Thomas Whettingsteel, Alex Wightman Małgorzata Werdon & Nikolas Theodore Stagkos
INTRODUCTION
This project aims to solve issues currently facing the Polish cities of Ustka and Słupsk. The cities are facing very different problems with Ustka a thriving tourist destination 3 months a year but with very little other industry. Ustka council see nothing wrong with this situation but our project intends to show an alternative idea of development for the city. On the other hand the city of Słupsk is much larger and has a bigger variety of issues affecting the area, but facing debt from previous government there is less scope for large scale development unlike the city of Ustka. The project proposes to solve the issues in both cities through the creation of local interventions in the city of Słupsk that solve social and environmental problems. The sites in Słupsk are fed by a large redevelopment in Ustka using natural resources and waste products form the sea to lead research into environmental building technologies and alternative fuels. The site in Ustka will also have public visitor elements that can lead to a more sustainable form of tourism. Research carried out in the city is implemented in the live test bed of Słupsk. The creation of more jobs through development of these technologies and their implementation on communities will help address the debt and declining population facing the city.
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Introduction 6
INNOVATION RESEARCH PROTOTYPE
INTRODUCTION
ck
ba
ed
Fe
REGENERATION PRODUCTION APPLICATION
outputs
so urc e le arning
orato PHASE 01
scientists
research
da
PHASE 04
ta &
educators scientists students
local residents
en
r y process
outputs
PHASE 03
la b
students scientists
production
fe e b a c k
op
prototype
resource deliver y PHASE 02
application & live testing local residents
material collection
The overall ambition is that the two cities working together will create a system of social, economic and environmental change, and development of new construction materials, systems and fuels. The duel cities will act as a laboratory showcasing both a system of urban growth and technological advancement that can be implemented and furthered both nationally in Poland and further afield internationally.
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8 USTKA
SŁUPSK
PROBLEM STATEMENT
9 In general terms, Słupsk and Ustka have defined problems.
clearly
Słupsk is a financially deprived city, which lacks a cultural or social identity. While the City Council are keen to solve these issues, they seem to lack the means and direction to instigate change. On the face of things, Ustka is a much better kept city, with apparent financial and social security. A booming tourist industry provides both a measure of wealth and cultural activity. However, future plans for Ustka include further tourist growth, damaging both their natural heritage and historic fishing industry. This over reliance on tourism will be damaging to the city if, or in fact when, the industry declines1.
1 Plog, S., ‘Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity’, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 42, NO. 3, June 2001.
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PROBLEM ANALYSIS
11 This chapter explores the key issues and threats within SĹ‚upsk and Ustka. Identifying not only individual problems, but also the relationships between these issues.
Problem Network Diagram
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
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PROBLEMS
?
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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
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? LACK OF IDENTITY The city of Slupsk is lacking a strong cultural or community identity.
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POOR COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Direct obser stions in SĹ‚upsk re eale that resident do not engage with community groups NGO s or the City Council This issue seems to be deep set within Polish culture
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
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DECLINING POPULATION 2003 POPULATION: 99,492 2012 POPULATION: 95,274 0.56% OF POPULATION LEAVES EVERY YEAR
1. Urbistat, ‘Municipality of Slupsk’ [Online], http://www.urbistat.it/AdminStat/en/pl/ demografia/dati-sintesi/slupsk/2263011/4, Accessed 01/12/15 2. UNdata, ‘Population of Slupsk’ [Online], https://www.google.co.uk/ p u b l i c d ata /ex p l o re ? d s = z 5 5 6 7 o e 2 4 4 g 0 o t _ & m et _ y = p o p u l at i o n & i d i m = c i t y _ proper:034390:034260&hl=en&dl=en, Accessed 29/11/15
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URBAN SPRAWL Due to relaxed planning laws and cheap land, development has spread far beyond the city limits. This has lead to extremely sparse suburban areas outside the city boundary and contributes to the undesirable nature of the city centre.
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PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
DISCONNECTED CITIES A poor road network and insufficient train link between SĹ‚upsk and Ustka means that travel between the two cities is difficult. The social differences between the two cities also adds to this geographic divide.
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HEAVY CAR USE A lack of public transport with the SĹ‚upsk and the sparse nature of the city means that residents o erly rely on domestic cars as their primaty mode of transport This use of cars has generally become ingrained as a socia norm and a status symbol within Polish culture
REFERENCES:
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
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LACK OF GRADUATE JOBS 4000 students at the Pomeranian University in Slupsk. Many students leave Slupsk to study and never return.
1. Pomeranian University of Slupsk, ‘Akademia Pomorska w Slupsku’ [Online], http:// www.4icu.org/reviews/universities-english/3774.html, Accessed 02/12/15 2. Akademia Pomoraska, ‘Pomeranian University in Słupsk’, [Online], http://www.apsl.edu. pl/ouczelniKraje.php?j=EN, Accessed 25/11/15
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LACK OF SKILLS A combination of low wages and the economic migration of the skilled population has lead to a deficite of skilled trades people in SĹ‚upsk
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
-
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LOW SKILLED JOBS A lack of skills and low wages (compared to european average) has lead to low paid factory jobs representing the bulk of employment in SĹ‚upsk
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RUN DOWN BUILDINGS Due to lack of capital by both the residents and the City Council much of the building stock in SĹ‚upsk is in a poor state of repair.
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
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AREAS OF POVERTY Certain areas within the city have high levels of unemplyment , crime, and social problems. These areas (and their residents) are seen as undesirable.
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FUEL POVERTY Increases to energy and heat prices in Poland is a major social problem creating an issue of poverty especially fuel poverty
1. Woszczyk, M., ‘Vulnerable Customers and Fuel Poverty in Poland’, Energy Regulatory Office, 17 November 2009
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
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COAL ADDICTION Cheap but polluting; many residents feel that they have no option but to heat their homes with coal.
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OVER-RELIANCE ON TOURISM Reducing other industries in the city and relying only on tourism creates an unstable and unresiliant system
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
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PEAK TOURISM The popularity of tourist destination tends to rise and fall.* If tourism fails, what else does Ustka have?
Plog, S., ‘Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity’, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 42, NO. 3, June 2001.
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WOODLAND LOSS Development plans put the woodland surrounding Ustka at risk.
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SITE ANALYSIS
31 Site analysis has been carried out through a variety of methods including: • • •
Community and council engagement, through a series of meetings and events in both cities. On site investigations and exploration including taking detailed photographic records. Desk based research on current and historic events, political issues, social well being, infrastructure, economic and industrial .
Dual City 32
The councils of both SĹ‚upsk and Ustka have expressed an interest in a Dual City relationship, however the exact nature of this relationship seems to be unclear.
DUAL CITY
One issue which both cities seem to agree on is that a better developed rail link would be to both cities advantage.
33 USTKA
SŁUPSK
INTRODUCTION TO USTKA
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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Ustka is a ticky tacky town of tourists, with a population of just 15,000 residents off season and over 100,000 in full tourist season1. Further tourist growth is desired by the City Council. The key Uskta site being looked at in this thesis is an area of declining industry on the west bank of the harbour.
1 According to interview with Ustka Council Oct 2015.
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City Zoning
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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train station
1. Residential Zone 2. Industrial Zones 3. Tourist Track 4. Main Road 5. Forest Limits
key Industrial zone Residential zone Key buildings Rail tracks Woodland Pedestrian promenade
Transport Infrastructure 37
boats in/out
town hall
fish market
church shipyard
train station
1. Public Realm 2. Tourist Track 3. Primary Traffic Arteries 4. Rail Tracks 5. Key Building
key Site Main road Railtracks Key building Pedestrian promenade Public realm
Site Circulation
key site main road railtracks key building
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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forest road - under construction
1
2
1. Control point - regulated site access 2. Access to residential area - seasonal flats 3. Train station 5 4. To residential district 5. River path 6. us station
6
busses to slupsk to highstreet
to town centre
3
to slupsk
Train Station
key Industrial zone Residential zone High street (regulated vehicle access) Main road Access link
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residential zone
3
1 town hall
industrial zone
2
church
bus station cinema
train station
1. Pedestrianized area. 2. Beginning of regulated car access. 3.Primary access to harbour-side. For visitors arriving at the train station there are a number of destinations within a short walk. The current industrial zone is viewed by Ustka City Council as a key area for development, partially due to its proximity to train station.
Landmarks
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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Key landmarks are spread fairly evenly around Ustka. However, one half of the city is almost completely deserted, while the other is heavily occupied. Care needs to be taken when developing this underpopulated area so as not to damage the atmosphere and character of Ustka as a whole.
key Site Key buildings Rail tracks Main road Pedestrian promenade
lighthouse
marina
old dock crane
town hall
fish market
church
shipyard
cinema
train station
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Extreme Tourism
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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The biggest threat to Ustka’s tourism boom is unsustainable growth followed by uncontrolled collapse1. Ustka’s council currently plans to develop the western bank of the harbour into new tourist developments to allow for more visitors. These plans may have a negative impact on the natural heritage and charm of the area, and on Ustka’s overall desirability to tourists.
1 Plog, S., ‘Why Destination Areas Rise and Fall in Popularity’, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, Vol. 42, NO. 3, June 2001.
key Industrial zone Residential zone Tourism development area Pedestrian promenade Main road Possible pedestrian link Woodland
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2 1
lighthouse WWII bunker marina
old dock crane town hall fish market
church cinema
train station
3
1. Hotel district & residential district for rooms to let 2. On-going development of hotel complex & new marina 3. End of kayak route from SĹ‚upsk to Ustka
Existing Small Industry
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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Areas of existing and successful industry include the fish market (above) as well as other small workshops, manufacturing buildings. Much of the industry here relies on access to the water for delivery or export of goods .
1. Access from main road 2. Docks 3. Potential use of rail line 4. Access via bridge 5. View to marina 6. Set to private use 7. Access via site entrance / point of control
key site main road railtracks key building
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marina
6
4
5
old dock crane
7
dock
2
fish market
1
3
Fishing and Leisure Boats
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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A working harbour side, the west bank is used by fishing vessels and leisure boats for loading, unloading and vessel maintenance. With the east side of the harbour monopolised by tourists, the fishing industry in Ustka relies on access to this side of the harbour to survive.
key Site Pedestrian promenade Main road Possible link
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boats in/out key nearby buildings
pier
beach lighthouse
marina
old dock crane
1. Tourist track 2. Potential link
Abandoned & Underused
USTKA SITE ANALYSIS
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The west bank of the harbour in Ustka is largely defined by underused, industrial spaces. Forced into decline by Ustka’s status as a spa town, there is great potential for better use of this space.
key Key building Rail tracks
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1
2 3 4
5 6
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INTRODUCTION TO SŁUPSK 50
SŁUPSK
Słupsk is currently a city in decline, with skilled people typically moving away to find better paid work. Although employment levels are relatively high, jobs are generally unskilled and low paid. Due to these patterns, areas of the city have fallen into disrepair, social problems have developed and the city is in financial difficulties. The current City Council is trying to implement change in the interest of resident’s welfare, however, a lack of resources is limiting.
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B
B B
B
B B
B
A C
A
C C
C
C
A
A
A
SĹ‚upsk Circulation 52
1 train station
2
bus station
SĹ UPSK
3
key Primary traffic artery Secondary route Tertiary route Rail tracks Key building Pedestian promenade Shop frontage
Transport Infrastructure 53
open market
public square bus station train station
ngo centre
church
town hall mall
key Primary traffic artery Secondary route Rail tracks Key building Pedestian promenade Cultural centre Deprived residential areas
BLOCK TYPOLOGY A
OPEN RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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Typology A is in the Długa area of the city. Initially intended as a closed block, large sections of the site remain vacant giving the block a permeable nature. Typology A - Długa Block Other sites within the same genealogy.
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OPEN RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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Residential buildings surround the perimeter of the block and are typically three stories high. A central circulation core provides access to independent flats and still occasionally contain communal toiletry facilities. Residential buildings typically face directly onto the road, with primary access straight off the street.
The rear of the residential buildings opens directly into shared courtyards.
CIRCULATION
Residential Buildings FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR
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Auxiliary Buildings
OPEN RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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Numerous small auxiliary buildings fill the centre of the courtyard. Many of the abandoned buildings will have historically contained small industry, although this practice was greatly reduced during the polish communist era. Single story storage sheds fill much of the inner of the courtyards. Often used for coal storage (due to the lack of basements in swampy ground), a move away from coal my prove these buildings largely redundant.
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Under Utilised Space
OPEN RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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Large areas of under utilised grassed space cover unoccupied plots on the perimeter as well as large areas within the centre of the block.
Sparse parking or unofficial/ undefined play areas also occupy large areas within the block. These areas are generally in poor condition.
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Courtyards
OPEN RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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As the block has developed small shared courtyards have formed leaving a hybrid mix of the typical urban block typology and courtyard developments.
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OPEN RESIDENTIAL BLOCK Retail Buildings
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Office Buildings 65
Retail and municipal buildings have a limited presence in the block.
BLOCK TYPOLOGY B
CLOSED RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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Typology B is in the Prusa area of the city. Primarily a residential block, this typology is relatively complete when compared to Typology A. Typology A - Prusa block Other sites within the same genealogy.
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Residential Buildings
CLOSED RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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Residential buildings surround the perimeter of the block and are typically three or four stories high. A central circulation core provides access to independent flats and still occasionally contain communal toiletry facilities. Residential buildings typically face directly onto the road, with primary access straight off the street.
The rear of the residential buildings opens directly into shared courtyards.
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CLOSED RESIDENTIAL BLOCK Auxiliary Buildings
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Under Utilised Spaces 71
Auxiliary buildings and courtyards spaces have a similar properties to those in Typology A.
Gap infill: School
CLOSED RESIDENTIAL BLOCK
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An empty plot in the block has been in filled with a school. In filling plots with different uses is common in this block typology.
Retail / Residential Mix 73
Corner plots often contain small retail units at ground level.
BLOCK TYPOLOGY C
HIGH STREET BLOCK
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Typology C is in the Wojska Polskiego area of the city. Primarily a residential block, one face of the block contains retail premises at ground floor level. A high level of foot traffic passes the block and interacts with the retail units. Typology A - Wojska Polskiego block Other sites within the same genealogy.
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Residential Buildings 76
Residential buildings surround the perimeter of the block and are typically four stories high. The buildings are in good repair presumably due to the prime location within the city.
HIGH STREET BLOCK
Residential buildings typically face directly onto the road, with primary access straight off the street.
The rear of the residential buildings opens directly into shared courtyards. A council regeneration scheme, and undoubtedly the prime location of the site, has lead to a newly developed social space.
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Retail / Residential Mix 78
Wojska Polskiego has high pedestrian activity as it is on the main route from the train station to the centre of the town. Retail units occupy the ground floor of the building facing onto the main boulevard.
HIGH STREET BLOCK
Retail units occupy the ground floor of the building facing onto Wojska Polskiego, with residential units above.
The prime location and presence of retail activity undoubtedly are a main driver in the successful upkeep of this block.
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Auxiliary Buildings
HIGH STREET BLOCK
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Numerous small auxiliary buildings fill the centre of the courtyard. These buildings are in generally good repair, some have been converted for residential use.
New auxiliary buildings, such as communal shelters and play parks have been constructed as part of a City Council regeneration scheme.
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Courtyards
HIGH STREET BLOCK
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Communal courtyards have formed in the centre of the block. These courtyards contain infrastructure for social activities, parking and general circulation.
Despite the equipment provided, the courtyard seem to be largely unoccupied, suggesting there may still be a better use of this space.
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Municipal Buildings 84
Empty plots in the centre of the block have been built upon historically with this Church building, which has now been converted into a Theatre.
HIGH STREET BLOCK
More recently, a community focused building has been constructed to house NGOs and community activities.
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COURTYARD INDUSTRY
COURTYARD INDUSTRY
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In various locations in the city small independent industries can still be found in the courtyards, including a bakery (facing page), to private workshops (top right) and a gravestone manufacturer (bottom right). These industries often occupy the underused space in the centre of the residential blocks, as previously discussed in this chapter. This presence of small industry in the blocks is to be strongly encouraged by the Proto-City movement.
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COURTYARD SPORTS
COURTYARD SPORTS
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Other activities which take advantage of the under used space in the residential blocks are sports, play areas, and other informal recreational activities. These recreational activities are to be nurtured and encouraged to grow by the Proto-City movement.
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POLISH ENERGY SECTOR
POLAND ENERGY ANALYSIS
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National electricity balance in 2012
Location of newly-created energy blocks
. 1 World Energy Council, ‘Energy Sector of the World and Poland’ (Second Edition), Warsaw 2014
DOMESTIC COAL USE “Just over 47,000 Poles are estimated to die prematurely each year from smog caused mostly by low quality coal burned in oldfashioned household furnaces,”
Alongside a high use of coal in power stations nationally there is a problem with homes being heated by coal on a local scale. Many cities are currently trying to deal with the domestic coal issues and the smog it creates. Nationally it has been acknowledges that greener alternatives are required.1 The city of Krakow tried to outlaw the use of coal in the heating of domestic properties but the ruling has now been overturned.2 Opposed to banning the use of coal outright , alternatives need to be put forward first which can be used to replace coal with less negative environmental impact whilst continuing to be a affordable option for residents. 1 Sibierski, M., ‘Poland’s Coal addiction exacts heavy health, economic toll’ Physics.org, http://phys.org/news/2015-12-poland-coal-addiction-exacts-heavy.html, Accessed 26/11/2015 2 Gardiner, B., ‘Poland: Coal’s Deadly Toll’, Pulitzer Centre, http://pulitzercenter. org/project/europe/poland/environment-coal-burning-health-dangerous-fuel Accessed 26/11/2015
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POLISH ENERGY SECTOR Overview
POLAND ENERGY ANALYSIS
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“Poland is one of the biggest primary energy producers in the European Union with the country’s energy sector accounting for over 20% of its GDP. The obsolete capacities of the sector, however, are posing a threat to the future stability of the country’s energy balance. More than 60% of Poland’s electricity generation facilities have been in use for over 30 years now. According to economy ministry estimates, 12% of all generation facilities will have to be taken off the grid and upgraded or replaced between 2014 and 2017.”
Current energy mix “Coal accounts for over 60% of Poland’s energy mix, thus raising certain challenges, as it contradicts the European Union’s ambitious agenda to fight climate change. In 2009, the Polish government adopted a new energy strategy, under which renewable energy, oil, natural gas and nuclear energy will increase their share in the energy mix. In the beginning of 2014, the government gave the green light to a nuclear power programme, which envisages the construction of two nuclear power plants by 2035. Poland-based power plants generated some 165 TWh of energy in 2013, fully covering domestic consumption. State-owned power plants made up 26 GW of Poland’s 378 GW of installed capacity in 2012.”1
1 EMIS, ‘Poland’s energy sector: living on borrowed time’ [Online] http://www. securities.com/emis/insight/polands-energy-sector-living-borrowed-time, Accessed 17/11/15
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Business profile “The PGE Capital Group is Poland’s largest energy sector company with respect to sales revenues and net profit. Thanks to the combination of its own fuel resources, power generation and distribution networks, PGE guarantees a safe and reliable power supply to over 5 million households, businesses and institutions.”1 The Proto-City scheme is involving PGE capital group as a primary private investor as the mass energy production expands in Slupsk’s factory.
1 PGE, ‘Who we are’ [Online], http://www.gkpge.pl/en/pge-group/who-we-are, Accessed 20/11/15
Existing Industrial Model
POLAND ENERGY ANALYSIS
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“Competitive Labour Costs” or Look how little we pay our residents?
Słupsk City Council is actively looking for external industrial investors to move into the cities economic zones. One of the City Councils key advertising points is the low cost of labour in the city and the benefits of this for potential investors.1 The Proto-City initiative disapproves of the exploitation of workers and the purposeful creation of dead end jobs which offers no benefits to the futures of employees or the city. 1 Slupsk Council, ‘Zachęty inwestycyjne w Słupsku’ [Online] http://www.slupsk.pl/ biznes/zachety-inwestycyjne/, Accessed 12/12/15
London Post Office Railway 95
The London mail train goes below the city and the train used to transport mail around the city. This autonomous rail system could be implemented to move materials about the site Ustka site and potentially between the two cities.
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How can the formation of industrial lead regeneration further the environmental and social future of SĹ‚upsk and Ustka whilst connecting to existing typologies and green agenda?
RESEARCH QUESTION
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How can the formation of industrial lead regeneration further the environmental and social future of SĹ‚upsk and Ustka whilst connecting to existing typologies and green agenda? Industrial lead regeneration -what is it?
RESEARCH QUESTION
Environmental and social future - why is this important? Existing typologies - what form do these take? Green agenda - what is SĹ‚upsk green agenda?
Sub research questions: How can a Proto-City be created between two places and what spacial form does a Proto-City take? What effect does environmental and social change have on the life of inhabitants How might existing typologies be adapted for new buildings ? What are the implications of the green agenda on the built form? These questions will be addressed throughout both the research and design proposals.
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RESEARCH QUESTION
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Traditionally worker towns have been set out to house the families of local factories and industries. Worker towns were common in both England and America, such as the Cadburys factory and the town of Bournville and also eastern Europe and USSR countries. pre 1900’s the worker towns were traditionally very industrial and heavily linked both physically and socially to the associated factory, this was particularly common in America1. Our master plan is lead by a system of industrial regeneration and sees an introduction of new alternative industries into the area and linking to repairs and development of residential and community elements. This sees an inversion of the traditional system of workers towns, opposed to the creation of areas for the inhabitation of workers industry is reintroduced and created for the benefit of existing residents and community. This would not be the first time the worker town has seen a change as after the 1900’s they became much more concerned with social and economic change and took inspiration from garden city planning2. Worker towns of the last century reinforce the sub research question of changing the social and the environmental. Garden cities influenced worker towns and show how something like the existing green agenda of Słupsk can be integrated into our masterplan. Whilst some garden cities aimed to remove the residential from the industrial unlike the cities of the industrial revolution Congre`s Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) tried to use the concept of the garden city and it aims at social change on exiting cities. 3 ‘Resident industries’ which we are proposing are the opposite of how worker towns functioned and portray a more sustainable urban 1 Crawford, M. ‘The “New” Company Town’, Perspecta, Vol30, 1999, p. 48-57. 2 Crawford, M. ‘The “New” Company Town’, Perspecta, Vol30, 1999, p. 48-57. 3 Domhardt, K. ‘The garden city idea in the CIAM discourse on urbanism: a path to comprehensive planning’, Planning Perspectives, Vol.27. No.2, April 2012, p. 173-197.
strategy. Opposed to the creation of whole new towns which brings its own complications, instead our strategy uses an existing and established town and develops and rejuvenates the area through an injection of industry. A second facet to our proposal is the creation of a laboratory and test bed spread across the two cities. The intention of this is to develop new technologies and materials that can be tested throughout Słupsk. Eventually these research elements can be spread throughout Poland and also internationally. Precedent exist of test beds within worker towns, “...the complete town was a laboratory situation where they could test ...that is systematic, rational and socially efficient”4 .Similarly the above concept of ‘resident industries’ can be tested within the region and eventually implemented in other towns with similar issues of lack of job and industry and many residential areas in decline. This concept of industrial lead regeneration is quite unusual and on the scale we are suggesting not many precedents currently exist. The smaller elements that make up the larger scheme however are grounded in established research, dealing with local problems through small local level hubs and bucking the trend of removing industries from towns in cites in exchange for ‘cleaner and more popular’ industries (such as tourism)
4
Crawford, M. ‘The “New” Company Town’, Perspecta, Vol30, 1999, p. 48-57.
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STRATEGIC AIMS
The strategic aims respond directly to the problem analysis identified earlier. Similar to the problem analysis the individual solutions have also been grouped looking at their relationships to each other. Connections have been highlighted between the solutions and the collection of problems they specifically respond to.
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Strategic Overview 104
PROBLEMS
URBAN STRATEGY
?
RESOURCE PRODUCT
SOLUTIONS
AWARNESS BLIC PU
P
CAL ECOLOG Y CTI RA EN VIRONM
TOURIST ATTRACT ION
CH
SEAR RE
LLS SKI
L NA IO
ENTAL
EMIC TEACHIN AD G AC
VO CA T
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PROBLEM RESPONSE
ACTIVATE RESIDENTS Through community oureach and educational projects residents are encouraged to become part of the wider community
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EXEMPLARY CITY SĹ‚upsk becomes a city that is worth to imitate by other cities in Poland and Europe
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PROBLEM RESPONSE
EXHIBIT AND ENGAGE Breaking down boundaries between production, education and the local community
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COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT Strengthening partnership between council and local communities
110 RESOURCE PRODUCT
INNOVATION
PROBLEM RESPONSE
Natural resources collected from Baltic Sea and surrounding areas will be used in research on eco-friendly building materials and fuel.
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RENOVATE BUILDINGS Vocational training allows students to renovate run down residences and improve other districts
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ALTERNATIVE FUEL
PROBLEM RESPONSE
In the short term, replace coal with waste wood from local industry and construction.
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RENEWABLE ENERGY In the long term, aim to replace all heating systems with renewable energy systems, as researched in the Ustka Research Center
H
EN
P
CAL ECOLOGY CTI RA
AWARNESS BLIC PU
VIRONM
TOURIST ATTRACT ION
IC TEACHI NG DEM A C A ILLS L SK NA IO
ENTAL
SEARC RE
PROBLEM RESPONSE 114 VO CA T
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KNOWLEDGE SHARING Skills and knowledge passed on between residents through local hubs
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WORK/LEARNING CYCLE
PROBLEM RESPONSE
Vocational courses and buisness startup grants lead to gainful employment and self employment. Skills learned are fed back into the education system.
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VOCATIONAL SKILLS Vocational training gives locals the ability to repair the existing building stock.
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ENVIRONMENTALY EFFICIENT
PROBLEM RESPONSE
Greater consideration of developments effect on surrounding environments and a reduction in pollution help improve environmental efficiency
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DIVERSE TOURISM Promoting alternative forms of tourism including more water sports, eco tourism and use of natural environment
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RESILIENT CITY
PROBLEM RESPONSE
Creating an adaptive city which will last due to the ablity to respond to crises
1. Newman P., Beatly, P. and Boyer, H., Resilient Cities, London: Island Press, 2009
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CONCENTRATE DEVELOPMENT Increasing density and diversity within the central area of the city
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INCREASE BLOCK DENSITY
PROBLEM RESPONSE
Gaps in existing blacks are filed in to increase density helping reduce urban sprawl
The solutions identified in this chapter are a direct response to the problems which have been identified in both cities. These solutions are primarily non-spacial and represent social, economic and environmental answers to the highlighted issues. Within the masterplan these solutions are implemented into a spacial outcome and appropriately located into both cities.
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C.A.T Wales 124
The C.A.T centre provides an educational and visitor centre demonstrating practical sustainability solutions. The site functions as a tourist attraction open to the public, a school for graduate courses, residential courses, research and exhibition spaces.
PRECEDENT STUDY
They have recently been involved in a series of research reports called Zero Carbon Britain trying to reduce UK’s carbon emissions to zero in 20 years. The centre has been operating for over 40 years and was initially a test bed for new ideas. It receives almost no government grants and now maintains itself through donations and the income from the centre. This acts as a precedent showing a viable example of a education and research centre aimed at sustainable development and also functioning as a tourist attraction.
125
Lisbon 98 Expo
PRECEDENT STUDY
126
Lisbon’s world fair is 1998 was the largest in the history of international exhibitions. The area for the fair is one of Europe’s largest areas of urban development and is now a popular tourist destination referred as Park of Nations.
Mariacka Street, Gdansk, Poland
PRECEDENT STUDY
127
Gdansk is on the amber coast and Mariacka Street represents one the main amber shopping areas in the city. The street contains small stalls easily engaged with by tourists and shops connected to the stall. The street represents a connection between the locally manufactured amber, the identity of the city on the amber coast and a tourist attraction
128
URBAN STRATEGY
Within this chapter is an exploration of the processes taking place in both of the cities, backed up with relevant precedents and examples of possible material prototyping. The processes in both cities is broken down into phases which help to explain how the Proto-city will evolve over time and the economic background behind it.
129
STRATEGIC OVERVIEW PROGRAMME |
130
OVERVIEW
Research & Development into practical materials and technologies based around the marine environment. Prototype practical applications for the developed materials and technologies under lab conditions. Production of developed materials and technologies at a larger factory scale. Application & live testing of the developed materials and technologies in a real world environment. Feedback of scientific data and resident opinion to allow further refinement of the materials and technologies.
outputs
resource deliver
material collection
research
so urc e le arning
da
PHASE 04
ta &
educators scientists students
local residents
en
PHASE 01 scientists
production
PHASE 03
r y process
outputs
y
orato
students scientists
PHASE 02
fe e b a c k
op
prototype la b
URBAN STRATEGY
SĹ UPSK
USTKA
The process that defines the overall scope of the Proto-City intervention can be broken down into the following processes.
application & live testing local residents
USTKA | research |
STAGE 1
131
Taking full advantage of the marine environment in Ustka, a research and product development centre will initiate the Proto-City movement. Raw materials in the form of natural ocean resources or pollutants will act as a main physical input, with construction based materials or clean energy technologies as an eventual output. The Ustka Research Centre will also teach higher education courses, invite engagement from the wider scientific community through courses and conferences, and open it’s doors to the general public and display its work as a form of community engagement.
perfected research
PHASE 2
increased harvest
PHASE 3
prototype
PH
raw materials
ASE
1
STRATEGIC OVERVIEW 132
SLUPSK HUB | production |
STAGE 2
Production of the materials and technologies developed in the Ustka Research Centre will be undertaken in a factory process in the centre of SĹ‚upsk. This Production Hub will also teach residents of the city vocational skills through education programmes.
residents’ feedback
PHASE 3
city-wide & out
S
E2 main hub
PHASE 4
mass material & energy production
PHA
URBAN STRATEGY
As with the Ustka Research Centre, the whole process is intended to be on display to the general population to encourage community involvement.
factory & energy plant
SLUPSK MICROHUBS | application |
STAGE 3
Prototypes from the Ustka Research Centre will be used to construct MicroHubs which will be distributed in residential blocks through out SĹ‚upsk. These MicroHubs will encourage community engagement and social activity, be used as classrooms and workshops for the vocational courses based in the SĹ‚upsk Production Hub. They can also be occupied for business start-ups, as exhibition spaces and other community based activities. The long term aim of the MicroHubs is to catalyse community lead regeneration of the urban block.
repaired homes
PHASE 3
block development social, economic sustainability energy autonomy
PHASE 4
biofuel production on blocks building material application
microhubs
information hubs
PHASE 1
133
PROTO-CITY ECONOMICS USTKA | research |
STAGE 1
134 research develops
sell research patents to private investrors
PHASE 2
scientists participation required payment through goverment or students participation individual payment
PHASE 4
*ERA: european research area
research centre
council retains land ownership
government & EU grants
PHA
URBAN STRATEGY
maintains an open access research in collaboration with the ERA* participatory institutions
SE 1
a non-profit corporation is founded as a development model to manage and finance the two research and production programmes EU funds 2014-2020 New Financial Framework - infrastructure & environment programme - smart growth programme - knowledge, education, growth programme - regional operational programme - EU: COST programme government grants - national strategic reference framework - ministry of science & higher education research grants - polish academy of sciences - institute of fundamental technological research
The Proto-City movement will be managed by a Non-Profit Organisation with the welfare of the city as its primary agenda. The funding for the Ustka Research Centre will come primarily from EU grant funding, with an eventual aim of the centre becoming financially independent. It is envisaged that income will be made from research grants, patent sales and consultancy fees, as well as income from visitors to the centre.
SLUPSK HUB | production |
STAGE 2
135 increased production
3 PHASE local residents volunteer participation
export materials & energy to private investors
local residents get permenant job required payment
SE PHA 4
slupsk hub
council retains land ownership
engineers & factory stuff participation
factory setup
PHAS
E2
factory is developed using the ustka funds as an extension of the ustka processes; those eu & government funds are vital to setting up the program and the infrastructure required to support it
PGE capital group (largest energy sector in poland) as private investor
The SĹ‚upsk Production Hub is viewed as an extension of the Ustka programme and also relies on EU funding for construction. Once again financial independence is expected through the export of material goods and clean energy.
PROTO-CITY ECONOMICS SLUPSK MICROHUBS | application |
STAGE 3
136 large scale implimantation & development
NPOs & NGOs generate profit
PHASE 3
NPOs & NGOs are involved in the proto-city scheme
local residents involvement
SE 4 PHA
local NPOs & NGOs are buying shares off the corporation and coordinate the microhubs within slupsk’s deprived blocks
business startups
PHAS
slupsk microhubs
council funded from city’s infrstructure budget
E
2
initially organised as information hubs
PHASE 1
URBAN STRATEGY
seen as typologies prototyped in the ustka centre by students
The MicroHubs are viewed as an extension or replacement of the councils existing infrastructure and regeneration budget. Money which is currently being expended on regenerating individual apartments and courtyards would be spread more fairly through the city,. The expectation is that residents would be coerced into contributing to repairs in exchange for practical skills and knowledge.
PROTO-CITY TIME LINE ECONOMIC STAGES
PROGRAMME STAGES
USTKA | research
USTKA | research PHASE 2
SE 2 PHA
P
10years
20years
PHASE 3
SE 4 HA
5years
10years 5years
PH
PH
ASE 1
SLUPSK HUB | production E3 10years PHAS
ASE
5years
1
SLUPSK HUB | production PHASE 3 20- 0 years
PHA
5years
S
E2
PHASE 4
SE 4 PHA
30-50 years
20years
PHASE
2
SLUPSK MICROHUBS | application PHASE 3 10years
5years
SLUPSK MICROHUBS | application PHASE 3 30-50 years
PHASE 4
SE 4 PHA
PHASE 2
20-30 years
30-50 years 5years
1years
PHASE 1
5years
PHASE 1
137
PROTO-CITY MODEL: ECONOMICS & PROGRAMME 138
PROTO-CITY model: ECONOMICS & Programme
ECONOMIC MODEL
2 programmes research
production
The Proto-City model combines research+production into two programmes, one concentrating on alternative building energy models, and the other concentrating on alternative building materials1. As research and production are divided into Ustka and Słupsk, the funding equally and at simultaneously is distributed to all developments in Ustka and Słupsk2.
1
Committee for National Strategic Reference Framework, ‘Investing in Europe’s Future. Fifth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion’ Poland, 2011 2 Ministry of Regional Development, ‘National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-2013, In Support of Growth and Jobs’Warsaw, 2007
ECONOMIC PRECEDENTS 139
To run the Proto-City scheme the funding required will primarily be coming from European Union grants, government grants as well as private investors and local council funds. To place the significance of the scheme in a wider Polish an European context is fairly simply. Only last term’s European Regional Development fund had invested in Poland 40.9% of the grand total in infrastructure works and 18.8% in research and technological development.1
1
Ministry of Regional Development, ‘Poland Cohesion Policy 2007-13’ , Warsaw 2007
Ocean Plastic
RESEARCH EXAMPLE 1
140
Research area; all the oceans, including the Baltic Sea are heavily contaminated with plastic debris, which has a huge negative impact on wildlife. However, this plastic can also be viewed as a resource.
141
The Ocean Clean-up Project
RESEARCH EXAMPLE 1
142
Technologies for harvesting this plastic, and thereby cleaning the oceans, is being developed by several groups in the scientific community. However, research is still at an early stage.
143
Ocean Plastic: Sea Chair
RESEARCH EXAMPLE 1
144
The Sea Chair project is an example of ‘craft industry’ use of ocean plastic as a construction material. Using plastic gathered from a UK beach, Architect Azusa Murakami and Artist Alexander Groves hand craft small stools to raise awareness of the problem of plastics in the ocean and to prove the viability of the material.1
1 Studio Swine, ‘Bio’ [Online] http://www.studioswine. com/about/, Accessed 04/12/15
Waste Plastic: Flow Chair The Endless Chair project by Dirk Vander Kooji utilises waste plastic and 3D printing to produce designer dining chairs.1 This project again demonstrates the viability of waste plastic as a construction material.
1 Vander Kooji, D. [online] http://www.dirkvanderkooij.com/ collections/collection/products/ flow-dining-chair [Accessed: 9 Nov 2015]
145
Plastic Precedent
RESEARCH EXAMPLE 1
146
Kengo Kuma’s Bejing Tea House is constructed almost entirely from plastic. Although not from recycled sources this architectural precedent demonstrated the viability of plastic within the construction industry.
Beijing Tea House 147
Seaweed Farming
RESEARCH EXAMPLE 2
148
Seaweed farming can be used as a method of producing an organic material with minimal impact on the local environment and providing an increase in marine biodiversity.1 1 Heemsoth, A., ‘Sustainable Seaweed Farming – Part 2’ [Online] https://www. livingoceansfoundation.org/sustainable-seaweed-farming-part-2/ Accessed 03/12/15
149
Seaweed Bio-Fuel
RESEARCH EXAMPLE 2
150
Seaweed can be harvested and turned into bio-fuel via a process known as fast hydrothermal liquefaction. The harvested seaweed is mixed with water and rapidly heated to give off ethanol.1 1 Bazilchuck, N., ‘Turning Humble Seaweed to Biofuel’ [Online] http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2014/10/turning-humble-seaweed-to-biofuel.html, Accessed 30/11/15
151
The Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research prototyped a sea weed bio-refinery (shown above), research in this field is still at an early stage.1 1 Advanced Biofuels USA, ‘Producing Biofuel from Seaweed Biorefinery: Conference Report from Seagriculture, Exploring the Seaweed Chain’ [Online], http:// advancedbiofuelsusa.info/producing-biofuel-from-seaweed-biorefinery-conference-reportfrom-seagriculture-exploring-the-seaweed-chain/, Accessed 29/11/15
Seaweed for Construction 152
Seaweed is incredibly versatile and becoming more widely used as an environmentally efficient construction material.
RESEARCH EXAMPLE 2
From fabrics...
... to naturally fire retardant insulation...
... to bricks reinforced with a seaweed polymer, which are stronger and need far less energy to produce that their traditional counterparts.1 1 Materia, ‘ Strength of Seaweed’ [Online] http://materia. nl/article/strength-seaweed/, Accessed 13/12/15
Modern Seaweed House 153
The Modern Seaweed house designed by Vandkunsten and Realdania Byg is on a small island in Denmark, where the use of seaweed as a construction material is a local vernacular. Both the walls and roof are clad in this insulative material.1 Dezeen, ‘The Modern Seaweed House by Vandkunsten and Realdania Byg’ [Online], http://www.dezeen.com/2013/07/10/the-modern-seaweedhouse-by-vandkunsten-and-realdania/, Accessed 16/11/15 1
Exceptions & Limitations
URBAN STRATEGY
154
There are many limitations that will effect the implementation of the project. With regards to the Proto-city in the long term one of the key issues will be the political future of the two cities, but inparticular SĹ‚upsk. Currently the Mayor of the city is very progressive and concerned with the environmental future of the city, and in many ways this has had a heavy influence on the project. Proto-city as shown previously is intended to take place over a series of phases during a long period of time. As the political outlook of SĹ‚upsk changes then the Proto-city may have difficulty growing in the future if it is not as heavily backed by the government.
155
Within the short term one of the largest limitations of the scheme is uptake by other places. As mentioned the Major of SĹ‚upsk is very progressive but this represents a stark contrast from other places in Poland. It has been highlighted that one of the intentions of the Protocity is to act as a testbed where advances made in these two cities are taken up by other places both in Poland and internationally. If other Polish cities are less responsive to the Proto-city idea then it will seriously dampen the chances of it obtaining international attentions, or at least slow the process down. Alongside uptake by other cities are project is dependant on Ustka being willing to embrace an alternative form of development and engagement by the residents of SĹ‚upsk. Whilst strong arguments have been made in support of these and effort putting into making engagement and implementation of the project as easy as possible we are still reliant on the residents; an element we can not control.
156
SPATIAL OUTCOME
Applying the Proto-city strategic framework to the sites in Ustka and Słupsk, a spacial outcome has been developed for both the Ustka Research Centre, the Słupsk Production Hub and the Micro Hub blocks.
157
Twin Cities 158
INNOVATION RESEARCH PROTOTYPE
SPATIAL OUTCOME
ck
ba
ed
Fe
REGENERATION PRODUCTION APPLICATION
159 OUTLINE
main hub
slupsk prototype
d ange xch &e
rese arc h
y er
iv el ce our ns pe
o
product
ustka
resources
feedback
a p p li c
at
ion
city wide &out
microhubs
The program is split between the two cities and it is presumed that along with the other developments the train station and rail connection between the cities will be strengthened. The diagram shows how the program is split and also our intention to form a feedback loop connecting back into the research centre.
Ustka
SPATIAL OUTCOME
160
The key site in Ustka, as previously analysed in this thesis, is based around the west harbour side.
Słupsk 161
B
B B
B
HUB C
C
B B
B
A C
A
C
C
A
A
A
The interventions in Słupsk focuses around a primary ‘Production Hub’ site. As well as smaller MircoHub interventions which are designed to fit not only on the analysed sites (A, B and C) but also other sites of the same genealogy.
USTKA RESEARCH CENTRE 162 EXPERIMEN TAL GREEN TECHNOLOGIES
del ive lea ry rn i
b energy production building materials
s ce s pro s ce pro
SPATIAL OUTCOME
t
ng
within block application c resident inp u d city-wide application
s
a
natural resource material waste
The conversion of natural resources and waste materials into building and energy production materials. Implementation takes place on a range of scale from block to city wide through residents input
TECHNICAL & EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES 163 USTKA PROCESSES
rch resea
collection
storage
ss roce cess le p ca al pro ll s tion a
s ed ma uc
material waste natural resources
processing
research & development
prototype
industrial process to s
lu psk
waste outputs & other applications
shipping
Collected materials go through a series of buildings on the Ustka site for storage, processing, Research & development, prototyping and shipping. The site is connected by an electric railway service linking all buildings in the system.
USTKA RESEARCH CENTRE 164
SPATIAL OUTCOME
1
2
3
key site main road railtracks key building
165 1
2
RIAL
MATE ESS
PROC
3
4
5
6
USTKA RESEARCH CENTRE 166
SPATIAL OUTCOME
4
5
6
key site main road railtracks key building
167 1
2
RIAL
MATE ESS
PROC
3
4
5
6
proposed programmes
SPATIAL OUTCOME
168
Visitor Centre Marine Science Museum Conference Centre / Cinema Research & Development Exhibitions
1
Material Storage / Processing Material delivery from the Baltic sea Material export to SĹ‚upsk Material cleaning and processing (For Prototype Workshops)
2
Research & Development / Education Scientific research and development labs Higher education infrastructure
3
Existing Fishing & Industry Existing functioning businesses Visitor based exhibitions Fish Market
4
Prototype Workshops Processed material delivery Workshops for current prototyping projects Prototype export
5
Public Exhibition Display of previously produced prototypes
6
key site main road railtracks key building
169 1
2
RIAL
MATE ESS
PROC
3
4
5
6
Flow of materials through the site. Raw materials are collected at the sea front and are processed in a linear process along the site.
USTKA RESEARCH CENTRE 170
Pu
SPATIAL OUTCOME
bl
ic
Do
m
ain
The public/private divide is a clearly defined threshold formed by the active frontages facing the harbour. Public filtration, deeper into the site is discouraged by building form and arrangement, but not completely blocked. This allows curious visitors to explore the site as fully as they wish.
key site main road railtracks key building
171 sea weed harvest
forest road - under construction
busses to slupsk to highstreet
to town centre
to slupsk
1
USTKA RESEARCH CENTRE
SPATIAL OUTCOME
172
The majority of the western side of the river is proposed to be redeveloped for the research into new materials. Some Visitor elements do exist which are proposed along the new pedestrian route at the water front. These public space will be visible from the other side of the river and. The in land left side of the site is used for transportation of goods along an electric railway system
key site main road railtracks key building
173 1
2
3
4
5
Słupsk Production Hub
SPATIAL OUTCOME
174
TECHNICAL & EDUCATIONAL PROCESSES 175
re
factory & energy plant put t in n e sid
manu fact ure
main hub
ce
ion uct tion rod uca yp rg ed
open & en so e ur
raw materials
a p p li c
labs
a ti
it y
on
exp
prototype
to or t
c
export to poland
Słupsk Production Hub
SPATIAL OUTCOME
176
177
1
material production U
train station
U
2
3
energy production
1
key Site Proposed development Primary traffic artery Secondary route Diverted train line Site route Utility courtyard Pedestrian promenade
U
Słupsk Production Hub
SPATIAL OUTCOME
178
179
1
material production U
train station
U
2
3
energy production
1
key Site Proposed development Primary traffic artery Secondary route Diverted train line Site route Utility courtyard Pedestrian promenade
U
SĹ‚upsk Micro Hubs
URBAN STRATEGY
180
As a response to the SĹ‚upsk typologies A, B & C analysed earlier in this document, three contextual responses have been developed. These responses all start with the construction of a community building or Micro-Hub. Aimed at catalysing regeneration through community activation, the Micro-Hubs have different agendas within different typologies.
181
learn
pro ce ss
set up
ra m expans
repair home s
pro g
step 01
ion
ev
eg
c blo
k
ac
hi
oal
im prov
e
business startup work @slupsk hub
step 02
After construction, the Micro-Hubs engage with resident and teach skills necessary to renovate the block. Furthermore, business startups and small industry are established to eventually leave the blocks with the economic ability to support themselves.
Słupsk Micro Hub - A 182
SPATIAL OUTCOME
0-1 year |
The Micro Hub
A small community building is erected in the block. This Micro Hub: •
• •
Provides a physical location to connect residents with one another, NGO’s and Słupsk Council. Acts as a remote classroom for the Słupsk Production Hub. Includes the regeneration of a small Public courtyard for sports, children’s play and communal gatherings.
183
0-10 year |
Building Renovation
Through a series of vocational courses and community engagement programmes, residential buildings are renovated and modernised. • • •
Residents are taught skills to carry out basic work themselves. Students repair buildings as part of their course. New technologies from the Ustka Research Centre and Słupsk Production Hub are implemented.
Słupsk Micro Hub - A 184
SPATIAL OUTCOME
2-10 year |
Auxiliary Building Regeneration
Auxiliary buildings are repaired and retrofitted to function as: • •
•
•
Business start up and craft industry units. Workshops and classrooms for the ongoing regeneration programme of the residential buildings. The micro production of energy, based on research carried out at the Ustka Research Centre, to include experimental technologies. Communal buildings to service semi-private courtyards [see facing page].
185
2-10 year |
Internal Courtyards
Occupied and managed by the residents of the neighbouring buildings, semi-private courtyards focus on production and contain: • • •
Community allotments. Micro-energy production. Craft-industries such as bakeries, potteries, furniture makers etc.
The specific function of courtyards will be established by communal consent and will generally be of one type. For instance food production or industry, not both.
SĹ‚upsk Micro Hub - A 186
SPATIAL OUTCOME
2-10 years |
Makers Markets / Exhibitions
As the internal courtyards develop, outward facing courtyards communicate with the wider community through exhibitions and produce based markets. It is envisaged that these markets and exhibitions will attract visitors and tourists from national and international destinations.
187
20-50 year |
New Residential Units
As the attractiveness of SĹ‚upsk increases, it is expected that the population will increase as well. New residential buildings will fill in empty plots within the existing urban grain.
Słupsk Micro Hub - B 188
SPATIAL OUTCOME
0-1 year |
The Micro Hub
A small community building is erected in the block. This Micro Hub: •
• •
Provides a physical location to connect residents with one another, NGO’s and Słupsk Council. Acts as a remote classroom for the Słupsk Production Hub. Includes the regeneration of a small Public courtyard for sports, children’s play and communal gatherings.
189
2-5 year |
Auxiliary Building Regeneration
Auxiliary buildings are repaired and retrofitted to function as: • •
•
•
Business start up and craft industry units. Workshops and classrooms for the ongoing regeneration programme of the residential buildings. The micro production of energy, based on research carried out at the Ustka Research Centre, to include experimental technologies. Communal buildings to service semi-private courtyards [see facing page].
Słupsk Micro Hub - B 190
SPATIAL OUTCOME
2-10 year |
Internal Courtyards
Occupied and managed by the residents of the neighbouring buildings, semi-private courtyards focus on production and contain: • • •
Community allotments. Micro-energy production. Craft-industries such as bakeries, potteries, furniture makers etc.
Due to the lack of any suitable open courtyards, a second Micro Hub is constructed to house Makers Markets and Exhibitions.
191
20-50 year |
New Residential Units
As the attractiveness of SĹ‚upsk increases, it is expected that the population will increase as well. New residential buildings will fill in empty plots within the existing urban grain.
Słupsk Micro Hub - C 192
SPATIAL OUTCOME
0-1 year |
The Micro Hub
A small community building is erected in the block within the already regenerated courtyard. This Micro Hub: • •
Provides a physical location to connect residents with one another, NGO’s and Słupsk Council. Acts as a remote classroom for the Słupsk Production Hub.
193
0-10 year |
Internal Courtyard
Occupied and managed by the residents of the neighbouring buildings, semi-private courtyards focus on production and contain: • Community allotments. • Micro-energy production. • Craft-industries such as bakeries, potteries, furniture makers etc. As the auxiliary buildings are already in good repair, there is no need for a specific regeneration program in this courtyard.
SĹ‚upsk Micro Hub - C 194
SPATIAL OUTCOME
0-1 year |
Makers Market / Exhibitions
As the internal courtyards develop, outward facing courtyards communicate with the wider community through exhibitions and produce based markets. Due to the prime location of this site, more significant infrastructure can be constructed to house these markets. It is envisaged that these markets and exhibitions will attract visitors and tourists from national and international destinations.
195
0-10 year |
High Street Interaction
The edge of the block that interacts with the retail street is to be inhabited by Maker / Sellers from with in the block and other areas of the city. Both retail shops and Micro Hubs on this street will engage with locals and visitors to the city, becoming part of the cities new identity.
196
CONCLUSION
197
Słupsk and Ustka - Future 198 TIMELINE: phase 01: ustka
plastic seaweed
perfected research increased harvest
first sample material on-site energy slupsk
phase 02: microhubs
biofuel production on blocks biofuel pro
phase 03:
phase 03
factory
CONCLUSION
mass production of buildingmass material prod mass energy production mass ener
phase 04:
phase 04
residents’ feedback
residents
The Proto-City is a long term proposal as demonstrated in the time line. The ambition is to create an ongoing scheme with 4 phases initially proposed which will take place over 50 years, representing just the proposals in Ustka & Słupsk. As has been previously mentioned throughout the book the goal behind the Proto-City is to create social, economic and environmental change through research into environmental conscious alternative materials. It has also been highlighted that once the Proto-City is underway it is expected to integrate itself into both other Polish cities as well as internationally. Some of this integration outside of the original two cities will begin
199
biofuel production on blocks
restored homes
social & economic sustainability energy autonomy
phase 03:
mass production of building materials mass energy production
meets energy demands of slupsk
phase 04:
residents’ feedback
block development
during the initial 50 year projections, but are not specifically shown in the time line. This booklet is the comprehensive breakdown of a new urban strategy and masterplan for the polish cities of SĹ‚upsk and Ustka. Referred to as the Proto-City (short for prototype city) the scheme is viewed as a way to integrate two cities facing very different problems; presenting a combined scheme of small interventions and large scale urban change.
200
BIBLIOGRAPHY
201
Bibiography 202
Advanced Biofuels USA, ‘Producing Biofuel from Seaweed Biorefinery: Conference Report from Seagriculture, Exploring the Seaweed Chain’ [Online], http://advancedbiofuelsusa. info/producing-biofuel-from-seaweed-biorefinery-conference-report-from-seagricultureexploring-the-seaweed-chain/, Accessed 29/11/15 Akademia Pomoraska, ‘Pomeranian University in Słupsk’, [Online], http://www.apsl.edu.pl/ ouczelniKraje.php?j=EN, Accessed 25/11/15 ‘Ban the Bottle’ [Online] https://www.banthebottle.net/bottled-water-facts/ [Accessed 7 Nov 2015] Bazilchuck, N., ‘Turning Humble Seaweed to Biofuel’ [Online] http://www. renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2014/10/turning-humble-seaweed-to-biofuel.html, Accessed 30/11/15 Committee for National Strategic Reference Framework, ‘Investing in Europe’s Future. Fifth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion’ Poland, 2011 Crawford, M. ‘The “New” Company Town’, Perspecta, Vol30, 1999, p. 48-57 Detail [online] http://www.detail-online.com/inspiration/house-in-tokyo-106394.html [Accessed: 9 Nov 2015]
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dezeen, ‘The Modern Seaweed House by Vandkunsten and Realdania Byg’ [Online], http://www.dezeen.com/2013/07/10/the-modern-seaweed-house-by-vandkunsten-andrealdania/, Accessed 16/11/15 Domhardt, K. ‘The garden city idea in the CIAM discourse on urbanism: a path to comprehensive planning’, Planning Perspectives, Vol.27. No.2, April 2012, p. 173-197 EMIS, ‘Poland’s energy sector: living on borrowed time’ [Online] http://www.securities. com/emis/insight/polands-energy-sector-living-borrowed-time, Accessed 17/11/15 Gardiner, B., ‘Poland: Coal’s Deadly Toll’, Pulitzer Centre, http://pulitzercenter.org/project/ europe/poland/environment-coal-burning-health-dangerous-fuel Accessed 26/11/2015 Heemsoth, A., ‘Sustainable Seaweed Farming – Part 2’ [Online] https://www. livingoceansfoundation.org/sustainable-seaweed-farming-part-2/ Accessed 03/12/15 Materia, ‘ Strength of Seaweed’ [Online] http://materia.nl/article/strength-seaweed/, Accessed 13/12/15 Ministry of Regional Development, ‘National Strategic Reference Framework 2007-2013, In Support of Growth and Jobs’Warsaw, 2007 Ministry of Regional Development, ‘Poland Cohesion Policy 2007-13’ , Warsaw 2007
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Image References All images have been produced by the authors with the exception of the following:
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The master plan and Urban Strategy propose changes to the cities of Słupsk and Ustka, strengthening them individually whilst also bringing them together to create a Proto-City. Individually facing very separate issue the proposal features a large research and education centre in Ustka exploring alternative more sustainable building and fuel materials. The research and products carried out in Ustka is used to kick start a local scale interventions in Słupsk. The residents of Słupsk are activated through these interventions promoting social; environmental and economic changes in the city, helping to deal with many of the key problems facing Słupsk. The Proto-City (prototype city) is viewed as a test bed and laboratory where ideas explored in the two cities can be implemented and further developed both nationally around Poland and also to international audiences.
Thomas Whettingsteel, Alex Wightman Małgorzata Werdon & Nikolas Theodore Stagkos