Urbanization in China
Xinyang Li China Academy of Urban Planning and Design Feb 20, 2014
Two key factors affecting the 21st-century
Urbanization in China High-tech in USA Joseph E. Stiglitz, former chief economist at the World Bank, 2005
01 02 03 04
Nation Yangtze River Delta Immigrant Area: Yiwu Emigrant Area: North of Anhui
01 China’s Urbanization 1.1 History 1.2 Characteristics
Four Main Phases of Urbanization in China (1949-2010) 60
2.50
50
2.00
40
1.50
30 1.00 20 0.50 10 0.00 0 2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
1971
1969
1967
1965
1963
1961
1959
1957
1955
1953
1951
1949
-0.50
-10 -1.00
-20 -30
1st Phase 1949-1957
2nd Phase 1958-1977
3rd Phase 1978-1994
-40
4th Phase 1995-2010
-1.50
-2.00 Urbanization 城镇化率增幅（%） Growth Rate (%)
Urbanization Rate 城镇化率(%) (%)
Growth Rate
1st Phase (1949-1957)：Urbanization Motivated by Industrialization Urbanization serve for the industry development 156 major projects supported by USSR Mainly heavy industry
Population migration guided by government Distribution of employment by government Complemented with housing and welfare policies
Relatively high growth in Urbanization and Industrialization Urbanization: from 10.6% to 15.4%, 0.53% annually 8 major industry cities
Urbanization Matches the Industry Development (1953-1957)
Important Industry Cities Newly-built Cities Large-scale Expand Cities Other Expand Cities
2nd Phase (1958-1977)：Tortuous, Then Stagnate Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) Urbanization: 15.4% - 19.8%
Great Chinese Famine (1961-1963) Urbanization: 19.8% - 16.8% Deterioration of the relationship between China and USSR Reduce basic construction, reduce employment, reduce city population “ No City Plan in Three Years”
Third Area Construction: From 1964 Industrialization without Urbanization
Daqin Pattern Near Mountain, Decentralization, Into Cavern
Culture Revolutionary (1966-1976) Urbanization in stagnate, keep 17% from 1962 to 1977 Encourage youngsters go to the mountainous areas and the countryside
3rd Phase (1978-1994)：Firstly develop in Southeast Coast Area Household contract responsibility system Solve the fed problem temporarily Lay the urbanization foundation
Reform and Open: Great urbanization development in southeast coast area 1979: 4 special districts: Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xiamen, Shantou; 2 open provinces: Guangdong, Fujian 1984: 14 open cities along coast area 1985: Coastal economic open zone: Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta, South of Fujian Delta
1990: Pudong 1991: 26 National High-tech Development Zone, 4 open ports in north area 1992: Deng Xiaoping’s speech in the South, Further open cities along border and Yangtze River, open 11 Capital Cities in the inland.
Urban development policy Control the scale of large cities Develop medium cities moderately Develop small cities actively
1991: Urbanization firstly appear in the official document 8th five years plan: promote urbanization procedure according to the plan
Urbanization rate increased steadily From 17.9% to 28.5%, 0.62% annually
4th Phase (1995-)：Urbanization Motivated by Market Economy Reform
Market Economy Reform Land paid-use reform after 1988 revision of Constitution 1994: Housing reform; 1998: from distribution to monetization; real estate
1994: encouraging purchasing automobiles: motorization 1994: Tax reform: inspire the market vitality
Economy Globalization 2001: WTO
Urbanization as National Strategy 2001: 10th five year’s plan: The requirement for urbanization has ripen, we must implement urbanization strategy now! 2006: 11th five year’s plan: promote urbanization actively and steadily, insist on the concerted development of cities of all kinds of scales 2011: 12th five year’s plan: keep on the Chinese characteristic urbanization path, promote the healthy development of urbanization 2013: National Urbanization Conference held in Beijing
High development of urbanization From 29.0% in 1994 to 53.7% in 2013, 1.3% annually 2011: urbanization firstly over 50%
GAIN Low Cost Low land cost, Zero cost in land use Low labor cost, due to largely supplied labor force
High Efficiency Global competitive advantage of industrial development Second largest economy in the world 500 million population migrate from rural to urban area after reform and open
None-agricultural employment of rural labor force
LOST
Let Us See the Sea View in Forbidden City!
Low Quality Low public service, especially to floating population: housing, education, hospital… Low quality of infrastructure Low quality of rural development
Migrant workers in sleep
Urban Village
LOST High Price Occupy the farm land, urbanization with the cost of farmer’s benefit
Deterioration of ecology environment High keep-stable cost: public safe cost in 2010: 514 billion Yuan RMB, close to the national defense cost
Energy Cost Ratio of China, USA, and Japan
in 2009（%） 50 40
China 中国
30
USA 美国
20
Japan 日本
10 0 GDP
Coal 煤炭
Petroleum 石油
Five characteristics of Urbanization in China 01 Large Nation’s Urbanization 02 Various Urbanization Paths
03 Migrant birds 04 Guided by Government 05 Restricted by Resources and Agriculture
01 Large Nation’s Urbanization Large in population, territory area, and economy Only 24 countries can be compared with China (Territory area is larger than 2 million km2 or GDP is larger than 650 billion dollar) Large domestic market need, benefit for economy self-organization Large area, benefit for plan and arrangement wholly
Circle：Total population Grey：Urbanization
China’s urbanization: 3rd team Urbanization
100
(%)
Argentina
90
France
Brazil Saudi Arabia
80
Mexico
Russia Turkey
70
Canada
Spain
Algeria
60
Holland
UK
Korean
Italy
Kazakhstan
50
2nd
China Indonesia Sudan Congo India 3rd
40 30
Australia
German
USA
Japan
1st Team
Team
Team
20 China in 2011：5540 dollars，51.27%
10
(10 thousand dollars)
GDP Per capita
0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Concentrated poor areas
02 Various Urbanization Paths Various geographical environment Various living conditions Various social and cultural conditions Various economic conditions
Availability of living
Minority nationality
Five kinds of migration areas in China Active immigrant area: Guangdong (25.3%); Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu (20.6%); Beijing, Tianjin (44.7%)
Less active immigrant area: Fujian (12.2%); Shandong(2.2%) Active emigrant area:
Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan (> 5 million and > 10%); Henan, Hubei, Sichuan (> 5 million); Chongqin (> 10%) Less active emigrant area: Guizhou, Guangxi, Heilongjiang(> 2 million and > 5%); Hebei(> 2 million); Shanxi, Jilin, Gansu (> 5%) Inactive migrant area: Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Shanxi, Ningxia, Qinghai, Xizang, Yunnan, Hainan
Immigration and Emigration in 2010
03 “Migrant birds” Migrant worker: special amphibious group Only one foot step into the city Hardly share the same right as citizens in welfare, education
Large-scale pendulum migration between hometown and working place 260 million migrant workers, larger than the urban population in USA (258 million)
Large pendulum migration is the root of many Chinese social problems Spring Festival travel rush Unattended children “386160”
04 Guided by Government National policies profoundly affect urbanization
Development Speed of Different kinds of Cities（20002010）
18
1000万人以上 > 10 million
Manufacture first, living second
16
城市
14
200-1000万人 2-10 million
Go to the mountainous areas and the countryside
12
城市
10
100-200万人城
Strictly constrain the scale of large cities Regional policies: economic zone, special zone, new town
1-2 million
8
市
6
50-100万人城市 0.5-1 million
4 2
< 0.5 million <50万人城市
0 Urban Population 城市人口增长
Domination of resources by government Important regulation effects in the direction, key point, and velocity of urbanization High efficiency, but badly constrained by administration power Weak development of small cities
城市用地增长
Urban Construction Land
Urban GDP GDP增长
Population and GDP Ratio Change of Different kinds 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
of Cities（2000-2010） < 0.2 million 20万以下 0.2-0.5 million 20-50万
50-100万 0.5-1 million 100-200万 1-2 million 200万以上 > 2 million Population in 2000 2010年城市人口 Population in 20102000年地区GDP GDP in 2000 2010年地区GDP GDP in 2010 2000年城市人口
美国城乡关系
05 Restricted by Resources and Agriculture Large Scale of Farmers 670 million currently Will be more than 400 million even urbanization is 70%
来源：美国统计署
China Rural and Urban Population
100000
70
60000
60
50000
50
40000
40
30000
30
20000
20
10000
10
城镇人口(万人）
乡村人口(万人）
城镇人口比重(%)
乡村人口比重(%)
Import more than 60 million tons of grains, selfsupply rate is less than 90% (95% would be better)
Availability of living areas
2009
2006
2003
2000
1997
1994
1991
1988
1985
1982
1979
1976
1973
1970
1967
1964
1961
0 1958
0 1955
2011: 570 million tons of grains, 22% of the world; 19% population of the world
80
70000
1952
Significance of China’s food security to the world
90
80000
1949
Limited land resources: 19%
100
中国城乡关系
90000
Urbanization with Conflicts and Complexity Globalization Informatization Ecology Revolution Motorization 1st industry revolution
2nd industry revolution
Urbanization with Limited Time From 30% to 70% UK: 100 years German: 80 years Japan: 65 years Mexico: 45 Years Korean: 35 Years
02 Urbanization in Yangtze Rive Delta
Migrant population in 2010
Different migration patterns Shanghai: Immigrated out of the province (80%) Zhejiang: Immigrated out of the province (54%), Movement in the province (37%) Jiangsu: Movement in the province (51%), Immigrated out of the province (35%)
2500
60%
51%
2000
50%
40%
37%
1500
30% 1000
Anhui: emigrate out of the province (72%)
22% 18%
500
20%
10%
0
0%
Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang 上海市 江苏省 浙江省
Anhui 安徽省
Emigrate out of the 跨省外出
Immigrated out of the 跨省外来
Movement in the 省内流动
Ratio of movement in 省内人口流动比重
province
province
province
the province
Most migration inside the Delta Shanghai: 56% emigrants to other three provinces Jiangsu: 64% emigrants to other three provinces Zhejiang: 56% emigrants to other three provinces Anhui: 56% emigrants to other three provinces Shanghai’s Emigrants to other provinces in 2010
Jiangsu’s Emigrants to other provinces in 2010 安 徽, 4%
北 京, 7%
广
东,
江
6%
上
苏,
49%
33%
浙
江,
安
15%
徽,
8%
Zhejiang’s Emigrants to other provinces in 2010
上
海,
24%
广
东, 4%
山
东, 5%
浙 江,
11% 北 京, 6% Anhui’s Emigrants to other provinces in 2010
江 北
上
京, 4%
苏,
广
东, 5%
浙
江,
24% 建,
4%
北
京,
7%
广
东,
8%
海,
27%
14%
福
海,
江
苏,
27%
Different Movement inside a province Take Jiangsu For Example
North of Jiangsu: Outside the city administrative boundary, but inside the province administrative boundary Middle of Jiangsu: Inside the city administrative boundary, and outside the province administrative boundary
Emigrants of rural population of Jiangsu Province, 2006
宿迁市 盐城市
淮安市 连云港市 徐州市 泰州市 扬州市 南通市 镇江市
South of Jiangsu: Inside the city administrative boundary
苏州市 常州市 无锡市 南京市 0%
Inside 市内 city
20%
40%
Outside city, 市外省内 but inside province
60%
Outside 外省 province
80%
100%
Outside 港澳台及国外 country
03 Typical immigrate area: Yiwu, Zhejiang
What is Yiwu? International Commercial City
International Population: 13 thousands foreign residents in 2010, 1.05% of all residents (Shanghai: 0.78%) More than 444 thousands foreign businessmen working in the city in 2011 Foreign passengers from the Yiwu airport: more than 40% of all passengers
Institution: 3008 agencies sent by foreign companies in Yiwu, 2011
Foreign Tradeďź&#x161; Export 1500 TEU daily, and export to 215 countries and regions in 2010
Commercial 3 comprehensive markets 11 special markets More than 30 special streets
汽车城
Comprehensive markets： Management area: more than 5 million m2 , more than 73 thousands merchants Total turnover: 62 billion RMB in 2010 Commodities: more than 1.7 million kinds
国际商贸 城
福田工艺品专业街 汽车用品及配件专业街 竹佳里饰品专业街 年画挂历专业街
二手车市场
物资市场 装饰市场
兴中玩具专业 线带专业 街 街 家具专业街 赵宅打火机专业街
新马路菜市场 农贸城 副食品市场
粮食市 场
模具专业街
家具市 场
浙中木材市场
原材料机械市 场 文胸内衣专业
街 针棉织品专业 街
宾王市场
鞋类专业街 兴中饰品配件专业街 相框专业街 赵宅玻璃制品专业街
通信市场
圣诞礼品专业 街 皮带专业街 小家电专业 篁园市场 街 围巾专业街 日用百货专业 街
印刷品材料专业街
International Trade City 4-5 floor, more than 2.5 km in one floor 46600 merchants, if you stay in one merchants only for 1 min, 8 hours a day, you must spend 3 months for all the merchants
Development
Sugar for chicken feather
Five generations From 1982 to 2010: Turnover: 4 million to 45600 million RMB, 11634 times Merchants: 705 to 44206, 63 times
1982: Market on road
1984: Market trellised
1986: Market trellised
市 场 成 长 自下而上的
1992: Huangyuan, Binwang
Motivated by the region Produced in Yiwu: 16.2% Produced in Zhejiang: 50%
Yongkang: hardware Dongyang: magnetic material Qinan: plastic Wuyi: stationery, travel Pujiang: crystal, lock Lanxi: natural medicine
Government
1982 四个允许 1984 以商兴县 1988 以商兴市 1993 贸工联动 2001 兴商建市 2004 国际商贸 2006 义乌指数 2011 综改试点
鸡毛换糖
1982年湖清门马路市场
1986年城中路棚架市场
1992年篁园市场宾王市场
Market
Region
1984年新马路棚架市场
City Residents：1.23 million (2010) Immigrants: 0.59 million (47.47%)
None-hukou population: 1.6 million (2010) 1.02 million (2007)
Urban Land: From 2.5 km2 to 90 km2, more than 35 times
Publicity: 18th of all Chinese cities well known by foreigners (by PRI)
国际商贸 城 宾王 5km
篁园
City Building Areas of Yiwu from 1982 to 2010 (km2)
1st 2nd market market
3rd market
4th market
5th market
International For developing countries One-way Commodity
Control
Ratio between export and import: from 7.1 in 2001 to 11 in 2010
600 toothpicks: 1 cent profit 12 lighters: 1 cent profit 750 straws: 1 cent profit
Import and Export from 2001 to 2010
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
India Iran Egypt United Arab Iraq Malaysia Brasil Saudi Arab USA Algeria Philippines Jordan Pakistan Spain Libya German Chile Ghana Israel Kenya
Volume of trade($) Export (kg) 687279013 938099799 577751219 503572817 511786134 611033932 446959138 446707581 411897262 331472425 395009313 366006751 367517092 232180693 339914205 241281229 299585875 232940213 269064314 234563603 262727331 382341742 260755436 233127713 249861147 297453149 234326049 182856455 220687836 186307603 209663662 211926747 208763270 165072511 194273328 163459245 190764674 143012618 185333209 235798188
Toyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s volume of trade and profit between 2010 and 2011
volume of trade
Profit
International Yiwuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response Buy globally, Sell globally Import commodity hall 100 thousand m2 370 merchants 45 thousand kinds of commodities from 80 countries
Yiwu Index CPI indicator Indicator of daily necessities globally Indicator for macroeconomic regulation and control of China Indicator for factories to adjust manufacturing schedule Distance between Index and Pricing right?
Commercial
International industry transition
High-tech manufacture back to developed countries Low level manufacture to southeast Asia
Ratio of Chinese manufacture added value to the world
Industry transition aboard Middle and west of China
Vietnam
Indonesia
Will the transition of industry lead to the transition of commerce?
Commercial International Trade City：
Turnover per merchant from 1982 to 2010 (10 thousand yuan RMB)
Turnover per merchant grow slowly, 766 million to 1032 million in 8 years, 1.35 times Slower than GDP development (Development of wholesale and retail added value is faster than GDP) 第一代 第二代 湖清门 新马路
Development rate of GDP, ITC turnover and wholesale and retail added value
第三代 城中路
第四代 篁园、宾王
第五代 篁园、宾王、商贸 城
Development of GDP and turnover annually from 1982 to 2010
第一代 湖清门
第二代 新马路
第三代 城中路
第四代 篁园、宾王
第五代 篁园、宾王、商贸城
Commercial Yiwuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response E-commerceďź&#x161; Sales volume in 2009: 30 billion RMB Sales volume in 2010: 50 billion RMB, 13% of physical trade 40% of national E-commerce sales volume (articles of daily use) 75% articles of daily use in E-commerce came from Yiwu directly or indirectly More than 10 merchants: turnover more than 10 million RMB 100 thousand merchants in or around Yiwu
Commercial Yiwu’s response Logistics Cost: 12%, lower than the average cost (17%) In 2012, export to 219 countries; 1226 foreign companies, 75% of nation’s Only one of international dry port city in the east of China Freight transport to 321 cities in 31 provinces in China directly One of the four logistics hubs in Zhejiang 从省内发往义乌货物
Yiwuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response
Commercial Turnover of Yiwu International Commodity Fair from 1995 to 2010 (100 million)
Financeďź&#x161; 62 financial institutions Conference and Exhibition: 2 exhibition halls 4 national exhibitions annually 128 exhibitions in 2010, 1.5 times than 2005
Yiwu International Commodity Fair from 2000 to 2010 Area: 3.6 times Turnover: 3.3 times Foreign turnover: 9.2 times Foreign participator: 83 times Hotels: More than 30 up of threestars
All producer services depend on commerce
City City or Town? Urban Village
Commercial and warehouse Office Residence
City
City or Town? Traffic Jam
More than 1 km container car’s team, waiting to enter the logistics center Many trailers run in the city’s street
义乌港
国际商贸城 江北下朱货运场
国际物流中心 宾王市场 铁路站场物流
篁园市场 江东货运市场 社会性物流
Tiny company, tiny merchant, tiny factory, tiny logistics, lead to the prosperity of economy, also lead to the chaos of landscape. To be or not to be?
City Immigrants: Low educated, difficult to access to education Junior middle school educational background: 84.69% of all immigrants in 2012 (46.68% in all residence of Yiwu) Only 35.9% of immigrantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; children enroll into school in Yiwu, other children can only receive education in their hometown
Less-educated population lead to the prosperity of Yiwu market Does futureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s market transition in Yiwu need the improvement of education level?
04 Typical emigrate area: North of Anhui
Emigrate to other cities VS Emigrate to local cities 2010: 28.31 million residents 34.78 million hukou population 10.16 million urban residents (35.9%) 6.92 million emigrate to other cities (19.9%)
June, 2012
Feb, 2012
2.74 million of all 10.3 million population went out for job in Fuyang, 2012 Fuyang railway station: biggest station square in China, national focus point of Spring Festival travel rush every year
91.55% of emigrants went out of province
100%
Emigrate areas in 2010
2010年皖北外出人口流出地比重
80% 60%
Mainly inside Yangtze River Delta
40% 20%
Questionaire：first working place outside
Outside Anhui 2010跨省外出人口
广东 9%
寿县
凤台县
颍上县
太和县
界首市
固镇县
怀远县
泗县
萧县
宿州市辖区
蒙城县
本省 19%
亳州市辖区
其它 15%
淮北市辖区
京津 4%
0%
Inside Anhui but outside local city 2010省内跨市外出人口
Anhui：19% 浙江 23% 江苏 19%
上海 11%
Zhejiang & Shanghai & Jiangsu：53%
长三角63.8%
Suzhou emigrants outside Anhui in 2012 : 71.9% in Yangtze River Delta
江苏 浙江
Zhejiang28.5% Shanghai10.2%
Jiangsu33.2%
1
上海 广东 北京 福建
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
山东
In 2000, emigrants outside Anhui: 1.62 million, 5.29% of all hukou population
In 2010 Emigrants outside Anhui: 6.34 million, 18.24% of all hukou population
Ratio change of emigrants outside Anhui, 2000-2010
Emigrants to other cities inside Anhui Top cities inside Anhui: Hefei, Wuhu
Big cities inside the north of Anhui: Huaibei, Huainan, Benbu
Prefer other provinces than the south of Anhui: Culture distinction
Futureďź&#x161; Where will the emigrants goďź&#x;
Stay in the big city?
Back to the local town?
Back to the village?
Old generation (age > 50)：Stay in the village •89% of old generation will stay in village •Because: housing (42%), living habit (33%)
What will you stay in the future? 第一代农民未来定居意愿 镇上 4%
Why do 第一代农民愿意定居村里的原因 you want to stay in the village?
其他 市区 合肥 县城 1% 1% 0% 5% 照顾家人 11%
其他 5%
村里有住房 42% 生活习惯 33% 村里 89%
村里有承包地 9%
Middle- aged generation (age: 20-50)
The employment willing of people The residence willing of people 合肥 留下第二代人定居意愿 其他 now staying in village 留下第二代人工作意愿 now其他 staying in village 市区 0% 6%
4% 在省外 6%
Now stay in the village: keep staying in the village (68%), farming in the village (51%)
1%
县城 14% 回村务农 40%
在安徽创业 22%
村里 68%
在安徽打工 17%
回村经营农
场 11%
The employment willing of people 出去第二代人工作意愿 now emigrate to cities
Now emigrant to cities: keep stay in cities (57%), working in cities (75%)
其他 8% 在省外 18%
在安徽创业 26%
镇上 11%
The residence willing of people 出去第二代人定居意愿 now emigrate to cities 合肥 5% 市区 8%
回村务农 18%
其他 7% 村里 43%
回村经营农 场 7%
在安徽打工 23%
县城 22% 镇上 15%
Less educated, less willing to go to city
Relation between education and the desired destination 第二代外出务工农民分文化程度定居城镇意愿 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 小学以下 Primary school
初中 Junior middle school 村里
镇上
县城
Senior高中 middle school 市区
合肥
其他地区
大专以上 above junior college
Young generation (age: < 20): can not go back to village More rural children (68%) is now studying in cities Most children (90%) want to study in cities
Willing to study in the future 第三代农民未来意愿就读地点
其他地区 17%
村里 10% 镇上 15%
合肥 8% 市区 6%
县城 44%
In the young generation, average age of working outside is 18.7 The 第三代人务农经历统计 experience of doing farm work 偶尔务农 8%
Most (89%) have never done the farm work, only 3% do the farm work frequently
经常务农 3%
从未务农 89%
Incomplete Urbanization
Continue of incomplete urbanization New citizen
Industrialization
City
New Urbanization
Labor Skill Education
Development of Human
Agriculture Modernization
Migrant
Rural
New farmer
Aging society Less educated
More aging society Less Children
Urbanization inside the city Students & Accompanies Emigrants go back to county to buy houses (Children education, Speculation(less))
High income population in the town and village buy houses in the county
(1) Education is the main motivation
Half
Students + Accompanies: 150 Thousand
Residence: 300 Thousands
County students: 30
Migrant workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s children: 50 Village Students : 20 Accomp anies: 50
Linquan county Residence from 93 thousand in 2005 to 300 thousand in 2012
Food stand beside No. 4 Middle School, Linquan
Students: 100 thousand (50 thousand migrant workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s children, 20 thousand students from village and town) Without hukou: 100 thousand (most accompanies) Rental house beside school
(2) Better city environment and public services promote population increase
Fuyang City
VS
Linquan county
Better environment even than the cities!
Can this urbanization pattern sustainable?
Case 1: Go out for working Go back to county to buy house Then go out for working again!
Case 2: Father do farm work in the village Children go to school in the county accompanied by the mother
Case 3: Adult go out for working Children go to school in the county accompanied by the grandfather/grandmother
Education has limited impact to sustainable urbanization to county Students and Accompanies: 70% rent house few work in the county students want to leave county when graduate
父母 Who take care 爷爷奶奶或外公外婆 其他亲友 独自居住 2% 其他
of students?
Mother’s job
9%
21%
Parents
Limited impact to local economy Basic consumption
5%
3%
21%
18%
56%
Working in the county
16%
8%
16%
19% 6%
Case: Father do farm work in the village, children go to school in the county accompanied by the mother
Accomodation methods of Annually cost in county (2 persons) 3% 9% students from village 31% Rental: 3600 RMB 9% 住自家购房
Father’s job 6%
住亲友家
Total: Less than 10000 RMB 48% 其他
18%
6%
住校
在镇上工作 在县城工作
租房住
10%
Living: 3600 RMB Other: 2000 RMB
在村里务农
4%
31%
Working in the county
17%
8%
在市区工作 在外地打工 无固定工作 其他 长三角地区
Lixin (ĺ&#x2C6;Ščž&#x203A;) 10 thousand houses sold in 20112012 70% were bought by migrant workers (go back to county or go into the county) Policies: 32 thousand RMB subsidies to farmers who buy house in the county by the government One of the check indicators for the town government: migrant from village to county
But: Most who buy houses continue working outside Vacancy rate in some neighborhoods: more than 70%
Ghost City： (1) Temporary ghost city Lack of employment and public services because of newly built
(2) Truly ghost city Wrong decision making by government Tax reform in 1994 Pay more attention to landscape rather than the sustainable development (Easily for promotion) Wrong decision making by developer Over-optimistic about real estate market Wrong decision making by resident Lack of investment channel Lack of social welfare guarantee
Solutionďź&#x161; (By Central Committee Urbanization Conference) (1) Promote citizenize of migrants (2) Increase urban land use efficiency
(3) Sustainable financial and fiscal guarantee Local tax reform
(4) Optimize layout and structure of urbanization (5) Improve urban development quality See the mountain, see the river, remember the nostalgia
(6) Enforce the management of urbanization
Thank you! Email: xinyang@pdx.edu