Housing Differences between Urban and Rural Migrants Yiping Fang China Seminar, Apr.10, 2014
Rural to urban migrants
Dual citizenship
Urban social groups
Registration
Urban (non-agriculture)
Rural (agriculture)
Urban migrants
Rural migrants
Location
Local
Non-local (migrants)
Migrants in cities
外地人 waidiren Homeowner, no hukou
Are Urban migrants better off? Criteria to change hukou local: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Education attainment； employment in the city； pay social security, etc.； Pay income tax in the city； Work experiences in other cities or abroad； Special achievement； Investment in the city and pay corporate tax.
Starting salary of 70% college graduates was lower than rural migrant workers; ●
As June 2012, 69% of college graduates’ starting salary was less than 2,000 yuan.
●
By the end of 2012, the average monthly income of migrant workers was 2,290 yuan, 241 yuan more than the previous year, an increase of 11.8%.
What differentiate urban and rural migrants? Farm land
Where to invest? (35% build, 17% buy in town, 26% cities)
Conceptual framework
urban vs rural
Institutional factors
Housing results in arrival cities Household income Education Employment
Market factors
Housing cost Housing location Dwelling size Housing tenure Housing quality
Hypothesis Hypothesis One: Within migrant households, urban and rural registration continue to impact households income. Hypothesis Two: Within migrant households, controlling for socio-economic conditions, urban and rural registration is not related to housing results any more. Their differences should be explained by their socio-economic differences.
Employment and Social Protection Study
Shenyang
Xi’an Shanghai Wuhan Fuzhou
Guangzhou
Descriptive statistics
So What? New urbanization policy: ● ● ● ●
fully remove hukou restrictions in towns and small cities, gradually ease restrictions in mid-sized cities, setting reasonable conditions for settling in big cities strictly controlling the population in megacities.
hukou liberalisation focuses on cities with under 5m people.
● ●
New jobs are being created in the 16 big cities with populations of more than 5m, most of the dodgy government debt concentrated in the smaller cities whose officials are therefore unwilling to fork out for benefits for new urbanites.
New wave of urban to urban migration!
Rural villages (35% build, 17% buy in town, 26% cities)
Small cities & towns
towns become cities
rural villagers become urban residents
(15% build, 13% buy in town, 45% cities) Mid-sized cities
Big cities
Megacities resources in big cities could continue attract migration second class in big cities or first class in small towns?