REFUGEE MATTERS Integration: Obligation to Opportunity Over a 20 year period SĹ‚upsk will integrate Syrian refugees as a catalyst to regenerate the city centre: Regeneration in terms of reformed physical housing stock, political policy, social conditions, infrastructure and education. This over time will help to establish a culture of cooperation and trust between local government and a Refugee/Immigrant/Resident community. Critical to this is an establishment of identity for inhabitants of the City.
+ WHAT? + WHY? + HOW?
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Contents
WHAT?
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Introduction Gathering Information Visit to Słupsk and Ustka Modelling and Mapping Techniques
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The Crisis Who are Refugees Journey of a Asylum – The Story of the Refugee Syria: As well as lost life Aleppo: A city Under Siege Refugee Camps Implications of the Schengen Treaty Current Asylum Procedure Poland EU Funding and Refugees Granted Asylum The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund Primary City Network Economic Overview Economic Growth EU Structural Funds A History of Movement Life in a Homogeneous Nation Xenophobia The Importance of Local Government Why Słupsk? Słupsk Ustka
12 13 14 20 21 22 23 24 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 36 37 38 39 40 44
WHY?
Toolbox: Questions for Integration Against the Nationalist Rhetoric Against the Polish Political Power Against Emigrants as an Economic Loss Refugees as an Economic Benefit Refugee/Resident Relations as an Integrated System Precedents
50 51 52 53 54 56 58
HOW?
Integration Strategy Stage 1: Gdansk (Legal Process) Stage 2: Ustka (Sensitive Integration) Stage 2: Ustka (Economic Process) Stage 3: Słupsk (Social and Cultural Process) Słupsk Block Analysis Słupsk Use Analysis Toolbox for Change Increasing understanding through Organizational Awareness Culture Case Study: Block Design Process City wide Masterplan Development Process New Journey of Asylum: The Story of a Syrian Refugee
64 66 68 70 72 73 82 84 92 93 98 114 115
Future Potential Further Steps Bibliography
122 123 125
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Introduction Plymouth University MArch program have been approached by President Robert Biedroń of Słupsk City Council to provide design solutions for redevelopment of Słupsk and Ustka, Poland.
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Though a process of site investigations, consultation with local people and institutions, as well as wider research and analysis, the ‘Refugee Matters’ urban design document has been developed. This is intended as a robust response to both the prevalent issues exhibited within Polish cities and towns, as well as the wider pressing issues regarding Refugee rehabilitation in-light of the currant Syrian crisis. Key to this is the unique position that Poland is able to take in the successful reception and integration asylum seekers, turning obligation into opportunity. The results are a solution that will help redevelop the Słupsk and Ustka, benefit the residents and provide a test bed to change perception of refugees in both Poland and European Union member states. This design document is intended as a case study for use by Polish councils as well as other European Union member states exhibiting similar issues; it is to be used in conjunction with significant community consultation and education programs. The following pages highlight The Syrian crisis and the relevance of Słupsk and Ustka within the context of Poland, providing a suitable test bed for the implementation of ‘Refugee Matters’ urban design document.
Gathering Information The Development Strategy for the City of Słupsk 20162022 is a local government-led project leading to the enabling of amenities for residents and institutions. The strategy is to be developed from consultation, debate and research. It is intended for the strategy to be forward-looking and open, corresponding to the major challenges of the modern city of Słupsk. In the development of this the area has to be experienced first-hand: mapping existing conditions, site investigations, community meetings and meetings with institutions will all aid the successful implementation of an appropriate urban design document. However, while visiting Słupsk and Ustka, images of the War in Syria pervaded newspapers, social media and television. It quickly became apparent that while under the remit of providing urban strategy solutions for Plymouth University and Słupsk City Council, our group should at least attempt to address some of the wider issues that are affecting those who’s lives have been devastated by the conflict. When gathering information on both the needs of the residents and those seeking asylum it became clear that the two could be addressed simultaneously. This can only be achieved with cooperation on both government and local levels, answering the research question of how the granting of asylum can turn obligation into opportunity.
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Visit to SĹ‚upsk and Ustka On site Context Investigations
Engagement with Local Council Representatives
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Engagement with Local Stakeholders
Engagement with Community Groups
Modelling & Mapping Techniques Mapping is an essential technique to not only appreciate the detail of context but also highlight factors of strategy design which are important. It is for individuals and institutions to Initiate mapping and modelling of an urban strategy, developing findings and research through workshops. In addition, Digital tools such as Google maps can act as valuable resources for sharing the information between interest groups. This can advance knowledge of the area though interactive videos.
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“we rely on past events to calculate future ones and because the sum total of our experience cannot, exhaust the sum total of all possible experience, a space opens up beyond the horizons of our conceptual geographies, a gap between what is historically accumulated and what is in fact possible.”1
1
Adrian Lahoud, Post Traumatic Urbanism, pg 17
WHAT?
The aim of this project is to examine the plausibility of integrating refugees into a city of Słupsk, a city in need of regeneration. The position made in this project is that integration of the Refugees is pivotal if Słupsk is to be considered locally and globally as a progressive city. However, there is acknowledgment that this type of progressiveness (the rhetoric of ‘progressiveness’ readily deployed by the mayor of Słupsk, though expanded in this project through ideas of integration) is a delicate operation considering the ‘post-traumatic’ identity of Słupsk. Here, post-traumatic identity is underpinned by the thinking of Adrian Lahoud:
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The Crisis In the last four years, barely a week has gone by when the situation in the country has not made the headlines. Stories of battles between opposition and government forces continue to fill newspapers, and the endlessly rising death toll serves as a constant reminder that what started as a peaceful cry for freedom has descended into an internal armed conflict - with devastating results.
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The impact of the fighting, as ever, is being most brutally felt by civilians. Both pro and anti-government forces have killed and tortured captives and both have been responsible for the killing of civilians through the use of indiscriminate weapons. Four years since the uprising in Syria began, ordinary civilians are being intentionally starved to death. Besieged by the Syrian government and armed opposition groups. It is time to call on world leaders to act to ensure immediate humanitarian access to end the suffering of ordinary civilians who have been caught up in the conflict.
Who are Refugees? Thousands of desperate people flee Syria every day – often with nothing more than the clothes on their backs. But the vast majority are being sheltered by a small number of countries neighbouring Syria, who are struggling to cope. They are men, women and children fleeing war, persecution and political upheaval. They are uprooted with little warning, enduring great hardship during their flight. They become refugees when they cross borders and seek safety in another country. They are displaced when they are forced to flee their homes, but remain within the borders of their native country. The 1951 United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, as amended by its 1967 protocol defines a refugee as a person who “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country...”2 Refugees are forced to flee their homes and seek safety in another country, often times without warning. Migrants are people who make a conscious decision to leave their countries to seek a better life elsewhere.
Handbook and Guidelines on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status -under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees. Reissued Geneva, December 2011 (PDF)
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Journey of Asylum: The Story of a Syrian Refugee
1.
3.
2.
14 Tough choices
More than nine million Syrians have been forced to leave their homes. They sell their houses for a fraction of its value - $20,000. They travel in Lebanon, but dream for their safety is Europe. To make that journey, they must risk being smuggled across land and sea.
Turkey
The flights from Beirut to Istanbul cost a huge amount of money. After a week in Istanbul, they try to find a smuggler. Usually he will take them to a busy cafe in the centre of town. He says he can get them to Greece for an initial $3,000 deposit per person.
Beginning the journey
The Syrian conflict has torn the country apart, leaving thousands dead and driving millions to flee their homes. Many seek refuge in neighbouring countries but others pay traffickers to take them to Europe - risking death, capture and deportation.
Egypt
There are more than 130,000 Syrian refugees in Egypt. Since 2013, Egypt has not allowed any more Syrians into the country without a visa. But some are lucky and are granted visas. They can then find a smuggler in Cairo. The smuggler explains that they have two options: to travel to Italy from Alexandria by sea or they can go to Libya, where the sea crossing is shorter.
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15 Libya
From Cairo, the smuggler will take them to the border with Libya. It’s a dangerous 10hour drive to reach El Salloum, an Egyptian town. The smuggler takes them to a house and says he does not want them to be noticed. They are worried about the sea crossing. It would be good to get water, medicines and life jackets for the journey but they cannot go out for fear of getting caught.
Pay the deposit
The smuggler will give two choices: One to pay $7,500 per person and travel by land via Edirne. Or pay $5,000 per person and go by sea via Izmir. Both journeys are risky.
Alexandria
They go to Alexandria. The smuggler takes them to a shabby, overcrowded flat. He insists on an initial payment of $7,000 each and leaves with the money. There is only one toilet between dozens of people. If they go out, they may be recognized as illegal immigrants, and if caught, probably deported back to Syria.
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16 By sea
Travelling by sea is very risky, boats capsize all the time. But there is less chance of getting caught. Usually the smugglers will take them to small boats. About 300 people could be on board.
Benghazi
A group of Libyan militiamen stop them at a checkpoint. They demand money from all the passengers. They point guns at them and threaten them. They need that money; it’s all they have to start a new life. Is it worth trying to negotiate or should they give them the money? They give them the money. They take their money and let them go.
By land
They would take a bus from Istanbul to Meric (near the Greek border). The river Maritsa is the natural border between Greece and Turkey. Border guards patrol parts of the area and the river is 50m wide. The smuggler will provide an inflatable boat for people to make it to the other side. Sometimes the inflatable boat can’t handle this and can capsize. As soon as they pass over the river they run into the woods.
17 Reported to police
They are all detained by the Egyptian Security Officials and held in a police station. They are told that they can only be released if they return to Syria at their own expense.
Zuwara
After a long, dangerous drive, they reach Zuwara costing $3,000 each. They are exhausted and very scared. Taken to a boat for Italy during the evening. Later, another boat approaches; they unsure if it’s Libyan coastguards or a militia group. They fire shots at the boat. They think they want a share of the smugglers’ money. Some people jump out in a panic and swim to the shore.
Stay in the flat
They have run out of food and are desperate to get out. The smuggler returns because the boats are ready. He divides them into two groups: women and children in one boat and the men in the other. Some ask to stay together with their families, but the smuggler doesn’t listen to them. They refuse to separate from their families.
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18 Sea rescue
The coastguards find them on the sea, rescue them and take them to Greece.
Claim asylum
They are now in Greece – Europe at last! They know they need to keep a low profile because they can only claim asylum in country they first set foot in. After some days they find somebody in the suburbs of Athens that can sell them fake UK passports and then fly to Manchester. They see the police at the airport and approach them to say: “I have come to seek asylum. I am from Syria.” If then granted refugee status he can try to get his family over.
Damaged hull
Some stay on, the other boat pulls up alongside and demand money. The smuggler pays them off. When it reaches international waters the hull collapses, it must have been damaged in the shooting. The boat capsizes. Luckily, they have the inflatable rings that they can all hold onto. There are dead bodies around them, floating in the water. An Italian ship looms out of the dark. They all scream and shout to get attention. The crew sees them, and takes them to Italy. They have arrived in Europe.
19 Damaged hull
Some stay on, the other boat pulls up alongside and demand money. The smuggler pays them off. When it reaches international waters the hull collapses, it must have been damaged in the shooting. The boat capsizes. They didn’t go out and get any life jackets back in El Salloum. They have no hope of surviving more than a few hours in the cold water. They all get drowned.
Italian shores
At the shoreline they see a small boat. The smugglers tell them “there is another boat, bigger than this one waiting in international waters”. After a few hours they see the other boat. They are told they have to jump on to the other boat. After sailing for three days, food and water is running short. They think they can see the Italian shore ahead when the boat capsizes. Luckily they managed to buy some inflatable life rings back in Egypt. They all hold on and keep afloat until an Italian coastguard ship spots them. They are taken to Italy. They have arrived in Europe.
Thrown into water
At the shoreline they see a small boat. The smugglers tell them “there is another boat, bigger than this one waiting in international waters”. After a few hours they see the other boat. They are told they have to jump on to the other boat. Some people are refusing to jump. They refuse to go to the other boat and they protest against the smugglers. The smugglers start attacking the passengers. They hit them over the head and hurl you into the water. They are drowned.
Syria: As Well as Lost Life
After
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Before
Syria’s rich cultural heritage is being chipped away by war. Historic buildings, churches, mosques and marketplaces have been left in ruins. Once vibrant cosmopolitan cities have been reduced to rubble and many Syrian’s have been killed or displaced. The examples below highlight the damage being inflicted on the urban environment, by a devastating war that has no end in sight.
A street in Homs, in 2011 (above) and 2014 (below)
Omari mosque in Deraa. Above in 2011 and below in 2013. Photographs: Reuters
Souq Bab Antakya, Aleppo. Above in 2009 and below after an attack in 2012. Photographs: Alamy, Reuters
Aleppo: A City Under Siege Aleppo is located in the north of Syria and has been ravaged by the ongoing war. It is seen as a strategic position from both sides, meaning it has become one of the main stages of conflict in the War. Many Syrian’s have fled to bordering Turkey to escape the war and seek sanctuary within the EU. “Widespread atrocities, in particular the vicious and unrelenting aerial bombardment of civilian neighbourhoods by government forces, have made life for civilians in Aleppo increasingly unbearable.” Philip Luther, Amnesty Internationals Director of the Middle East and North Africa Programme
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Refugee Camps Although escaping the plight of war, Syrian’s face new challenges at refugee camps. Humanitarian aid provides the essentials, but refugees can spend years in these camps and frustrations can lead to criminal behaviour.
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The Essence of a refugee camp is separation. Refugees who live there are physically separated from the host population; the humanitarian organisations that govern the camp, distribute food, and provide health and welfare services are distinct from (and unaccountable to) national and local authorities: and national laws for the most part not enforced, replaced instead by rule, written and unwritten, laid down by the humanitarian organizations. The need for education, asylum and self sufficiency is essential to a new life away from the camps.
Implications of the Schengen Treaty Currently, the Schengen area consists of 26 European countries (of which 22 are EU states): Belgium, Czech Being part of the area without internal border controls means that these countries:
Borders: Strengthening external and release of internal borders release
• Do not carry out border checks at their internal borders (i.e. borders between two Schengen states); • Carry out harmonised controls, based on clearly defined criteria, at their external borders (i.e. borders between a Schengen state and a non-Schengen state). As a result, both EU citizens and non-EU nationals may freely travel within the Schengen area and are checked only when crossing the external border. When entering a non-Schengen EU state, EU citizens only undergo minimum checks to verify their identities on the basis of travel documents (passport or identity card). In principle, when entering a non-Schengen EU state, EU citizens only undergo minimum checks to verify their identities on the basis of travel documents (passport or identity card). However, with the implication of the Schengen Treaty has effectively tightened the boarders for those crossing from outside the EU.
Police forces: Integration of databases and joint police operations
Legal documents: Common travel documents and visas for common agreements with other countries
Asylum Common asylum law
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Current Asylum Procedure There is a power struggle within the European Union. Tensions are building over the Syrian refugee crisis and many countries are divided. Some see opportunity (Germany with a diminishing population are in need of labour) and others risk (Polish protests over the ‘Islamisation of Europe’ and current tensions after Paris terror attacks).
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illegal entry
or
The first obstacle to investigate is The Syrian Refugee Crisis and its implications on Europe. The European Union has a responsibility to integrate Syrian refugees across its members, however not all countries want to be involved. With more than 50% of Syria’s population currently displaced can European cities provide a solution that is beneficial to both host and refugees? Migration studies have proven there are economical benefits in accepting refugee/migrant communities and out of this crisis there could be opportunity.
Police station - application for asylum
months maximum duration Arrest centre
“Applicant for asylum”
pink card and legalization until interview
interview
or
of cases Asylum
Identification Documents
rare due to economic factors
or
Expulsion
days to leave the country Release
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Poland
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Poland lies on the European Plain, by some measurements in the very centre of Europe. The Baltic Sea in the north and the Sudetes and Carpathian mountain ranges in the south form natural borders. Seven countries share land borders with Poland: Belarus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Poland’s location at the heart of Europe between major powers has had a profound effect on its culture and history, and the country is now benefiting as a crossroads of Europe. The country, officially called ‘The Republic of Poland’, is in Central Europe. In Polish its name is ‘Polska’. With an area of 312,679 km2, Poland is the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of more than 38.5 million, it is the 34th most populous country in the world and the 6th most populous member of the European Union.
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EU Funding and Refugees Granted Asylum Poland is the largest beneficiary of EU funding overall and receiving 63.41 million towards asylum, migration and integration funds (DG Migration and Home Affairs, 2015). However Poland’s newly elected conservative government have distanced themselves from the crisis, using the Paris terror attacks as a tool to ignore refugee migrant quotas. Germany Sweden Italy
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France Hungary UK Austria Netherlands Switzerland Belgium Denmark Norway Bulgaria Greece Poland Spain Finland Cyprus Romania Ireland Malta Czech Republic Luxembourg Croatia Portugal Lithuania Slovenia Latvia Slovakia Estonia
The Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund •
The United Kingdom remains the principle destination for recent Polish emigrants
•
Over two million Poles left Poland to work and study abroad in 2013
•
High unemployment and lower standards of living are often given as the main reasons for the migration
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Poland will be the biggest EU funding beneficiary 2014-2020
•
Despite this Poland is set to receive one of the smallest amounts of Syrian Refugees in the EU
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Primary City Network Poland has several large cities, forming the economic backbone of the country. They are a diverse set with varying histories, but all offer a wide array of business opportunities and cultural activities.
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Economic Overview Following worldwide unique time of over 20 years of constant economic growth, Poland is recognised as a high-income economy by the World Bank and the OECD with nominal GDP per capita having risen to $12,708. Since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Poland has refashioned itself as a model for free-market economics. It is the largest economy in Central Europe, the 6th largest in the EU and, depending on the measurement, 19th to 21st largest in the world.
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Economic Growth Poland’s GDP per capita has rocketed since 1989; more than two decades of uninterrupted growth has made the country a star performer amongst all transition economies. Poland was the only economy in Europe to avoid a recession during the global crisis, benefiting from a depreciated real exchange rate, large domestic market, relatively low exposure to international trade, low household and corporate sector debt leverage and stimulative fiscal and monetary policy.
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EU Structural Funds Poland maintains a floating currency, the złoty, which helps to keep Polish products competitive on world markets and insulates its economy from external shocks. The country has an independent central bank with a solid track record of responsible, anti-cyclical monetary policy, as well as a well-regulated and conservative banking system.
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A History of Movement
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Life in a Homogeneous Nation Poland’s population is one of the most homogenous in Europe, with 97.1% being Polish. Amongst them, however, there are several ethnic and national groups bringing a dash of diversity to the population. They include Germans, Ukrainians and Belarusians. The largest, Silesians and Kashubians, are considered linguistic or regional groups rather than ethnic minorities. Some 87.5% of the population declare themselves to be Roman Catholic.
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Xenophobia One of the most homogeneous countries in Europe, Poland is mentally wedged between its fear of Putin’s Russia and its historical dread of Germany. During World War II, Poland was under German and Soviet occupation. During this period Polish people were harshly discriminated against in their own country. In terms of trends over time, at the beginning of the 1990s, due partly to the political euphoria accompanying the fall of Communism, Poland was the most tolerant nation in Central and Eastern Europe. Over the course of the nineties however, tolerance decreased so that by 1999 the country was recorded as having one of the highest rates of xenophobia in Europe. Antisemitism increased during this time as well. The factors behind these decreases in tolerance and some of the radicalization in attitudes towards other ethnic groups during this time likely included the country’s economic problems associated with a costly transition from communism. The Polish economy is now one of Europe’s most robust; Poland should be a confident, big European player but it appears mired in fear, recrimination and an almost pathological antipathy to the idea of change.
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The Importance of Local Government
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Public administration is run by local government and organs of the state administration. Local government is run by the voiodship ‘Sejmik’ (local parliament), voted in every four years in general and local elections. The executive is represented by the mayoral office, run by the mayor who is chosen by the ‘Sejmik’. The central authority is represented by the voivodship authority, run by the voivode, chosen by the Prime Minister. The voivode supervises the voidvodship authority.
Why SĹ‚upsk? There is opportunity within SĹ‚upsk, with a new progressive Mayor pushing a liberal agenda and providing a political precedent in Poland. Understanding post-war conditions to create links and opportunities for both communities is key to its success.
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Słupsk: Profile The city is located in the north-western part of present-day Poland, near the Baltic Sea on the Słupia River. It is the administrative seat of Słupsk County, although it is not part of that county (the city has county status in its own right). It has a population of 98,757 and occupies 43.15 square kilometres (16.66 sq mi), being one of the most densely populated cities in the country according to the Central Statistical Office. The neighbouring administrative districts are Gmina Kobylnica and Gmina Słupsk. There is ongoing discussion regarding extension of the city boundaries to include some territory belonging to those two gminas.
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The city centre is situated significantly lower than its western and easternmost portions. Divided into two almost equal parts by the river, Słupsk is hilly when compared to other cities in the region. About 5 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi) of the city’s area is covered by forests, while 17 square kilometres (6.6 sq mi) is used for agricultural purposes. Słupsk is rich in natural water bodies. There are more than twenty ponds, mostly former meanders of the Słupia, within the city limits. Although there were once plans to build a water-park in this area, they were later abandoned and the site remains unused. Climate Słupsk has a temperate marine climate, like the rest of the Polish coastal regions.
Słupsk: Conditions Observed • Many old houses from the 19th century • Houses have problems with the heating • Most houses use coal for heating • People burn what they find around for heating • Social housing - city council is responsible for the maintenance • Slupsk has debt • 60% of the budget is debt • The city council wants to move people from social housing because they do not have money to pay the council and the council can not maintain the houses. • Slow trains that are not well connected with bigger cities • Most residents rely use cars for transport. • Free parking is under-utilised, residents and visitors prefer to pay and not to walk • The ‘Old Town’ is underused, primarily due to development of two large malls for shopping • Majority of the people go to Ustka during summer every day, especially weekends for the sea. • Residents feel they can not participate in decisions made for the town • The young generation not open to refuges
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Church of Virgin Mary
Cultural Core
1900
Train Station (1869)
WAR/FIRE 42
The city’s boundaries are significantly extended towards the west and south. The new railway station was built. In 1901, the construction of a new city hall was completed, followed by a local administration building in 1903. In 1910 a tram line was opened.
The beginning of the Second World War halted the development of the city. The Nazis created a labour camp there. When the Red Army takes over Słupsk, the city centre is set ablaze.
City Hall (1901)
1970 Millennium Cinema
1980 1990-
At the end of the 1970’s housing crisis within Słupsk becomes acute. Although Housing completions reaches a peak, it is achieved at the expense of dwelling quality. Under political influence, residential construction is pushed by large scale technology, pre-cast building unit plants and the monopoly of quasi-public building cooperatives.
By the 1980s, the housing crisis suffered from the symptoms of a socialist ‘economy of shortages’. The structural flaws of Polish building continued unchanged. Construction remained of low quality, builders maintained the monopoly control granted by centralized planning.
The shock therapy of the early 1990s changed the problem from shortages of housing stock to inadequate funds for housing. The quality of housing Stock remains to this day very low.
The accounts of Polish architecture are just as tumultuous and complex as the political fate of this part of Europe. Poland’s borders moved on multiple occasions, the partitions and loss of independence, wartime destruction, and finally, European funds now stimulating the construction market.
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Ustka: Profile Ustka is a small spa town on the Baltic coast 20 km North of Słupsk. The origins of Ustka, as bathing waters, are not exactly defined:
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1830 : Ustka began officially recording of holidaymakers. 1870: Began to operate in Wstce swimwear company, Ustka took to the development of a health resort. 1911: A Department was established in Ustka Balneological, and three years later the eastern beach functioned as a swimming pool, offering 49 cabins for women and 26 for men. 1920: The number of patients exceeded the number of permanent residents Ustka, and in 1938, reached approx. 3500. Increasingly guests have also become from outside Poland. 1974: The Department of the Spa State Enterprise “Polczyn Spa”, with effect from 1 July 1978 the State Enterprise “Spas Ustka” that on the basis of existing Ustka objects - holiday houses, began organized activities spa treatment. 1987: The Statute of the spa town of Ustka awarded 1 January 1988 (Council of Ministers Resolution No. 210) The basis for recognizing Ustka as spa were primarily the following factors: The healing properties of the climate, ie. atmospheric stimuli of varying intensity on the human body, conducive to maintaining health, cure or mitigate the effects or symptoms of diseases. Possession of natural medicinal raw materials, ie. mineral waters and mud, Fulfilment of requirements specified in the regulations on environmental protection and management within acceptable standards of air pollution, noise and having adequate technical infrastructure, in particular water supply, sewage collection and disposal of sewage, waste, transport and energy networks.
Ustka: Conditions Observed • Ustka has been competing with a few coastal resorts for the title of Poland’s summer capital. For a number of years, it’s been voted by Poles as the best seaside town for summer holiday. Recently, it slipped to second place after bigger towns with greater investment. • The area of Ustka has developed based on tourism. The main problem is that when it is out of tourist season (season start in June and end in August) the area is deserted and many shops are closed and those remaining open have little economic activity. • People that work in Ustka during the tourist season can not find work in the city when the season ends, (15% of the people according to Ustka city council) and they try to find jobs in other regions locally. • A Broken bridge divides the city in to two, currently the residents and tourists use the rail bridge and road to move to the other side of the river. • Bus transportation and rail transportation is underdeveloped and under utilised as private companies vie for ownership and profit. • Currently port is not easy to be used by fishing boats because loading and uploading is difficult. Fishermen are also limited in the amount of fishing in the Baltic. • The national planning low forbids new industry and everything that is produced in the spa designated area. • West side of the city is planned to be fully developed for Tourism, detracting from the natural landscape that the area is famed for.
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Summary: Conditions Observed Inactive City Centre
Lack of Skilled Jobs
Lack of Dialogue
High unemployment rate
Degradation of Urban Core
Lack of
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Community Pride
Social
Allotment Closure
Spatial Lack of community space
Social Divide
Transport
Economical
Too expectant on EU funding
Lack of funding
Ecological
Energy poverty
Poor transport network
Lack of economic logistic
Ustka
Road 21
Rail
River Słupia
47 Słupsk
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“The process of reintegrating, of sense making, begins when we start to sift through the evidence, to build a plausible story to construct a narrative and develop the coordinates of a new landscape”3
3
Adrian Lahoud, Post Traumatic Urbanism, pg19
WHY?
Post Traumatic Urbanism by Adrian Lahoud, refers to the term ‘Post Traumatic’ as “the evidence of the aftermath - the remains of an event that are missing. The spaces around this blind spot record the impression of the event like a scar.” This project uses this notion of the ‘aftermath’ of both the Syrian refugee crisis and Polish identity Post-WWII. To understand posttraumatic identity one must understand the embedded nationalistic agenda that exists within Poland and a history of persecution and violence. Through a process of understanding the past, and the other one can begin to find opportunities for evolution and reconstructing a new landscape. Integration of Syrian refugees into Słupsk is a challenging proposal, but from obligation, opportunities can arise.
Toolbox: Questions for Integration This project will investigate how to: • Set priorities to improve the state of refugee integration • Build national capacity to gather data and evaluate policies • Build relationships to mainstream refugees into the relevant public policies and services • Plug into greater national and EU support for mutual learning and policy improvement Covering all areas of a refugee’s life
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The integration program will comprise of four sets of indicators : General considerations Legal integration Socio-economic integration Socio-cultural integration It covers every aspect of the daily life of recognised and resettled refugees, beneficiaries of subsidiary protection, and asylum seekers. It captures their particular needs, vulnerabilities, but also their unique opportunities for integration. It asks questions like: Do their jobs meet their skills and qualifications? What can refugees do if they can’t travel home to get documents? Are they placed in housing and towns that helps them participate in society? Do education authorities know about the special needs of vulnerable pupils like unaccompanied minors? Do all beneficiaries of international protection have access to an effective nationality?
Against the Nationalist Rhetoric Destabilising embedded nationalistic Polish identity (which is a result of persecution similar to what the Syrian refugees are experiencing today) is vital for successful integration. Polish identity is built around fear of the unknown and the cautious behaviour of a country that has experienced hardship. Adrian Lahoud talks of ‘conflict being at the basis of how the city is made’ (Post Traumatic Urbanism), and in his Beirut research he identified ‘the city as inaccessible during times of conflict. Every moment is an urban conflict’. This theory can be applied to the Syrian refugees, but on a larger scale, spanning across all the states of Europe. The city thus being replaced with a continent. The control points on the central Beirut Central District ring road can be seen in comparison to the border checks across Europe and the Mediterranean Sea. The points are closed off to isolate the city centre of Beruit and retain a level of control over the urban fabric, just as European borders have been controlling the number of refugees migrating from Syria. Looking at Slupsk as inaccessible to refugees (at the present moment), it seems a daunting task to suggest a community could be integrated into such a politically hostile country.
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Against the Polish Political Power In Warsaw European Union flags have disappeared from government press conferences. The constitutional court has suffered a huge blow to its authority. Grassroots initiatives have sprung up to protect the country’s young democracy.
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Poland is in the grip of dizzying political changes since the nationalistic right-wing party, Law and Justice, took power in November and acted quickly to solidify its hold over this nation of nearly 38 million people. Their most controversial move has been an attempt to pack the Constitutional Tribunal — the only real check on the party’s power after it took control of the presidency and parliament in elections this year — with loyal supporters. Many Poles fear their hard-earned democracy is in jeopardy. Accusations of anti-democratic behaviour are powerful in a nation where fighting for freedom is a deep tradition. Poland is the birthplace of two major figures in the struggle against Soviet communism: Lech Walesa and Pope John Paul II. Millions joined Walesa’s Solidarity movement in the 1980s. More recently, Poland has been the region’s most successful post-communist transformation, with fast economic growth and an increasingly prominent role in European affairs. Walesa, alarmed by the country’s political direction, called this week for a referendum on shortening the government’s four-year term.
Against Emigrants as an Economic Loss
A Chance to Leave
Less reason to return
Loss of Faith
- Low-skilled workers from rural areas and small towns leave for low-skilled, but better paid, work abroad.
90% of Polish emigrants have found work in their adoptive countries, often with lower qualification. Such mobility, and attendant language skills, will be ever more valued in the future.
Poles increasingly bemoan the lack of a coherent government policy on migration in either direction. They are inclined to view the continuing exodus as a sign that their government is failing them.
- In bigger cities, graduates and skilled technical workers are also emigrating, usually with a plan to save up for a few years and then return. The statistics suggest that it does not always work out that way.
Polish employers value the skills and practices workers acquire abroad, but in many areas they are still faced with a stubborn problem: the salaries they offer cannot compete with those offered by employers in Germany and beyond.
If Polish workers can’t be lured back, the government urgently needs a proactive policy to encourage immigration to replace them.
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The Polish Problem
Refugees as an Economic Benefit
At present, has an impending problem on its hands that could have disastrous repercussions. – An ageing labour force
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Claiming asylum
Ill-informed debate
Syrians seek asylum in Europe’s strong economies where they desperately hope to start anew.
It is commonly believed that refugees are harmful to host nations and drain precious state resources, as those seeking salvation require accommodation, healthcare, basic supplies, food and clothing. Another presumption is that the provision of employment to refugees takes jobs away from residents and drive wages down, while the inflow of thousands of children places pressure on a country’s education system.
- Declining birth rate.
- Emigration of skilled workers
In order to facilitate Poland’s economic growth and industrial output, an injection of young workers is desperately needed.
Refugees can engage in: - Consumption
- Production
Polish Action Required Obviously, simply opening national borders is not enough to successfully assimilate refugees into a society. Both Polish government and private businesses must: - Offer effective labour market access in order to integrate refugees into the market legally and effectively.
The Syrian Solution The presence of refugees boosts a local economy significantly as a result of: - additional purchasing power - the creation of employment and the - provision of human capital.
- Exchange
- Facilitate education programs in the acquisition of the requisite language skills.
- Entrepreneurship Refugees around the world engage with markets. Even in the most restricted circumstances of closed refugee camps and without the right to work, economic activity can be observed.
- Improved access to education and vocational training though practice in professions - The development of capital markets.
Faced with new markets, new social networks, and a new regulatory environment, people adapt even faced with significant constraints.
Research suggests that whether refugees are a benefit or a burden depends not just on who the refugees are, but also on the policies of the host states. When they are given the right to work, access to capital, and educational opportunities, they are likely to have the greatest impact.
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Refugee/Resident Relations as an Integrated System Refugees
Funding
- International Refugee Aid
Children Skilled Able Adult Unskilled Able Adults Elderly Disable
Local Community
- Access to New Infrastructure
- Economic Development
Skilled Labour Force
- Community Integration - Economic Development
NGOs General Public
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Employment
Immigrants
- Refugees Right to Work - Responsible Member of the International Commnity
Children Skilled Able Adult Unskilled Able Adults Elderly Disabled Housing
- Densify Underpopulated Areas - Responsible Member of the International Commnity
Policy Makers
- Commnity Integrarion
Slupsk City Council Charitable Parties Polish Government Slupsk Mayor EU (European Commission)
Social Programmes
- Increased Culture - Better Political Stature
Skilled Labour Force
Employment
Housing
Social Programmes EU (European Commission)
Slupsk Mayor
Polish Government
Charitable Parties
IMMIGRANTS Slupsk City Council
Disable
Elderly
Unskilled Able Adults
Skilled Able Adult
COMMUNITY
Children
General Public
NGOs
Disabled
Elderly
Unskilled Able Adults
Skilled Able Adult
Children
REFUGEES POLICY MAKERS
Funding
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Integration Precedent: Guinea Guinea has hosted a number of refugee populations since the early 1990s. Refugees from Liberia, Côte D’Ivoire and Sierra Leone were allowed to settle in local villages and given access to local welfare services. Existing local infrastructure was rehabilitated and bolstered by international relief and development programs, benefiting both refugee and the host populations.
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Over 43,000 Liberian refugees have returned to Liberia through facilitated voluntary repatriation; with 50006000 remaining in Guinée Forestière at the end of assisted repatriation in June 2007. 93,000 Sierra Leoneans opted for repatriation with the assistance of UNHCR in 20012004. For the group of about 1,300 unable or unwilling to return, local integration is seen as a possible durable solution. A local assistance programme has targeted refugees remaining at the old refugee site, in addition to those settled in urban areas. The prospects for local integration of Sierra Leonean and Liberian refugees in Guinea are good. Cultural similarities and common local languages and ethnicities encourage cooperation between refugees and the host community. The legal process also looks promising; the Guinean Minister of Territorial Administration and Decentralization has said that refugees would be given a chance to obtain permanent residence and nationality, since these “refugees are all citizens of countries of the ECOWAS.” NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH, Research Paper No. 158, Local integration: An under-reported solution to protracted refugee situations, Alexandra Fielden, Intern, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR
Integration Precedent: Angola For the last 30 years, Angola has hosted a population of over 13,000 DR Congolese refugees who fled the violence of a secessionist movement in 1977. The refugees were given land in non-urban areas to settle and cultivate. They have since attained a considerable degree of socio-economic integration, and are largely self-sufficient. In a country where half the population is under the age of 15, the vast majority of Congolese refugees have never seen their homeland. They speak Portuguese like the local population, while only the older refugees know the French they spoke in the DRC. In 2005 the UNHCR reported that “positive signs came from the authorities for the provision of legally secure local integration possibilities in the form of a permanent residence permit under the Immigration Act or naturalization under the Nationality Act.� On 15 February 2006, Angolan authorities made an announcement of their commitment to finalize a local integration policy for the Congolese. They have indicated the possibility of residency rights as a prelude to full legal local integration for the 90% of refugees who have indicated they would choose to remain indefinitely in Angola. NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH, Research Paper No. 158, Local integration: An under-reported solution to protracted refugee situations, Alexandra Fielden, Intern, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR
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Integration Precedent: Namibia Namibia is host to refugees mainly from Angola, but also houses populations from the DRC, Rwanda and Burundi. All Angolans have refugee status while all of the Great Lakes population are asylum-seekers. The durable solutions available to these populations are also very different, largely due to ethnic and political affinities.
60
Although the Government of Namibia has traditionally been sceptical about local integration, recent discussions with UNHCR indicate a potential opening. The Permanent Secretary of Foreign Affairs has suggested a local integration pilot project targeting 500 refugees. The Prime Minister has also indicated that he would be open to the local integration of the majority of Angolans. He has stipulated, however, that it should not be all of the population, land cannot be given and that significant donor funding would be required.
NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH, Research Paper No. 158, Local integration: An under-reported solution to protracted refugee situations, Alexandra Fielden, Intern, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR
61
62
Crisp, J., (2004). ‘The local integration and local settlement of refugees: a conceptual and historical analysis’, New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No.102, (UNHCR: Geneva), p. 1.
4
how?
Local integration as a durable solution combines three dimensions. Firstly, it is a legal process, whereby refugees attain a wider range of rights in the host state. Secondly, it is an economic process of establishing sustainable livelihoods and a standard of living comparable to the host community. Thirdly, it is a social and cultural process of adaptation and acceptance that enables the refugees to contribute to the social life of the host country and live without fear of discrimination.4
63
Integration Strategy
64
65
Stage 1: Gdansk (Legal Process) “keeping refugees in camps violates their rights. Freedom of movement and the right to work are two fundamental human rights that are often denied to refugees confined to camp situations, some-times for years on end.�5 After seeking asylum, 100 Refugees are flown into Gdansk (nearest airport to Ustka/Slupsk) and the registration progress begins. Citizenship is vital for integration success, giving refugees status and encouraging self reliance within their new home.
66
5 UNHCR, (2008).New Issues in Refugee Research, Paper No.158, Local integration under-reported solution to protracted refugee situations, page 3, 5 December 2015).
Stage 2&3: Ustka & SĹ‚upsk Over the following pages, this key can be utilised as a guide to understand provisions to both Refugees and existing residents in both Ustka and SĹ‚upsk.
Recreation
Housing
Air Travel
Commerce
Bus Service
Exchange
Micro-Industry
Arrival
Entrepreneurship
Movement
Environmental
High Skilled Jobs
Ferry
Larger Scale
Low Skilled Jobs
Events
Smaller Scale
Emigration
Meeting
Public
Capital Market
Parking
Private
Small Businesses
Tramline
Religion
Network
Tourism
Political Activism
Family
Education
Elderly
Restaurant
Culture
Hotel
Skills
REFUGEE MATTERS KEY
67
USTKA INTEGRATION STRATEGY
68
Stage 2: Ustka (Sensitive Integration) Due to the sensitive nature of Syrian Refugee integration in Poland, Ustka is an appropriate location for initial integration. As stage 2 of an integration programme 100 refugees (the number that Poland is currently accepting in 2016 across the whole of Poland) will be placed in the vacant hotels within Ustka. This will happen out of season (winter months September February), and have economical benefits to the hotels, who would otherwise have no revenue at this time. Ustka is also advantageous because the locals are used to various nationalities and will be accommodating to the refugees. It is vital that Syrians community is encouraged to integrate as fully as possible. Studies have shown that the easiest way to for this to happen is to find employment and become self sufficient as quickly as possible. “In several countries across Africa and Asia, large populations of refugees have been successfully locally integrated, naturalised, or have been given the opportunity to achieve self-reliance.”6 Polish language lessons will be provided in existing Ustka educational facilities. This can also be beneficial to the local economy, providing employment for the Ustka hosts. It is also recognised that the Syrian community must maintain its identity, and provision for cultural and religious activities will be catered for utilising Ustka’s under-utilised buildings. “the international community has always rejected the notion that refugees should be expected to abandon their own culture and way of life, so as to become indistinguishable from nationals of host community.”7 (UN-HCR, (2008). New Issues in Refugee Research, Paper No.158, Local integration under-reported solution to protracted refugee situations, page 2, 5 December 2015). 7 (UNHCR, (2002). “4th Meeting: Global Consultations on International Protection” EC/GC/02/6, 25 April 2002.) 6
69
09. 70
ure, life f
Ustka
A New Start
Language and Culture
Employm
Ammars family are offered a
With access to a new language and culture centre Ammar learns about Poland and his children are offered an education.
As the tou there are a skilled job Ammar an new langu work full t
Ammar arriveshome in Ustka to stayafter during4the winter weeks of beingbyina small Poland. The family run hotel. small holiday town is quite and tranquil, and Ammar can final find comfort in knowing his family are safe.
13.
A New Start
14.
15
Language and Culture
Stage 2: Ustka (Economic Process) It is recognised that a refugee community encompasses a wide demographic with a range of skills, professions and attributes. With this in mind, it is important that refugees are encouraged to retain and use their skills to benefit themselves and that of their hosts. Initially this can be difficult because of the language barrier and differences in training and standards. However once basic integration has been facilitated it is the intention of the programme to find suitable matches to benefit both host and refugee. Improved infrastructure in Ustka will be mutually beneficial to both host and refugees. A new transport hub will provide increased connections to SĹ‚upsk and neighbouring cities. A vocational Hub that replaces derelict industrial units at the docks will create jobs and provide training that will develop host skill sets and enable refugees to integrate and maintain self reliance in the most efficient way. “Hosting refugees can also result in the long-term benefits of access to new infrastructure. The building of roads, schools and hospitals financed by international refugee aid are permanent and usually open to refugees and locals alike. The hosting of refugees can also be a show of good will, solidarity, and burden sharing. It can provide host governments with international aid, whilst bolstering their status as a responsible member of the international community. Thus, the political motivations for refugee hosting should not be overlooked.â€?8
8 (UNHCR, (2008).New Issues in Refugee Re-search, Paper No.158, Local integration under reported solution to protracted refugee situations, page 3, 5 December 2015).
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SLUPSK INTEGRATION STRATEGY
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Stage 3: Słupsk (Social and Cultural Process) This a city with a history of violence. Pre WWII it was part of Germanic territories and much of the existing building typology is either dilapidated Germanic style or soviet blocks (results from communist occupation). The city has history, but is confused and lacking a current Polish identity. Although in general the housing stock is of poor quality (with particular focus on the city centre), it has great character and many façades are listed. Within a regeneration programme this character should be preserved to retain a sense of the previous. This will not only provide a point of familiarity for the native host in Słupsk, but demonstrate to a new community the important historical identity they are becoming a part of. The natives homes are in need of regeneration but this is not to say that the community needs the same. This identity and ownership needs to be reflected in regeneration plans and refugees incorporated into a new Słupsk identity. The current agenda to regenerate Słupsk is based around mass redevelopment of housing within the city centre. Increased density and gentrification are seen as the solutions. Although much of the housing stock is in poor condition, many of these homes are unoccupied and with some improvements the building fabric could be improved and added to. This is a opportunity for refugees to acquire work and homes in Słupsk. Ghettoisation is to be avoided however it is recognised that cultural similarities, religion and language will pull refugee communities together. Cultural differences can be seen as a benefit within Słupsk, to add to the diversity and identity of the city. Events can be held to celebrate the best of both cultures and encourage integration. Art, music, food, sport and theatre are all activities to enable integration and build community bonds and local networks.
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Słupsk Block Analysis: Expansion
74
Up until the beginning of the second world war Słupsk underwent steady expansion under the rule of various nations (most prominently Prussia). The development of the city was bound to the changing borders of the area and it’s role as a prominent regional city. As a result, the typology of building stock reflects changes in building techniques and varied architectural styles.
The city has Character.
SĹ‚upsk Block Analysis: War During the war, thousands of Poles worked as forced labourers for the Nazi regime and the city is a site of panic and fear. On 8 March 1945, armoured Soviet troops entered the SĹ‚upsk under occupation without fighting. Dispute this, the city was plundered by Red Army soldiers and burnt three days later.
The city is Scarred.
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Słupsk Block Analysis: Communism
76
As part of the communist state, block construction is pushed by the monopoly of quasi-public building cooperatives filling redundant space left through war. Existing housing is cleansed of embellishments and detail. By the 1980s, housing suffered from the symptoms of a socialist ‘economy of shortages’. Structural flaws of Polish building continued unchanged. Construction remained of low quality, builders maintained the monopoly control granted by centralized planning. Public space is created in the form of allotments and recreation areas for building cooperatives. Residents rely on coal to keep warm.
The city is Poor.
Słupsk Block Analysis: Neglect After the dissolution of the U.S.S.R in 1989, the shock therapy of the early 1990s, inadequate funds for housing. The quality of housing Stock remains to this day very low. Blocks are underdeveloped and inadequate. Housing stock is unsuitable for residents. Shops and industries close down. Despite the economic growth of Poland and it’s inclusion in the EU, central and local government does not divert funds to improve quality of living for the blocks inhabitants. Social spaces become run down and courtyards become potholed car-parks. With insufficient recreational facilities young and old have little to do.
The city lacks Pride.
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SĹ‚upsk Block Analysis: Restoration
78
Subsequent to EU funding for the reception of refugees, the city council invests in improvements to the existing housing stock. Vacant apartments are able to be utilised for housing refugees arriving into SĹ‚upsk. Implication of the cities green strategy begins to reduce fuel poverty within blocks by providing cheap, sustainable heating methods. The informal economy is bolstered by those looking for low skilled jobs in the area and food markets form for obtaining affordable local produce.
The city Consolidates.
SĹ‚upsk Block Analysis: Integration As more refugees find work in skilled jobs reflective of their qualifications, businesses start to invest in the area as a hotbed of innovation. Through a combination of education, networking and exchange, relationships between refugees and the existing residents develop. Markets begin to become cultural hubs as well as the reuse of courtyards for start-up businesses. Emphasis on localism reduces demand on cars in the area and a pride of place develops from within the blocks.
The city Grows from Within.
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SĹ‚upsk Block Analysis: Culture
80
As the local informal economy stabilises, residents develop wider networks within the city. These flourish, causing a city wide sense of community and pride. NGO’s of mixed refugee and resident members become prominent and spaces become alive with creative and cultural activities. The area becomes attractive to immigrants as a new and exciting place to find employment. The city gains national and international status as a successful example of integration and tolerance.
The city Becomes a Catalyst for Change.
SĹ‚upsk Block Analysis: Futureproofing International conflicts are resolved and the social, political and economic climate of Syria stabilises. It is natural that many Syrians wish to return to Syria, some now have ties within Poland and decide to stay. As the population of SĹ‚upsk alters, Immigrants from other parts of Europe enter the city as well as Poles who have emigrated returning. The multicultural society is both active as a network of communities and productive though varied commerce. The city has become a destination for both immigrants and tourists seeking a city rich in culture and identity.
The City Stabilises as a Cultural Destination.
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Słupsk Use Analysis: Typical Current Use
82
Based on observed conditions of building use within Słupsk City, up to 60% of apartments in some areas of the city are listed as not in use. Key to a regeneration of the city would be the inhabitation of these apartments as well as a substantial improvement in the quality of housing stock. As well as this substantial efforts need to be made to encourage small businesses to thrive in the centre of the city. To much incentive has been given to large out of city developments (of all use classes) and this is to the detriment of the city centre.
Shops Financial & Professional Services Restaurants & Cafés Drinking Establishments Hot Food Takeaway Businesses (Offices, Light Industry) General Industrial Storage and Distribution Non-Residential Institution Assembly & Leisure Stations Housing Unused/Derelict
SĹ‚upsk Use Analysis: Typical Proposed Use With the implemented plan for change within the typical city centre blocks, the use of redundant apartments for refugees begins to bring life back into the city centre. As the courtyards become centres of informal commerce, the courtyard buildings act as workshops and industrial units to support these activities. As preference for local market grows. Ground floor units facing outwards from the block play host to a variety of mixed use functions. This leads to a varied mixed use development reflective of the areas multicultural identity.
Shops Financial & Professional Services Restaurants & CafĂŠs Drinking Establishments Hot Food Takeaway Businesses (Offices, Light Industry) General Industrial Storage and Distribution Non-Residential Institution Assembly & Leisure Stations Housing Unused/Derelict
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Toolbox for Change: Summary of Influence
84
Environmental Social Economic Political Religious Cultural
KEY PLAYERS
President of Słupsk Robert Biedroń
The Roman Catholic Church
The Nowoczesna party under the Leadership of Economist Ryszard Petru
KOD movement Solidarity and other Polish trade unions
The Polish Clergy
Słupsk City Council
Faith Associated NGO’s
European Union
Implication of the ‘Refugee Matters’ Urban Design Framework
85 Environmental Social Economic Political Religious Cultural Słupsk City Council Słupsk City Residents Local and International Businesses
Słupsk City Residents
Słupsk City Council Local Businesses
Słupsk City Council
City Residents, Existing NGO’s
Słupsk City Council & Ustka Gmina Council Ustka Gmina Council Existing educational facilities, Restaurants Shops Vocational Skills Centre, Ustka. Hotel/Apartment Owners within ustka Vocational Skills Centre, Ustka.
Toolbox for Change: Social Faith in central government from the general public begins to diminish as news reports of PiS dividing Poles and causing significant changes in relations between Poland and the European Union spread. Worry is that Polish opportunities to emigrate will be lost.
86
KOD movement, Solidarity and other Polish trade unions
Social Activities such as art, music, food, sport and theatre thrive, enabling integration and build community bonds and local networks.
The Growth of activist groups spread, campaigning for a non-partisan front to protect democracy and show discontent regarding what is being done to institutions within in a democratic state
Within a unified Voivodeship the ‘Refugee Matters’ Urban Development Framework is published for Local Consultation; Emphasis is put on the social benefit for the resident.
New pro-active NGO’s form for both Existing Residents and Refugees.
New and existing communities are able to work together inputting social changes within the city,
Redevelopment of the City Centre leads to spaces such as courtyards, markets and the river becoming meeting points for both refugees and existing residents.
Toolbox for Change: Environmental Main Environmental issues within Słupsk:
New development area opens up the waterfront to all communities without impacting on natural beauty.
City Refines Green Agenda as ongoing process for resilient city
Under-appreciated river biodiversity Refugees able to exchange sustainable ideals with locals. Refugees will not have cars so use of public transport increases Over reliance on cars for transport. Construction starts on new mixed use buildings within Słupsk utilising workforce trained in new building techniques Over reliance on coal for heating (Fuel Poverty) Construction starts on Enhanced Public Transport Facilities between Słupsk and Ustka Decreasing impact on car travel. Słupsk City Council & Ustka Gmina Council
Part of education program for new and existing residents to incorporate findings and advisories from Słupsk Green Agenda
As a process of redevelopment, Existing buildings are retrofitted with insulation and supplied from sustainable energy. Polish workers are trained in the new vocational skills centre Ustka in these new building techniques.
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Toolbox for Change: Economic European Union
88
After Submittal to the European Commission for Migration and Home Affairs; required funds from the both the 63.41 million Euro budget towards asylum and the 105.8 billion Euro Budget for Poland 2014-2020 is guaranteed for the implication of the ‘Refugee Matters’ Urban Development Framework.
Słupsk City Council
Tax profits within the area are able to be spent on additional facilities as well as granting money back to the European Union for refugee aid.
Refugees find work in skilled jobs reflective of their qualifications, businesses start to invest in the area as a hotbed of innovation.
Markets begin to become cultural hubs as well as the reuse of courtyards for start-up businesses and informal employment
Refugees are given initial grants in Gdansk as part of Stage 1 integration Tax Incentives for local start-up businesses Hotel/ Apartment Owners within ustka
Refugees are be placed in the vacant hotels within Ustka out of season September - February. Providing economical benefits and maintenance skills for to the hotels, who would otherwise have no revenue at this time.
As a process of redevelopment, Existing buildings are retrofitted by Polish workers trained in the new vocational skills centre Ustka in these new building techniques.
Construction starts on new mixed use buildings within Słupsk utilising workforce trained in new building techniques
Construction starts on Enhanced Local Government Owned Public Transport Facility between Słupsk and Ustka
Słupsk City Council
Słupsk City Council & Ustka Gmina Council
Toolbox for Change: Political President of Słupsk Robert Biedroń to Lobby for deregulation of power to Voivodeships and Counties from Central Government.
The Nowoczesna party under the Leadership of Economist Ryszard Petru
Słupsk City Council
Campaign gains provenance as Local Governments distrust PiS’s right-wing tendencies that may provoke alienation from the European Union. Opposition Parties as support the motion as important to ensure Polands future economic Stability.
As PiS caves into pressure to give citizens and their elected representatives more powers. Local Plans for development allow for more radical solutions under the supervision of City Presidents
Within a unified Voivodeship the ‘Refugee Matters’ Urban Development Framework is published for Local Consultation.
Faith in central government from the general public begins to diminish as news reports of PiS dividing Poles and causing significant changes in relations between Poland and the European Union spread. Worry is that Polish opportunities to emigrate will be lost.
KOD movement, Solidarity and other Polish trade unions
The Growth of activist groups spread, campaigning for a non-partisan front to protect democracy and show discontent regarding what is being done to institutions within in a democratic state
New pro-active NGO’s form for both Existing Residents and Refugees.
Refinement
NGO’s have more say in localised politics including development of new policies
89
Toolbox for Change: Religious The Roman Catholic Church
Proactive moves are made by Pope Francis and associated European faith-leaders within the Roman Catholic church to reduce political bias within the polish church including abolishment of biased catholic broadcasters such as Radio Maryja.
90 The Polish Clergy
Faith Associated NGO’s
Local Priests preach homilies of tolerance for churchgoers, quoting passages of inclusion and acceptance as a catalyst for the reduction in xenophobia within the church.
NGO’s associated with Local churches offer courses in educating members of public about the Conflict in Syria and the plight of the refugee.
Religion and language will pull refugee communities together. Cultural differences can be seen as a benefit within Słupsk, to add to the diversity and identity of the city.
Frequent interaction living in proximity of social courtyards in religious gatherings generates understanding and change.
Allowing the Syrian community to maintain its identity, provision for cultural and religious activities will be catered for utilising Ustka’s under-utilised buildings.
Wider Education program addressing Islamifobia within Poland and the repercussions of a potential xenophobic nationalist country
Polish traditions of family teaching ensure transfer of knowledge and understanding to future generations
Ustka Gmina Council
Toolbox for Change: Cultural Existing educational facilities, Restaurants Shops Vocational Skills Centre, Ustka.
Ustka Gmina Council
Refugees that are now fluent in polish language and culture are able to pass on knowledge to new arrivals.
Polish language lessons will be provided in existing Ustka educational facilities. As well as Lessons in Polish Cultural Identity.
Allowing the Syrian community to maintain its identity, provision for cultural and religious activities will be catered for utilising Ustka’s underutilised buildings.
Events can be held to celebrate the best of both cultures and encourage integration. Art, music, food, sport and theatre are all activities to enable integration and build community bonds and local networks.
Markets begin to become cultural hubs as well as the reuse of courtyards and allotments for cultural activities.
Polish residents incorporate Syrian culture into multicultural city fabric.
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Increasing understanding through Organizational Awareness
92
Culture: Food Markets Food awareness is rising in Polish society. Poles love fresh, locally- grown or locally produced food and this has resulted in an explosion of weekend local food markets promoting unique and local food products including hams, sausages, cheeses, fruit preserves, breads, pickled fruits and vegetables, smoked fish, organic oils and honeys.
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Culture: Food Markets
Syria
94
Poland
Syria’s rich cultural heritage is being chipped away by war. Historic buildings, churches, mosques and marketplaces have been left in ruins. Common to both to both Polish and Syrian towns is the role that markets play as places of informal work, commerce, culture and meeting. When a Syrian community is integrated into Słupsk, Markets can play a key part in facilitating interaction through common interest with residents
Poland
95
Syria
Meeting Point
Commerce
Small Businesses
Networking
Public Forum
Culture: Courtyards W moim ogr贸deczku!
Syria
96
Poland
Courtyards feature in both Polish and Syrian Cultures yet the way they operate is in very different ways. A successful masterplan will provide for all the needs of the residents. In this way Courtyards should feature in various guises, operating in different ways for different uses.
Poland
97 Parking
Recreation
Family
Micro-Industry
Meeting Point
Smaller Scale
Religious
Environmental
Family
Events
Private
Syria
Larger Scale
Case Study: Block Design Process Under utilised river frontage
Proposed Site Central Pedestrian High Street
Poor Housing Stock
City Hall
Shopping Centres
One Way System promotes vehicle priority within the city centre Dated Bus Station in need of modernisation
Dated Train Station in need of modernisation
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Existing Block Conditions: Surrounding Social Hubs
99
Existing Site Conditions:
100
•
Vehicle dominated street
•
Under utilised park
•
Lack of civic pride
•
Neglected Build fabric
Under Utilised Park
101
Existing Site Conditions:
102
•
Retaining existing character
•
Improving building stock
•
Preserving sense of place & restoring civic pride
•
Develop standards of living
Existing Buildings to be retained
103
Existing Site Conditions:
104
•
Poor building fabric
•
Low energy efficiency
•
Lack of maintenance
•
Absence of community
Poor building stock in need of replacement
105
Existing Site Conditions:
106
•
Poor building fabric
•
Archaic composition
•
Lack of maintenance
•
Irrational context
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Proposed Site Conditions: The proposed site is an attempt to balance both the needs of the people inhabiting it and retention of the original character where appropriate. The site benefits from being located adjacent from the train station. A newly renovated transport hub will be provided here, and accommodate a new bus station. The pedestrian orientated high street needs has influenced the site and priority is giving to the pedestrian over vehicles.
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Hard landscaping has been provided to promote commerce, industry, exchange and interaction within a community. Private communal courtyard spaces enable families to bond with their neighbours and develop a sense of civic pride. Integrating a community of Syrian is challenging in the context of Slupsk. Success will only be achieved from the Syrian community integrating themselves and reaching self sufficiency through existing local networks. Other than the internal courtyard spaces, the site ground floor level is allocated to small scale industry, commerce and the promotion of public interaction.
Cultivated Park for residents promoting social, recreational and self sufficient integration.
Modern residential housing built with flexible future adaptation in mind
Hard landscaping providing space for exchange, commerce and employment.
Internal courtyard green space. This is a private space for residents and is sensitive to the religious needs of integration communities. Renovated building stock using energy efficient technologies
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Proposed Site Conditions: The Private Courtyard “Similar people cannot bring a city into existence.” (Aristotle, Politics, ed. Richard McKeon, trans. Benjamin Jowett, New York :Random House, 1968, p310)
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Recognition is given to the new Syrian refugee communities and a the religious and cultural needs. Courtyard spaces can provide a private yet communal area to pray and worship, whilst being sensitive to Polish identity and values.
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Soft landscaping provides a pleasant atmosphere within the courtyard and helps to create a sense of civic pride.
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These courtyard areas provide sanctuary for Syrians and help to retain their own cultural identity and historical bonds.
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Proposed Site Conditions: The Street
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With Jane Jacobs “Eyes on the street” in mind, the proposed buildings on site will be designed so there can be an element of self policing and community awareness within the neighbourhood.
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Ground floor Public space will be allocated to retail, commerce and public engagement.
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First floor and above will be allocated to residential and private living.
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Where appropriate, soft landscaping and tree lined streets compliment the street scene and provide an element of permeability within the urban landscape.
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Parking is allocated for at the new transport hub as well as on street with new traffic calming measures, giving priority to pedestrians.
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Developing a new identity through integration of the Syrian refugees and regeneration of Slupsk build stock will provide a local identity, character and delight
“Cooperation is the Foundation of human development, in that we learn how to be together before we learn to stand apart.” (Erikson, Childhood an Society, pp.244-6)
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City wide Masterplan Development Process As well as a process of understanding spacial implications of at block level, the importance of a citywide spacial language is paramount. Although this has been refined for both SĹ‚upsk and Ustka the process is applicable for many cities. Testing solutions, analysing problematic areas and repeating the process is key to a successful overall masterplan.
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intensified, thousands of families have died in brutal attacks and many more have been injured, traumatised or forced to flee their homes. Families continue to be killed...
New Journey of Asylum: The Story of a Syrian Refugee
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Follow Ammars story of finding a home in Poland and integrating into the local community allowing him and his family a durable solution to their plight and the opportunity of starting a new life.
Pligh
Winte fewer They n clothe and fu
01.
0
Journey
Cros
Ammar risks his life crossing the Mediterranean, his sights set on Turkey – and freedom for his family.
Amma of Tur Policy
The TheStory Story As As Syria’s Syria’s civil civil war war has has intensified, thousands intensified, thousands of of families families have died in brutal attacks have died in brutal attacks and and many many more more have have been been injured, injured, traumatised traumatised or or forced forced to to flee flee their homes. Families continue their homes. Families continue to to be be killed... killed... Follow Follow Ammars Ammars story story of of finding finding aa home in Poland and integrating home in Poland and integrating into into the the local local community community allowing allowing him him and and his his family family aa durable solution to their durable solution to their plight plight and and the the opportunity opportunityof of starting starting aa new new life. life.
01.
Plight Plight
Flee FleeSyria Syria
Winter Winter is is coming: coming: Syrians Syrians have have fewer fewer resources resources than than ever ever before. before. They They need need adequate adequate food, food, warm warm clothes, clothes, shoes, shoes, blankets, blankets, heaters, heaters, and and fuel. fuel.
With With little little choice, choice, Ammar Ammar flees flees his home town after his home town after loosing loosing close close family family friends friends to to war war and and violence. With nowhere violence. With nowhere to to go go but but follow follow the the crowd. crowd.
02.
03.
04.
0
of families cks and injured, to o flee continue to
of finding ntegrating ity amily a ir plight starting tarting a
ossing the hts set on for his
Plight
Flee Syria
Winter is coming: Syrians have fewer resources than ever before. They need adequate food, warm clothes, shoes, blankets, heaters, and fuel.
With little choice, Ammar flees his home town after loosing close family friends to war and violence. With nowhere to go but follow the crowd.
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03. 117
Crossing Boarders
Refugee Camps
Ammars family takes advantage of Turkey and its ‘Open Door Policy’ for Syrians..
..only to arrive at a refugee camp, with lack of practical training opportunities, minimal schooling with a constant fear of becoming a permanent camp dweller.
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06.
Camp CampIntegration Integration
Aid Aid
Oppo Oppo
Ammar Ammarand andhis hisfamily familyjoin join 220,000 220,000other otherrefugees refugeesin inone oneof of Turkeys Turkeysgovernment governmentrun runcamps. camps. The Thelack lackof offood, food,community, community, structure structureand andamenities amenitiesmakes makes life lifehard. hard.
With Withalmost almostno nosupport supportfrom fromthe the local localgovernment governmentAmmars Ammarsonly only hope hopecomes comesfrom fromindividuals individuals and andcommunity communityorganisations. organisations. An Anirregular irregularsupply supplyof offood food and andmedicines medicinesput puteven evenmore more pressure pressureon onhis hischildren childrenand and mother. mother.
AAPoli Pol Refug Refug savour savou future futur Gdans Gdan camp. camp
07.
08.
0
Camp CampIntegration Integration
Aid Aid
Opportunity Opportunity
Ammar Ammarand andhis hisfamily familyjoin join 220,000 220,000other otherrefugees refugeesin inone oneof of Turkeys Turkeysgovernment governmentrun runcamps. camps. The Thelack lackof offood, food,community, community, structure structureand andamenities amenitiesmakes makes life lifehard. hard.
With Withalmost almostno nosupport supportfrom fromthe the local localgovernment governmentAmmars Ammarsonly only hope hopecomes comesfrom fromindividuals individuals and andcommunity communityorganisations. organisations. An Anirregular irregularsupply supplyof offood food and andmedicines medicinesput puteven evenmore more pressure pressureon onhis hischildren childrenand and mother. mother.
AAPolish Polishintegration integrationprogramme, programme, Refugee RefugeeMatters, Matters,isisAmmars Ammars savour. savour.Bring Bringhope hopeto tohis hisfamilies families future futurethey theyboard boardaaplane planeto to Gdansk Gdanskand andflee fleethe therefugee refugee camp. camp.
07.
08.
09.
Gdansk GdanskLegal LegalProcess Process
Citizenship Citizenship
Ustka Ustka
Joining Joining100 100refugees refugeesat atthe thetown town hall hallin inGdasnk, Gdasnk,Ammar Ammarand andhis his family familyare aresupplied suppliedwith withfood, food, washing washingfacilities facilitiesand andtemporary temporary housing housingwhile whilethey theyare areeducated educated about aboutthe theprogramme. programme.
With Withlittle littlehope hopeof ofreturning returning back backto toSyria Syriain inthe thenear nearfuture, future, and andwith withaaprospect prospectof ofaanew newlife life in inthey theyall allbecome becomecitizens citizensof of Poland. Poland.
Ammar Ammararrives arrivesin inUstka Ustkaafter after44 weeks weeksof ofbeing beingin inPoland. Poland.The The small smallholiday holidaytown townisisquite quiteand and tranquil, tranquil,and andAmmar Ammarcan canfinal final find findcomfort comfortin inknowing knowinghis his family familyare aresafe. safe.
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rt from the mars only viduals isations. food n more en and
Opportunity A Polish integration programme, Refugee Matters, is Ammars savour. Bring hope to his families future they board a plane to Gdansk and flee the refugee camp.
09.
10.
11.
12.
A New Start
Lang
Ammars family are offered a home to stay during the winter by a small family run hotel.
With a and cu about offere
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A AANew New Start NewStart Start
Ammars Ammars family are offered Ammarsfamily familyare areoffered offeredaaa home to stay during the home to stay during winter home to stay duringthe thewinter winter by a small family run hotel. by a small family run hotel. by a small family run hotel.
13.
Language Language and Culture Languageand andCulture Culture
With With access to new language Withaccess accessto toaaanew newlanguage language and culture centre Ammar and culture centre Ammar learns and culture centre Ammarlearns learns about Poland and his children about Poland and his children are about Poland and his childrenare are offered an education. offered an education. offered an education.
14.
Employment Employment Employment
As As the tourism season begins Asthe thetourism tourismseason seasonbegins begins there are a huge number there are a huge number of low there are a huge numberof oflow low skilled jobs throughout Ustka. skilled jobs throughout Ustka. skilled jobs throughout Ustka. Ammar Ammar and his wife utilise there Ammarand andhis hiswife wifeutilise utilisethere there new language skills and now new language skills and now new language skills and now work work full time. workfull fulltime. time.
15.
Transferable Skills
Slups
Ammar previously worked as an accountant in Syria. Now he can speak the local language his true skills can be utilised and he searches for new employment opportunities.
Amma to Slup integr are off housin Amma accoun
16.
17
ered red aa ee winter winter otel. otel.
Language Language and and Culture Culture
Employment Employment
With With access access to to aa new new language language and and culture culture centre centre Ammar Ammar learns learns about about Poland Poland and and his his children children are are offered offered an an education. education.
As As the the tourism tourism season season begins begins there there are are aa huge huge number number of of low low skilled skilled jobs jobs throughout throughout Ustka. Ustka. Ammar Ammar and and his his wife wife utilise utilise there there new new language language skills skills and and now now work work full full time. time.
14.
15.
ss
Slupsk Slupsk
Economic Economic Integration Integration
rked ked as as . Now Now he he guage guage his his ed ed and and he he oyment oyment
Ammar Ammar and and his his family family all all travel travel to to Slupsk Slupsk with with help help of of the the integration integration programme. programme. They They are are offered offered renovated renovated affordable affordable housing housing within within the the centre centre and and Ammar Ammar secures secures aa job job as as an an accountant. accountant.
Ammars Ammars wife wife is is employed employed informally, informally, securing securing cleaning cleaning jobs jobs through through engagement engagement with with polish polish residents residents within within shared shared social social spaces. spaces. She She meets meets Janic, Janic, aa polish polish resident resident who who needs needs aa local local accountant. accountant.
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17.
18.
Social SocialIntegration Integration
Environmental EnvironmentalIntegration Integration
Politi Polit
Through Throughinformal informalengagements engagements in inthe thecities citiessocial socialspaces spacesaa culture cultureof oftrust trustbuilds buildswithin within occupants. occupants.New NewNGOs NGOsare are established establishedsupporting supportingboth both integrated integratedrefugees refugeesand and residents. residents.
Through Throughsecured securedEU EUfunding funding for forthe theintegration integrationof ofrefugees refugees both bothAmmar Ammarand andJanic Janichave havetheir their homes homesinsulated insulatedand andsustainably sustainably heated heatedas aspart partof ofthe thecites citesgreen green agenda. agenda.
As Aspow po the thene ne presid presid to toimp im aalocal loca and andaa throug throu
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21 2
SocialIntegration Integration Social Social Integration
EnvironmentalIntegration Integration Political PoliticalIntegration Integration Environmental Environmental Integration Political Integration
Throughinformal informalengagements engagements Through Through informal engagements thecities citiessocial socialspaces spacesaa a in ininthe the cities social spaces cultureof trustbuilds buildswithin within culture culture ofoftrust trust builds within occupants.New NewNGOs NGOsare are occupants. occupants. New NGOs are establishedsupporting supportingboth both established established supporting both integratedrefugees refugeesand and integrated integrated refugees and residents. residents. residents.
Throughsecured securedEU EUfunding funding Through Through secured EU funding forthe theintegration integrationof refugees for for the integration ofofrefugees refugees bothAmmar Ammarand andJanic Janichave havetheir their both both Ammar and Janic have their homesinsulated insulatedand andsustainably sustainably homes homes insulated and sustainably heatedas partof thecites citesgreen green heated heated asaspart part ofofthe the cites green agenda. agenda. agenda.
19. 19.
20. 20.
Aspower poweris decentralisedfrom from As As power isisdecentralised decentralised from thenew newright-wing right-winggovernment, government, the the new right-wing government, presidentRobert RobertBiedron Biedronis able president president Robert Biedron isisable able implementradical radicalchange changeat to totoimplement implement radical change atat locallevel levelsupported supportedby byNGOs NGOs aa alocal local level supported by NGOs andaa arenewed renewedpublic publicattitude attitude and and renewed public attitude througheducation. education. through through education.
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tegration
Political Integration
unding refugees have their ustainably ites green
As power is decentralised from the new right-wing government, president Robert Biedron is able to implement radical change at a local level supported by NGOs and a renewed public attitude through education.
21.
SyrianCulture Culture Syrian Syrian Culture
TheCultural CulturalCity City The Cultural City The
Syrianculture culturebreathes breathes Syrian Syrian culture breathes life into the Polish cityand and life life into into the the Polish Polish city city and the programme expands the the programme programme expands expands throughoutall allof Slupsk.Syrian Syrian throughout throughout all ofofSlupsk. Slupsk. Syrian culture brings huge economic culture culture brings brings huge huge economic economic developmentand andPoland Polandis seen development development and Poland isisseen seen as a responsible member of the as as aa responsible responsible member member of of the the international community. international international community. community.
Freidais Germancitizen citizenand and Freida Freida isisaa aGerman German citizen and has heard of the up and coming has has heard heard of of the the up up and and coming coming cityof Slupsk.She Shemoves movesover over city city ofofSlupsk. Slupsk. She moves over after completing her educational after after completing completing her her educational educational training.The Thethriving thrivingcity cityof training. training. The thriving city ofof Slupsk is full of culture and life Slupsk Slupsk is is full full of of culture culture and and life life and makes a great place to live and and makes makes aa great great place place to to live live as asas an up and coming journalist. an an up up and and coming coming journalist. journalist.
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23. 23.
TheReturn Return The The Return Fallingin lovewith withthe thecity city Falling Falling ininlove love with the city Freidabuys buysAmmars Ammarshome. home. Freida Freida buys Ammars home. Criticalrelations relationsare arenow now Critical Critical relations are now stabilisedin Syriaand andAmmar Ammar stabilised stabilised ininSyria Syria and Ammar andhis hisfamily familyare areable ableto return and and his family are able totoreturn return theirhome homecountry. country. to tototheir their home country.
24. 24.
Future Potential The spatial strategy presented is just one iteration of any number of design solutions which adhere to the principles set out in the Refugee Matters development framework. Presented, was a demonstration of how to apply these principles to a SĹ‚upsk, responding to immediate context and needs. Differing Cities in Poland would require differing approaches and particularly different political strategies with regard to City Councils.
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The integration strategy that can be applied to any urban environment providing care is taken in the addressing of Political/Social/Environmental/Economic/Culture/ Religious factors. Using strategy guidance such as published development plans, local knowledge etc. will also aid the development of a successful integration plan. It is not about how the development looks so much as making areas operate more successfully spatially.
Further Steps This process is intended to be a starting point for European Union member states and their inhabitants to re evaluate both the integration and potential benefits a refugee community within the urban environment. SĹ‚upsk has been showcased as a petri-dish for potential but this is just the start of a far wider strategy for change. This strategy must be adaptable to suit the needs of existing and emerging communities, ongoing involvement from stakeholders and locals inhabitants is key at all times. As new theory emerges it will need to be tested in practice as part of an ongoing process of critical thought and reflection. Some solutions that could work for certain cities but not for others, this needs to be monitored and recorded. Those who live within integrated cities should be happy with the urban environment they inhabit and issues raised should be responded to. Through this process of renewal greater trust can be built between governments and individuals.
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Websites https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/09/syrias-refugee-crisis-in-numbers/ (Syria’s refugee crisis in numbers). http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-portes/economic-europe-refugees_b_8128288.html (Immigration Is Good for Economic Growth. If Europe Gets It Right, Refugees Can Be Too). http://www.voxeu.org/article/how-immigrants-and-job-mobility-help-low-skilled-workers (Denmark Immigrant Precedent). http://www.oecd.org/migration/indicators-of-immigrant-integration-2015-settling-in-9789264234024-en.htm http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/14/europe-poll-icm#data http://www.theguardian.com/world/datablog/2015/may/11/which-eu-countries-receive-the-most-asylum-seekers http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/02/poles-dont-want-immigrants-they-dont-understand-them-dont-like-them http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/world/middleeast/market-rises-at-zaatari-camp-for-syrian-refugees.html http://www.worldfinance.com/infrastructure-investment/government-policy/refugees-are-an-economic-benefit-not-burden-to-europe http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/11/poland-and-eu http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/eu-membership-highlights-polands-migration-challenges http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/Country-by-country/Poland/POL-CbC-V-2015-20-ENG.pdf
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