of the Atlantic Ocean, as

of the water you know right away that

it turns out, is special because it is here

what has just happened is in harmony

where the nursery for blue sharks (pri-

with nature, and you feel the satisfac-

onace glauca) is located. In this region

travels

the young come into the world and stay

As we arrived at the place – Isaias

ture signalling to customers that it was

here until they reach sexual maturity (for

knows exactly where to moo, because

time to slip into the water. Good two

females it is 4–5 years of age, for males

he meticulously records the geographi-

hours, several blue sharks appeared and

it is 5–6 years of age). The blue shark is

cal coordinates of each trip. That day the

were constantly interacting with us. Ex-

a cosmopolitan species with a very wide

sea was quite rough, we were rocking

tremely interesting individuals swam up

range of occurrence. It traverses waters

for a good hour and a half looking for

to the centimetre to examin and check

in many climatic zones and occurs on

sharks. Diving takes place in the open

on us. At one time there were 9 blue

many continents. It is a species close

sea, we have a rope with two heads of

sharks next to the boat, including two

to extinction, it has the NT (near threat-

tuna attached to the boat, tunas are the

adult individuals (about 1.5 metres).

ened) status in the IUCN Red List of en-

only bait for sharks. When Isaias spotted

Blue sharks are particularly photoge-

dangered species. The most common

the first individuals, he immediately (but

nic, their shape and movements make it

sharks found during diving are young

with composure and elegance) jumped

a really interesting subject for photog-

individuals, but often we can also come

into the water with his camera (he is also

raphers. Blue sharks are predators with

across mature males which are about

an award-winning photographer). After

elongated, slender bodies, their muzzles

2 m long.

a while, he made an inviting hand ges-

are sharply pointed. From the top the

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

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ness is very profitable and millions of sharks are caught in Europe every year. Spain is one of the leading producers of unprocessed fins. In Europe alone, in 2016, the catch of the blue shark reached 53,000 tons. One can imagine this number comparing it to the weight of the blue whale (150 tons) and the conclusion is that it equals to the weight of 353 such individuals. The blue shark is a species close to extinction and the main reason for this status is too intensive fishing not only for its precious fins, but also for its increasingly popular meat. It is worth looking at the website:

shark is blue, and from the bottom it is

one of the most beautiful animals I have

stop-finning-eu.org and get acquainted

white. The characteristic caudal fin is

ever managed to photograph.

with the disturbing statistics of hunting

large and strongly indented, as are the

It is an honour to be able to com-

practices that take place in Europe. Sign-

pectoral fins – elongated and indented.

mune with these animals, especial-

ing the petition which can be found on

This shark is fast and agile, it has a large

ly when shark fishing is a common

stop-finning-eu.org may help to contrib-

range of movements of the body. It is

practice in Europe. The shark fin busi-

ute to saving sharks.

INFORMATION ABOUT DIVING WITH BLUE SHARKS: Location: Season: Company: Hours: Price: Equipment:

Bermeo, Spain June–October MAKOPAKO BASQUE SHARK DIVING 8.00–15.00 or 15.00–21.00 (depending on the day) 180 euro foam, mask, snorkel, fins, balast belt

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

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Wonderful Iceland Text and photos ZBIGNIEW ROGOZIŃSKI

travels

Eyjafjörður Húsavík Strytan

Silfra

Vatnajökull

Keflavik Fagradalsfjall

Dacia

As we were landing at the airport in Keflavik, we had only three things organised: cars, accommodation and three dives plus snorkelling. The rest of our stay was supposed to be done overnight, and sometimes even on the way :) But let's start from the beginning. The basic thing when going to Iceland is to rent a car and a suitable one. A fourwheel drive is indispensable, without such a vehicle we can forget about travelling in the Icelandic highlands. We chose a Dacia Duster, which turned out to be an "almost" perfect choice. That car burned little (the price of fuel on Iceland is almost 8 zlotys per liter !!!), it was spacious (we had two cars for 7 people Jeep

with luggage) and reliable (we only got one flat tire and lost the license plate in

There is a place on earth where ice meets fire, high mountain peaks climb majestically to the sky, and the water flowing from them in the form of mighty waterfalls crosses the lowlands with multi-coloured ribbons of rivers.

one of the rivers). By the way, when we were returning, we decided to stop near the crossing where we lost the plate and tried to look for it. However, the success turned out to be half. It is true that we found license plates (even five), but unfortunately not ours :) This showed us

that sometimes it is worth removing the his fairy-tale land where, according to the locals, elves and trolls live, and where

plates if you plan to cross rivers. So why

the night sky can shine with a riot of colourful lights, is Iceland.

was our car selection "almost" perfect?

Our plan to visit this beautiful and mysterious island was born almost ten years

It turned out that on Iceland, in addition

ago, while visiting the Viking Museum in Borg, in the Lofoten Islands. There we heard

to the four-wheel drive, the size of the

about brave northern men who, in their slender knars, crossed the dangerous North

car also matters. On the route to the

Atlantic, reaching Iceland. So, we decided to follow their footsteps. Unfortunately,

valley Thorsmork (Þórsmörk), one of

we had to wait until this year for the realisation of this vision, but believe me, it was

the last fords to be crossed before en-

worth it.

tering this tourist attraction, turned out

 Geyser PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

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Waterfall

Fagradalsfjall volcano

to be too deep for our cars and we had to turn back before

Campers are simply too big, and it will not be possible to drive

our destination. While renting the cars, we were informed that

them everywhere.

the insurance on Iceland does not include flooding of the cars

Before planning a trip to Iceland, you need to remember

and dents of their roofs (tourists stand on the roofs to take

that it is one of the most expensive countries in the world, so

pictures), which at first was a bit of a joke, but it turned out that

such an expedition can seriously damage the budget. A great

it is not a joke and such situations happen here. When driving

convenience is that practically everywhere you can pay by

on Iceland, you need to remember one more thing, namely

card, so to explore the island, you do not need cash. Honestly,

that there are not so many gas stations here, so it's better to fill

I don't even know what Icelandic crowns look like :) Shopping

up your car as often as possible and plan your route well. We

on Iceland is worth doing in large supermarkets of the most

found out about it the hard way, luckily with a happy ending :)

popular chains, where prices are not "so" high. I put the word

As for accommodation, we decided on hotels, detached

"so" in quotation marks, because for Polish conditions they

houses, and private accommodation. Before leaving, we

are still high. Although recently Poland has been getting closer

heard that on Iceland tents can be pitched anywhere, so we

to Iceland in this matter :) The list and location of these stores

planned to take them with us and try to spend a few nights in

should be checked in advance on the Internet, because here,

such conditions. Unfortunately, it turned out that it is not so

as in the case of gas stations, there are not so many of them

simple. Recently, there have been many bans and restrictions

and sometimes a trip to such a store can mean a small trip or

relating to this type of overnight stay, and if you break them,

a large detour. Also excursions and diving on Iceland are not

you face high fines. So, we decided to give up this attraction

the cheapest. The cost of one dive is about 900 zlotys, when

and from our perspective it turned out to be a good decision.

buying a package of dives in one base it is, of course, a little

A much better option for exploring the island seems to be

cheaper. It is not enough, but apart from a computer and a div-

travelling by camper (there are plenty of them here), although

ing certificate (also a certificate in using a drysuit), we do not

this way of visiting the island is not without some drawbacks.

have to take anything else with us on such an expedition. We

travels

Vatnajökull Glacier

get all the equipment included in the price of diving. It can only

it. Everywhere you can see old and quite fresh lava fields over-

be problematic to choose a drysuit, despite the fact that the

grown with multi-coloured mosses, creating landscapes like

choice is really large. Of course, the bases are prepared for

from another planet. In addition to these amazing structures

such a circumstance and use several tricks to match a piece

on the surface of the earth, lava has created many amazing

to the customer. Unfortunately, if these tricks do not work, the

lava caves beneath its surface. We visited the longest of them,

drysuit will be leaking, and at a water temperature of about

Surtshellir. One and a half kilometres of wandering through

10°C (Silfra 2–4°C) it is not a pleasant experience, which we

a huge natural tunnel, in which once a river of liquid rocks

also unfortunately had the opportunity to test :)

flowed, gives an idea of the forces shaping this island. In addi-

Now I will tell you a few words about why I fell in love with

tion to volcanoes, this land is full of geothermal fields, geysers

Iceland. FIRST OF ALL, IT WAS BECAUSE OF ITS FIRE. The is-

shooting into the sky and hot springs, which are connected by

land lies at the junction of two tectonic plates – the European

the smell of sulphur perceptible from afar. You can also feel it

and American, which are in constant motion (they move away

often turning off the tap in many homes, because geothermal

from each other about 2.5 cm per year). It is their continuous,

energy in about 80% satisfies the country's needs for heating

mutual interaction with each other that causes incredible geo-

and hot water.

logical activity on the surface of the entire island. The earth

SECONDLY, WHAT FASCINATED ME WAS THE ISLAND'S

here in many places is shaking, bubbling, and exploding all the

ICE. Glaciers occupy about 10% of its area. We decided to take

time. Iceland is a land of volcanoes (there are over 100 of them

a trip to the largest of them, Vatnajökull. Getting to the glacier

here), some extinct, others still active, like the Fagradalsfjall we

with a huge vehicle, which was created from the combination of

visited, whose eruption began in March 2021 and continues

three cars, entering the ice cave and trekking on the glacier itself

to this day. Lava ejected from the interior of the earth during

are worth spending a few extra crowns for such an expedition.

the eruption can be seen practically everywhere on Iceland, be-

The tour itself begins in the Jökulsárlón glacier lagoon, where

cause almost the entire surface of the island was formed from

giant blue and white icebergs drift, formed by calving from the

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

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Arnarnesstrýtur

glacier. For those willing, of course for an additional fee, excur-

THE THIRD THING THAT AMAZES ME IS THE WATER. The

sions on an amphibious car are organised, to be able to admire

entire surface of the island is crossed by a network of streams

these ice islands up close. Growlers, i.e. smaller lumps of ice,

and rivers, the colour of which depends on the terrain on which

are thrown on the shore of the lagoon, or flow along the river

they flow. They then merge with each other to form a multi-co-

connecting with the ocean, and then, shattered and fragmented

loured mosaic. Another amazing attraction that awaits us on

by waves, are thrown on the famous diamond beach nearby.

Iceland are waterfalls, and there are hundreds of them here.

Walking around on its black sand, among these ice gems, you

From small streams flowing from vertical rock walls to monu-

can observe seals floating or basking on the shore.

mental giants like Dettifoss and Gullfoss. Water is also related to our main reason why we went to Iceland, which is diving. We did the first of them in the most famous place on Iceland. Silfra is a flooded gap between the European and American tectonic plates, connected to Lake Thingvallavatn. You can dive here only in drysuits in the company of an experienced guide, which in practice means accepting the offer of one of the many diving centres. We used the services of the diving centre DIVE.IS. Diving in Silfra takes about 40 minutes, and the maximum depth is 18 meters, the average is about 7 meters. The water flowing through the fissure comes from a glacier located 50 kilometres away. During its way to the lake, it is filtered through the rock substrate, thanks to which visibility in Silfra reaches 150 meters!!! The diving route consists of four

Arnarnesstrýtur

Strytan

stages. In three of them, Big Crack, Hall and Cathedral, you sail in single file behind a guide between the rock walls of the canyon. In some places it is so narrow that by spreading the arms you can touch both tectonic plates. The fourth, the last part, is a shallow lagoon of 100 meters in diameter overgrown with yellow algae. In Silfra, any access to ledges and caves is forbidden due to earthquakes occurring here, which can cause rocks to fall. Unfortunately, there is no too rich fauna here, and the route itself is not the longest, so the inability to penetrate this place more accurately spoils the fun of diving in this location. Two more dives were made in the north of the island, in the waters of the longest fjord on Iceland, Eyjafjörður . This time we used the services of the diving centre STRÝTAN. Both immersions were made in unique dive sites on a global scale, on hydrothermal vents. The owner of the base, Erlendur Bogason, is actively involved in their protection and investigation. Before plunging into the waters of the bay, the owner in his small museum, located above the base, talks about the history and specificity of this place. The first of our spots is Arnarnestrýtan. It is a group of small vents located at a depth of about 20 meters, around which a variety of marine life is concentrated. Immersing ourselves in this place, the first thing that caught our eye was a lot of cods, pollocks, lumpfish, flounders and wolffish, which even rushed towards our group and swam among us as if looking for something. The riddle was soon understood when our guide sat down at the bottom and began to feed

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

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Silfra

Strytan, rises like a huge spire. It is the shallowest known object of this type. It is estimated that it was formed after the last Ice Age, around 10,000 years ago. Every second, Strytan produces about 100 litres of fresh water at 72°C, and the compounds it contains are deposited on its surface, constantly building it up. Diving in this place, you descend to a depth of over 30 meters, and then, circling the chimney, you emerge into to the surface. Despite its size, Strytan is very fragile, so it cannot be touched, and divers must be very buoyant. Life around the chimney is not as rich as in Surtshellir cave

the first place, but also here you can find fish and jellyfish circling around Strytan,

all that bunch. In addition to fish, among the seaweed growing on the area around

and the chimney itself is covered in sev-

the vents you can meet small nudibranchs and crabs, while dozens of jellyfish float

eral places with anemones.

in the open tone. Water at the temperature of 79°C comes out of the vent fractures,

In addition to the two dives, we also

which unfortunately does not affect the water temperature around them, and this

had to do whale snorkelling. Unfortu-

fluctuates around 10°C. The second dive site we dived was even more amazing.

nately, once again it turned out that

From the bottom, at a depth of 65 meters, a lonely, 50-meter hydrothermal vent,

plans are one thing and reality is an-

White-beaked dolphin

Troll Hvitserkur

other. The day we were supposed to go swimming with these giants, the whales swam out of the fjord into the open ocean. Therefore, we packed our cars and went to a nearby small fishing village, Húsavík, known as the "capital of whales", to meet these largest mammals on a boat trip. This time we managed to achieve our goal and apart from a lot of white-beaked dolphins frolicking around the boat and hundreds of puffins floating on the waves, we were able to see a humpback whale and a minke whale. Unfortunately, we will have to wait for swimming with these giants. However, fire, ice and water are not all that can be admired on Iceland. It is impossible not to mention the beautiful coast, full of cliffs, beautiful beaches and monumental rock structures protruding from the stormy sea, and the picturesque canyons carved by rivers on the island's surface. It is impossible not to mention the beautiful single and double rainbow arcs and the amazing colours of the sky at dawn and sunset, swimming in hot springs and landscapes that change like a kaleidoscope every few kilometres. These views and experiences are simply unforgettable. It was impossible to visit the whole of Iceland during our ten days' stay. Despite travelling almost three thousand kilometres and walking over a hundred, we still have a lot to see and discover in this fairy-tale land, created and shaped by the elements of fire, water, earth and air.

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

wrecks

Malin Head wreck site

A single image – a photograph made by Leigh Bishop, auctioned by Jarosław Rzytka from Nitrox Divers for a hospice – provoked a thought “I want to dive there and feel it myself”.

remember it like it was yesterday – I talked with Barry McGill, who prepared for me a list of courses, gear

and experience that I need to dive in the Atlantic and see THIS wreck. It has been over five years since

then. Five years of training, configuration changes and gaining experience... I’m not going to write “it happened”. It did not “happen”. I did it. I worked hard for five years to be able to dive exactly where I wanted. Today, I would like to tell you more about this fantastic place – the Malin Head wreck site. Malin Head (Irish: Cionn Mhálanna) is a cape in Donegal County on the Inishowen Peninsula and the northernmost point on the Irish island. This area is a real paradise for divers, as it is the world largest grouping of sunken ships, liners, steamships, u-boots and other vessels that were once crossing the waters of the Atlantic. 18,000 (!) vessels of different kinds sunk off the Irish coast, 4000 of which were catalogued and described and their exact location is known. Detailed information on wrecks can be found at the National Monuments Service: Wreck Viewer website.

If at first you don’t succeed, don’t give up on your dreams. Their time will come. My dream about SS Justicia was born on 13 February 2016 Text IRENA KOSOWSKA Photos ZYGFRYD KWIATKOWSKI

wrecks

Today, I’d like to share with you a brief description of several of these wrecks and how to organize your dives there.

only be organized with your own van or two vans). When planning routes, you need to take into account ferries and optimal

Malin Head can be reached in at least several ways; howev-

routes; Brexit meant that customs checks were reintroduced.

er, since these dives are quite difficult, you must always take

COVID-19 restrictions and potential quarantines did not make

into account the transport of gear. Our team chose to fly (you

our lives easier as well. Before setting off, a thorough research

can fly to several Irish airports from many European cities) and

into the current requirements and conditions in this respect

have our gear transported by two vans from Poland (mind the

is necessary.

maximum authorized mass of vehicles). Gear can also be sent

When you arrive at your airport in Ireland, you need to rent

by a courier, but due to the gas logistics on site (or actually,

a car – I recommend to rent one with a high ground clearance.

none at all), we took the gases with us for each dive (this can

A car loaded with gear will have a tough time travelling the

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

wrecks

narrow Irish roads, where cars often pass each other on the

in a clean, cozy and well-organized place, offering excellent

roadside. You also need to remember about left-hand traffic

breakfast and special, very spacious rooms to store their diving

in Ireland (a little funny and a little scary).

gear (drying room, compressor station). As a diving team, we

Two boats from two different operators are available for diving at Malin Head. Your diving expedition price includes accommodation at the diving boat owner’s B&B.

highly recommend this place! Organization of trips on the Atlantic depends, first and foremost, on the whims of Neptune, then on the captain, and only

The organizer of our expedition, Andrzej Zalewski, and his

then on the divers. We had our diving preferences, but the final

friend, Piotr Dybikowski, who resides in Ireland, chose the Ros-

decision about the destination is always up to the captain and

Guill and lodging in Fisherman’s Village. As a result, we lived

this decision is most often taken on the previous evening. Your

wrecks

dive time depends on the waves, tides and currents, so there

and the team, is 150 minutes. You need to be prepared that

were days when we needed to wake up at 5 am to not miss

your entire dive will be done in relatively cold water, approx.

a “slack” and on other days we could only enter the water in the

10 degrees, which was sometimes uncomfortable during the

late afternoon. Unfortunately, the whether in Ireland is very

decompression phase, despite a well-organized deco bar. Hy-

unpredictable and, when planning a week-long expedition,

dration and urination are also topics to consider with these

you need to be prepared for the eventuality that some trips

type of dives (but it is a topic for a separate article).

will simply not happen. You should also account for almost

All physical activity and struggling with seasickness during

constant rain, wind and waves reaching several meters with

several hours long ocean trips were compensated underwater.

a length that is much different from what we know from the

The number of wrecks, their size and preservation, visibility

Baltic Sea. All of this necessitates completely different diving

underwater and the favor of nature manifesting in the form

gear logistics, which should be strictly followed on a boat. On

of dolphins and Minke whale accompanying us during return

the first day, the team was thoroughly trained on the appli-

trips make this expedition our “trip of a lifetime”.

cable procedures, including mock practical training, thanks to which diving logistics worked like a charm.

The experienced organizers of our expedition, Andrzej Zalewski and Piotr Dybikowski, definitely rose to the challenge

Despite the descent and decompression conditions, which

and ensured the safety and comfort for all fellow travelers,

were sometimes very difficult, the conditions underwater

as well as taking care of the logistics for the trip. It was not

made up for the hardships. More than once visibility exceeded

their first expedition to the magical Malin Head, and from what

30 meters and we could see vessels more than 100 meters long

I understand, they will soon organize another one! If you are

and fantastic artificial reefs on monumental wrecks, teeming

interested, please contact Andrzej Zalewski: +48 603 209 571.

with life. Our bottom time was limited by cold and depth – we tried to limit it to three hours, which is also recommended

A big thank you to the whole team – we had a great time. See

at MH. The average dive time, depending on the day/wreck

you underwater!

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

wrecks

THE MOST FAMOUS MALIN HEAD WRECKS HMS Audacious, 64 meters

RMS Justicia, 72 meters

HMS Audacious, built in 1913, was a King George V class su-

RMS Justicia, a British military vessel with a tonnage of

per-dreadnought battleship with a buoyancy of 23 tons and di-

32 234 tons and the dimensions 225 x 26 13 m, was put to sea

mensions 182 x 27 x 8 m. The ship did not participate in military

in 1914. It was torpedoed several times on the route from Liv-

operations and sank in 1914, as it struck a mine during gunnery

erpool to New York and sunk, taking with it 16 casualties from

practice. The most famous site on the wreck itself are the re-

its crew of 600 men. It is a massive wreck with large boilers and

markable cannons – their magnitude can only be appreciated

three exposed huge screw propellers. Currently, it lies on its

when compared with the size of a diver, who seems to be as

port 16 miles northwest from Innistrahull. This is the wreck that

small as a fish.

motivated me for an expedition to Malin Head. And it turned out

SS Carthaginian, 58 meters SS Carthaginian, built in 1884, was a British sail and steam

back there – also to see it again.

ocean liner. On 14 June 1917, a vessel weighing 4444 tons, with

SS Laurentic, 42 meters

the dimensions 99 x 12 m, struck a German mine and sank off

SS Laurentic, a vessel built in 1908, weighted 14 892 tons and

the coast of Innistrahull, without any casualties. It sailed from

its dimensions were 550 67 x 41 m. After leaving Buncrany in

Glasgow to Montreal.

Donegal County, it struck a mine and sunk within 45 minutes.

SS Empire Heritage, 66 meters

Part of its cargo were 3211 gold bars, each weighting 40 pounds. Over the next seven years, 700 dives were conducted to retrieve

SS Empire Heritage, a vessel built in 1930, weighted 15 702 tons

the gold, but 22 bars have still not been found. Unfortunately,

and its dimensions were 508 72 x 50 m. It was torpedoed on the

we didn’t have any luck and didn’t find the gold. But we will

route from New York to Liverpool and was laden with crude oil,

come back!

Sherman tanks and armored vehicles. There were 113 casual-

to be even more majestic than I imagined. I will be sure to come

ties. Currently, the wreck lies on its starboard 20 miles north-

SS Athenia, 60 meters

west from Malin Head. A spectacular view that unfolds before

SS Athenia, a British ocean liner built in 1923, weighted

the divers’ eyes during descent includes objects resembling toy

13 580 tons gross and its dimensions were 160 20 x 11 m. It

tanks scattered on the floor and grouped on a pile that turn out

was torpedoed by a German U-boot on the route from Liverpool

to be massive machines scattered by nature on the ocean floor.

to Montreal and sunk, causing 112 casualties out of 1418 pas-

It is one of the dives that you will never forget.

sengers and crew members. It was the first marine casualty

during World War II – the war with Germany was declared a mere hours before and the event was condemned worldwide.

U-2511, 67 meters A German U-2511 submarine, set to sea in 1944 and with a length of 77 meters, was the only active XX1 U-boot. It was sunk on 7 January 1946 and currently, it is relatively undamaged. Diving there makes quite an impression – enormous spaces allow for easy penetration and leave you wanting more. Great visibility outside and inside the wreck made us redefine U-boot diving.

DIVE STRONG. DIVE ZEAGLE. Every mission. In every condition. Zeagle has your back.

U-89, 62 meters U-89, a German operational U-boot, was set to sea in 1915. On 12 February 1918, it was rammed by HMS Roxburgh near Malin Head and sank with its entire crew – 43 people. The vessel is massive and has a lot of space to be penetrated, with delightful views outside and inside the wreck. The preserved weaponry is both fearsome and stunning. It was an unforgettable dive. #wreckdiving #ssjusticia #malinhead #jjccr #santi #ladiesfirst #ammonite #tecline #divesystem #k01 #suex #piranha

https://rosguill.com/ https://www.bsac.co/ http://www.divingindepth.co.uk/ www.nurkowanie-ecn.pl

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

wrecks

Disenchanting the Baltic wrecks ORP ”DELFIN” Text and photos TOMEK RAMUTKOWSKI

wrecks

ters, they ignite the imagination of divers who dive on them

The Baltic wrecks are magical. Regardless of the depth at which they are buried, the degree of destruction, the type of vessel, size or period in history from which they come, all wrecks lying on the bottom of the Baltic Sea undoubtedly have "that something" in them.

to see redness. And although many of them lie at depths far beyond the capabilities of recreational divers*, there are many wrecks that are ideal for starting a Baltic adventure. And I will gladly take you to these wrecks :) WHERE TO START? The best place to start your adventure with real wreck diving (we are not talking about sailboats sunken in lakes, is Puck Bay, which is part of the Gulf of Gdańsk. It is due to:

ach of them in some way has made history. Some of them were very spectacular, bringing with them huge tragedies which they witnessed and because of which

● the Bay being sheltered by the Hel Peninsula, thanks to which waves are smaller than on the open Baltic Sea, ● the currents, which are weak and not very frequent,

they found themselves at the bottom of the Baltic Sea. Oth-

● the fishing nets, which are not numerous,

ers, in turn, were sunk in more prosaic circumstances, due

● the relatively small depths of wrecks,

to weather, navigational errors or deliberately, for training

● the large number of wrecks at various depths, available

purposes. Regardless of that, all Baltic wrecks are great places to dive, and bathed in often the dark and often mysterious Baltic wa-

for recreational diving. To sum up, it is certainly easier to start in the Bay than on the open Baltic Sea.

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

WELL, WHICH WRECK TO CHOOSE IN THE BEGINNING?

ed wooden walls there is a tarnish, which makes the interior

There are several places worth visiting at the beginning of our

rooms look even more beautiful and mysterious in the light

wreck path. I will start with the wreck, which in my opinion and

of a flashlight.

many other divers' is one of the prettiest, if not the prettiest in the bay, in terms of recreation.

ORP "Delfin", because we are talking about this ship,

Attention! However, I strongly discourage from entering the wreckage by people without proper preparation, appropriate equipment and skills. Inside the wreck it is very easy, with

is a very climatic, wooden wreck lying at a depth of 20 me-

one inappropriate movement of the fin, to cause a very strong

ters, with a minimum depth above the wreck at a level of

deterioration of visibility, and with stronger disturbance of the

less than 13 meters. It is located 4 km from Jastarnia in the

sediment, the visibility drops to zero!

south-east direction.

However, it is worth investing in the development of your

The "Dolphin" is in a very good condition and although

diving skills, training with good diving instructors, buying the

a few years ago, in circumstances not fully explained, it lost its

right diving equipment and learning the right procedures to be

superstructure, nevertheless, it is still an extremely charming

able to see this and other wrecks from the other side in the

and, above all, easy to navigate wreck. There are no remains

future:)

of fishing nets on it, which makes diving relatively easy. It lies

tilted to the port side, which makes the view even more charm-

ORP "DELFIN" – A BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY

ing and atmospheric.

The Dolphin was built at the Robert Jacob Inc. shipyard on

The hull of the "Dolphin" is very well preserved, with beau-

City Island, New York, as one of 561 American ships of this

tiful and very characteristic galleries running along both sides,

type. It was first launched in 1942 under the name YMS (Yard

quite large holds in the central part of the deck and many

Minesweeper) – 211, but it started sailing for good after being

hatches that can be peeked into by shining a flashlight there.

transferred to the British Royal Navy, where it sailed under the

"Dolphin" is also liked by more advanced wreck divers because

British flag, under the name BYMS (British Yard Minesweep-

it looks even more beautiful inside. On the transversely board-

er) – 2211.

wrecks

ORP “DELFIN” SPECIFICATIONS Coordinates: 54° 38' 52.2" N 18° 36' 11.2" E

Dimensions: Length: 41,9 m Width: 7,5 m Draft: 2,4 m Displacement: 277 t

Weapon: ● two double WKMs (12.7 mm Colt large-caliber machine guns), ● one soviet cannon with 85 mm caliber ● acoustic trawl SA-IV ● electromagnetic trawl TEM-VI ● OROPES contact trawl

Drive: ● two GMC diesel engines with 735 kW (1000 KM) ● two propellers giving a maximum speed of 12.6 knots ● crew: 42 people

It served mainly in European waters, and the interesting fact

HOW TO START?

is that it participated, among others, in the famous Operation

There are many diving bases on the peninsula from which you

Neptune, the landing in Normandy, which is the largest landing

can go out to the wrecks of the Bay. You then need to contact

operation in history in terms of forces and means used. After

the service of such a base, arrange a specific day and wreck

the end of the war, the ship was demobilised and handed over

on which you want to dive, of course within your depth limits.

to the Americans, and in 1947, it was one of the four ships, purchased by the Polish Ministry of Shipping.

Regardless of the choice of the base, at the beginning of the wreckage tour, I propose the following scenarios:

Three of them, under new names: "Delfin", "Foka", "Mors"

1. The beginning of the wreckage adventure with the wreck

were incorporated into the Polish Navy, and one, as "Zodiac",

course. Despite various opinions in the community, it is

was transformed into a hydrographic unit in the civil service.

always a good idea to undergo wreck training. It definitely

ORP "Delfin" served in the 4th Division of the Minesweeper

increases the level of the diver's self-awareness, familiar-

Flotilla until 1957, when it was withdrawn from service and,

ising him or her with the techniques and procedures re-

after preparation, sunk in the waters of the Bay of Puck for

lated to wreck diving. It is important that, when choosing

training purposes.

a wreckage course, you have an adequate instructor. He or

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

wrecks

she must be an experienced wreck diver who has dived and

the first wreck steps. This option is also good for people

trained a lot on these wrecks, so there is a good chance that

who do not like to leave in large groups with their (if they

you will get the most out of such a course.

have any) diving centre.

2. Diving with a guide hired from the base. This gives you the

3. Going with your instructor. Regardless of the training or-

comfort that you do not have to dive on your own in an

ganisation, any instructor who is a freelancer or instructor

environment that is new for you, and the guide will discuss

from any diving centre in the country can come to the Baltic

diving, show the most interesting places on a given wreck,

Sea with his group. All you need to do is contact the select-

present potential threats, but also discuss the ways to enter

ed base and fix a convenient date. The advantage is that

the water and get out on the boat after diving. In a word, he

on such trips your instructor is your guide, and you leave,

or she will take care of your comfort while you are taking

most often, with a well-known group.

KURSY

TECHNICZNE I REKREACYJNE

SIDEMOUNT WRAKOWE INSTRUKTORSKIE

Regardless of the way in which you want to start the wreck adventure, it is worth taking this first step and seeing for yourself how wonderful and majestic our Baltic wrecks are. I recommend starting with those that will give you the greatest comfort of taking your first steps, i.e., from our Bay gems, such as the protagonist of today's article – ORP "Dolphin". * a recreational diver in this sense is one who performs no decompression diving. Of course, technical diving, with a real or decompression ceiling, are also or can be recreational dives, even if they are performed on trimix mixtures at considerable depths.

WWW.DEEPBUSTERS.PL PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

equipment

Drysuit

hen you consider investing in a drysuit, first of

We focused on the light drysuit from Bare – Aqua Trec.

all you want it to be dry also after diving. There

The weight of this one is really low. It is made of Cordura Nylon

are as many opinions as there are manufactur-

Oxford and is fitted with a neoprene neck seal. It is rather snug

ers. Apparently, buying your second or even further suits

and fits the diver’s body well. You should take into account

is easier.

the temperature of the water you’ll be diving in. This suit is just an external layer and as such has no significant thermal

Let’s not focus on instructors and people who dive several

properties. The colder the water, the warmer clothes you will

hundred times a year or those working under difficult condi-

need to wear underneath. On the other hand, it is perfect for

tions. Instead, let’s focus on recreational and intermediate tech-

diving in water temperatures over a dozen degrees. Some use

nical divers – those who make a couple of dozen of dives a year.

it for diving in any waters, including the Red Sea. Personally,

Let’s rather look at product availability (the sooner, the better

I’ve been charmed with this one. I’m forgetting about the suit

– who wants to wait months for delivery), vast sizing offer, effi-

completely when under water. It doesn’t pinch, squeak or leak.

cient service and the weight of the suit, which will be important

OK, there was this one time in the Trześniowskie lake – after

as we’ll want to fly with it to various diving des-

getting into the water I felt cold water near my left knee. I de-

tinations. Color has been gaining impor-

scended to 5 m and was diving for about 20 minutes when the

tance recently, as a factor for select-

water started to flow to the other leg and I signaled the end of

ing a drysuit. Some manufacturers

the dive. Upon inspection, it turned out the suit had a straight

also market limited editions.

cut of about 2 cm at the knee. I glued it together and it has

AQUA TREC WEIGHT Size L:

Personally, I opted for black and

been working fine ever since – a couple of years already. Apart

f with neoprene socks –

would probably choose black

from this external mechanical damage, I haven’t experienced

today – or maybe blue ;)

any issues with this suit.

2,40 kg f with boots – 2,95 kg

Aqua Trec has a plastic YKK zip

pockets. The material around the

on the front that allows self-zipping.

knees is additionally reinforced and

It runs from the right hip to the left

padded from the inside.

arm. Remember to take proper care

I opted for boots for mine, just out

of it! Sleeves end with latex seals.

of personal preference. I put them on

Both dry and wet gloves can be

once, I take them off once, no fuss.

used, according to your preference.

And no laces to tie ;) I didn’t request

Personally, I take care of my zip and

a pocket and sometimes I miss it, but

initially I was afraid that a tooth or

not that much to have it glued on. Yet,

the entire zip would break. None of

if I were to buy a new suit, I’d have

this never happened. It has been

decided for a pocket.

working like a charm.

Reinforced knee parts are also

The Si-Tech inflation valve does

useful. I dive in all sorts of conditions

not leak and is installed by default

– sometimes I kneel to take a photo,

on the chest. It rotates 360 degrees.

I dive to collect waste or with archeol-

At the same time, the default loca-

ogists and from time to time I nudge

tion of the drain valve from the same

my knees on the floor. No cut, no

manufacturer is on the left shoulder.

tear and it’s been 4 or even 5 years

I’m right-handed and operating the

already.

valves under water didn’t cause any discomfort. They work impeccably.

BUT BARE KEEPS YOU WARM ON EVERY DIVE.

If you are uncertain what to buy, look for testing events of a particular

Bare internal shoulder straps

manufacturer. There are plenty of

work really well. Additionally, they

them throughout the year. A couple

are joined with a telescopic body

of dives will surely help you choose

part with a replaceable crotch strap

your drysuit.

that can be undone. As with all shoul-

Aqua Trec is convenient, comfort-

der straps, they tend to twist on your

able, light and dries fast after diving.

back and turn when gearing up.

It fits well during diving. There is no

Sometimes I have my diving buddy

pinching, no “pulling”, but it only an

untangle them. Once I adjusted them

external layer, so with the appropri-

to the proper length, once fastened,

ate undersuit, we won’t be freeze in

I forget about them during the dive.

cold water. Personally, I got cold at

Additionally, you can order an

IT’S A COLD WORLD OUT THERE.

least twice :)

Aqua Trec with neoprene socks or boots. Get an additional pocket or

Wojciech ZGOŁA

WWW.NURKOWANIE-ECN.PL

freediving

STATIC APNOEA Results Text ALEŠ KOŠTOMAJ

Table 1. Results of spirometric test (ST) measurements

RESULTS

Subjects

VC (l)

FVC (l)

5,31

5,10

We successfully performed all measurements with all eight subjects. The

7,10

6,96

results are shown in the tables and figures as arithmetic means and stan-

6,13

6,24

dard deviations (AM ± SD). Characters and abbreviations in the tables

8,49

8,01

and figures represent statistical significance: **: P ≤ 0.010 and * ≤ 0.050.

6,70

6,74

6,77

7,01

6,98

6,28

6,83

6,53

Key:

VC – vital capacity in litres FVC – forced vital capacity in litres

Subjects achieved different results. The results of spirometric tests (ST), however, fail to convey enough information about the characteristics of the subjects. Other important parameters are also gender, age, height, body weight, and competitive experience. It is good that the subjects achieved the best possible ST results. The right combination of all the mentioned parameters produces the best results. However, it is yet not known, what the ideal formula for that right combination is.

Figure 1. Duration of individual apnoeas, i.e. end of apnoea

Figure 1

shows the duration of individual apnoeas, i.e. end of apnoea

(EA). The longest apnoea after inhalation was measured on land, namely 462 s, while the shortest apnoea after inhalation on land was 250 s. In apnoea after inhalation in water, the longest apnoea was 405 s and the shortest 260 s. In apnoea after exhalation on land, the longest apnoea was 278 s. The shortest apnoea after exhalation on land was 125 s. Subjects held their breath the shortest in apnoea after exhalation in water. The longest apnoea was 271 s long and the shortest 125 s. The subjects held their breath on average 11% longer in apnoea after inhalation on land than in apnoea after inhalation in water. On average, subjects held their breath 7% longer in apnoea after exhalation on land than in apnoea after exhalation in water.

freediving

Figure 2 shows the contraction point (CP) of individual apnoeas. In all apnoeas (in water, on land, after inhalation and after exhalation), it is

Figure 2. The onset of spontaneous contraction, i.e. contraction point (CP) of the abdominal muscles in individual apnoeas

always the goal to reach CP as late as possible. In apnoea after inhalation on land, CP occurred after the longest period of time with an average time of 219 ± 71 s. In apnoea after inhalation in water, CP occurred within 215 ± 64 s. In apnoea after exhalation on land, CP occurred within 127 ± 43 s. However, in apnoea after exhalation in water, CP appeared after the shortest time of all apnoeas, with an average time of 123 ± 37 s. The difference in CP between apnoea on land and apnoea in water was on average 2%. The difference in CP between apnoea after exhalation on land and apnoea after exhalation in water was on average 3%. The times of EA and CP correspond between all four performances. CP and EA appear first in apnoea after exhalation in water, then in apnoea after exhalation on land, which is followed by apnoea after inhalation in water, and finally in apnoea after inhalation on land.

Figure 3 shows the heart rate (HR) values in both apnoeas after inhalation relative to the percentage of the final time. In apnoea after inhalation on

Figure 3. Heart rate (HR) values in both apnoeas after inhalation

land, positive values of the standard deviation from the arithmetic mean are shown. In apnoea after inhalation in water, however, negative values of the standard deviation from the arithmetic mean are shown. Analysis of variance for repeated measurements showed statistically significant differences between the two apnoeas (**: P ≤ 0.010 and *: P ≤ 0.050) in most percentages of the final time. At 0% of the final time (onset of apnoea), the difference in initial HR between apnoea after inhalation in water was 85 ± 11 (1/min) and apnoea after inhalation on land 78 ± 11 (1/min). At 10% of the final time, a major change occurred as HR in apnoea after inhalation on land began to increase. HR in apnoea after inhalation in water, however, was greatly reduced. The lowest HR in both apnoeas after inhalation was measured at 70% of the final time in apnoea after inhalation in water (41 (1/min)).

Figure 4 shows heart rate (HR) values in both apnoeas after exhalation relative to the percentage of final time. In apnoea after exhalation on

Figure 4. Heart rate (HR) values in both apnoeas after exhalation

land, positive values of the standard deviation from the arithmetic mean are shown. In apnoea after exhalation in water, negative values of the standard deviation from the arithmetic mean are shown. At 0% of the final time (onset of apnoea), the significant difference in initial HR was measured between the apnoea after exhalation in water – 85 ± 7 (1 / min) and apnoea after exhalation on land – 79 ± 12 (1 / min). The HR curve in both apnoeas begins to decrease immediately after the onset of apnoea and has similar characteristics throughout the measured time. The lowest HR of both apnoeas after exhalation was measured at 100% of the final time (end of apnoea) in apnoea after exhalation on land (36 (1/min)).

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

freediving

Figure 5. Blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) values in both apnoeas after inhalation

Figure 6. Blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) values in both apnoeas after exhalation

Figure 5 shows values of blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in

Figure 6 shows values of blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in

both apnoeas after inhalation relative to the final time. In ap-

both apnoeas after exhalation relative to the final time. In ap-

noea after inhalation on land, positive values of the standard

noea after exhalation in water, positive values of the standard

deviation from the arithmetic mean are shown. In apnoea after

inhalation in water, negative values of the standard deviation

exhalation on land, negative values of the standard deviation

from the arithmetic mean are shown. The two SaO2 curves of

from the arithmetic mean are shown. The two SaO2 curves

apnoeas after inhalation are similar. The largest drop in SaO2

of apnoeas after exhalation are different. The largest drop in

of both apnoeas after inhalation occurred after 90% of the final

SaO2 in both apnoeas after exhalation occurred after 90% of

time. The lowest SaO2 was measured in apnoea after inhala-

the final time. The lowest SaO2 was measured in apnoea after

tion on land at 100% of the final time (end of apnoea), namely

exhalation on land at 100% of the final time (end of apnoea),

39% SaO2.

namely 30% SaO2.

Figure 7. Systolic blood pressure (BP) of individual apnoeas

Figure 7 shows the systolic blood pressure (BP) of individual apnoeas in mmHg relative to the final time. Systolic BP increases with time in all apnoeas. The largest jump in systolic BP was detected at 90% of the final time. At 90% of the final time, a difference between the two apnoeas after inhalation and the two apnoeas after exhalation is seen. The two largest measured individual values were 228 mmHg in apnoea after inhalation in water and even 240 mmHg in apnoea after inhalation on land.

freediving

Figure 8. Diastolic blood pressure (BP) of individual apnoeas

Figure 8 shows the diastolic blood pressure (BP) of individual apnoeas in mmHg relative to the final time. Analysis of variance for repeated measurements showed statistically significant differences between the apnoeas after exhalation (in water and on land) (*: P ≤ 0.050) at 40% of the final time. Diastolic BP, similar to systolic BP, increases with time in all apnoeas. At 40% of the final time, there are statistically significant differences between apnoea after exhalation in water and apnoea after exhalation on land. The two highest individual values were measured at 90% of the final time in both apnoeas after inhalation (164 mmHg in water and 145 mmHg on land).

DISCUSSION

Identified differences between static apnoea after inhalation in water and on land

cords. There are probably two reasons for that. The first is the personal fitness of the subjects (timing of the fitness level for the best personal times), and the second is not allowing the subjects to use air packing techniques during the measurements.

Depending on the place where they were performed,

The functioning of the diving reflex during apnoea is most

apnoeas after inhalation did not differ in effects. The only

easily monitored by measuring HR. The diving reflex represents

difference was in the change of the HR value. There were

the protection of the body when breathing is interrupted both

no statistically significant differences in EA and CP between

on land and in water. The regulation of HR during apnoea is the

apnoea after inhalation in water and apnoea after inhalation

consequence of the activation of various mechanisms which

on land. This may indicate a different functioning of the diving

are triggered due to irritation. When the face is immersed into

reflex in water and on land. The response of the diving reflex

water and the mouth and nose are submerged, the facial re-

on land is smaller while it is stronger in water. On the other

ceptors for cold are stimulated, which increase the activity of

hand, the measurement conditions in water probably did not

the vagus nerve and thus immediately lower the HR. Periph-

allow for longer apnoeas. Namely, all subjects complained of

eral vasoconstriction increases resistance and consequently

the pain in their hands during measurements in water. Due

BP. This is detected by baroreceptors that reflexively lower

to the measuring devices (SaO2 and BP measurement), the

HR. Upon deep inhalation, the tension receptors in the chest

subjects had to place both hands on the edge of the pool. Pain

muscles detect muscle stretching and raise HR. However, as

in the hands was the main reason that the subjects were not

lung volume slowly decreases during apnoea, its impact also

able to relax in water as much as during the measurements

decreases, which further lowers HR. Apnoea also causes chang-

on land. The later the CP appears, the longer the apnoea is. If CP is shown in proportions of EA, it is found that it occurs in apnoea in water at 67 ± 13% and in apnoea on land at 61 ± 13%.

es in the levels of O2 and CO2 in blood, which are detected by chemoreceptors. This also causes vasoconstriction and a decrease in HR. Because of the change of HR values during the two apnoeas

During the measurements in all apnoeas, all subjects

after inhalation, it was established that HR did not change in

achieved shorter apnoea times than are their personal re-

the same way. At the very beginning of both apnoeas, it was

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

freediving

found that HR was significantly higher in apnoea after inhalation in water than in apnoea after inhalation on land. The

Identified differences between static apnoea after exhalation in water and on land

differences in initial HR were due to different starting positions in both apnoeas. In apnoea after inhalation in water, three

Depending on where they were performed, apnoeas after

phases were observed, which is typical for excellent divers.

exhalation did not differ in effects. The only difference was

The first phase is characterized by a steeper drop in HR, last-

in diastolic BP at 40% of the final time. As expected, shorter

ing to 20% of the final time, which is the effect of diving reflex

apnoea times were obtained in both apnoea after exhalation

and the functioning of various other mechanisms. This is fol-

than in both apnoea after inhalation. The main reason is small-

lowed by another, more stable phase with fluctuations slightly

er lung volume and consequently lower O2 reserve. If CP is cor-

upwards and then slightly downwards, lasting up to 60% of

related with EA, it is found that CP occurs at 72 ± 14% in apnoea

the final time. In this phase, the cardiovascular system has

in water and at 67 ± 12% in apnoea on land. The changes of the

adapted to the new circumstances.

HR values between the two apnoeas after exhalation, however,

The movement of HR values in apnoea after inhalation on

indicated similar changes of HR. The only exception was the

land is completely different. The first phase is characterized by

initial HR, which was similar to both apnoeas after inhalation

a steep increase of HP, lasting up to 10% of the final time. The

due to the two initial positions already described.

increase in HR could occur because of a tensile reflex in the

It is likely that the diving reflex in both apnoeas after exhala-

chest muscles and high intrathoracic pressure on the heart,

tion is similar on land (dry face) and with a submerged head, as

which was not measured. The pressure is due to the large lung

both apnoeas after exhalation also showed three phases which

volume resulting from deep inhale and the supine position

have the same characteristics described in apnoea after inhala-

lying on land. In the second, more stable phase which lasts

tion in water. The first phase is characterized by a steeper drop

up to 50% of the final time, the HR rises a little in the first part

in HR which lasts until 20% of the final time. This is followed by

of the curve, but then it begins to decline slightly. This occurs

another, more stable phase with slight fluctuations upwards

because of slow decrease of the lung volume which decreases

and then slightly downwards which lasts until 60% of the final

the impact of lungs and further lowers HR.

time. In this second, more stable phase, the change of HR val-

The end of the second and the beginning of the third phase

ues in apnoea after exhalation on land deviates a little. The

(phase of resumed lowering of HR) is supposed to coincide with

increase is interesting because the lungs are empty and there

the beginning of CP. In apnoea after inhalation on land, the

is no influence of the tensile reflex in the chest muscles. The

moment of CP appeared earlier, at 61%, and the third phase

increase of the HR could thus be the result of a supine position

started even a little earlier at 55% of the final time. In apnoea

and the force of body weight acting on the entire chest, as the

after inhalation in water, CP occurred at 67% and the third

internal pressure is lower due to exhalation. It is more likely

phase at 60% of the final time. The third phase, which lasts

that the difference between the two apnoeas is due to the

until the end of apnoea, usually occurs only in better divers.

greater response of the diving reflex in water.

It is characterized by more obvious hypoxia and consequently

The third phase in both apnoeas after exhalation begins at

peripheral vasoconstriction with a marked increase in blood

60% of the final time. The lowest HR values in both apnoeas

pressure and ever stronger spontaneous contractions of the

after exhalation were measured at the end of apnoea, namely,

respiratory muscles. In the last phase, the lowest HR values

in apnoea after exhalation in water (53 ± 15 (1 / min)) and in

were measured in both apnoeas after inhalation.

apnoea after exhalation on land (61 ± 21 (1 / min)). The lowest

The SaO2 values for both apnoeas after inhalation are similar. There are no statistically significant differences between

HR value among all four apnoeas was measured in apnoea after exhalation on land (36 (1 / min)) at the end of apnoea.

the two of them. Given that the response of the diving reflex

The SaO2 values in both apnoeas after exhalation are differ-

is greater in water than on land, we would expect a later drop

ent. There are no statistically significant differences between

in SaO2 in water. It also must be emphasized that lower SaO2

them, but the effect of the diving reflex on the values in apnoea

does not necessarily mean longer apnoea. It is true, however,

after exhalation in water is clearly visible. SaO2 in apnoea after

that better divers are able to achieve lower SaO2 values during

exhalation in water begins to decrease later than SaO2 in ap-

apnoea than others. The results of the study showed that in

noea after exhalation on land. In apnoea after exhalation on

both apnoeas after inhalation, BP also increases with the du-

land, the lowest SaO2 among all four apnoeas was measured

ration of holding one’s breath. The strong increase in BP in

at EA (30%).

both apnoeas after inhalation in the last part of the final time

The results of the study show that in both apnoeas after

is associated with a larger volume of air in the lungs and the

exhalation, BP increases with the duration of holding one’s

functioning of many other mechanisms.

breath. The increase of BP during both apnoeas is not jerky,

minimal, the increase of BP was uniform.

it is steady. In both apnoeas after exhalation, in which the air volume was

CONCLUSION Depending on where they were performed, apnoeas after exhalation did not differ in effects. The only difference was in diastolic BP at 40% of the final time. As expected, shorter apnoea times were obtained in both apnoea after exhalation than in both apnoea after inhalation. The main reason is smaller lung volume and consequently lower O2 reserve. If CP is correlated with EA, it is found that CP occurs at 72 ± 14% in apnoea in water and at 67 ± 12% in apnoea on land. The changes of the HR values between the two apnoeas after exhalation, however, indicated similar changes of HR. The only exception was the initial HR, which was similar to both apnoeas after inhalation due to the two initial positions already described. It is likely that the diving reflex in both apnoeas after exhalation is similar on land (dry face) and with a submerged head, as both apnoeas after exhalation also showed three phases which have the same characteristics described in apnoea after inhalation in water. The first phase is characterized by a steeper drop in HR which lasts until 20% of the final time. This is followed by another, more stable phase with slight fluctuations upwards and then slightly downwards which lasts until 60% of the final time. In this second, more stable phase, the change of HR values in apnoea after exhalation on land deviates a little. The increase is interesting because the lungs are empty and there is no influence of the tensile reflex in the chest muscles. The increase of the HR could thus be the result of a supine position and the force of body weight acting on the entire chest, as the internal pressure is lower due to exhalation. It is more likely that the difference between the two apnoeas is due to the greater response of the diving reflex in water. The third phase in both apnoeas after exhalation begins at 60% of the final time. The lowest HR values in both apnoeas after exhalation were measured at the end of apnoea, namely, in apnoea after exhalation in water (53 ± 15 (1/ min)) and in apnoea after exhalation on land (61 ± 21 (1 / min)). The lowest HR value among all four apnoeas was measured in apnoea after exhalation on land (36 (1 / min)) at the end of apnoea. The SaO2 values in both apnoeas after exhalation are different. There are no statistically significant differences between them, but the effect of the diving reflex on the values in apnoea after exhalation in water is clearly visible. SaO2 in apnoea after exhalation in water begins to decrease later than SaO2 in apnoea after exhalation on land. In apnoea after exhalation on land, the lowest SaO2 among all four apnoeas was measured at EA (30%). The results of the study show that in both apnoeas after exhalation, BP increases with the duration of holding one’s breath. The increase of BP during both apnoeas is not jerky, it is steady. In both apnoeas after exhalation, in which the air volume was minimal, the increase of BP was uniform RESOURCES For readers interested in additional resources please contact me through email ales.kostomaj@gmail.com

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

equipment

Text and photos AGNIESZKA KALSKA

"Which mask is best for freediving?" I often hear this question from my students and befriended freedivers. In order to give an honest answer, one should ask the question "what kind of mask to choose?", because it will not necessarily be the same for everyone.

he mask is the most important piece of freediver's gear. A well-chosen one is one that

we take out of the box, put it on and forget that we have anything on our face. In this article, I will pay attention to how to choose, adjust and properly use a mask so that it does not disturb

Freediver mask HOW TO CHOOSE AND USE IT CORRECTLY

us and serves us for years.

Mask shape

It is said that a freediving mask should

Lenses

mirrored lenses, which are mainly sug-

have a minimum volume to minimise the

Large lenses increase the field of view,

gested for spearfishing.

loss of air from the lungs for compensa-

but also often increase the volume of

tion during the dive. There is a great deal

the mask. For sports purposes, it is bet-

of truth to this, but is it more important

ter to choose a more profiled mask with

How to choose a mask in a shop?

than its good fitting? Definitely not.

smaller lenses. For recreational purpos-

In online stores, it is difficult for us

Remember that a freediving mask

es, we can choose the one in which we

to judge in the picture whether a given

works completely differently than in

can see more. Among freedivers, the

mask has a larger or smaller internal vol-

the case of scuba diving. Freedivers

mask model with profiled plastic lens-

ume and how large it is in relation to oth-

change depth much faster both up and

es is common, which gives us a wide

ers. What we can pay attention to is, for

down, which also causes faster changes

viewing angle while keeping the volume

example, whether there are two lenses

in pressure, and thus – changes in the

small. For safety reasons, the lenses

and whether it is strongly profiled. The

volume of air inside the mask. A poorly

should be transparent so that the part-

masks with a face-plate usually have

fitting mask will leak and to get rid of

ner can observe the eyes and assess

a larger volume than those with double

water from it, we would have to waste

the state of our consciousness. On the

lenses and a profiled skirt (more tightly

a lot of air, which we should save.

market are also available masks with

fitting the nose and cheeks). The best

solution will always be to try on the mask in a physical store or have the option of returning it after shipping.

Test no. 1 When trying on a mask, put it against your face without wearing the headband. We gently draw in the air with our nose. The mask should stick to the face evenly, without causing any pressure anywhere. We should not feel the pressure of the mask frame, especially in the area of the lower forehead, where the sinuses are located. The different frame shapes in the mask are meant to adapt different face shapes.

Test no. 2

Don’t settle for less.

Once the previous test has been passed, the second test can be performed, in

Elite design. Top performance.

which we check if we can catch the nose well to equalise the pressure. Pinch

With Atomic Aquatics, the only

your nose with your fingers and blow gently through your nose. If the pressure in the ears is equalised and we do not feel air slipping through the nose

limits are your own.

into the mask, the second test is passed. Masks with a soft silicone nose will facilitate this activity even in thicker gloves and for people with not a prominent nose.

www.nurkowa nie -ecn.pl PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

equipment

as soon as possible. Clear silicone, in particular, has a tendency to yellow from salt. It's also a good idea to develop good habits while putting on and taking off your mask. On the sides of the mask, special buckles are mounted on its strap, which easily loosen and tighten the strap. Before putting the mask on, you should loosen them enough to put on the mask without any resistance. After placing it in the right position on the face, gently tighten the strip evenly on both sides so that it does not pinch your face and stays in place. When removing, first loosen the strap and then take the mask off your face. This way, the silicone straps of the

Test no. 3

The snorkel is the element that we

Another test should be carried out in

we only need a lighter and a tissue. We

most often attach to the mask strap.

water, in which we check whether the

heat the glasses from the inside, trying

Its shape, size, material from which it is

mask does not leak after applying it

not to burn the silicone parts that can be

made and the type of mask attachment

to the face.

damaged. After thorough heating, it is

itself are very diverse. The general prin-

enough to wipe the glasses with a tissue

ciple of attaching the snorkel is this – it is

and, if necessary, wash the mask with

not to disturb us during the dive.

Before you cross out your mask due to leakage, check that: f the mask skirt is in direct contact

soap or dishwashing liquid. To check the

with the skin around the face, i.e.

effectiveness, we can perform the treat-

Attention!

it does not overlap the hood or cap

ment first on one lens, then fully cool

Never tighten the mask straps as tight

and that the hair is pulled back;

the mask, put it on the face and blow

as possible, as this may increase the risk

f the mask strap sits neatly on the

through the nose. The difference should

of an injury. A tightly fitting mask will

back of the head and is not too

be visible. If the burnt lens continues

disturb the feeling of the mask clinging

loose; set its optimal length with

to evaporate, repeat this procedure until

to the face due to the compression of

clamps;

the desired effect is obtained. The mask

the air inside during the dive and may

f in case of men with facial hair

should evaporate less in the water until

delay the need to equalise the pressure

(moustache) – does the mask fit

it remains clean. By washing it with dish-

in the mask, leading to facial and eye

tightly to the skin under the nose?

washing liquid, we will also restore this

injuries. A tight mask can also press on

effect after a longer period of use.

the frontal or maxillary sinuses, making

f the attached snorkel to the mask is not the cause of leakage.

Mask fogging

mask will last longer. To perform the burning treatment,

Using the mask As a rule, a plastic box is provided along

it difficult to compensate them or preventing the diver from noticing discomfort due to sinus obstruction.

Once we have a fitted mask, fogging

with the mask to protect it during trans-

might turn out to a similarly unfavourable

port. Although the most common lens-

If we cannot find the perfect mask

phenomenon as leakage. It is enough

es are tempered and resistant to major

for ourselves, we have to dive with-

to apply a simple burning trick and this

shocks, it is worth using it to keep the

out one, for example with the help

problem may disappear forever. Before

mask clean. Before entering the water,

of a nose clip. Remember, however,

this, let's make sure that the lenses are

when the mask is still dry, you can ad-

that the mask is an indispensable tool

made of glass and not plastic. In the lat-

ditionally take appropriate "half-mea-

to provide mutual attendance, in or-

ter case, you should use "half measures"

sures" against fogging. After leaving the

der to be able to clearly see what is

(special agents such as "antifog" or sim-

salt water, the mask (and other equip-

happening with our partner under

ply your own saliva).

ment) should be bathed in clean water

the water.

t r av e l s

Niedackie Lake Text JULIA PRUSKA Photos WOJCIECH PRUSKI

he bottom is overgrown with lush vegetation, which

Gdańsk NIEDACKIE LAKE

Twardy Dół

turns the huge area of the lake into beautiful green meadows, among which freshwater organisms hide.

Underwater, we can see, among others, northern pikes, which will allow us to carefully examine and photograph them. During one dive, we can admire about 10 of them on average. Then, we will certainly meet European perches that swim in large shoals, from small to quite large specimens. Often found at small depths are also beautiful tenches. There are no cultivated fields around the lake, and the areas outside the

Niedack is a gutter lake, which is located at the northern end of the Tuchola Forest, in the Starogard district. What we can see under the water is definitely amazing.

resort are uninhabited, which makes the visibility under water exceptionally good. At the worst time of the year, visibility is 4 meters, while at the best up to 14 meters. Niedack is a gem in northern Poland. Anyone who dives there once will definitely come back. The lake is taken care of by members of the Good Dive diving school, which organises the lake's cleaning

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

highest quality equipment. People who want to dive deeper than those available from the shore can use the pontoon offered by the base. On warm evenings, the summer cinema is opened, where films about diving are shown. In the summer season, Good Dive organises diving camps for children, where there is no time for boredom, and the children return home delighted. There is a possibility to make a diving intro in the base. People who have never dived can try and see for themselves how amazing it is. The accommodation base is the yearround Twardy Dół holiday resort – located in the depths of the forest, at the very shore of the lake. Beautiful, picturesque

actions, so you won't find litter in this reservoir. The biggest attraction are shallow

landscape, peace, quiet, clean air, first-

dives among the previously mentioned meadows and observing the underwater life.

class clean water and unpolluted nature

The maximum depth of Niedack is 30 meters, and deeper dives are also possible.

– these are undoubtedly the greatest

There is a Good Dive diving base near the lake, where you can fill your cylinders not

advantages of this place. The facility

only with air but also with nitrox. On site, without prior reservation, you can rent the

offers rooms in the inn, family houses

called Leśne Chaty, as well as a camping and caravan site. In the package with accommodation you can buy meals: breakfasts and dinners. There is a restaurant "Pod Sosnami" on site, which specialises in the regional cuisine of Kociewie but also serves traditional Polish dishes. The restaurant has a large terrace with a beautiful view of the lake, where you can eat the tasty meal in a beautiful scenery. The Twardy Dół holiday resort offers a SPA and a fitness room. Leśna Oaza SPA offers a wide range of massages and treatments for face and body. Additional attractions offered by the resort include water equipment rental, sports hall, beach volleyball and table tennis. There are bicycle routes and routes of varying difficulty for orienteering (Green Checkpoint) in the area of the Twardy Dół resort. Twardy Dół is an ideal place for a family holiday as well as for people who practice sports: morning jogging, cycling, Nordic Walking, fitness. Children can have fun on the playground. Anglers also appreciate this place. For the autumn season, the Good Dive base and the Twardy Dół center offer accommodation for divers and people who want to start their diving adventure.

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

k n ow l e dg e

Buddy system SAFE DIVING WITH A REASONABLE APPROACH Text HUBERT REISS Photos HUBERT REISS, REDAKCJA PD

with him before the dive, or it is someone with whom we hav-

This time I will start with a question to each one of you, dear readers - divers. Are you a good partner underwater?

en't dived for a very long time. If this is what our diving looks like, the answer is simple – it is certainly not the buddy system, and we are asking for trouble. The buddy system in very simple terms means following safety rules. However, in order to follow them, you need to know and

of the buddy system should be discussed beforehand. In some

ach student is trained in the basic safety rules and pro-

cases, the briefing instructor or divemaster will discuss some

cedures in emergency situations – under and above

of them before the dive. If this does not happen, the respon-

water. Once they become certified divers, they stick

sibility falls on us. This is why responsible dive planning with

to these rules and consolidate them in their daily diving routine. Well, routine...

your partner is so essential. I was inspired to write this article by an incident that oc-

During the OWD, P1 and equivalent courses in other fed-

curred during one of my diving trips, where routine, lack of

erations, students learn the techniques and principles of safe

safety procedures and lack of attention to the buddy system,

diving. Their foundation is the buddy system. It is the basis

fortunately only caused us a lot of nerves, but could have had

of the whole safety system; if there is no partner – the safety

a tragic end.

system basically does not work.

remember them. If you have a new partner, the basic elements

A group of divers meets up for a joint trip after a long break.

It is not only about having a partner next to you. To illus-

Their diving levels are Assistant Instructor, Divemaster and two

trate, during a briefing, someone has been assigned to us as

Rescue Divers. The location is Honoratka Diving Base [Baza

a pair, and we don't even know what diving level this person

Nurkowa Honoratka]. The plan was to do two dives, the first

has, what he knows, we haven't exchanged a single sentence

at a depth of 18–20 m and the second at 8–10 m. Each diver

knowledge

was equipped with a 15 L single air tank. We discussed the below-mentioned safety rules and plan for the first dive: f route f orientation relative to the compass f reminders to swim in pairs f underwater communication f information on gas consumption (100 and 50 Bar respectively) f what to do if you lose your partner/group We entered the water, as per procedure we did a buddy check of the equipment in pairs. The whole dive went well. Surface break, air tank replacement and rest. The second dive was shallower with better visibility. We dived at the thermocline intersection, along the fixed rope. After about 20 minutes, as we turned around and continued swimming along the rope, the group split up… Why? One of the

until we meet up, brought a lot of stress, but it also could have

divers followed a fish he wanted to photograph. Another one,

ended tragically.

cutting short his way, deviated from the route and got hooked

Therefore, when planning a dive, it is particularly important

in tree branches. Two other divers closing the formation, did

to have a solid briefing and discuss even the most trivial and

not notice where the rest were, and swam further along the

obvious point – a reminder of safety procedures. Among certi-

line. The snowball effect it is!

fied divers it may seem unnecessary, but as you can see it can

A good habit, regardless of the level of training of the

help avoid many stressful situations and problems underwater.

person swimming in front, is to turn around once in a while

Many people, due to the coronavirus pandemic, have re-

to check if with the rest of the group is doing good and to ask

stricted their diving activity partially or completely. This seem-

about the amount of air left in the tanks. The same applies

ingly short break should encourage us to reflect and remind

to the person closing the formation.

ourselves of safety rules, the buddy system and emergency

Three divers return to the route...

procedures.

During a routine check, just like the one mentioned above,

Uncle Hubert and the editors of Perfect Diver know what

the group found the fourth diver missing. In accordance with

they are talking about, so remember that Scuba review pro-

safety procedures, we started searching for about one minute

grammes – recalling a dive or reviewing training material is

– in this case it meant going back along the rope to the turning

not a shame 

point. We didn't find the diver and we decided to surface. Unfortunately, there was no one on the surface except the three of us... Nerves, checking how much breathing gas we had left. After waiting about five minutes, observing whether anyone had surfaced, we decided to swim on the surface to the shore. While swimming, we were looking around for bubbles on the water surface... still nothing. Right before leaving the water, we noticed our missing partner standing on the shore, smiling, already changed out of his diving gear... Phew, a big relief mixed with huge nerves! While talking to the lost diver, it turned out that after freeing himself from the branches, he had been looking for the rest of the group for a minute, and then he decided to follow the rope back to the point of exit from the water... and got out of it! Unfortunately, situations like this, very often brutally verify our routine in acting and following, or rather not following the procedures. In this case, after getting lost, not following the procedure which requires surfacing and waiting on the surface

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

planet earth

Ubiquitous wagtails Text and photos WOJCIECH JAROSZ

it is indisputably long), but about its unique 'wagging'. It is not

Wagtails can be found on the shores of water reservoirs, including sea beaches, but these are not the only places where it is possible to see them. In fact, we can meet them literally everywhere, when they are quickly fidgeting with their tiny feet to chase food.

hile walking on a dirt road, reaching the piers of the

entirely clear what is the cause of such behaviour, and at least a few hypotheses have been put forward. It is suggested, for example, that wagging a tail is a way for wagtails to frighten insects, which are their favourite food. Perhaps, this is some form of communication for wagtails, but that requires further professional observations and research. In any case, the wagtails are waging their tails and thanks to this, everyone will be able to recognise them. The official English-language generic name is wagtail (in Polish language: folk name not to be confused with the South American birds of the Cinclodes family), and also refers to this feature of wagtails.

sailing marina, stopping the bike in the driveway of

White wagtail (Motacilla alba) is the most common (which

the house, walking with the dog on the city lawn or

again does not mean that it is the most numerous), because it

kayaking down the mountain river. These are undoubtedly com-

lives closest to man. Synchronisation gives it the ability to catch

mon birds in Europe (although not at all the most numerous).

insects without as much pressure from predators as in the

The wagtails we meet are not always the same, of course.

more natural circumstances of nature. Wagtails of this species

They belong to many species and subspecies. All of them, how-

make nests basically everywhere. Under tiles, in machine parts,

ever, have a characteristic physique – they are small in size and

in an abandoned pot, in various alleys and holes, and even on

have a long tail. And it is this tail that is most significant for wag-

the ground. The bird tries, of course, to hide them diligently,

tails. It is not even about its build, colour or length (although

but cunning domestic cats are able to wait patiently for the

planet earth

hatching of the young, which are a tasty snack for them when

Northern Europe they can also nest (more and more boldly

they try to leave the nest. The white wagtail is white-gray-black,

also on our coast and in the eastern part of the country). Males

with a different proportion of these colours depending on the

in breeding colouration are, according to the name, lemon-yel-

subspecies. Males are not easy to distinguish from females – it

low – beautiful!

is easier in other species of wagtails, in which bird ladies are less coloured than feathered gentlemen.

Grey wagtail (M. cinerea) according to its name is a bird often found in the mountains and highlands. However, not

Slightly smaller, but also often found are western yellow

only there, because it does not necessarily need high altitudes,

wagtails (M. flava). They are usually found in slightly different

but rather fast-flowing streams, creeks or other watercourses.

places. Yellow wagtails are birds of meadows, often wetlands,

Therefore, it can be found in many places of Poland and Eur-

reed beds, but they are most characteristic of the agricultur-

asia, North Africa, and even on the Atlantic islands – as long as

al landscape. A yellow wagtail on yellow-flowering rapeseed

there is fast flowing water. Above this water, the grey wagtail,

is a very nice picture, which, for example, in Greater Poland

of course, catches insects and other invertebrates. In appear-

is not uncommon at all. In recent years, yellow wagtails are

ance, it is similar to the yellow wagtail, and it differs in details,

easier to find in cultivated fields than in meadows. However,

such as a clearly longer tail and black crop in males. Kayaking

they avoid forests and areas overgrown with high vegetation.

or rafting in pontoons on mountain rivers almost always give

You can regret it a little, because just as the aforementioned

a chance to meet a grey wagtail – unless the dear reader pre-

wagtail on rapeseed pleases the eye, the running among green

fers extreme, winter versions of such activities, then you have

grasses, sedge and wildflowers, and later squatting on high-ly-

no chance for the meeting. In winter, there are no insects, so

ing places or tops of plants yellow bird is an extremely nice

there are no wagtails. Wagtails leave colder regions, wandering

observation. Sometimes we can also come across a less nu-

in flocks to more friendly places in terms of temperature. This

merous citrine wagtails in our part of Europe (M. citreola). Birds

applies not only to the grey wagtail, but to most species. In

of this species live in Eastern Europe and Asia, but nowadays

locations with a warmer climate all year round, wagtails live

they are more and more often seen further to the West. In

continuously as sedentary animals.

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

planet earth

a chance to admire the hidden and endangered São Tomé shorttail (M. bocagii) (unfortunately not all wagtails are common and numerous) during an exotic expedition to São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea. The list of bird species of the genus Motacilla has by no means been exhausted by the above list. ...a short break in the article for a "occasional intrusion"... I am writing this article during the Masurian cruise. As usual, I am behind the schedule delivering the text (by the way, I apologise to the Honorable Editor-in-Chief for the need to remind me of the deadline), I am pulling an all-nighter, actually it's already morning, I'm completing and smoothing parts of the text. I left the yacht a moment earlier to breath fresh air, on the quay I met a friend from the neighbouring yacht and I got hot ginger tea from her (I felt as if I pulled out the awaited gift from under the Christmas tree during Christmas – thank you Lena!) and I met the hero of this article! A wagtail, or even two of them, were strolling on moored yachts, running on the pier, even sit-

Wagtails are, of course, not only European birds. We can

ting on the top of one of the masts. What a nice coincidence

count on meeting the African pied wagtail (M. aguimp) in

– I'm writing about wagtails, and they are flying and running

sub-Saharan Africa, but also on the Nile in Egypt. The Mekong

around. I attach a photo or two of this meeting to the article.

wagtail (M. samveasnae) may show itself to us during a trip

Let's go back now to the actual text, so as to stay a little lon-

to Cambodia, Laos or Vietnam, and perhaps we will be given

ger in the subject of meetings with wagtails. What is pleasant

NEED A DIVE BUDDY?

OCEANIC IS BUILT FOR ADVENTURE. ARE YOU?

about these birds is that representatives of most common species do not hide from man, giving us the opportunity to observe them while they are diligently chasing the flying and creeping arthropods or other invertebrates. Of the biological curiosities, it is worth mentioning the one concerning the brood of wagtails. It was found that cuckoos are very eager to lay eggs in wagtails' nests – maybe because from the cuckoo point of view, and the needs of the developing cuckoo, the wagtails exceptionally well fulfil the role of parents? Wagtail breed often more than once during one season, which allows them to maintain the population size at a non-declining level in many places. Unfortunately, not everywhere and so wagtails, as well as their environment, should invariably be taken care of, but the readers of Perfect Diver certainly do not need to be convinced of this. I wish you pleasant meetings with wagtails – keep your eyes wide open!

www.nurkowanie-ecn.pl

tips

& curiosities ACADEMY

A way to quickly improve your diving skills

PowerJet FINS soft SF and hard HD

Photo Tomasz Płociński

Text WOJCIECH A. FILIP

Properly matched fins will not only reduce gas consumption by nearly 30% but also significantly increase maneuverability, speed control and safety during diving for nearly every diver. Read more to see if you belong to those divers who will benefit from fin matching.

BEGINNER DIVERS

● slow down; do everything like in a slow-motion movie … if you don’t like reading, skip to the summary at the end of

Yes, it’s true: a beginner diver can significantly improve their skills by changing fins. How to do it? Shortcut: ● replace your fins with “jet” fins (e.g. PowerJet soft SF, Jetstream or similar) ● move your legs only when you want to swim*

the article.

Let’s check whether replacing your current fins with PowerJet SF really works You’ll need a marked underwater distance of 100 m, preferably no more than 3–5 m deep. The best way is to use a reel with sufficient cord, visibly marked at 100 meters. Be sure

tips & curiosities

ACADEMY Photo Mariusz Czajka

to also prepare wetnotes or an underwater slate. First, get used to your new fins: tow your buddy on the surface, turn to your back and to your chest a few times, using only fins. Once you descend, try to keep your body as still and horizontal as you can – do not flex your muscles unnecessarily, try to relax and breathe calmly.

First dive Test no. 1 Swim a distance of 200 m, moving your legs as little as possible. Try to avoid broad moves when swimming. Breathe calmly, control the position of the cord. Look at your (stop)watch, taking note of the amount of gas in the cylinder and the test start time; try to turn around as calmly as possible past the 100 m mark. Upon returning to the starting point, take note of the time it took you to swim 200 m (a typical distance covered by a diver visiting a small shipwreck), note the amount of gas consumed from the cylinder.

Test no. 2 Swim the same distance again, but moving two times slower. Relax and control the cord position from the corner of your eye (you may put additional markers every 20 m). Try to make the return without using your arms. Breathe out deeper. Usually test no. 2 results are the most surprising, as not only does the gas consumption decrease but, despite slower movements, you cover the distance… in less time. This is because we focus on steady, not very broad movements of our legs,

Photo Bartek Trzciński

Second dive Test no. 3 For this test, take your old fins and repeat test no. 1.

we allow our fins to do their job instead

It is important to decrease the move-

of fighting with them – we push our-

ment speed of our legs (or we will use

selves away from the water 

excessive amount of gas).

If you descend slowly when you stop moving your legs, add a little bit of air to your wing or jacket.

PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

ACADEMY

Test no. 4 Repeat test no. 2 also in your old fins. You need to reduce the leg movement speed twice, relax and breathe calmly. Conclusions Usually, test no. 3 results in a little longer time to swim 200 m and a higher gas consumption. Test no. 4 is sometimes frustrating, as the diver is almost standing still, which makes them want to accelerate. But if you manage to stay calm and really slow down 2 times, then the swimming time will be significantly longer from what you can achieve using PowerJet SF and gas consumption will be higher. And last but not least If you manage to perform test no. 2 over 5 subsequent dives, continuously decreasing leg movement speed, you will notice 3 surprising things: 1. Gas consumption will decrease by approx. 30%. 2. Swimming speed will stabilize and – despite the very slow movements – will be surprisingly high. 3. Alertness will increase: we’ll be noticing much more detail underwater than ever before. Photo Tomasz Płociński

If you are only using a wetsuit, instead of using the PowerJet SF to perform the test, use the LightJet fins – they are designed for divers using wetsuits (they have positive buoyancy, so your feet will float).

ADVANCED DIVERS In this group, you’ll hardly find any opponents of “jet” fins. The usual discussions concern the hardness of the fin and choosing the proper blade angle. I suggest subjecting PowerJet HD – the hard model version – to harsh tests. Always use your old jets as a benchmark. For those using PowerJet MHD (medium hard), it is definitely worth compering them to HD. You are free to choose the number of dives, during which I suggest you perform the following comparison tests (using a complete technical setup with 3 stage cylinders each time). Photo Mariusz Czajka

tips & curiosities

ACADEMY

Test no. 1

of 2 buoys anchored on the bottom at

For beginners, the chance to obtain

Modified frog kick – 300 m distance, as-

a 5 m distance.

better results in fins other than jet fins

suming a slight current, i.e. we’re moving

Make tight figure eight turns without

is very small and if you’d like to compare

at a medium pace.

touching the buoys, at a speed of over

jets to split fins, the chance is basical-

Once you cover the distance, evaluate

30 m/min.

ly zero. Every effective movement and

the time/gas and CO2 level increase.

At the end, evaluate the time/gas and

maneuvering technique performed in

CO2 level increase and the need to re-

jets gives better results and reduces gas

duce speed.

consumption.

tance of 100 m, calm pace.

Then perform the same tests in your

the size and fit of the foot pocket, blade

At the end, evaluate the time/gas and

regular fins.

responsiveness or the spring mounting

CO2 level increase at the end (you can

For comparison, I suggest the following

angle. Did you know, that it is us – the

include the frustration level ).

3-degree assessment scale:

advanced divers – that are so much

Test no. 2 Moving backwards in a tight space – dis-

Test no. 3 Dynamic towing at a distance of

Advanced divers will note the details:

1 – worse fin

more attached to their original choices

2 – fin working similarly

(old fins)? Maybe it’s time to challenge

3 – better fin

those attachments?

100 m (assuming OTOX). Both the “victim” and the rescue diver in full setup.

Summary

Small depth, maximum speed allowing

The difference between a tester and

Who cannot benefit changing their fins?

to control CO2 levels, if possible.

a diver consists in the level of objec-

The disabled (e.g. with atonia) – in such

Once you cover the distance, ascend

tivity. In this case, the tester should

cases you should consult the choice of

to the surface, undress standing on the

assume both sets of test fins are

fins with your physician/physiotherapist.

bottom at the shore, then continue CPR

equally good and not favor either

Those who favor myths against facts –

for 20 minutes.

of them.

the most wide-spread myth says jets

If you’re not capable of being objec-

are not good for recreational divers, as

tive, at least do the test to improve

they’re designed for technical or dry-

your diving technique 

suit diving.

DPV test (additional) A DPV and a test “figure eight” made

from

Photo Bartek Trzciński PERFECTDIVER No. 5(17)/2021

ACADEMY

It is simply wrong when assessing “jet” fins to say they cause muscle contractions, especially in beginners. Of course, if fins are used for controlling buoyancy, this might be the case – fins are not meant to be used for controlling buoyancy, i.e. we move our legs when we want to swim horizontally. Look at your depth gauge and stop moving your legs – nothing happens? Then it’s OK 

Well... I’m sort of a bit convinced, but I need a really strong argument to change my fins. Photo Tomasz Płociński

RESCUE test ”RESCUE” test Fins, like any other equipment, should be chosen according

Mark a 100 and 200 meter distance on the surface, along

to our specific needs. On the other hand, they still must have

the shore line.

influence on diving safety. One of the most successful tests in

Beginners

assessing PowerJet SF and HD performance is the rescue test.

100 m mark. We are using PowerJet SF fins.

Such a test is performed on a yearly basis by technical diving

Our buddy lies on their back, the rescuer tows them by their

instructors and rescue divers. It shows how efficient your help

cylinder valve. The assisting person measures the time and

to your partner would be if you had to tow them. The test is

controls the rescuer’s condition.

put on their full equipment and stand at the

exhausting, so before performing it remember it is quite easy

Advanced

for the rescuer to become the casualty and remember 3 im-

1 stage cylinder or rebreather + 1 stage cylinder (during ca-

portant things:

sualty towing we do not detach the oxygen stage, other cyl-

1. Exhale to the fullest. 2. Instead of abundant, your leg movement should be moderate or small. 3. Don’t give up! You have to act in order to save someone – keep going as fast as you can until the end of the distance.

divers put on their full technical twin setup +

inders can be detached) and get set at the 200 m distance. We are using PowerJet HD fins. Our buddy lies on their back, the rescuer tows them by their cylinder valve. The assisting person measures the time and controls the rescuer’s condition.

Still in doubt why technical and experienced divers chose “jet” fins? Do the RESCUE test once again in your old fins – you’ll probably never use them again.

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Photo Bartek Trzciński