MArch_Y6_ST1 by Menghan Chen

CPU[AI] STUDIO 1 PORTFOLIO NORTHERN GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT Group Member Jiao Xie Junjie Su Siyu Xie Menghan Chen

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ABSTRACT CPU&AI atelier works as a consultant for Manchester City Council on the Northern Gateway development in Studio 1 study. From a future city perspective, we will examine the development of the Northern Gateway area and address some parts of the MCC identified objectives. Inside our design proposal, we decide to focus on the relation between an Urban complex system and the natural environment and exploring how to use urban green space as the main element to design the urban form, to achieve the vision of a sustainable and livable ecological city. Instead of using concepts, we studied many theories related to urban design, which help us understand and regenerate the new greenoriented urban system. The proposal will be achieved by using a patch theory, green corridor, and grid-plot strategy approach to integrate green spaces into urban form. We also studied related parameters in urban development and how they could be transferred into spatial elements, this enables a generative computational tool based on translating network analysis to a spatial outcome.

C ON T E NT 1 INTRODUCTION

4 DESIGN STRATEGY

6 INPUT PARAMETER

1.1 Introduction on CPU[AI] ST1 BRIEF 1.2 Northern Gateway SRF 1.3 Challenge Selection 1.4 Global Goals 1.5 Wellbeing, biodiversity and Greenspaces 1.6 Design Focus 1.7 Design Workflow 1.8 Thesis Statement

4.1 Design Consideration 4.2 Loop of the Urban System 4,4 Complex Adaptive System (CAS) 4.4 Precedent of Application 4.5 Theory approach of CAS 4.6 Ecology Corridor 4.7 Approach of Ecology Corridor 4.8 First Design Rule 4.9 Grid-plot Strategy 4.10 Research on Grid-plot Strategy 4.11 Approach of Grid-plot Strategy 4.12 Second Design Rule

6.1 Parameter Analysis on Roads 6.2 How Roads Influence Urban Form 6.3 Parameter Analysis on Land Use 6.4 How Land Use Influence Urban Form 6.5 Parameter Analysis on Green Spaces 6.6 How Parameters Influence Each other 6.7 Parameter Summary

2 SITE ANALYSIS 2.1 Urban Research Document 2.2 Location 2.3 Climate 2.4 Population 2.5 Land Use 2.6 Green Space 2.7 Section Summary

3 DEFINE THE PROBLEM 3.1 Local Goals 3.2 Green Space in Site 3.3 Patch Dynamic Theory 3.4 How Patch Influence the City 3.5 Urban Heat Island (UHI) 3.6 Urban Heat Island Impact 3.7 Section Summary

5 DESIGN GENERATION PROCESS 5.1 Design Development Step 1 5.2 Design Development Step2 5.3 Research on Dwelling 5.4 Type and Size Mix of Housing 5.5 Detailed Typologies 5.6 Residential Building Typology 5.7 Commercial Building Typology 5.8 Amenities and Infrastructure Requirement 5.9 Design Development Step3 5.10 Design Development Step4

7 EVALUATION & SUMMARY 7.1 Proposal Workflow 7.2 Proposal Evaluation 7.3 Summary 7.4 Forecast to ST2 & ST3

8 APPENDIX 8.1 Urban Research Document on History 8.2 Typology Research Document 8.3 Reference List

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1 INTRODUCTION Introduction on the CPU[AI] group and Studio 1 outputs

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S ITE ANAL YSIS

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1.1 INTRODUCTION ON CPU[AI] ST1 BRIEF TTS

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CPU[AI] Overview

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Complexity, Planning and Urbanism (CPU) develops new theoretical approaches and computational tools using a complexity science framework (systems, self-organisation, emergence, intelligence, structural change, adaptation) for the design, management, governance and understanding of future cities related to climate change, citizen participation, development strategies, resilient interventions, policy making and urban morphology. Computational methods are used to expand the realms of static design methods and theory by enabling a temporal and dynamic process. s Y Y M R R es N IS EG oc LE TE MA Pr AT YS TIO OB N UM ME IX S TR A AL UC PR TIO & S R ND RA AN N OD HE N NE PA PE T E TIO IG TR GE T T E S AP UA IN SI GN PU FIN AL SI DE IN DE DE EV

CPU[AI] ST1 BRIEF CPU will study the Northern Gateway development as a consultant for MCC. We will examine the development from a future city perspective. We will address some parts of the identified MCC focus areas above in Studio 1, Studio 2 and Studio 3.

CPU[AI] ST1 AIMS 1. Understanding of the complex drivers of change in a major redevelopment project. 2. A supporting engagement with Manchester City Council and the Strategic Development Team on Manchester's largest development project. 3. Learn about theories for computational process/approach - towards spatial dynamics. Modelling / analysis for design 4. Develop your own computational constructs/tools for your own design problems. 5. Analyse and engage with current urban trajectories of change (technological disruptions, futures, environments) 6. An understanding and creation of residential and commercial architectural typologies as computational types. 7.Development of an ability to communicate multiple aspects of large urban design proposals. 8.Demonstration of the ability to work in teams with a specific key role. 9. Understand how to work with urban transformations and different timescales.

CPU[AI]

Resource: Manchester City Council, 2020, The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/

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CPU[AI]

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Examine the development from a future city perspective and address some parts of the identified MCC focus areas above in the academic works.

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- Manchester City Council is the Local Authority of the Northern Gateway Area. - The development of the Northern Gateway builds upon previous and ongoing regeneration projects by the MCC to deliver change in neighbourhoods and communities such as NOMA, Ancoats and New Islington. - MCC have created The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework (SRF) as a guide to the development and to form part of the Council's planning policy.

Far East Consortium International Limited - Backer and developer specialising in residential and hospitality - Investment and delivery partner of the Northern Gateway Development appointed by MCC in 2017] - FEC are working together with MCC as a Joint Venture to deliver the regeneration of the land controlled by the investment partnership.

- The local community, businesses, landowners and key stake holders were all consulted in 2018 on the SRF.

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Manchester city council (MCC)

Consultant

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Northern Gateway Resource: Manchester City Council, 2020, The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/

1.2 NORTHERN GATEWAY SRF TTS

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Manchester Northern Gateway STRATEGIC REGENERATION FRAMEWORK (SRF)

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The Northern Gateway Strategic Regeneration Framework ("SRF") has been prepared by Manchester City Council ("MCC") to guide the future development of one of the largest regeneration projects in the UK.

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The Northern Gateway is a unique opportunity to deliver transformational regeneration on an unprecedented scale in Manchester and help fulfil Manchester's potential as a truly innovative, sustainable and world-class city. It has the potential to revitalise existing communities and provide a catalyst for the regeneration of neighbourhoods in the north of the city. The regeneration of the Northern Gateway has the potential to unlock significant residential-led development that will positively contribute to Manchester's growth agenda and that of the wider city region. The Northern Gateway Strategic Regeneration Framework ("SRF") sets out how Manchester City Council ("MCC") will work with partners and local communities to deliver this ambition.

Vision The Vision for the Northern Gateway is to deliver a series of vibrant, sustainable and integrated residential neighbourhoods within the extended city centre of Manchester. These neighbourhoods will provide a range of housing options in a high-quality, well managed environment, with high levels of connectivity that link the growth of the city centre with surrounding Manchester communities. This will include the delivery of a range of affordable housing products to meet the needs of residents on a range of incomes. The Northern Gateway SRF will support longterm growth and promote economic, social and cultural uses to support the creation of high performing and sustainable new communities where people choose to live, work, and play. Resource: Manchester City Council, 2020, The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework http:// northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/

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1.3 CHALLENGE SELECTION TTS

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1. How can a balance between public and private spaces foster a sense of community and belonging in new urban morphology. Ensure public spaces are active throughout the day and evening and do not adversely interfere with a residential setting (in terms of noise, ASB etc.)?

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The Challenge We Choose

2.The distribution of facilities, amenities and community spaces is an essential aspect of successful residential development. How do we design to ensure this aspect of sustainability in urban strategy and design.

4.How can a network of high-quality open and public spaces support well-being and enhanced diversity. Integrating green spaces/public realm towards wellness and mitigation of climate change? Ecologies? How can you integrate green environments and the City River Park ecosystem?

6. How to design zero-carbon future cities (is urban morphology adequate). How do you understand the environmental impact of future cities.

5. How can you design for sustainable movement and minimise motorised transport use? Consider last mile/3 mile responses including transport oriented design, walk-ability, cycling and technological disruptions (CAV).

3. How can a new urban development be designed to change and adapt with its residents (from students to young professionals, families and aging)

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Here are 6 challenges that provide some perspective for us to view the Northern Gateway development project. We have chosen challenge 4 to explore how to use urban green space as the main element to design the urban form, so as to achieve the vision of a sustainable and livable ecological city. 015

1.4 GLOBAL GOALS TTS

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UN Sustainable Development Goals We studied the UN Sustainable Development Goals in order to gain a clear understanding of the challenge we selected. The 4 related goals can help us sharpen focus on more specific aspects and inform the problem formulation.

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3 6

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation

3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 6.6 By 2030, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes

9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure

15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with obligations under international agreements Resource: UN Sustainable Development Goals https://sdgs.un.org/

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1.5 WELLBEING, BIODIVERSITY AND GREENSPACES TTS

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The importance of green space

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In terms of the relationship between biodiversity and wellbeing, the greenspaces seem like a bridge to link them by other agencies.

biodiversity

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In short, it is necessary to focus on the development of the green spaces since it could not only provide habitats for species to increase richness of living beings, but also enhance wellbeing by offer a good quality living surroundings.

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Resource:Manchester City Council, 2012, Biodiversity action plan 2012-2016. http://www.wildaboutmanchester.info/www/images/ stories/Biodiversity%20Action%20Plan%202012%20-%2016.pdf

positive impact

poverty condition

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1.6 DESIGN FOCUS TTS

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Introduction of Our Design Focus

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Green Space

Community

Accessibility

Biodiversity

Our design focus is 1. The role of green space in the urban system, its cover area and its relationship with buildings 2. The role of the community in the urban system, how to improve the life experience of residents through the design of the community 3. Accessibility of residents to urban public spaces and infrastructure 4. How to protect and improve biodiversity through urban design while meeting the needs of residents

Resource: https://unsplash.com/photos/31-pOduwZGE?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_ content=creditShareLinkhttps://unsplash.com/photos/5pUuHGEnUDM?utm_source=unsplash&utm_ medium=referral&utm_content=creditShareLink https://unsplash.com/photos/x5PfV1ssuF4?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_ content=creditShareLink https://unsplash.com/photos/31-pOduwZGE?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_ content=creditShareLink

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1.7 DESIGN WORKFLOW TTS

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Location of Design Process Introduction

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Patch Theory

CAS Theory

Grath Theory/ Space Syntax

Chapter 1

IDENTIFY THE PROBLEMS

APPROACH OF TACKLING THE PROBLEMS

Design Consideration

Challenge 4 Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Ecology Corridor Strategy

Focus Chapter 1

Chapter 1

Grid-plot Strategy

Site Analysis Chapter 1

Chapter 1

IDENTIFY THE PLANNING PARAMETER

IDENTIFY THE EVALUATION CRITERIAS

COMPUTATIONAL PLANNING TOOL

Criteria 1

Planning System

Chapter 1

Building Typology Parameter

Criteria 2

Evaluation System

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Reserved Data from Site

Urban Planning Parameter Chapter 1

Criteria 3 Chapter 1

Problem Definition

Criteria 4

Chapter 1

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FINAL OUTCOME: NORTHERN GATEWAY FUTURE SCENARIO

THESIS STATEMENT Urban sprawl and neglect of urban green space have caused landscape fragmentation and urban heat islands, which further affect the quality of neighbourhoods. For this situation, we aim to explore a new connected urban open space network with a large proportion of green space. It will allow citizens to have more access to green amenities as well as enjoy a livable and sustainable neighbourhood. This will be achieved by using a patch theory and green corridor approach to integrate green space into urban form, which enables a generative computational tool based on translating network analysis to a spatial outcome.

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DEFIN E T HE PROBLEM

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Urban Research Document Overview

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The whole CPU group members have together done one Urban Research Document which is statistical data analysis supported and based on the research on either whole Manchester city or the northern gateway. U OD TR IN N IO CT

Historicial Analysis

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Environmental Analysis

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Demographics Folder

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Covid and Brexit

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Infrastructural Analysis Housing Analysis Northern Gateway SRF

Please click the link below to view the whole document: https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1YmMI7IFEjkdp_pp59HYESk-mRy130lwD?fbclid=IwAR0KPp_SNuskXaA7cxyrtzFjNjdBQ3zFS_ n-tM5cHvSuvC5xMQRe2cypDrA

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Interactive frequency analysis of urban space

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Location Site Analysis on the Location

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The Northern Gateway is an area to the north of Manchester City Centre comprising of approximately 155 hectares of predominately brownfield or underused land . The area identified for the development is surrounded by established neighbourhoods such as Ancoats and New Islington. Manchester City Council describes the Northern Gateway Development as the single largest opportunity for residential-led growth and transformational redevelopment in Manchester . The area of the development is one-third the size of the city centre. It is hoped that 15,000 new homes will be created through the development over the next 15- 20 years which will be a significant contribution towards the Manchester Residential Growth Strategy.

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Resource: Manchester City Council, 2020, The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/

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2.3 CLIMATE TTS

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Site Analysis on the Climate

Annual Temperature & Precipitation According to the recording of annual average temperature, on average, the warmest month is August and the coolest month is January.

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The rainfall had a dramaic increased trend from the end of 2019, which started to over 100mm as the monthly record. The upward trend still can be applied to the current rainfall situation in Great Manchester area.

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Overall Temperature & Precipition Projection

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By the 2040s, deadly heatwaves such as the one in 2003 when UK temperatures peaked at 38.5°C will be the norm, leading to a tripling in heat-related deaths. Regarding to the environmental imapcts, the consideration of future urban developement and building design should mainly focus on providing the better solution to urban area flooding and better control of comfortable internal temperature. Resource: (1)Manchester Historical Weather, 2020, https://www.worldweatheronline.com/manchesterweather-history/greater-manchester/gb.aspx (2)The Royal Meteorological Society Journal of Climate Science, 2020, https://resin-cities.eu/ greatermanchester/ (3)Report warns of severe future effects of climate change on the UK, 2016, https://www.manchester.ac.uk/ discover/news/severe-future-effects-of-climate-change/ (4)Cavan, G. 2020, ‘Climate change projections for Greater Climate change projections for Greater Manchester Climate change projections for Greater.’

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Monthly Temperature and Rainfall in Manchester

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Winter precipitation is expected to increase significantly, while the summer will decrease. And there will be a greater number of cooling degree days in winter, comparing with a decreasing number of heating degree days in summer.

Overall Temperature & Precipitation Projection in Manchester

38.5 C°

Lead to

+ 100mm

Flood Risk

Extreme Weather

033

2.4 POPULATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Site Analysis on Population

The Prediction of Population in Manchester in the future 3100

64.8%

Prediction Total population in Manchester

3000

Existing Problem

64.0%

Predicted maximum total population

63.2%

2800

62.4%

2700

61.6%

2600

60.8%

2500

60.0%

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

2900

1.5M

Great Manchester's population will reach 3m people by 2036

Great Manchester will have 1.5m jobs by 2036

TE SI

AN E

FIN

TH OB

2038

2037

2036

2035

2034

2033

2032

2031

2030

2029

2028

2027

2026

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

15,000

TIO

1991

TIO

Boost

& Y

ND PE

Percentage of population aged from 16 to 64 in Manchester in the future

Northern Gateway will provide approximately 15,000 new homes over the next 15-20 years

Lead Change in

......... 2018 63.7% of total population

2023 63.4% of total population

034

2028 63.2% of total population

2033 62.7% of total population

2038 61.9% of total population

2043 61.7% of total population

Land Use Infrastructure Public Space

035

Nothern Gateway Resource: Manchester City Council, 2020, The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/

2.5 LAND USE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Site Analysis on Land Use

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Brownfield Land

Building Land

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

In this section, we analyse and compare the land use of the existing area and also the proposal plan of Manchester City council. By looking at the comparison, we can conclude that there will be less green land and brownfield land in the future if we adopt the plan from the city council. However, due to the development of the area % we are wondering if there and also the increase in the population, 100 90 is a plan that could provide more green land and plazza while 80 maintaining the high capacity of a growing number of residents.. 70

Brownfield Land 29%

12%

Green Land

8% 24%

Green Land

57%

Building Land

63%

TE SI

60 50 40 30

AN E

FIN

Site Problem

TH E

20 10 0

ST s

TIO

Comparision of land use between existing & proposed % 100 90

Existing Proposed

AR N

TIO

ND PE

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Building Land

Green Land

& Green

Brownfield Land

& Building

Brownfield

Enough Public Space? Land Use in the existing Northern Gateway Area

Resource: Manchester City Council, 2020, The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework. http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/

038

Proposed Land Use in the future Northern Gateway Area

039

2.6 GREEN SPACE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Location Site Analysis on Green Space

Based on the previous research of the land use situation, we then focus on the green land research on the site. Here we found that some of the habitat areas are having trouble accessing the green space area very easily. And what is more, the connection between the green space area is limited.

Habitable Area 2.5k

Site Problem

U OD TR IN N IO CT

Green Area

Habitable Area

TE SI E

FIN

2.7km

Green Area

3.1km

TIO

Habitable Area

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Legend

Habitable Area

Green Area

Accessbility

Woodland Site Boundary

040

041

Connectivity

Site Problem

2. 6 SE C TI O N SU MMARY Flood Risk

Extreme Weather

Land Use

Infrastructure Public Space

Building

Brownfield Green Space

Accessbility

As we analyse the site, we find that one of the most important issues is the loss of green land. With the development of the city, more and more land is being used in construction which occupies the proportion of green space area at the same time. The decreasing area of the green space not only limits the accessibility for residents to arrive but also separates a continuous green space network system.

Connectivity

042

043

0.3B

N-3.4

I N T R O D U CTI O N

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

044

SIT E A NALYSIS

0.3B

NODE 00.30-2

1G-2

TTS

P-34.34-3

3 DEF INE THE PROBLEM

0.3B

N-3.4

NODE 00.30-2

Analyse the current situation and local/global goals 0.3B

0.3B

N-3.4

DESIGN STRATEGY

C O M PU T A T I ON AL METHO D N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

3.1 LOCAL GOALS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy for Manchester

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

By looking at the goals from manchester city council (MCC), the document can inform us what aspects of green space do they address most. This could be references for us to analyse the site, and help us define specific urban phenomenon pointing to problem.

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

3 4

Improve connectivity and accessibility to green and blue infrastructure within the city and beyond

TIO

1 2

Improve the quality and function of existing green and blue Infrastructure, to maximise the benefits it delivers

AM N

TIO

Appropriate green and blue infrastructure as a key component of new developments to help create successful neighbourhoods and support the city’s growth

ND PE

Improve and promote a wider understanding and awareness of the benefits that green and blue infrastructure provides to residents, the economy and the local environment Resource: Manchester city council. 2015. Manchester's Great Outdoors - a Green and Blue Infrastructure

046

047

3.2 GREEN SPACE IN SITE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3 TTS

LOCAL CONTROL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3

CONTROL FIX P-34.34-3

FIX

Interupting the communication of biodiversity W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

As we have focused our problem on the green and blue infrastructure and the biodiversity problem. Firstly, we have looked into the different types of GBI in the Northern Gateway and analyse how the biodiversity is displayed around here.

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

Around here, we found that human construction has influenced the connection and communication of biodiversity here. In some ways, it did interrupt species moving from one space to another space.

ST s

TIO

Irk River

Abandoned Grassland

Grassland

Woodland

AM N

TIO

So research about how to reconnect these contexts and improve the biodiversity in the GBI in the Northern Gateway is needed.

ND PE

Resource: Williams, J. 2018, https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greatermanchester-news/northern-gateway-collyhurst-plan-manchester-14901992 Williams, J. 2018, https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greatermanchester-news/st-catherines-park-manchester-council-14877580 Harrison, A. 2013, http://annieharrisonartist.blogspot.com/2013/02/following-irk. html

048

049

3.3 PATCH DYNAMIC THEORY CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Introduction and Why Patch Dynamic W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Basic Constitution of Patch Dynamic Matrix

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Patch dynamics, in ecology, a theoretical approach positing that the structure, function, and dynamics of an ecological system can be understood and predicted from an analysis of its smaller interactive spatial components (patches). In addition to its significance as a theoretical approach, the term patch dynamics may be used to refer simply to changes that occur over time in the spatial patterns of ecosystem components.

Patch B

Corridor

Matrix

Cor

Patch A

Basic System of Patch Dynamic

LOCAL P-34.34-3

rido

TTS

Patch C

Enough natural enermy

Habitat

Matrix

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

How Patch Dynamic work

TH OB

Enough nutrition Macroscale Type: Biome Boundary Size: 10,000-1,000,000 km2

More chance to propagate

Biodiversity

Provide

TIO

About the patch dybamic, there are three elements in the theory which are patch, corridor and matri x . And through th e c om bi n a ti on of these elements, it can form an ecosystem.

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Among the patch dynamic system, it provides habitats, nutrition, natural energy and more chances to propagate, which can be used to improve biodiversity. Thus, in the following section, we will base on this theory to define the ecological problem in the Northern Gateway.

Patch Mesoscale Type: patch mosaic Size: 100-10,000 km2

Matrix

Mosaic

Patch

Corridor Corridor Matrix

Patch

Resource: Witkowski, ETF. 2006, Hierarchical patch-dynamic approach, https://www. researchgate.net/figure/A-hierarchical-patch-dynamic-approach-to-the-studyof-the-grassland-savanna-boundary_fig1_264954364 Forman. 1995, Patch Corridor Matrix Model, https://learn.opengeoedu.de/en/ monitoring/landschaftstrukturmasse/grundlagen/landschaftsstruktur/patchkorridor-matrix-modell

Patch

Microscale Type: individual grass and tree Size: 100 cm2 -1 km2

Wu, J. 2019, Patch dynamics https://www.britannica.com/science/patchdynamics

050

051

3.4 HOW PATCH INFLUENCE THE CITY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Why Patch Decrease and Its Influence on City W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

To apply the patch theory into the NG analysis, we should have a reaserch about how the patch play a part in the city.

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Increasing Population

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Habitat Fragmentation

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

Increasing Housing

First of all, we listed three reasons to answer the question why the patch in the city nowadays are decreasing. It is because of the quick development of the society, growing number of the population which need more land to build the house or apartment. Thus, more and more green land are replacing by the skyscrapers.

ST s

TIO

Boost

TIO

However, the decreasing of the patch has already asked the human being to payback. Land fragmentation and urban heat island are the two main problems, which both play a vital role to maintain the biodiversity.

ND PE

Increasing Construction

Urban Heat Island Resource: Williams, J. 2018, https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greatermanchester-news/northern-gateway-collyhurst-plan-manchester-14901992 Williams, J. 2018, https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greatermanchester-news/st-catherines-park-manchester-council-14877580 Harrison, A. 2013, http://annieharrisonartist.blogspot.com/2013/02/following-irk. html

Decreasing Construction

052

053

3.4 HOW PATCH INFLUENCE THE CITY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Fragmentation

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Contiguous Habitat fragmentation is a process of discontinuity in a large area inhabited by a set of species which causes population fragmentation.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Fragmented

Analysis of the fragmentation in the site

Interior Habitat

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

V.S.

9 8

FIN

The fragmentation process affect species mainly due isolation restricting emigration and immigration of species. When populations become small and isolated, they also become vulnerable to stochastic effects increasing the likelihood of extinctions.

TH OB

Edge Habitat Large number of small patches contain less species

TIO

Robert in his reaerch reported that small numbers of large patch have more species than large number of small patches.

AR N

TIO

ND PE

According to the fragmentation analysis of the Northern Gateway, we can see that the road system had separated the GBI into various size of the patches. Among the patches here, the north side one are more connected than the south one, which means the biodiversity in the north is richer than in the south.

Small number if large patches contain more species

1 2

Fragmentation

Resource: Canadian Centre for Translational Ecology, 2019, https://ccte.ca/resources/ fig5.1.html

Northrop, R. 2019, http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2019/12/16/ urban-natural-areas-2-habitat-fragmentation/ De Lima Filho, J. Vieira, R.J.A.G. De Souza, C.A.M. 2020, https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437120307950 Fletcher, R.J. Didham, R.K. Banks-Leite, C. 2018, https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0006320718305779

054

Interior habitat with interior species

Interior habitat and interior species decrease

Edge habitat with edge species

Edge habitat with edge species increase

055

4 3

3.5 URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI) TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

UHI in Manchester 1.2

The urban heat island intensity (UHII), the difference in temperature between an urban site and a rural site, is a measure of the urban heat island (UHI) effect.

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4

There is a clear UHI effect in Manchester. It is most pronounced at night time and decreases considerably at daytime, although only disappearing completely for a few hours at most.

0.2 0

U OD TR IN

1995

2000

2005

2010

N IO CT

UHI Yearly averages plus trend line for Manchester UK

TE SI E

It also, and perhaps surprisingly, shows a consistent mean annual increase of around 0.02°C per annum for the 15 years. With the advent of future climate change this is a worrying trend as the UHII will add to the increase in air temperature in urban areas.

1.0

FIN

1.2

TH PR

0.8

0.4

TIO

0.6

10 11 12

13 14 15

16 17 18

19 20 21

23 24

The average diurnal variation for all the data, 1996–2011

TIO

0.95

ND PE

So, the impact of HEI in manchester and the way to mitigate HEI need to be considered. One of the effective way is to increase the amount of vegetation, which means more green space needed to cool down the urban environment.

0.2

0.90

UHI

0.85

-3- -1

0.80 0.75

-1-1

0.70 0.65

1-3

0.60 0

Resource: G.J. Levermore et al, 2018, The increasing trend of the urban heat island intensity, Urban Climate, pp 360-368. Manchester’s Urban Heat Island, 2009, https://www.metlink.org/other-weather/ urban-heat-islands/manchester-urban-heat-island/

Average monthly UHI over the year showing a seasonal effect

3-5

056

057

3.6 URBAN HEAT ISLAND IMPACT TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

The Influence of UHI

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Rapid urbanisation cause changes in the natural landscape. In high-density cities, GBI is gradually replaced by skyscrapers, traffics and infrastructure. The modified land surface (such as dark pavement and roofing) in the urban areas affects the storage and transfer of heat, which causes cities to be as much as 5°C hotter than adjacent areas.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

88°F 92°F

85°F

86°F

Urban heat island

TE SI

Vicious circle

Gradual warming

Vicious circle 85°F

FIN

This phenomenon is called the urban heat island (UHI) effect.

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

More energy use

85°F

Dark roads and asphalt parking lots retain heat

ND PE

85°F

Most species need optimum temperatures to colonize, utilize and thrive in their ecosystems. When there is the existence of high temperatures due to urban heat island (UHI), harsh and cruel ecological surrounding is created which limits the essential activities of the organisms such as metabolism, breeding and reproduction. There are some other specific problems such as competition from exotic species, the spread of disease and pests, increased summer drought stress for wetlands and woodland.

Higher emissions Air quality problems

Dark rooftops retain heat Lack of trees means less shade and less evapotranspiration to help cool the air

Higher water temperatures Impaired water quality

Heat trapped by buildings keeps urban cores warmer at night Waste heat from factories, buildings and vehicles adds to the heat island effect

Resource: C. Natálie et al., 2017, Effects of settlement size, urban heat island and habitat type on urban plant biodiversity, Landscape and Urban Planning, pp 15-22. Image:D.S.Lemmen and F.J.Warren, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

Impermeable surfaces reduce surface moisture

Biodiversity Human health

058

059

3.7 SECTION SUMMARY

CHALLENGE AND FOCUS

KEY SITE ANALYSIS

CURRENT SITUATION & LOCAL GOALS

SHORT TERM GOAL

LONG TERM GOAL

IMPROVING WELLBEING IN NORTHERN GATEWAY BY PUBLIC GREEN NETWORK

A GENERAL COMPUTATIONAL TOOL

GROWING POPULATIONG

COMMUNITY

CONNECTIVITY LOSS OF GREEN SPACE

GREEN SPACE

FRAGMENTATION

ACCESSIBILITY

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

ACCESSIBILITY BIODIVERSITY

COULD BE USED BY ANY STAKEHOLDER

URBAN HEAT ISLAND

BIODIVERSITY

CLIMATE CHANGE

DESIGN PROBLEM HOW TO DESIGN A CONNECTED PUBLIC GREEN NETWORK THAT IS HIGHLY INTEGRATED WITH URBAN BLOCKS AND ACCESSIBLE TO RESIDENTS SO AS TO ENHANCE THE HUMAN WELL-BEING AND BIODIVERSITY 060

061

COULD BE APPIED TO ANY SITE

0.3B

N-3.4

S I T E A N ALY S I S

0.3B

N-3.4

062

DEFIN E T HE PROBL EM

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

NODE 00.30-2

1G-2

TTS

0.3B

N-3.4

P-34.34-3

4 DESIGN STRATEGY

0.3B

NODE 00.30-2

Introduce the strategies which are in accordance with goals and considerations

DESIGN GENERATION PROCESS 0.3B

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

I N PU T P ARAMETER

0.3B

N-3.4

4.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS TTS

LOCAL LOCAL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3

CONTROL CONTROL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3 FIXFIX

TTS

WW 41°24'12.2" 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 PE-3 NVGT NVGT B B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

2k m

Brief

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

An Accessible Green Space Network

2k m

3 km

A Green Space Network

2 km

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

This project will create a high quality network of green spaces and all communities will be linked by this network, which improve the accessibility in the Northern Gateway. Also, the pedestrain and cycly path will be extended to encourages residents to travel ecofriendly, and inhabitabts have easy acesses to any green spaces in the Nrothern Gateway. Thus, people' wellbeing will be enhanced, meanwhile the biodiversity in the site will be improved greatly.

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

3 km

Site Boundary

TIO

Irk River Small Green Space

2 km

Legend

AR N

TIO

Green Corridor New Green Space

ND PE

Big Green Space Green Infrastructure

Existing

Existing Community New Community

0.4 km

Proposed

Green spaces lacking connection

5 Min Walking Distance

Define green space network Create new green space area Improved cross connectivity

Existing

Proposed

Green infrastructures lacking accessbility for communities

Create new communities to access closely Provide more green infrastructure in the green space network for residents to access within 5 min walking distance

0.4 km 064

065

4.2 LOOP OF THE URBAN SYSTEM TTS

Existing loop

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

CONTINUOUS GROWTH OF THE URBAN SYSTEM

ECONOMY GROWTH

POPULATION GROWTH

+ HEALTH & WELLBEING

BRING STRESS

+ URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Increase

URBAN HEAT ISLAND

Decrease

POLLUTION

TIO

The existing urban system cycle shows that in the process of continuous urbanization, urban commercial, industrial and residential land also increases, so the natural environment area is greatly reduced. Urban expansion has brought about water pollution and air pollution in green areas. While urban development brings wealth to residents, it also increases residents psychological pressure. The reduction in the area of the natural environment cannot meet the needs of residents. The physical and mental health of residents in the tight commercial and industrial land is badly influenced. Green spaces cannot meet the needs of species, destroying the migration and ecological environment of species.

Increase

es s

TP AM

AR N

TIO

Damage

Accessible

Connect Fragmented area to make it more stable

ND PE

How the design could integrate into the loop

Mitigate

GREEN SPACES

In our design, we are committed to creating a new public open space network with large porpotion of greenspace in the city to ensure the accessiblity of residentes, improve biodiversity, stabilize the natural environment structure, and solve some urban expansion problems. This network can improve the wellbeing index of residents by optimizing the living environment, and alleviate the problems of urban heat island effect and environmental pollution through design approach.

Decrease

Mitigate

Damage

Enhance Improve

066

HABITAT

BIODIVERSITY

OPEN SPACENETWORK 067

Mitigate

4.3 COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM (CAS) LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

Introduction

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL LOCAL TTS P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3 FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL LOCAL TTS P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3 FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Human

'[Complex Adaptive Systems] change and reorganise their component parts to adapt themselves to the problems posed by their surroundings.' (Holland, 1992)

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI YS

FIN E

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

CS is a system composed of many heterogeneous agents, which are nonlinearly interconnected, while the final emergence of the system is completely different than the individual element`s performance. The CS can be an economic system, social structure, computer or automobiles, for instances.

Changing external environment INFO IN

Changing external environment

COMPLEX ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR

Aggregation Agent Actions

EMERGENCE

ND PE

INFO OUT

SIMPLE SELF-ORGANIZED LOCAL RELATIONSHIP

INFO IN

Adaption Non-linearity development

Target Diversity

Character Tagging

Resource: 1. Holland, J.H. (1992). Complex Adaptive Systems . 2. Nel, D. (2016) Exploring a complex adaptive systems approach to the study of urban change 3. Wikipedia. (2020) Complex adaptive system

068

Reflection of human activities on Buildings; transportation systems; Water/electric system

Self-organization

Element flow (Loop)

The complex Adaptive System (CAS) is a specific type of complex system with some key differing features. CAS has the ability to learn and adapt from past conditions that it has encountered. Due to this feature, CAS evolution is more advanced with respect to the CS. Due to its capacity to learn from the past experiences, CAS continuously adapts itself to new constraints and circumstances, resulting in a better performance therefore, the effect of urban form on the energy performance of the city as single entity via complex system analysis has been investigated.

City Agents

INFO OUT

POSITIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFYING

AN DE

Complexity theory seeks to understand how complex systems work. One of the ways that complexity theory does this is by understanding properties and mechanisms that allow complex systems to function and survive. Cities can be described as complex adaptive systems as they are undeniably complex and exhibit the same properties that can be found in any CAS. (Nel,D. 2016)

Human groups

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK DAMPENING

TTS

069

Absorb information Information Loop Feedback Allocating resources Energy Loop Feedback Variety resulting from continuous adaptation of agents Control the complex system of the city by means of architects

4.4 PRECEDENT OF APPLICATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Precedent of the application of Complex Adaptive System (CAS)

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

The following is a simplified case study based on an urban design workshopa held in Barcelona, Spain. This design workshop's main concern was devoted to quality enhancement of space and energy performances within two residential blocks of the Barcelona Exiample. It consisted of refurbishing courtyard spaces and connecting them to the urban green open space network (open space subsystem).

TE SI

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL LOCAL TTS P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3 FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL LOCAL TTS P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3 FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Impact help reach better performances and energy demands Impact Shadow

YS IS

E E

TH OB

NEW AGENT

EXISTING AGENT

ST s

TIO

MACROSCOPIC SCALE

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Impact generates electrical energy; intercept unpleasant solar radiation PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

071

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

MICROSCOPIC SCALE

Resource: Manesh, S.V. Tadi, M. (2011) 'Sustainable urban morphology emergence via complex adaptive system analysis: sustainable design in existing context'. Procedia Engineering, 21. pp.89-97.

070

TTS

FIX

FIN

To deal with this problem, in the most sustainable way, a new residential building location was proposed to be placed right next to the old existing building. The presence of a new building adjacent to the old building prevented the unwelcomed solar radiation incident from the west side without future costly isolation treatment. In the other words, not only had requested residential spaces been provided, but also the new residential building helped the old one to consume less energy for cooling systems in summer time.

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

AN DE

Additionally, enhancing energy performances of the entire blocks was on request along with a project demand to design new residential flats. The superficial energy performances of a building in the Example block was revealed through investigations carried out during the study phase. Usage of poor constructional technology and location, which had caused building exposure to unwelcomed west solar radiation, had soared energy demands of old building, particularly in summer time.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

WHOLE SYSTEM

FIX

4.5 THEORY APPROACH OF CAS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Possible application of CAS on the design problem

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Changing external environment INFO IN

RESIDENT RESIDENT

COMMUNITY

GREEN SPACE

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

RESIDENT

COMMUNITY

Population increase/decrease Floating population

INFO IN PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

RESIDENT

HUMAN ACTIVITIES SIMPLE SELF-ORGANIZED LOCAL RELATIONSHIP HUMAN Agents cannot be controlled

Adaptive when facing emergence

INFO OUT ENERGY OUT Could be absorbed by agents directly INFO OUT ENERGY OUT

Agents which could be controlled OTHER PUBLIC SPACES

EMERGENCE

GREEN SPACE

INFLUENCE EACH OTHER

Changing external environment

URBAN PUBLIC SPACECOMMUNITY SYSTEM

RESOURCE IN

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

INFO IN RESOURCE IN

GREEN SPACES WATER ECOSYSTEM

INFO OUT ENERGY OUT

TIO

'Macroscopic patterns emerge from the dynamic and nonlinear interactions of the systems low-level (microscopic) adaptive agents. The emergent patterns are more than the sum of their parts, thus the traditional reductionist methodology fails to describe how the macroscopic patterns emerge.'

RESOURCE IN

RESIDENT INFLUENCE EACH OTHER

RESIDENT

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

ASSUMPTION: The Public open space systems as an urban complex system

As metioned before, the CAS consists of different heterogeneous members, or agents, which are connected to each other in non-linear ways. An agent within the context of the city can be a building, open space, people, etc. which comprise the city. Behavioral changes of individual agent do not affect the final emergence or performance of the system directly, while a single system emergence forms by combination of all agents' performances as a whole.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

ND PE

RESIDENT

Due to the presence of different types of agents and different nonlinear relations between them, complex systems also need many different subsystems in order to link these agents. The multiple subsystems add infinitely more layers of complexity as they influence one another. Each subsystem affects other agents and subsystems either directly or indirectly and this feature is one of the most important characteristics of complex adaptive systems.

GREEN SPACE

RESIDENT

COMMUNITY

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

Changing external environment

RESIDENT

Orinigal environment which could be preserved

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE PUBLIC OPEN SPACE RESIDENT

Resource: Manesh, S.V. Tadi, M. (2011) 'Sustainable urban morphology emergence via complex adaptive system analysis: sustainable design in existing context'. Procedia Engineering, 21. pp.89-97.

072

COMMUNITIES COMPLEX NETWORK

GREEN SPACES WATER ECOSYSTEM Impact on the whole system

Impact

Newly proposed GBI

073

Impact COMMUNITIES Impact

E CO LO G Y CO RRI DO R Resource: Ford, A. 2013, https://www.esa.org/esablog/research/landscapeconnectivity-corridors-and-more-in-issues-in-ecology-16/

4.6 ECOLOGY CORRIDOR TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3 TTS

LOCAL CONTROL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3 FIX

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2"W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4"E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Introduction & why Ecology Corridor

The benefits of ecology corridor

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

Urban ecological corridor refers to a linear or ribbon ecological landscape, which has the functions of natural habitat, green open space or human habitat isolation in the artificial eco-environment of the city or urban area. Ecological corridor has integrated ecological, social, cultural and other functions. Ecological corridor was originally proposed to connect isolated habitats ofwild animals by establishing migration corridors, so as to achieve the purpose of wildlife protection. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1980 applied the concept of ecological corridor to global conservation strategy.

Reduce fragement

Reduce Isolation

ST s

TIO

Provide More Activities

TIO

Provide more access

ND PE

Corridor Patch

Improve Biodiversity

Resource: Peng, J. Zhao,H. Liu, Y. 2017, 'Urban ecological corridors construction: A review', Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(1).

076

077

Energy

Boost Energy Flow

4.7 APPROACH OF ECOLOGY CORRIDOR TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3 TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL FIX P-34.34-3

Apply to Our Site

CONTROL P-34.34-3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3 FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL LOCAL P-34.34-3 TTSFIX P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Combine our design problem with the ecology corridor. We are trying to apply the ecology corridor to connect all the communities and green space together in Northern Gateway to generate a green network to provide more access for people and improve biodiversity at the same time. U OD TR IN N IO CT

log o c E

C orrid

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

Green Space

Corridor

oc s

rid or

Eco

TIO

Ecolog Cor y

Green Space

ND PE

Community

Ecology Corridor Proposal Community Existing Community Existing Green Space

078

079

4.8 FIRST DESIGN RULE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3 TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Setting Rules

LOCAL FIX P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3 FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL LOCAL P-34.34-3 TTSFIX P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Corridor Number

Based on the previous research on the ecology corridor and what we propose to apply it to our site, In this section, we are setting the ecology corridor rules that can make sure our design system later can have a continuous green corridor that can connect not only the communities, but also the green space on the site. Urban Model

Urban PLot

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Our Goal

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AM N

TIO

Legend

& Y

ND PE

Corridor Green Space Plot Access Point Tree

080

Rule 1

Rule 2

Consideration

Make sure the green space is in the inner side of urban plot

Make sure each access point on each urban plot is head on head to each other

As we can see, the corridor number in the whole network will affect the plot access point

081

G RI D-PL OT STR A TE G Y Resource: Google Earth, 2020. https://www.planetizen.com/node/54477

4.9 GRID-PLOT STRATEGY TTS

Introduction

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3 TTS

LOCAL CONTROL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3 FIX

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Site Make sure each urban plot will have a access point on each sides

084

Place Grid

Divide site

Offset Plot

Place Building

Make sure each urban plot will have a access point on each sides

085

4.10 RESEARCH ON GRID-PLOT STRATEGY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Various grid apply in cities

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Previous studies using acial maps and topological distances (Hillier et al, 1993) have shown that movement flows throughout the city are strongly affected by the urban grid, which naturally creates a system in which journeys tend to pass through the most accessible locations. In such studies, the shortest path between two locations is interpreted as the least number of changes of direction between them.

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

In this section, we have researched different grid systems that have been applied in different cities. And we can conclude that different sizes of grid will generate different sizes of plots and the length and width of plot will influence building design and context.

AR N

TIO

200

500

1000m

Conclusion Different size of grid will generate different size of plots

ND PE

Tolyatti, RU 180x60m

200

500

Vancouver, CA 200x110m

Tver, (Yuzhny), RU 215x115m

Houston, US 100x100m

Sacramento, US 120x120m

Lima, PE 130x130m

Length and width of plot influence building design and context

1000m

Resource: Deutinger, T. Marques, A.R. 2012, http://td-architects.eu/projects/show/ grid-city/

086

087

4.11 APPROACH OF GRID-PLOT STRATEGY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Apply to Our Site

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

400m Walkin

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Goal 1: apply the grid to make residents access the green space within walking distance

After analysing the grid precedents in various cities, we are trying to apply a grid-plot strategy to our site here. As we have mentioned before, we are trying to use the ecology corridor to connect the community and the green space, and the grid-plot system can have a deep influence on that. Different sizes of the grid will lead to various accessibility for residents within walking distance. What is more, it can also lead to the various types of green space that form in the mater plan. Thus, we have set two goals here,

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Goal 2: apply the grid to make sure there are various size green space

g Distance

TH OB

100m

TIO

100m

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Communities

Large Grid-Access

088

Patches

Medium Grid-Access

Corridor

Small Grid-Access

Large Grid- Diverse

Medium Grid- Diverse

089

Small Grid- Diverse

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

120m

90m

210m

180m

150m

Rule 4: Mix Use Grid 210m 90m Grid/Plot Size: 90-210m

400m

TIO

Thus, we set our rule to combine the different size of grids here to form various types of plots to meet the accessibility requirement.

FIX

90m

60m

Grid/Plot Size

Street Width 30m

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

We found that as the grid/plot became bigger, the less accessible for residents to reach their destinations within walking distance. However, when we combine the different size of the grid, the accessbility is increasing.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

As we have analyzed the urban precendents before, here we choose a series size of the grid/plot to analyse how various kinds of grid/plot affect the accessibility for the residents.

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Setting Rules based on Grid-plot strategy W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

210m

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

180m

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

120m

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

150m

4.12 SECOND DESIGN RULE

TTS

Access Evaluation

TIO

ND PE

400m

5 Min Walking distance

Accessibility

090

Accessibility

091

Accessibility

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

Grid/Plot Size

Street Width 30m

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

We found that as the grid/plot became bigger, the green space on the site would be more diverse. However, when we consider the accessbility in the previous analysis together, we have made a two-win decision. We combine the small size of the grid and the bigger one together to meet both the accessibility and diversity requirements.

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

As we have analyzed the urban precendents before, here we choose a series size of the grid/plot to analyse how various kinds of grid/plot affect the accessibility for the residents.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

90m

60m

120m

210m

180m

150m

Rule 4: Mix Use Grid 210m 90m

210m

Setting Rules

FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

180m

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

120m

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

90m

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

60m

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

150m

4.12 SECOND DESIGN RULE

TTS

Grid/Plot Size: 90-210m

400m

Green SpaceType

400m

TIO

400m

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Diverse Evaluation

Communities Green Space

092

Green SpaceType

093

Green SpaceType

0.3B

N-3.4

D E FI N E THE P RO BLEM 0.3B

N-3.4

094

0.3B

N-3.4

DESIGN S TRATEGY

0.3B

NODE 00.30-2

1G-2

TTS

P-34.34-3

5 DESIGN GENERATION PROCESS 0.3B

0.3B

N-3.4

NODE 00.30-2

Explore the generation process that would consist of different parameters towards the design proposal 0.3B

0.3B

N-3.4

INPUT P ARAMETER

E V A L U A T I O N & S U MMARY N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

5.1 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STEP 1 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 1 What Remains in Site

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

The first step is to analyze the existing infrastructure that we want to remain. The main considerations are as follows: railways, the necessary road network system (the primary road and the access points for the surrounding urban road network), and the listed buildings with historical value . N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ST PATRICK'S CHURCH

ND PE

UNION BRIDGE

Access points for the surrounding urban road network

MARBLE ARCH INN

Listed Building

POLICE AND FIRE STATION

Retained Primary Road

8 CABLE STREET

Existing Primary Road

FORMER MIDLAND BANK

Railway Site Boundary

096

097

5.1 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STEP 1 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 1 What Remains in Site

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Existing natural resources are also analysed in order to select which part should be retained. The main considerations are as follows: retain the planned green space with accessibility and the green space next to river irk, and clear most of unutilised grassland between communities. N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

SANDHILLS

VILLAGE PARK

TH OB

ST TIO

ST CATHERINE'S WOOD

AR N

TIO

RIVER IRK

ND PE

Intersection with the surrounding city context River Irk Retained Green Space Existing Green Space Site Boundary

098

099

5.2 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STEP 2 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

STEP 2 Set References for Secondary Road

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Based on those retained access points for the surrounding urban road network , the start points of new secondary road can be determined. Then, new roads should continue the direction in which urban roads come into the site. N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Access points for the surrounding urban road network Reference line for secondary roads

0100

0101

Research and calculation of housing and amenities demands Resource: Google Earth, 2020. https://www.planetizen.com/node/54477

5.3 RESEARCH ON DWELLING CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Private Rented Sector

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

The demand for privately rented homes continues to grow. Affordability remains the key driver for tenants when choosing their accommodation, both in terms of the actual property and the location. Demand is growing among all age groups and income profiles, with a myriad of reasons for renting.

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

N IO CT

U OD TR IN E

FIN

Owner Occupied

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12

os eb

uil

t fl

at, hig

low

ise

h-r

-ri

at,

ter

t fl

Fla

tac

lar

ted

alo

-de

tac

h-r

-ri

Local Authority

10 8 6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 -12

hig

low

ND PE

Housing Association

rp os

uil

t fl

at, hig

-ri

ise

h-r

low

-ri

h-r

hig

low

at,

t fl

Fla

ted

alo

he dh

ter

at,

0105

tac

t fl

lar

uil

ter

Fla

tac

ter

ted

-de

diu

alo

all

tac

lar

tac

ter

-de

diu

all

0104

at,

Reference: English Housing Survey Profile and condition of the English housing stock, 2018-19 Mult-housing 2019 PRS Research

diu

t fl

- The proportion of purpose built low rise flats owned by housing associations decreased from 46% in 1996 to 35% in 2018. Conversely there was an increase in the proportion semi-detached houses (10% to 18%) and bungalows (6% to 10%).

uil

Fla

ter

TIO

Sources: 1996: English House Condition Survey, dwelling sample 2018: English Housing Survey, dwelling sample

ted

23 20 22 20 1 2 20 20 20 9 1 20 18 20 17 20 16 20 15 20 14 20 13 20 12 20 1 1 20 10 20 9 0 20 08 20 7 0 20 06 20 5 0 20 4 0 20 3 0 20 02 20 1 0 20 0 0 20 9 199 8 199 7 199 6 199 5 199 4 199 3 199 2 199 1 199

Sources: Knight Frank Research. 1980 to 1991: DOE Labour Force Survey Housing Trailer; 1992 to 2008: ONS Labour Force Survey; 2008-09 onwards: English Housing Survey, full household sample

- The proportion of converted flats in the private rented sector fell from 19% in 1996 to 11% in 2018 while purpose built low rise flats rose from 17% to 23% and high rise flats increased from 1% to 4%.

ter

alo

tac

lar

- In the private rented sector, the proportion of homes built post 1980 rose from 8% in 1996 to 27% in 2018.

all

-de

tac

20%

Private Rented

10%

TIO

ter

GN DE

30%

diu

all

Owned Social Rented Private Rented

40%

FIX

Change in dwelling type, from 1996 to 2018

FORECAST

70% 50%

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

% of all households

TE SI

In 2018, there were 24.2 million homes in England. - Most homes (63%) were owner occupied, 20% were privately rented and 7% and 10% were owned by local authorities and housing associations respectively.

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

FIX

80% 60%

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Growth of the Private Rented Sector (Historic and forecase tenure distribution in England)

Changes in dwelling type

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

percentage points

LOCAL P-34.34-3

percentage points

TTS

5.4 TYPE AND SIZE MIX OF HOUSING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Indicative new accommodation type and size mix for Greater Manchester

Research on the housing mix

50%

The Northern Gateway SRF represents a significant opportunity for large-scale brownfield regeneration that can support approximately 15,000 new homes and increase the supply of housing, at higher densities and in a sustainable location at the heart of the extended city centre.

Scenario 1: Applying the 2011 size and type and tenure mix to the Greater Manchester household projections: This scenario assumes no change to the size and type or tenure of dwelling mix until 2035.

45% 40%

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Scenario 2: Continuing the 2001-2011 change to the Greater Manchester household projections: This scenario assumes that the changes in housing type and size and tenure between 2001 and 2011 would be continued until 2035.

35% 30%

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

25% 20%

Scenario 3: Applying the 2011 size and type and tenure mix found in London to the Greater Manchester household projections: This scenario assumes that Greater Manchester achieves a density, type and tenure mix comparable with that of a global city such as London by 2035 and so models a household type, size and tenure mix more similar to that of the capital.

15% 10% 5% 0%

Detached or Semi-detached house or bungalow - 3 beds or fewer

TIO

Based on the guideline from SRF, we have done the research on the mix of housing types in Manchester city, The Census provides the most comprehensive source of data on accommodation type (in terms of dwelling type and size), household composition and age of the head of the household. The 2001 and 2011 Censuses presented accommodation types and number of rooms/bedrooms differently, and so to ensure read across and comparability.

ND PE

In order to understand the different possible impacts on the future new housing type and size mix for Greater Manchester, three scenarios were applied to the household projections for both dwelling type and size and tenure. The following tables provide percentage ranges showing the indicative mix of the type and size of new homes required for Greater Manchester until 2035.

15%

Detached or Semi-detached Terraced house or bungalow Terraced house or bungalow house or bungalow - 4 beds - 2 beds or fewer - 3 beds or more or more Scenairo 1 Lower

Scenairo 1 Upper

Scenairo 2 Lower

Scenairo 2 Upper

Scenairo 3 Lower

Scenairo 3 Upper

10%

15% 10%

10% 10% 45%

Flat maisonette or apartment- 2 beds or more

10%

15%

10%

Flat maisonette or apartment- 1 bed

10%

Flat maisonette or apartment- 2 beds or more 20%

15% 15%

15% 30%

30% 15%

Flat maisonette or apartment- 1 bed Terraced house or bungalow - 3 beds or more Terraced house or bungalow - 2 beds or fewer Detached or Semi-detached house or bungalow - 4 beds or more Detached or Semi-detached house or bungalow - 3 beds or fewer

Reference: Greater Manchester Strategic Housing Market Assessment, 2019 Scenairo 1

0106

Scenairo 2

Scenairo 3

0107

15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000 15,000

× × × × × ×

30% 20% 15% 10% 10% 15%

= = = = = =

4,500 3,000 2,250 1,500 1,500 2,250

Research on typologies Resource: King, T. 2020, https://thenorthernquota.org/news/people-renting-homes-manchesterincreased-risk-eviction-says-solicitor

5.5 DETAILED TYPOLOGIES TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Typologies

Low-rise buildings

Shopping

Residential Building

Hospital

Street Retail Shops

Detached House

Commercial Building

High-rise buildings

Residential Building

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Public Services

Mid-rise buildings

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

Apartment

Office block

Apartment

AM N

TIO

Perimeter Block for commercial use

ND PE

School

Fire station

Semi-detached House

Street Retail Shops

Shopping Complex

Terraced House

0110

Apartment

0111

Commercial Building

5.6 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Compared to the rest of the country, homes in Manchester are more likely be terraced or semidetached and have one or two bedrooms, and less likely to be detached, bungalows or flats, or to have four or more bedrooms. However,the requirement of housing is increasing along with the population. The requirement on affordable housing of flats or high-rise apartments grows because of the development of economy and educational industry.

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

6m 13

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Residential Building Dimensions

LOCAL P-34.34-3

12m

7m 13

TE SI

AN E

FIN

Detached Building

ST s

TIO

Semi-Detached House (with courtyard)

AKA: Single Family Dwelling Standalone residential unit 1 Family- 2 Adults; 1-3 Children £290,700

AKA: Double family dwelling, Shared household 4 Adults, 2 to 6 Children

Semi-Detached House

Terraced Housing

AKA: Double family dwelling, 4 Adults, 2 to 6 Children

AKA: Row Houses 2-3 Adults, 1 to 2 Children £151,300

£198,500

10m

Low-rise apartment 2-4 people per flat £149,500

£198,500

TIO

Detached houses have the advantage of not sharing party walls with neighbours, You could make more noise in your property without attracting complaints. A semidetached house is a single family duplex, divided by one shared wall. The semi-detached typology is the most costeffective way of building in the mid 18th century.

ND PE

Terraced housing is a row of attached dwellings which share side walls with one another. They are favoured due to their efficient use of space, especially in cities and high density urban areas where land is more expensive. 2

Apartment buildings have technical and economic advantages in areas of high population density, and have become a distinctive feature of housing accommodation in virtually all densely populated urban areas around the world.

5 Perimeter Block for residential use

m 60

1-4 people per flat

Shared household 1-6 people per flat

AKA: Residential tower block 1-6 people per flat m

0113

High-rise apartment

Mid-rise apartment

0112

5.7 COMMERCIAL BUILDING TYPOLOGY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

The requirement for commercial is also increasing on the newly-purposed Northern Gateway area. It requires variety of commercial type in different areas.

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Commercial Building Dimensions

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

20 12

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Highstreet retail is widespread in Central Manchester, It is the most common commercial format. It is flexible to accommodate different types of commercial activities such as retails, offices and hotels.

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

m 60 Perimeter Block for commercial use

High Street Retail

High Street Retail (Retrofit)

AKA: Street shop Private or brand retailers Companies or private business groups £15,000 (£15,000/sq. ft) to £450,000 (£165.02/sq. ft)

Private or brand retailers Companies or private business groups £15,000 (£15,000/sq. ft) to £450,000 (£165.02/sq. ft)

Office building

180

TIO

Perimeter blocks are typically found in densely populated areas in city centres. They tend to have a very dominant ‘fort-like’ public exterior facade and open up to a private, open courtyard space in the centre.

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Commercial complex is a large enclosed shopping centre which is limited to pedestrians. Both openair and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping complex. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.

15m

High-rise commercial buildings are buildings that are used for commercial purposes, and include office buildings, warehouses, and retail buildings. In urban locations, a commercial building may be multifunctional.

AKA: Street shop Private or brand retailers Companies or private business groups £15,000 (£15,000/sq. ft) to £450,000 (£165.02/sq. ft)

Shopping Complex

0114

17m Low-rise office bui;ding AKA: Street shop Private or brand retailers Companies or private business groups £15,000 (£15,000/sq. ft) to £450,000 (£165.02/sq. ft)

17m High-rise commercial building

0115

Skyscraper High-rise buildings of unusual height

5.8 AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENT TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL LOCALCONTROL CONTROL P-34.34-3 TTS P-34.34-3P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3 FIX

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT PE-3 B NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI

40-50

100

150

250

1000

2000

2500

3500

Ratio

1:1000

1:2000

1:3000

1:1500

1:3500

1:8000

1:3500

1:8000

Total Requirement number

Total Area

370

180

480

1920

1000

1500

2500

4000

20000

7500

14000

Type

Bus Station

Public Toilets

Medical Facility

Convenience Store

Park

Cafes

Restaurants

Railway Station

Religious Buildings

Fire Station

Sports Facility

Educational Facility

FIN

Minimum plot area (m²)

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Define the overall area of different types of amenities by calculation the required number of each type and multiply by the minimun scale of those.

0116

0117

5.9 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STEP 3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 3 Existing Amenities and decide the concentration

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Point of interest in Northern Gateway area

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Radiation range of amenities outside Northern Gateway area

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

This step of the study investigated the existing conditions of the external infrastructure and amenities of the site, and studied the extent to which they can radiate to the Northern Gateway area within a walking range of 400 meters. According to the survey results, most of the infrastructure and amenities outside the site are concentrated in the southwest of the site, that is, the area near the Manchester city center and the railway station has the highest density. There is also a part near the residential area in the northeast, and the density in the northwest and southeast is very low. In the design, it is necessary to focus on the internal areas that cannot be reached outside the external site and distribute more infrastructure and facilities to meet the needs of residents.

Attraction

Commercial

Education & health

Manufacturing and production

Public infrastructure

Retail

Sport and entertainment

Transport

Accommodation

ND PE

Accommodation Attraction Commercial Education & health Manufacturing and production Public infrastructure Retail Sport and entertainment Resource: Point of interest, 2020. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

1000m

0118

Transport

0119

5.10 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 4 Simulate the amenities and infrastructure

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

200m

300m 400m 500m

200m

TIO

The simulation takes the residence as the center of the circle, requiring different types of functional facilities within the corresponding radius. Since different residential areas with a certain distance may have overlapping scopes, a reasonable distribution of necessary public infrastructure can achieve the effect of improving resource utilization efficiency and promoting sustainable development. The service range of the required area of different types of infrastructure remains basically unchanged, but the number will fluctuate within the site, becoming one of the variables affected by other parameters. This characteristic can be used as a reference factor in the comparison link.

AR N

TIO

300m

& MM

SU Y

ND PE

400m 500m 600m 700m

200m 300m

800m 400m

500m 600m 700m

0120

800m

0121

600m

700m

800m

0.3B

D E SI GN S TRATEGY 0.3B

N-3.4

0122

0.3B

DESIGN GENERATION PROCESS 0.3B

N-3.4

NODE 00.30-2

1G-2

TTS

0.3B

N-3.4

P-34.34-3

6 INPUT PARAMETER

0.3B

NODE 00.30-2

Explore the parameters and their influence on each other ang the urban complex system

E VAL UA T ION & SUMMARY

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

A P P EN D I X

0.3B

N-3.4

PARAMETER ANALYSIS Resource: Otto, F. 2012, http://www.evolo.us/adaptive-urban-fabric/

6.1 PARAMETER ANALYSIS ON ROADS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Urban roads

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

2.25 2.25 0.25 0.75-1.50 0.25 0.25

1.50-3.75

pedestrain

0.25

pedestrain

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

As the urban document analysis, private vehicles have dominated the main transport methods in Northern Gateway currently, and encouraging walking or cycling is necessary to achieve ecofriendly life and mitigate the heat island effect in urban.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

2.50

TE SI

2.50

AN E

FIN

TH OB

0.25 1.00

cycle

0.25 1.00 0.25

secondary road

0.25

TIO

In addition, by extending pedestrain and cycle way and building network of green spcaes, publics have easy access to those places easily. This also sometimes enhance residents' wellbeing to some extent.

urban road strategies

3.45

TIO

3.45

cycle

& AR

0.50

ND PE

0.50

2.50

0.50

bus

0.25

1.75

vehicle

0.25

main road

Resource: Neufert, P. n.d., Architects’ Data.

0126

2.50

0127

0.50

6.2 HOW ROADS INFLUENCE URBAN FORM TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Urban roads

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Urban roads Secondary road

main road

U OD TR IN N IO CT

100

18m m

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

14m

AR AM N

TIO

60m

& SU Y

ND PE

21m

80m

60m 12m

60m

0128

60m

m 0 0 2

80m

Due to the different size of plots, the mian roads and secondary road would be variable from 18meter to 21 meter, 12meter to 14 meter respectively. By extending the width of pedestrain and bicycle path, inhabitants could be encouraged to walk or cycle, which could mitigate the heart island effect in urban and enhance their wellbeing in some degrees.

0129

6.3 PARAMETER ANALYSIS ON LAND USE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Population and functional buildings

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

MARKET

X population

Based on the document conducted by City Coucil and cencus in Manchester, the current population in city center in 2019 was 37,000 and it is projected to growth to 185,000 in 2023. The area of Northern Gateway is 155 hectares.

commercial area

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

commercial area

X population

current population in city center around 37,000 in 2019

Besides, given the guidof architects data, the different areas for per person could be calculated approximately, which provide dimensions for controls in later computational model.

2-4m per inhabitat

total area approximate 340,000m2

amenity area

1-2m 2 per inhabitat

amenity area

total area approximate 170,000-340,000m2

ST s

TIO

30-40m per green spaces area inhabitat

TIO

X population

ND PE

green spaces area

total area approximate 255,000-420,000m2

projection housing provision 15,000 in next 15 to 20 years 2

15-37m per inhabitat residential area

Resource: Neufert, P. n.d., Architects’ Data. RIBA, 2020, RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide

0130

X population

residential area

total area approximate 1,275,000 -3,145,000m2

0131

different functional fields scale

6.4 HOW LAND USE INFLUENCE URBAN FORM TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Population and functional buildings

30-40m 2 per inhabitat

LOCAL P-34.34-3

projected population

1-2m2 per inhabitat

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

projected population

15-37m2 per inhabitat

projected population

2-4m 2 per inhabitat

projected population

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

approximate green spaces total area 255,000-420,000m2

approximate amenity total area 170,000-340,000m2

approximate residential total area 1,275,000-3,145,000m2

approximate commercial total area 340,000m2

In city center, the current population is around 37,000, and the Northern Gateway is projected to provided 15,000 new households in the next 15 to 20 years. The site area is 155 hectare. Based on the projected population and the different functional area for per person, the approximate area for residental buildings, commercial buildings, green spaces and amenity could be caulated and showed as above.

Resource: Neufert, P. n.d., Architects’ Data. RIBA, 2020, RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide

0132

0133

6.5 PARAMETER ANALYSIS ON GREEN SPACES TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Green spaces

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Through the diagram, the green spcaes should be emphasised as the decrease of green spaces have some adverse impacts on the biodiversity. Beisdes, the building coverage area should shrink and increase the density of buildings to maxmise green spaces.

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

building coverage area +

green space area -

the density of buildings +

ST s

TIO

biodiversity -

biodiversity +

AR N

TIO

& SU Y

network diversity +

the distance between green spaces +

allocate equally -

ND PE

the number of green spaces +

Resource: Neufert, P. n.d., Architects’ Data.

0134

0135

6.6 HOW PARAMETERS INFLUENCE EACH OTHER TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Relationship between Variable parameters

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

building coverage area +

green spaces area +

green spaces area -

building density +

building density -

the number of green spces -

green spaces area -

the number of green spces +

the diversity of green space network-

the distance between green spces the equality of green space-

TIO

building coverage area -

AR N

TIO

ND PE

0136

green spaces area +

the distance between green spces +

the diversity of green spces network+ the equality of green spces +

0137

6.7 PARAMETER SUMMARY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Parameters summary

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

total area required to meet demands in the next 15 to 20 years

collect data

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

input varable parameters

evaluate

outcome masterplan

MARKET

X N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

commercial area 340,000m2

amenity area for per person

amenity area 170,000-340,000m2

residential area for per person

green spaces area 255,000-420,000m2

building coverage area

green spaces

building density

green spaces

green spaces number

the network adversity of green spaces

green spaces allocation

the allocation equality of green spaces

FIN

commercial area for per person

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

projected population

X residential area 1,275,000 -3,145,000m2

green spaces for per person

urban road strategy

The process statrs with collecting projected population data and other basic spacial data related, by doing so, the total area required for next 15 to 20 years could be caulated approximately. During the process, input varable parameters interacted with each other, but they all could affect the green spaces in terms of their scale, network diversity and allocation eauqlity. negative impact

0138

positive impact

0139

0.3B

N-3.4

DESIGN GENERATION PROCESS 0.3B

N-3.4

0140

0.3B

N-3.4

IN P UT P ARAM ETER

0.3B

NODE 00.30-2

1G-2

TTS

0.3B

P-34.34-3

7 EVALUATION & SUMMARY 0.3B

N-3.4

NODE 00.30-2

TTS

C OMP UT A T IONAL METHOD

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

A P P EN D I X

0.3B

N-3.4

P-34.34-

N-3.4

7.1 PROPOSAL WORKFLOW TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3TTS

LOCAL CONTROL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL FIXP-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Proposal 1

Proposal 2

Proposal 3

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

Proposal 5

Proposal 4

TH OB

ST s

TIO

1, 2, 3 ... N

AR N

TIO

Testing

ND PE

Proposal 6

0142

Proposal 7

0143

Proposal N

7.1 EVALUATION TOOL TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Location Space Syntax

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Theory apply in our model

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

Extract 2

12 3

2 3

10 7

AM N

TIO

ND PE

As for our design, we apply space syntax as a tool to evaluate the accessibility and connectivity between the communities and green space of different generative proposals.

11 12

Evaluate

4 3 3

7 7

Demonstrate

12 3

0144

13 4

3 9

Resource: Porta, S. (2006) Color Sketch of the basic steps in the space syntax https://www.spacesyntax.org/

Demonstrate

Green Space Empty Space Irk River Community

Connectivity Analysis Graph

High connect

Abstract

1 6

3 1

Compare

2 7

Low connect

Abstract

High access

Low access

9 1

Integration Analysis Graph R= 400 Metric

TIO

The Space syntax is a series of theories and technologies about space and society. Its core view is that space is not the background of social economic activities, but a part of the development of social economic activities. Space syntax theory is a new language to describe architecture and urban spatial patterns. Its basic idea is to divide the scale and space of space and analyze its complicated relationship. The space referred to in the space syntax has other objects that can be measured by mathematical methods as described in Euclidean geometry, and it also describes the external attention, geometry, and actual distance of the space. It fully focuses on the local accessibility of space, and highlights the overall accessibility and relevance of space.

Using Space Syntax to evaluate our proposals

12 6

0145

7.2 PROPOSAL EVALUATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3TTS

Four Evaluation Criterias

LOCAL CONTROL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3

CONTROL FIXP-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Optional Outcomes

As we generate a lot of planning proposals, we will put them into an evaluation system to assess which one is the one suited to our planning goals. Thus, in our evaluation system we set up four criteria to evaluate our proposals.

Proposal 1

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

Proposal 3

1, 2, 3 ... N

Solar Radiation of the Green Space

Accessbility to the Green Space

Biodiversity of the Green Space

Compare the green space area of each proposals and select the one which has the largest area of green space

Due to the influence of the shadow from the building, we will rate the solar radiation of each proposals

Evaluation System

ND PE

Proposal 5

Proposal 4

The first criteria is the area of the green space in the whole proposal, which means having the most green city. And the second one is the solar radiation of the green space. This criteria can help us to find a sunny green space for the residents. The third one is the accessibility to the green space which used to help us to assess how convenient the inhabitants can get to the nearest green space area. And the final one is the biodiversity of green space. This criteria is used to evaluate what influence the new green space can have on the local species. After all the evaluation process, we will have our final outcome.

Proposal 2

Area of Green Space

Final Outcome Proposal N

0146

Using the space syntax to rate the accessbility of the green corridor from the community.

By comparing the various types and size of the green space, we then can have a cursory rate of the biodiversity

0147

7.3 GOING FORWARD TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Flowchart

LOCAL CONTROL P-34.34-3 P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL FIXP-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

This flowchart shows a rough concept of how we intend to develop our computational tool.

Start

Test run

Set initial starting point parameters

Output green patch map

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Input amenity, demographic and density parameters

Initial density map

Generate a prototype model

Meet all the criterion?

TE SI

Input road parameters

FIN

Input site data

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

0148

0149

YES

Output the final model

End

FORECAST TO ST2 & ST3 Inside Studio 2 & Studio 3, we will continue to explore our design approach. In Studio 2, we will focus on the development of green-oriented public open space network in urban complex system. We will transfer the design strategy and approach into the Northern Gateway area in a more practical way and develop a computational approach towards the spatial generation of our thesis. Inside Studio 3, we will try to explore the design strategy into wider area not just focus on urban design development. We will create multiple interaction and communication possibilities to visualize the urban parameters and how they could influence the urban complex system.

0.3B

I N PU T P ARAMETER 0.3B

N-3.4

0152

0.3B

E VA LUA T ION & SUMMARY 0.3B

N-3.4

NODE 00.30-2

1G-2

TTS

0.3B

N-3.4

P-34.34-3

8 APPENDIX NODE 00.30-2

TTS

N-3.4

P-34.34-

0.3B

N-3.4

Urban Research Document Historical Analysis

INTRODUCTION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Changing from a small town in the Middle Ages into the second largest city in the United Kingdom, Manchester has been through a ups and downs history without any doubts and so did the Northern Gateway. Thus, in this section, we will examine how the Northern Gateway Area changes along with Manchester history.

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Roman Manchester

Middle Age

16th Century

17th Century

18th Century

19th Century

20th Century

21st Century

Manchester began when a wooden fort was built by the Roman army on a plateau about 1-mile south of the present cathedral about 80 CE. The Romans called it Mamucium (breast shaped hill) probably because the plateau resembled a breast.

At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 a village called Mamecester existed. In time the name changed to Manchester.At the time of the Normans in the 11th century Manchester was a small village but things changed in the 12th century. The population of England grew and trade and commerce grew rapidly. Many new towns were founded. The village of Manchester was made into a town in the early 13th century.

During the 16th century, Manchester grew steadily larger and more important. By the late 16th century it may have had a population of 4,000. However Manchester still wasn't a particularly large town. It may have been important locally but it wasn't very important nationally. John Leland once described it 'Manchester, on the south side of the Irwell is the fairest, best built, busiest and most populous town in Lancashire'.

In the 17th century Manchester was famous for wool and also for cotton. Then in 1642 came civil war between king and parliament. Manchester sided with parliament and the people erected wooden posts linked by chains around the town to stop royalist cavalry.

In the early 18th century Manchester probably had a population of around 10,000. It was still a medium sized town. However in the late 18th century the industrial revolution began. The population of Manchester soared and by the end of the century it had reached 70,000.

In the early 19th century Manchester became world-famous as a manufacturing center. Wool, silk, and cotton were manufactured and vast numbers of working people worked 12 hour days in the mills. There was also a papermaking industry and iron foundries. By 1851 the population of Manchester had reached 186,000. In 1853 Manchester was made a city. The town hall was built in 1877.

In the early 20th century there was some new industries included flour milling, biscuits in Manchester. The old industry of cotton went into a steep decline. Engineering also suffered during the depression of the 1930s though it revived during World War II. In the second half of the century manufacturing industry declined and was replaced by service industries such as education and finance.

In the 21st century Manchester is a flourishing city. Although the old manufacturing industries have declined service industries are thriving. In 2018 the population of Manchester was 547,000.

0156

0157

NEW CROSS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Trade A hub of social activity and trade

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Penny A centre of production for penny broadsides in the 18th and 19th century

Print A hive of print business activity

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

1781

1787

1798

Industrialisation

Name Change

St George's Church

From 1781, Manchester's rapid industralisation had seen the city expand at an astonishing rate, and this process of urbanisation gave birth to the roads, houses, and businesses of the New Cross Area.

By 1787, New Cross Street's name had changed into Swan Street, but the name for the area stuck. Nowadays, some store are even named after the New Cross Street.

Initial clusters of buildings were located facing Newton Lane (now Oldham Road), with the centrepiece of the site being St George’s Church (constructed in 1798).

0158

1839

The Oldham Road Railway Station

The Oldham Road Railwaay Station opend as a passenger station in 1839 before becoming a goods-only station in 1844.

1870s

1900s

1968

1970s

1977

Gas Works

Goods Depot

Railway Station Closed

Church Demolished

The 20th Century continuted to see the growth of the Manchester & Leeds Goods Depot with Oldham Road Station and an adjacent potato market thriving until the 1960s.

The Oldham Road Rail Station closed in 1968.

Wing Yip & Royal Mail Office

Following the arrival of the railway station, there was an increase in housing stock. Alongside this, a Gas works was introduced into the New Cross Area.

Since the rail station closed, the New Cross Area has been the location of two major commercial and employment uses within the City; the Wing Yip Wholesalers and Supermarket, and the large Royal Mail sorting office.

0159

Records indicate St George’s Church was demolished in 1977.

NEW CROSS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

1807 1807

FIX

SITE

Listed in the 1781 Manchester and Salford Trade Directory, New Cross Street seemingly took its name from the point at which the road met three other significant thoroughfares, Oldham Street, Oldham Road, and Great Ancoats Street.By 1787, New Cross Street’s name had changed into Swan Street, but the name for the area stuck.

1840 1840

1900 1900

1870 1870

1980 1980

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

100%

4.8%

11.7%

32%

36.5%

41.2%

37%

0.5%

64%

34%

30.5%

38.5%

34.5%

94.7%

24.3%

18.3%

17.3%

4.6%

26%

15.7%

2.5%

The land use in New Cross Area from 19th century to 20 century

House

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

At the beginning of the 19th century, New Cross largely comprised open ground; Initial clusters of buildings were located facing Newton Lane (now Oldham Road), with the centrepiece of the site being St George’s Church. Development continued to grow slowly in the area during the early 19th Century; with the introduction of Rochdale Road seeing developments cluster along this artery. And with Manchester’s rapid industrialisation during the 19th century, and the Oldham Road Railway Station opened in 1839, housing stock was increasing quickly. Also, more and more squares were applied to the construction trend. The area developed throughout the 19th and early 20th century as a distinctive, tightly grained, mixed-use district, with a grid street pattern. However, due to the huge damage from World War II, industrial development started to decline in the 20 century which led to the reduction of the house stock and the abandonment of empty places. What was worse, the demolition of the Oldham Station deepened the recession of this area. Thus, we can conclude that the industrial structure and the railway infrastructure had played a vital role in the development of this area during the 19th and early 20 century.

1824 1824

Site

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

1807

1824 Buildings

1840 Road

1870 Open Space

Resource: https://images.manchester.gov.uk/ http://manchesterplace.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2016/06/New_Cross_NDF_Vol.1_ Executive_July_29_2015_Final.pdf

0160

1900

1980 Railway

Buildings

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Road

TTS

Open Space

FIX

Railway

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Road

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Empty Place

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Railway

TTS

0161

COLLYHURST TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Sand stone

Coal

Terrace housing

Sandstone rock of Early Permian age, making it about 280 million years old.

Coal was discovered nearby and houses were built to house coal workers.

Collyhurst was first developed as a residential community in the early 20th century.

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Before 19th

1840s

Late 19th

Early 20th

1960s

21th

Red Sandstone Quarries

Coal was discovered

Heavily industrialised

Terrace housing

De-industrialisation

New regeneration plans

Red sandstone dug from Collyhurst Quarry was used to construct many buildings in and around Manchester, and it is known as ‘Collyhurst Sandstone’. Stone was transported the short distance into Manchester by river on barges or rafts.

Houses were built to house coal workers at the newly-created St George’s Colliery. A chemical works was also built on Collyhurst Clough, leading to further employment opportunities. Collyhurst began to expand rapidly.

By the late 19th century, Collyhurst was heavily industrialised, and Corn mills, a brick-making works, a paper mill, a rope works and dye factories had been constructed.

Collyhurst was first developed as a residential community in the late 19th century, when terrace housing for Manchester’s newly urbanised workforce was built on the former grounds of Collyhurst Hall.

0162

The population of Collyhurst has declined over time since the Second World War, and many of the former Victorian terraced houses have been abandoned and fallen into disrepair. Then a major programme of urban renewal, including ‘slum’ clearance programmes and the rebuilding of new council housing estates, took place across Manchester.

0163

2 different redevelopment programme for Collyhurst was produced in 2006 and 2011 but scrapped respectively. MCC and FEC published a Strategic Regeneration Framework (SRF) outlining development plans for the Northern Gateway in 2018. There will be residential-led neighbourhoods, providing a medium to higher density and mixed housing offer.

COLLYHURST TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

1840

1870

1920

1900

1950

1980

Site

The name Collyhurst means ‘wooded hill’. It is first referenced in records as grazing or pasture land at the time of the Norman invasion in 1066.

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

Buildings

The land use in Collyhurst Area from 19th century to 20 century % 100 90

TH OB

TIO

80 70 60 50 40 30

AR N

TIO

By the late 19th century, Collyhurst was heavily industrialised, and Corn mills, a brick-making works, a paper mill, a rope works and dye factories had been constructed. Collyhurst was first developed as a residential community in the early 20th century, when terrace housing for Manchester’s newly urbanised workforce was built on the former grounds of Collyhurst Hall.

20 10 0

1840

1870 Buildings

1900 Road

1920 Open Space

1950

1980 Railway

Resource: https://images.manchester.gov.uk/ https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/ news/nostalgia/nostalgia-collyhurst-sourceagriculture-coal-11145359

7.7% 7.7%

31.7% 31.7%

32.1% 32.1%

27.6% 27.6%

13.3% 13.3%

3.9% 3.9%

15.6% 15.6%

39.3% 39.3%

38.6% 38.6%

32.5% 32.5%

24.6% 24.6%

86.2% 86.2%

64.2% 64.2%

15.7% 15.7%

15.1% 15.1%

22.4% 22.4%

35.3% 35.3%

2.3% 2.3%

10.1% 10.1%

6.8% 6.8%

4.9% 4.9%

Open Space Railway

ND PE

The population of Collyhurst has declined over time since the Second World War, and many of the former Victorian terraced houses have been abandoned and fallen into disrepair. In the 1950s and 1960s, a major programme of urban renewal, including ‘slum’ clearance programmes and the rebuilding of new council housing estates, took place across Manchester. In Collyhurst, the privately owned Victorian terraced streets, flats and tenements were demolished, replaced by a new type of urban environment, with housing built and owned by Manchester City Council.

2.4% 2.4%

Road

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

The area stayed largely rural until the early 19th century, when it began to expand rapidly.Coal was discovered nearby and houses were built to house coal workers at the newly-created St George’s Colliery. A chemical works was also built on Collyhurst Clough, leading to further employment opportunities.

0164

0165

THE LOWER IRK VALLEY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Cotton

Cotton was being imported at a rate of 1,000 tonnes a year by 1751.

Cotton

Greens

Cotton was stood at 45.2 thousand tonnes by 1816.

unmanaged greenspaces has potential to provides high-quality recreational spaces.

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

1249

1363

1381

18th

1830

19th

1970

Fishries were forbidden

Woollens and linens trade

Union Bridge

In the beginning of Industy Revolution

Industrial Expansion

Rail Construction

City Planning

There was a mill by the Irk at witch the tenants of the manor ground their corn. And its fisheries were controlled by the lord of the manor. King Henry III Claimed that the water of Irk and its bank were the Lord’s soil, on which it was unlawful to fish.

Traditionally textile manufacture began in 1363 with the arrival of Flemish weavers. By the reign of Elizabeth I wool and linen production was important, followed by manufacture of fustians, a mix of linen and cotton.

The Union Bridge was recorded in 1381, listing in 1994, and now closed. A single, low segmental arc with no parapet and iron railings.

In prior to the Industry Revolution, the Lower Irk Valley was named as ‘ Angel Meadows’ derived from the views the Irk Valley provided for the owners of Georgian properties situated along the elevated Angel Street.The Irk Valley quickly transformed from a rural valley into an urban slum; inhabited by workers of the factories located along the bank of Irk River.

The Irk River had more mill seats upon it than any other stream of its length in the Kingdom. The rapid expansion resulted in the Irk River being made to run through a culvert, which is still in operation today.

Demand for rail infrastructure led to the development of the Manchester-Leeds railway viaduct which passed through Collyhurst and into Manchester Victoria station and remains as a key feature of the Lower Irk Valley. Due to the rail construction, the Lower Irk Valley made ground and cause some contamination.

The majority of planning applications have historical been to either demolish disused and vacant factory buildings with a view to redevelop the cleared land to form surface car parking, or find an alternative use for those old warehouse, such as offices, workshops or students accommodations.

0166

0167

THE LOWER IRK VALLEY LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

1824

1840

1870

1890

1920

1980

Site

The southern extent of the Lower Irk Valley interfaces with the northern boundary of the NOMA Estate and Cheetham Hill Road, and is delineated to the south by a railway viaduct that provides rail and Metrolink services to and from Manchester’s Victoria Station.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

The land use in Lower Irk Valley Area from 19th century to 20 century

TE SI AL

% 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30

FIN

Buildings

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

In the medieval time, There was a mill by the Irk at witch the tenants of the manor ground their corn , and its fisheries were controlled by the lord of the manor . Throwing corries and other offensive matter were forbidden, and water for Manchester was drawn from the river before the Industrial Revolution.

TH M

GN ST

TIO

1870

1900

AM N

TIO

Buildings

1980

1920 Road

Railway

River

ND PE

13.6%

12.4%

37.4%

25.5%

16.8%

Resource: https://confidentials.com/ manchester/a-short-history-of-manchester-therise-and-fall-of-cottonopolis

12.8%

10%

14%

17.4%

18.2%

81.4%

70%

75.6%

44.7%

36.7%

57.6%

3.5%

3.9%

20.4%

7.4%

Open Space

20 10 0

12.6%

Railway

Traditionally textile manufacture began in 1363 with the arrival of Flemish weavers. But it was with the manufacture of pure cottons in the mid 18th century that Manchester became significant. With the industrial expansion, a large number of textile-related mills ran, which also brought numerious workers and population influx. However, the majority of them were poverty, living in high dense accommodation along side the Irk River. This led to the Lower Irk Valley directed transformed to urban slums. Since 20th centiry, this kind of situation was improved and some flats disused or transformed to offices or car parks. The Lower Irk Valley is currently dominated by a poor-quality natural environment and public realm that is reflective of the marginal economic uses that predominate, along with the large areas of underutilised brownfiled former industrial land.

Road

TTS

0168

0169

FORECAST OF NORTHERN GATEWAY TTS

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Buildings

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Textile manufacturing

Road

Engineering and elecrical goods

Open Space

Knowledge intensive jobs

Railway

Industrial structure

River %

land use

Prediction

100

population

1400000

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI

FIN

Prediction

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

TH OB

200000

1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 1851 1861 1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

TIO

1820

1830

1840

1850

1860

1870

1880

1890

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

industrial revolution

war

WW1

WW2

early early financial 1980s 1990s crisis recesion recesion

TIO

1810

ND PE

Second industrial revolution

WW1

Resource: Census 1911; Census 1951; Nomis Census of Employment; Nomis Business Register and Employment Survey. https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/

WW2

Third industrial revolution

Early 1980s Reces sion

Early 1990s Reces sion

Finan cial Crisis

Forecasted land use and industiral structure in Northern Gateway Based on the historical development of the Northern Gateway, the building stock in this area will decline continuously for more and more people will move out in the future. What is more, there will be more and more space being abandoned, leaving the area lacking vitality. Manchester is now experiencing a process of reinvention, having seen a 24 per cent growth in jobs between 1991 and 2013, including 77,000 more jobs in private sector knowledge-intensive service industries. It also had the second fastest growing city centre of all British cities between 1998 and 2008. The scale of the deindustrialisation challenge was such that the city still has some way to go; in 2013 Manchester still had 90,000 fewer jobs than it did in 1951. However, its recent successes suggest that it is on a new pathway of knowledge-based economic growth.

0170

Resource: https://secure.manchester.gov.uk/downloads/download/4220/population_reports

Forecasted population It was the industrial revolution that kick-started large scale immigrants, beginning with Irish migrants taking up work in the mills and followed by the Jewish migrants fleeting persecution in Eastern Europe. In the 1841, the war had seen the decrease of the population slightly, also the WW2 posed some impacts on the population increase. Meanwhile, number of students overseas gradually since 1880s. During span from 1980s to 2000s, the population increase influenced by the recessions and financial crisis.

0171

LISTED BUILDINGS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Location of Listed Building

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Listed Building

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

TIO

Northern Gateway experienced vigorous development during the Industrial Revolution, with a dramatic increase in population. Many factories, residences and religious buildings were built at that time. After World War II, many buildings were destroyed, industry stagnated, and the population decreased. Many historic buildings have been demolished or repaired, and public spaces have been converted into green spaces and other natural environment areas. The remaining factories and wharehouses have also changed their functions. The only six listed buildings in this area indicate to a certain extent that they have been influenced by the times and have gradually changed with the changes of the times.

AR N

TIO

1 Union Bridge

ND PE

6 Roman Catholic Church of St Patrick

4 Marble Arch Inn 3 Former Goulden Street Police and Fire Station 2 8, Cable Street 5 Former Midland Bank

0172

0173

LISTED BUILDINGS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

C19

1870

1888

1914

1936

Union Bridge

8, Cable Street

Former Goulden Street Police and Fire Station

Marble Arch Inn

Former Midland Bank

Roman Catholic Church of St Patrick

Location: (New Cross) Date: Mid to later C19

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Warehouse or industrial building.Brick with some stone dressings. Rectangular. Four storeys, gable to road, 3 x 10 windows. Central segmental-headed doorway and segmental-headed windows, all these with stepped jambs in the form of simplified pilasters with moulded heads and feet; moulded brick band over top floor; rebuilt gable with central window, moulded bands to coping, and added or rebuilt chimney on left slope. Long sides similar, but with simpler windows (those to basement blocked). Rear gable wall has tiered loading doorways to right. Location: Danzic Street, Manchester This building on the corner of Cable Street and (Lower Irk Valley) Chadderton Street has the appearance of a Date: Probably C18 or very early C19 wharehouse or factory and examination of an 1888 Union Bridge is a small public road bridge over the map of the area indicates that it was home to T Barlow River Irk and is now closed. Sandstone ashlar. Single Brothers Umbrella Factory. Today there is an empty low segmental arch with plain voussoirs no parapet, lot beyond the old factory on the Oldham Road side of the building. but iron railings to south side. 1

0174

Location: Gould Street, Manchester (New Cross) Date: 1888

Location: Former Goulden Street, Manchester (New Cross) Date: 1870 Red brick with some sandstone ashlar, hipped slate roofs. Rectangular plan on island site incorporating office and domestic block on west side, cell range to south of this, with tall chimney stack, and fire engine garage on east side, all within a curtain wall. Curtain wall with sandstone ashlar plinth, rusticated quoins to the angles, plain cornice and parapet carried round. 3

Public house. Dated 1888 in gable to Gould Street. Buff brick with polished pink granite to ground floor, hipped slate roof. Corner site. Two storeys; 5 bays to Gould Street with splayed corner and 2-bay return to Rochdale Road. The ground floor has a moulded plinth and a frieze and cornice carried round; a corner entrance recessed in a 3-sided granite-columned porch with “Caernarvon” arches over; further entrances to the centre and left end of the Gould Street facade, both round-headed with 2-centred arched hoodmoulds; and “Caernarvon” arched windows, those to Gould Street coupled, with central colonettes. The 1st floor has similarly-shaped windows, that in the centre of the Gould Street facade under a pentice canopy and a gable with a terracotta panel dated 1888 and flanked by very tall corniced chimneys, 3 square-headed windows to the corner, and an enriched eaves cornice of red terracotta carried round. Interior with original decorative features including much faience work.

Location: Gould Street, Manchester (New Cross) Date: 1914 Bank, now office. Portland stone (roof concealed). Irregular plan on corner site, with semi-circular south end to Oldham Road. Classical style. Two storeys; rusticated ground floor, coupled Ionic pilasters at Location: Gould Street, North Yorkshire 1st floor, panelled frieze, dentilled modillion cornice Manchester and balustraded parapet. Pilaster doorcase with (Collyhurst) cornice on consoles surmounted by voluted keyblock; Date: Founded in 1832, rebuilt in 1936 round-headed windows at ground floor with run-out voussoirs, square-headed windows at 1st floor with Roman Catholic Church dating 1936, by H. moulded architraves including ornamental balconies Greenhalgh. It features red brick with white stone and cornices mounted on cartouches. dressings and a slate roof.

0175

SUMMARY

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Based on the analysis of existing historical data and maps of Northern Gateway and the whole of Manchester, we have concluded the historical and cultural backgrounds that affect the changes in urban forms and the natural environment. We used this diagram to show the continuous causal relationship between each category. Through the calculation of the area of various urban areas, we have obtained the changes in the proportion of different urban elements in Northern Gateway from the beginning of the 19th century to the end of the 20th century and used the data obtained to support our analysis and conclusions: changes in cities from the 1800s remains following the city’s cultural and economic background. In the Northern Gateway area during and after World War II, the economy declined, industry stagnated, many houses were abandoned and resources were wasted. It shows that the urban design that only follows the social, cultural, and economic needs cannot maintain a normal state or minimize the damage caused by some extreme risks. It may be necessary to consider the sustainability of urban design and the resilient urban future. Based on the forecast of various data on the economy, population, employment situation, and the impact of these factors on urban changes, we have made a forecast for the proportion of rivers, vacant land, construction land and roads in this area in the next 30 years. It is predicted that in the next 30 years, the natural environment will receive attention, the proportion of rivers and open land will continue to increase, while the proportion of human construction land and roads and other public land will continue to decline, which is consistent with the global strategy of sustainable development of. However, the decline in the ratio of construction land may not meet the work and living needs of the people. In the design, it is necessary to consider how to improve the quality of life conditions using sustainable ways and use urban space as efficiently as possible to meet the demands of citizens.

Evidences and data from Nrothern Gateway recorded history Social cultural and economy background City changes reflected in historical maps Continuous relationship on the elements of each category Data from analysis on historical mapto support the development of the city

Public Building

start at the end of 18c St George's Church in 1798

Residential Building

Dwelling Requirement

Factory & Wharehouse

Construction of Industrial premises

Buildings

Demolish of some Religious buildings

Many houses were destroyed by bombs

Terrace housing Urban Slums Industrial stagnation

Construction of Railway

Urban Form Natural Environment

Road & Railway

Land transportation extended

The Oldham Road Railway Station in 1839

River flow

Canal system extended Man-made river diversion

River has been polluted during Industrial Revolution

Urban form and environmental changes driven by Social cultural and economic background

Economy Development

Job Position

Immigration Population Increase

The working class population has increased dramatically Widening gap between rich and poor The working class is oppressed

Demand Increase

On environment: pollution On economy: improve

1761 Bridgewater Canal bringing coal from mines at Worsley to central Manchester

16c Immgration Cotton from Netherlands to the UK Middle 17c Lancashire: Cotton Spinning Industry

Textile Manufacture

Location Transportation Resources

south Lancashire and north Cheshire 1853 Peak Develop wide range of industries

Red sandstone Coal Mine

Development of Manchester city as trading and industry center

Market

the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods

Trading Center

Before 1800s

Demolish and abandoned of terrace housing and slums Increase of apartments

Increase of student apartments and affordable housing

Function conversion

Change into offices or other public space

Interference on traffic Oldham Road rail station closed in 1968

Began to pay attention to rivers and tackle pollution problems

Gas Industries Goods Depot Corn mills Brick-making works Paper mill Rope works Dye factories

Design on walkable city and minimize minimise motorised transport use for low-carbon life Form Urban landscape around the river and green spaces

Revolve the Irk River to build Manchester’ s unique city river park

Impact

Decline in import and export trade Economic frustration Textile Manufacture fall Traffic Declines Port Close Population declined

Policy The UK maintained economic stability ensure employment control inflation ensure people's living standards More importantly, ensure the normal operation of the economy provide strong economic support for the war

Second World War

Industrial Revolution Industrialisation

Period of stagnant economic development

1860s

1940s

Timeline

0176

Construction of cultural buildings and infrastructure

Large number of urban housing demolished and transform into Green area Impact

Manufacturing industry develop

14c Immgration Textile Industry from France to the UK

Transportation for the war and food supply

Green land reclamation transformed into urban land

Green Area & open space

Construction of cultural buildings

St George’ s Church demolished in 1977

Construction of Religious building

0177

Policy

Curb inflation improve the macroeconomic operating environment advocate the concept of a free society

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions Develop renewable energy Build "zero energy development system" green community Promote garbage sorting and recycling Increase greening

Deindustrialisation Regeneration

Sustainable urban development

Later 1980s

21C

Policy

Typology Study Low-rise Apartment

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Apartment Introduction Name: Low-rise apartments Definition: Low-rise apartment is always defined as an enclosed structure below 35 metres which is divided into regular floor levels and separated into several apartments on each floor. U OD TR IN N IO CT

Price: £110,000 to £320,000 (to buy in Greater Manchester)

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

Characteristics: Low-rise apartments sometimes offer more privacy and negotiability of rent and utilities than high-rise apartments, although they may have fewer amenities and less flexibility with leases.

AR N

TIO

ND PE

0180

0181

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Apartment Parameters

Variations in Size

Variations in Size Typical Layout

Small Size Apartment

Core

FIN

15.2m

15.2m 23.5

Core

Apartment 1

Apartment 2

Apartment 1

TH E

Building Parameters

ST s

AR N

TIO

23.5

Largre Size Apartment

Width(m): 17 Depth(m): 47 Height(m): 32.6 Number of Floors: 8 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 2.75 Number of Cores: 2 Total Apartments: 80

47m

0182

Overall Depth (m)Overall Width (m)

Overall Width (m) 9.6

23.5

21.0 24.5

23.5

Number of Floor 5

Number of Core Floor to Ceiling Height (m)

Glazing Foor Area Ratio (%)

2.5

100

Glazing Foor Area Ratio (%) 47m

7 8

Number of Core

2.75

5 15.2 7 8 21.0 24.5

2.75

Floor to Ceiling Height (m)

Overall Depth (m)

Number of Floor Overall Height (m)

2.5

9.6

23.5

Overall Height (m)

Building Parameters

The parameters of the low residential apartment are driven by case studies found in the Manchester Thearea, parameters where aof the low residential apartment are driven by case studies found in the Manchester area, where a mixture of point and line low rise blocks are found together. mixture of point and line low rise blocks are found together.

15.2

ND PE

Width(m): 17.0 Depth(m): 23.5 Height(m): 21.0 Number of Floors: 7 0m .Floor 7 to Ceiling Heights (m): 2.75 1 Number of Cores: 1 Total Apartments: 24

24.5m

TIO

Width(m): 17.0 Depth(m): 23.5 Height(m): 21.0 Number of Floors: 7 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 2.75 Number of Cores: 1 Total Apartments: 24

Medium Size Apartment 21.0m

Medium Size Apartment

Apartment 2

23.5

21.0m

TE SI

Width(m): 9.6 Depth(m): 23.5 Height(m): 15.2 Number of Floors: 5 6m Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 2.75 . 9 Number of Cores: 1 Total Apartments: 8

24.5m

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Width(m): 9.6 Depth(m): 23.5 Height(m): 15.2 Number of Floors: 5 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 2.75 Number of Cores: 1 Total Apartments: 8

Typical Layout

100

0183

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Apartment Site Relation

45 Road

Road

Apartment

Road

Daylight

Privacy

Relation to Road

Apartment

According to the UK housing standard, urban planning policy in Manchester, we research how the low-rise apartment respond to the city including the relationship with the road, the influence of neighbourhood and the environmental factors.

21m

。

Apartment

New Building

U OD TR IN N IO CT

Road

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

45 degree horizontal area to protect the daylight of the existing building

Front window to front window

The width facing towards the road

TH OB

PR es s

TP AM

。

TIO

Apartment

Road

New Building

TIO

Road

Apartment

28m

& SU Y

Resource: https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/sites/default/files/IMCE/Planning/Planning_ Policy/NonLocal/Space%20About%20Dwellings%20SPG.pdf https://www.adur-worthing.gov.uk/media/media,98782,en.pdf Manchester City Council -MANCHESTER RESIDENTIAL QUALITY GUIDANCE (2017) projections for Greater Manchester Climate change projections for Greater.’

Road

Apartment

10-15m

Apartment

Road

ND PE

45 degree verticl area to protect the daylight of the existing building

Back to back distance

The Depth facing towards the road

W Road The Building facing the corner

0184

Road Front / Back distance to the side

。

S Up to 30 degrees west or east to gain the maximum benefits from solar

0185

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Apartment Urban Patterns

Series

Open Perimeter Block

Perimeter Block

No limitataion to the single plot

Maintain the back to back distance 28m

Maintain the back to back distance 28m and the front to front distance 21m

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Single Plot

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

28m

ND PE

28m 28m

0186

21m

28m

0187

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Apartment Structure

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Typical type building

Foundation-Plinth

Primary Structure

Wall Material

Roof type

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

Source: R. Chudley

Low-rise apartment in Vitorian period

A strip foundation is a foundation providing a continuous longitudinal ground bearing.

Source: Google Map

Source: R. Chudley

Low-rise apartment in modern architecture period

A pad footing is an isolated foundation to spread and transfer a concentrated load to the earth.

TIO

Source: Google Map

Source: https://theconstructor.org/

Load Bearing Structure

Brick

Stone

Gable Roof

Plaster

AR N

TIO

ND PE

0188

Source: https://theconstructor.org/

Concrete frame Structure

Concrete

Metal structural cladding

Tile

Flat Roof

0189

Typology Study Low-rise Office

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Office Introduction Name: Low-rise commercial buildings Definition:

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Characteristic: Low rise offices offer more privacy and negotiability of rent and utilities than high-rise offices. Typical for the Northern Quarter, low rise offices are easier to maintain and easier to put out fires.

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

0192

0193

TYPOLOGY STUDY LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Low-rise Office Parameters

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TE SI AL

Small Size Office

Width(m): 17.0 Depth(m): 38.4 Height(m): 12.0 Number of Floors: 3 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3.8 Number of Cores: 1

38.

m 7.0

Typical Layout Lobby

Open Office

12.0m

Lobby

Office

38.

FIN

Variations in Typical Size Layout

12.0m

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Variations in Size

Open Office

TTS

W.C.

.0m

TH OB

Building Parameters

parameters of the office present only a few of the possible configurations for an office space. Offices are quite The parameters of the office present only a few of the possible configurations for an office space. Offices areThequite flexible spaces depending on their occupation. flexible spaces depending on their occupation.

oc s

Overall Depth (m)

AR N

TIO

ET &

Overall Height (m)

m 7.0

ND PE

54.

19.6

Largre Size Office

Width(m): 17.0 Depth(m): 54.0 Height(m): 19.6 Number of Floors: 5 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3.8 Number of Cores: 2

Width(m): 17.0 3.8 Depth(m): 54.0 Height(m): 19.6 Number of Floors: 5 3 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3.8 Number of Cores: 2 Glazing Foor Area Ratio (%)

Floor to Ceiling Height (m)

Overall Height (m) 5

Number of Core

Floor to Ceiling Height (m)

35 3

100

2 6

1 1

Number of Core

m 7.0

19.6

3.8 3

Number of Floor

Glazing Foor Area Ratio (%)

0m 85

0194

Number of Floor

54.

m 7.0

2 6

38.4

1 21

Largre Size Office

54.

m 7.0

Overall Depth (m)

Overall Width (m) 54 17

38.4

19.6m

54.

19.6m

12.0m

PU EV

Width(m): 17.0 Depth(m): 54.0 Overall Width (m) Height(m): 12.0 17 Number of Floors: 3 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3.8 15 Number of Cores: 2

12.0m

TIO

Width(m): 17.0 Depth(m): 54.0 Height(m): 12.0 Number of Floors: 3 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3.8 Number of Cores: 2

Medium Size Office

W.C.

Building Parameters

Medium Size Office

Office

100

0195

TYPOLOGY STUDY FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

Low-rise Office Site Relation

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

According to the UK housing standard, urban planning policy in Manchester, we research how the low-rise office respond to the city including the relationship with the road, the influence of neighbourhood and the environmental factors.

Fire/Access

Privacy

Relation to Road

Fire and rescue service vehicle access to buildings not fitted with fire mains

Road

Office

Total floor area of Building(m2)

Office

U OD TR IN

20m

Road

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Ofiice

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Road

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Dwelling

TTS

N IO CT

Road

Provide vehicle access to:

Up to 11 Over 11

See paragraph 15.1 15% of perimeter

2000-8000

Up to 11 Over 11

15% of perimeter 50% of perimeter

8000-16,000

Up to 11 Over 11

50% of perimeter 50% of perimeter

16,000-24,000

Up to 11 Over 11

75% of perimeter 75% of perimeter

Over 24,000

Up to 11 Over 11

100% of perimeter 100% of perimeter

Perimeter=AB+BC+CD+DE+ EF+GH+MN+KL

TE SI AN AL E

FIN

Different size of the office building should provide fire vehicle access to 15%-100% of perimeter

Front window to front window

The width facing towards the road

Height of floor of above ground(m2)

Up to 2000

TH OB

PR Relationship between building and hardstandng/access roads for high reach fire appliances

Overhead obstructions to be avoided in this zone

Road

Office

Road

Office

Road

10-15m

Face of building at fround level or vertical plane of projecting upper storey

TIO

Turntable Hydraulic ladder dimension (m) platform dimension (m)

AR AM

4.9

2.0

B. MIN width of hardstanding

5.0

5.5

C. MIN distance of further edge of hardstanding from building

10.0

7.5

D. MIN width of unobstructed space (for swing of appliance platform)

N/A

2.2

Obstruction

TIO

A. MAX distance of near edge of hardstanding from building

Back to back distance

The Depth facing towards the road

ND PE

Road The Building facing the corner

0196

20m

Road

Office

20m

Apartment

Dwelling

Road

Relationship between building and hardstanding/ access roads for high reach fire appliances

Office

Parking

Road Front / Back distance to the side

At least one parking bay designated for disabled people

0197

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

Low-rise Office Urban Patterns

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Series

Perimeter Block

No limitataion to the single plot

Series of office reach 75m

Maintain the back to back distance 10-15m

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Single Plot

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST oc

TIO

15m

AR N

TIO

75m

ND PE

15m

0198

0199

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Office Structure

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Typical type building

Foundation-Plinth

Primary Structure

Wall Material

Roof type

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

Source: R. Chudley

Low-rise office in Vitorian period

A strip foundation is a foundation providing a continuous longitudinal ground bearing.

TIO

Source: Google Map

Source: https://theconstructor.org/

Load Bearing Structure

Brick

Stone

Gable Roof

Plaster

AR N

TIO

ND PE

Concrete

Source: Google Map

Source: R. Chudley

Low-rise office in modern architecture period

An individual footing is an isolated foundation to spread and transfer a concentrated load to the earth.

0200

Steel

Source: https://theconstructor.org/ https://www.structuremag.org/

Concrete frame Structure or Steel frame Structure

Flat Roof Tile

Glass

0201

Typology Study Low-rise Shopping Complex

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Shopping Complex Introduction Name: Low-rise commercial buildings Definition: (Commerce) a large enclosed shopping centre which is limited to pedestrians.

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

Characteristics: Both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping complex. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.

AR N

TIO

ND PE

0204

0205

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Shopping Complex Parameters

Variations in Size Layout Typical

Small Size Shopping Complex

.2m

TE SI

Office

Width(m): 19 Depth(m): 65.2 Height(m): 12.3 Number of Floors: 4 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3 Number of Cores: 2

Store

AN E

FIN

TH PR

.2m Office

Store

ST RA s

AR N

TIO

& Y

m 19

Store

Width(m): 36.4 Depth(m): 160 Height(m): 10.5 Number of Floors: 3 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3.5 Number of Cores: 6

Store

Office

Store

Office

Store

Office

Building Parameters

10.5 12.3

Overall Depth (m) 65.2

0206

m Number 75 of Floor 3

65.2

36.4 75

10.5 12.3

0m 6

Number of Floor 24.8

3 30

3.5 3

Number of Core

7 Ratio (%) Glazing Foor Area

180

Number of Core 4

160

Floor to Ceiling7 Height (m) 2

125

160

Overall Height (m) 180

Glazing Foor Area Ratio (%)

Overall Depth (m)

125

24.8

Floor to Ceiling Height (m) Width(m): 36.4 Depth(m): 160 3.5 5 Height(m): 10.5 Number of Floors: 3 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m):33.5 Number of Cores: 6

Overall Width (m)

Overall Height (m)

ND PE

10.5m

TIO

24.8m

GN DE

24.8m

Width(m): 75 Overall Width (m) Depth(m): 125 19 36.4 Height(m): 24.8 Number of Floors: 5 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m):15 5 Number of Cores: 4

Largre Size Shopping Complex

Store

The parameters of the shopping complex present only a few of the possible configurations. Nowadays, shopping complex Medium Size Shopping The parameters of the shopping complex present only a few of the possible configurations. Nowadays, shopping complex are quite flexible spaces depending on their products. Complex are quite flexible spaces depending on their products.

Width(m): 75 Depth(m): 125 Height(m): 24.8 Number of Floors: 5 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 5 Number of Cores: 4

Office

Store

Building Parameters

Medium Size Shopping Complex

Office

Store

Office

Store

10.5m

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Width(m): 19 Depth(m): 65.2 Height(m): 12.3 Number of Floors: 4 Floor to Ceiling Heights (m): 3 Number of Cores: 2

Typical Layout

Store

12.3m

Variations in Size

100

0207

6 7

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Shopping Complex Site Relation According to the UK housing standard, urban planning policy in Manchester, we research how the lowrise shopping complex respond to the city including the relationship with the road, the influence of neighbourhood and the environmental factors.

Fire/Access

Privacy

Relation to Road

Fire and rescue service vehicle access to buildings not fitted with fire mains

Road

Shopping Complex

Parking

Road

Shopping Complex

Dwelling

Road

U OD TR IN

15m

Shopping Complex L

Total floor area of Building(m2)

N IO CT

Road

Provide vehicle access to:

Up to 11 Over 11

See paragraph 15.1 15% of perimeter

2000-8000

Up to 11 Over 11

15% of perimeter 50% of perimeter

8000-16,000

Up to 11 Over 11

50% of perimeter 50% of perimeter

16,000-24,000

Up to 11 Over 11

75% of perimeter 75% of perimeter

Over 24,000

Up to 11 Over 11

100% of perimeter 100% of perimeter

Perimeter=AB+BC+CD+DE+ EF+GH+MN+KL

TE SI AN AL E

FIN

Different size of the shopping complex should provide fire vehicle access to 15%-100% of perimeter

Front window to front window

The width facing towards the road

Height of floor of above ground(m2)

Up to 2000

TH OB

PR Relationship between building and hardstandng/access roads for high reach fire appliances

Parking

Road

Turntable Hydraulic ladder dimension (m) platform dimension (m)

Face of building at fround level or vertical plane of projecting upper storey

oc s

A. MAX distance of near edge of hardstanding from building

4.9

2.0

B. MIN width of hardstanding

5.0

5.5

C. MIN distance of further edge of hardstanding from building

10.0

7.5

D. MIN width of unobstructed space (for swing of appliance platform)

N/A

2.2

Obstruction

TIO

Parking

Shopping Complex

Parking

Road

TIO

Road

Parking

Parking Shopping Complex

Overhead obstructions to be avoided in this zone

Back to back distance

The Depth facing towards the road

ND PE

Parking

Parking Road The Building facing the corner

0208

Shopping Complex

Road

Parking

15m

Road Front / Back distance to the side

Road

Office

Apartment

Dwelling

Shopping Complex

Road

Relationship between building and hardstanding/ access roads for high reach fire appliances

Shopping Complex

Parking

At least one parking bay designated for disabled people Recommended standard of 10.0 car spaces per 1,000 square feet of net retail area

0209

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Shopping Complex Urban Patterns

Series

Perimeter Block

No limitataion to the single plot

Different series of shopping complexs form a big shopping area

When there are enough shopping complex and stores gathering, the area then can become a high street

N IO CT

U OD TR IN

Single Plot

TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

15m

AR N

TIO

& Y

ND PE

15m

Parking

0210

Parking

Underground Parking

0211

TYPOLOGY STUDY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Low-rise Shopping Complex Structure

Foundation-Plinth

Typical type building

Primary Structure

Roof type

Wall Material

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AN E

FIN

Brick

Stone

TH OB

Source: R. Chudley

Renewal low-rise shopping complex

An individual footing is an isolated foundation to spread and transfer a concentrated load to the earth.

TIO

Source: Google Map

Source: https://theconstructor.org/ http://www.ketchum.org/

Flat Roof Plaster

Shell Roof

Glass

TIO

Concrete frame Structure and Shell Structure

ND PE

Flat Roof

Source: R. Chudley

Source: Google Map

Low-rise shopping complex in modern architecture period

A raft foundation is a foundation continuous in two directions, usually covering an area equal to or greater than the base area of the structure.

0212

M shape Roof

Source: https://www.structuremag.org/ http://www.ketchum.org/ http://heartlandstructures.com/

Shell Structure Steel frame Structure Arch Structure Space grid Structure

Concrete

Steel

Glass

Curve Roof

0213

8.3 REFERENCE LIST TTS

Reference List

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

N IO CT

U OD TR IN TE SI AL

AN E

FIN

TH OB

ST s

TIO

AR N

TIO

ND PE

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