MArch_Y6_ST3

CPU[AI] STUDIO 3 PORTFOLIO NORTHERN GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT

GROUP MEMBER JIAO XIE JUNJIE SU SIYU XIE MENGHAN CHEN

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N-3.4

THESIS STATEMENT ………………………… 7 1 BACKGROUND ………………………… 8 1.1 INTRODUCTION ………………………… 11 13 1.2 NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT ………………………

1.3 OUR PROJECT PARTNERSHIP ………………………… 15 1.4 PROJECT CHALLENGES ………………………… 17 1.5 THE LOCATION OF THE SITE ………………………… 21 1.6 WHY WE SELECT THIS CHALLENGE …………………… 23 1.7 HOW WE SET UP THE TOOL (RECAP) …………………… 29 2 TOOL INTRODUCTION …………………… 31 2.1 OUR TOOL TARGET USER ………………………… 33 2.2 SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF THE TOOL ………………… 35 2.3 OUR TOOL'S FUNCTIONS ………………………… 37 2.4 STEPS TO USE THE TOOL ………………………… 39 2.5 THEORIES BEHIND THE TOOL ………………………… 41 3 HOW THE TOOL WORK …………………… 43 3.1 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 1 ………………………… 45 3.2 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 2 ………………………… 49 3.3 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 3 ………………………… 55 3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 ………………………… 63 3.5 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 5 ………………………… 85 3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 ………………………… 89 3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 ………………………… 113 3.8 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 8 ………………………… 129 4 INTERFACE OF THE TOOL ………………… 131

CONTENT ………………………… ………………………… …………………… …………………… ………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………… …………………………

5 ANALYSING THE RESULTS …………………

5.1 SELECTING PROCESS …………………………

5.2 SCENARIO 1 TESTING …………………………

5.3 SCENARIO 2 TESTING …………………………

5.4 SCENARIO 3 TESTING …………………………

5.5 SCENARIO 4 TESTING …………………………

5.6 OPTIMISED OUTCOMES COMPARE ……………………

6 COMMUNICATING OPTIMISED PROPOSAL 6.1 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- MASTER PLAN …………………

6.2 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- MASTER PLAN ANALYSIS …………

6.3 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- VISUALISATION ………………… …………………………

CONCLUSION PERSONAL STATEMENT …………………

BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………

4.1 LOGIN 4.2 STEP 01- INPUT SITE 4.2 STEP 02- SCENARIO SELECTION 4.3 STEP 03- CIRCLES GENERATION 4.4 STEP 04- ROAD NETWORK GENERATION 4.5 STEP 05- LAND-USE ALLOCATION 4.6 STEP 06- BUILDING GENERATION 4.7 STEP 07- SCORING YOUR CITY 4.8 STEP 08- COMPARE YOUR CITIES 4.9 INTERFACE VIDEO

135 137 139 141 143 147 149 151 155 157

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THESIS STATEMENT Working with Manchester City Council and Far East Construction, we will face urban challenges of green and public spaces of Nothern Gateway and re-image the essential neighbourhoods of the city.

Urban sprawl and neglect of urban green space have caused landscape fragmentation, which further affect the quality of neighbourhoods. For this situation, we develop a generative computational tool to design a new connected urban open space network with a large proportion of green space. It will allow citizens to have more access to green amenities as well as enjoy a livable and sustainable neighbourhood.

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1 BACKGROUND BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF THE BACKGROUND OF THE TOOL

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1.1 INTRODUCTION LOCAL P-34.34-3

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OUR STARTING POINT

WHAT ARE WE DOING?

By Redistributing urban land use, especially public green space, we want to design a urban planning to solve or alleviate urban space problems to improve biodiversity and well-being.

The problem of urban space is complex, so it is difficult to directly judge whether an urban design plan can solve a specific problem well.

WALK DISTANCE FRAGMENTATION

Therefore, we are designing a generative tool that can help users generate different urban design models quickly and flexibly by controlling different spatial parameters. Then the tool will evaluate the generated models from different aspects, and the user can quickly understand whether the result meets the requirements.

HOW ARE WE DOING IT? We use agent-based model and circle packing to meet land use allocation under different needs. Then we use a scoring system to evaluate the generated results from different aspects, so that we can quantitatively compare and filter a large number of results and finally choose a better one.

URBAN SPRAWL & SHRINKAGE IN GREEN SPACES

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Bird View of the Northern Gateway

Northern Gateway Manchester. (2019) Strategic Regeneration Framework [Online image] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] http://northerngatewaymanchester. co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NG-SRF.pdf

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1.2 NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Introduction of the project TTS

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MAIN TARGET OF THE PROJECT

3M Population

1.5 M Jobs

Great Manchester's Population will reach 3 million people by 2036

Great Manchester Will have 1.5 million jobs by 2036

15,000

MANCHESTER NORTHERN GATEWAY STRATEGIC REGENERATION FRAMEWORK (SRF) The Northern Gateway Strategic Regeneration Framework ("SRF") has been prepared by Manchester City Council ("MCC") to guide the future development of one of the largest regeneration projects in the UK.

Residential housing According to the Manchester Nortern Gateway Strategic Regenearion Framework, we need to design a new Northern Gateway Area to

meet the future requirement which is the Northern Gateway will provide about 15,000 new homes over the next 15-20 years.

Northern Gateway Manchester. (2019) Strategic Regeneration Framework. [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NG-SRF.pdf

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1.3 OUR PROJECT PARTNERSHIP LOCAL P-34.34-3

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OUR PARTNERSHIP REPRESENTATIVE

Matthew Doran

Tom Fenton

Manchester City Council

Far East Consortium International Limited

Manchester City Council (MCC)

DIAGRAM TO BE FINISH

Far East Consortium International Limited

CPU[AI] Consultant

MEET WITH CLIENTS In terms of our project, planners give us feedback that appropriate metrics for measuring biodiversity and well-being should be considered as the urban ecosystem is a complex system

Northern Gateway Manchester. (2019) Strategic Regeneration Framework [Online image] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/framework Doran, m. (No date) Image of the Matthew Doran. [Online image] [Accessed March 8th,

2021] https://twitter.com/iammattdoran Far East Consortium. (No date) The team. [Online image] [Accessed March 8th, 2021] https://fecil.uk/ about-us/the-team/

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1.4 PROJECT CHALLENGES LOCAL P-34.34-3

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THE CHALLENGE WE CHOOSE 2.The distribution of facilities, amenities and community spaces is an essential aspect of successful residential development. How do we design to ensure this aspect of sustainability in urban strategy and design.

1. How can a balance between public and private spaces foster a sense of community and belonging in new urban morphology.

6. How to design zerocarbon future cities (is urban morphology adequate).

How do you understand the environmental impact of future cities.

3. How can a new urban development be designed to change and adapt with its residents (from students to young professionals, families and aging)

Northern Gateway Manchester. (2019) Strategic Regeneration Framework. [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NG-SRF.pdf

5.How can you design for sustainable movement and minimise motorised transport use? Consider last mile/3 mile responses including transport oriented design, walk-ability, cycling and technological disruptions (CAV).

4. How can a network of high-quality public green spaces support well-being and enhanced biodiversity. Integrating green spaces/public realm towards wellness and mitigation of climate change?

Ecologies? How can you integrate green environments and the City River Park ecosystem?

Here are 6 challenges that provide some perspective for us to view the Northern Gateway development project. We have chosen challenge 4 to explore how to use urban green space as the main element to design the urban form, so as to achieve the vision of a sustainable and livable ecological city.

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1.5 THE LOCATION OF THE SITE LOCAL P-34.34-3

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A brief of the site TTS

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Site

THE LOCATION OF THE SITE Northern Gateway

1K M

1K

M

The Northern Gateway Strategic Regeneration Framework ("SRF") has been prepared by Manchester City Council ("MCC") to guide the future development of one of the largest regeneration projects in the UK.

Manchester City Center

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1.6 WHY WE SELECT THIS CHALLENGE LOCAL P-34.34-3

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There will be less green space TTS

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Brownfield Land

Building Land Brownfield Land

12%

Green Land

29%

Green Land

57%

SHRINKAGE IN GREEN SPACE

8% 24%

Building Land

63%

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Building Land

Green Land

Existing

Brownfield Land Proposed

V.S.

Less Green Space Green spaces decrease with the construction of social buildings.

Land Use in the existing Northern Gateway Area

Proposed Land Use in the future Northern Gateway Area

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1.6 WHY WE SELECT THIS CHALLENGE LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Green fragmentation on the site TTS

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FRAGMENTATION 12

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Dwelling Area

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2.7 KM

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Dwelling Area

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3.1 KM

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Dwelling Area

Legend

Legend Existing green spaces

Dwelling Area

KM 2.5

Green Area 1

Dwelling Area

Fragmentation of green space

Green Area

Connectivity

Accessbility

The connection between the green spaces it limited

Residents are hard to reach the green space

From above site analysis, we can know that the existing green spaces which belongs to the public space have already cause some problems on the site. Thus, we want to focus on the green spaces issuess perspective and explore how to solve it

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1.6 WHY WE SELECT THIS CHALLENGE LOCAL P-34.34-3

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The relationship between green patch, wellbeing and biodiversity TTS

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GREEN SPACE

BIODIVERSITY

RESEARCH OBJECT

WELL-BEING

The main research object, according to the challenge we selected ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY SPECIES

SPATIAL PROBLEM DEFINED

INHABITANTS DIVERSITY OF GREEN SPACE

From the perspective of urban green space, we studied the spatial problems of the northern gateway and pointed out how they affect well-being and biodiveristy GREEN SPACE SIZE

SPATIAL PARAMETERS

These parameters extracted from ST2's research reflect the state of the green space. Therefore, we will use it as a standard for evaluating the results in the tool.

FRAGMENTATION

MORE HOUSING NEED URBAN SPRAWL & SHRINKAGE IN GREEN SPACES

COMMUNITY

WALK DISTANCE

ACCESSIBILITY TO GREEN SPACE EMMISION

WARMING

Reference: United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2020. (UN-Habitat) Public space site-specific assessment.

In Studio2, we studied how green space, well-being and biodiversity interact with each other, and we found that urban sprawl has led to the reduction and fragmentation of green spaces, thereby affecting the natural and residential ecological environment of the city.

UN-Habitat. (2020) Public Space Site-Specific Assessment: Guidelines to Achieve Quality Public Spaces at Neighbourrhood Level. [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2020/07/final_pssa_v.1_reviewed_compressed.pdf

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1.7 HOW WE SET UP THE TOOL (RECAP) LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Explaining the design workflow during Studio TTS

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In Studio1 & 2, we have finished defining the problems, strategies and logic behind the computational tool.

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ST1 FOCUS

ST2 FOCUS

STAGE 01

STAGE 02

STAGE 03

STAGE 04

STAGE 05

DEFINING THE PROBLMES & STRATEDGIES

DESIGNING THE TOOL

BUILDING THE TOOL

APPLYING THE TOOL

ANALYSING THE OUTCOMES

RESEARCHING THE THEORIES

RESEARCHING THE TOOL

ST3 FOCUS

In Studio3, we will develop the tool and use it to generate iterations and analyse different outcomes of green space-oriented urban planning.

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0.3B

2 TOOL INTRODUCTION

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N-3.4

BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO WHAT THE TOOL WILL DO

N-3.4

2.1 OUR TOOL TARGET USER LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Explaining who will use the tool TTS

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For students, the tool can provide a platform to be familiar with the process of urban planning Students

For designer / planner, the tool can help with the design process to evaluate the feasibility of the proposals. And it can also help to test the concept in the early stage which can improve efficiency.

Designer / Planner

For developer, the tool can help establish a basic feeling of the future area which can formulate a more relevant policies.

Developer

For the other users, they can be educated for the theory of the urban planning and have fun.

Other People

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2.2 SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF THE TOOL TTS

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URBAN SCALE BUILDING SCALE

PLOT SCALE

· What is it? Urban design focuses on the individual building system which contribute to the whole urban performance.

· What is it? Design focuses on the community operation or the relation between private and public.

· Why not consider? Only focus on buildings cannot address our project goal - to create green spaces network to improve wellbeing and biodiversity.

· Why consider? In our project, we plan to create green spaces network system, meanwhile consider how to maximise our green spaces together with residents' accessibility with the green spaces. But only focus on those how to enlarger green spaces cannot fully address project goal.

· What is it? Design scale focuses on designing future cities and the whole urban systems. · W h y c o n s i d e r ? O u r p ro j e c t g o a l i s t o build green spaces network to connect neighbourhood and ecology system, while improve human wellbeing and biodiversity.

Thus, it is necessary to consider our project from a macro level.

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2.3 OUR TOOL'S FUNCTIONS LOCAL P-34.34-3

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What can user do with our tool TTS

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In our tool, user can apply the tool to test their initial design proposals or whether the parameters are suitable or not

Through steps, users will finally have a well-connective city no matter which scenario they choose.

Improve connectivity of green spaces

Testing Proposals

User can also store and compare various outcomes to select the most suitable one for his/her own project.

Compare Proposals

GREEN CITY PLANNING EXPLORER

By maintaining the original patches, connect the green spaces and raise the railway network, local biodiversity can be protected to some extend.

Protect Biodiversity

After the whole generation, residents can live in an accessible and well-linked green city. Therefore, it will improve the wellbeing of the local residents.

Every step in our tool is visualized and interactive so that the users can adjust easily and reflect quickly.

Visualized & Interactive

Improve wellbeing

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2.4 STEPS TO USE THE TOOL TTS

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Input Site & Select Maintain Elements

In step 1, you can upload the site from the internet.

Then you can draw the elements that you want to remain on the site.

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STEP 02

STEP 04

STEP 06

STEP 08

Scenario Selection

Transport Network Generation

Building Generation

Compare Your Cities

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H e re , y o u c a n s e l e c t one of the four prefab scenarios to explore your city.

STEP 03 Functional Circles Generation

In step 3, you are required to enter the population, urban density and circle radius to operate the circle packing on the site.

In step 4, you can select one method to generate your road network. Then you can also raise your railway system and build your raised garden too.

STEP 05 Land-use Allocation

In step 5, base on the circles map,road network and the percentage parameters, you will have a land-use map.

In step 6, you can determine the height of each kind of typology and the building offset.

STEP 07 Scoring of Your City

In the final step, you can compare all of your planning city and see which one will meet your requirements.

In step 7, you will receive a score base on our evaluation systems and the analysed data for each indicator

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2.5 THEORIES BEHIND THE TOOL TTS

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STEP 02

STEP 03

Input Site & Select Maintain Elements

Scenario Selection

Functional Circles Generation

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STEP 01

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STEP 04 Transport Network Generation

STEP 05

STEP 06

STEP 07

STEP 08

Land-use Allocation

Building Generation

Scoring of Your City

Compare Your Cities

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COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS (CAS) Cities can be described as complex adaptive systems as they are undeniably complex and exhibit the same properties that can be found in any CAS.

PATCH DYNAMIC Patch dynamic is used to refer simply to changes that occur over time in the spctial patterns of ecosystem components.

AGENT BASED MODEL (ABM)

CIRCLE PACKING

A type of model based on computer simulation, where the behabiour of system is determined by individual activities and interactions.

Circle packing is the study of the arrangement of circles on a given surface that no overlapping occurs and no circle can be enlarged without creating an overlap.

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0.3B

3 HOW THE TOOL WORK

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N-3.4

LOGIC AND MECHANISM BEHIND THE TOOL

N-3.4

3.1 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 1 TTS

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What does step 1 means?

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STEP 01 Input Site & Select Maintain Elements

In step 1, you can upload the site from the internet.

Then you can draw the elements that you want to remain on the site.

Maintain the Irk River

Maintain the Main Road

Selecting the Connecting Roads

Maintain the Orginal Green Pathces

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

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Step2 Scenario Selection This section will have an introduction of the agent based model theory and how we apply it to design various scenarios in step 2.

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3.2 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 2 TTS

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Green patches cell Green corridors cell We set up different kinds of "circle agent" to represent areas of different land use.

STEP 02

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Commercial cell Amenity cell

Scenario Selection

1

Residential housing cell

In response to the challenge of improving the biodiversity of the site, protecting the ecological area from excessive human activities, and improving the well-being of residents, we set up some fixed rules for the tool

4

(1) the connection of ecological patches attracts small green patches (to form a relatively continuous green corridor); Put those circles into the site

H e re , y o u c a n s e l e c t one of the four prefab scenarios to explore your city.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

(2) the green corridor attracts residential areas (to improve the accessibility of residents to green spaces)

Circles can attract or repulse each other based on specific rules, which means we can control the land use trends by controlling the attraction or repulsion rules.

Namazi-Rad, MR., Padgham, L., Perez, P., Nagel, K. and Bazzan, A. (2017) Agent based modelling of urban systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing. Singapore: ABMUS.

(3) Residential area attracts commercial area and amenity area.

49

3.2 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 2 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

Applying ABM theory in step 2 W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Our purpose is to compare the performance of the city model generated by different attraction/repulsion models to understand which land use plan can better help us solve the challenge.

Mixed-use development

Highly Greenprotected City

Green-led City

STEP 02 Scenario Selection

Commercial Area

Residential Area 1

2

3

Amenity

4 Commercial Area

H e re , y o u c a n s e l e c t one of the four prefab scenarios to explore your city.

Corridor

Ecological Patch

Commercial Area Amenity

Residential Area

Commercial Area Residential Area

Residential Area

Corridor Ecological Patch

Attraction

Amenity

Residential -Led City

Repulsion

Corridor Ecological Patch Attraction

Corridor Corridor

Corridor Ecological Patch Repulsion

Ecological Patch

Ecological Patch

Attraction

Repulsion

Corridor Ecological Patch Residential Area Attraction

Corridor Ecological Patch Amenity Repulsion

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Scenario 1

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Scenario 4

51

Step3 Functional Circles Generation In step 3, we will introduce the circle packing strategy which is influenced by ABM theory and how we make use of circle packing to deal with the relationship between the basic urban functions.

53

3.3 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

Circle pakcing strategy in step 3 W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 03 Functional Circles Generation

Incompletely packaged containers

In step 3, you are required to enter the population, urban density and circle radius to operate the circle packing on the site.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Randomly generated center and specified number and radius around the area

Fully packaged container

Collins, C. R. and Stephenson, K. (2003) “A Circle Packing Algorithm,” Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications, 25(3), pp. 233–256. doi: 10.1016/S0925-7721(02)00099-8.

55

3.3 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

How to calculate each functions'area W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

2-4m2 per inhabitat

× population

commercial area

total area approximate 340,000m2 commercial area

Reference: Neufert, P. (n.d.) Architects’ Data.

RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide

STEP 03 Functional Circles Generation

current population in city center around 37,000 in 2019

1-2m2 per inhabitat amenity area

total area approximate 170,000-340,000m2 amenity area

Reference: Neufert, P. (n.d.) Architects’ Data.

RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide

30-40m2 per inhabitat In step 3, you are required to enter the population, urban density and circle radius to operate the circle packing on the site.

× population

Different functional fields scale × population

green spaces area

total area approximate 255,000-420,000m2 green spaces area

Reference: Neufert, P. (n.d.) Architects’ Data.

RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide

projection housing provision 15,000 in next 15 to 20 years 15-37m2 per inhabitat

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 residential area

× population

total area approximate 1,275,000 -3,145,000m2 residential area

Reference: Neufert, P. (n.d.) Architects’ Data.

RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide

Neufert, E. (2019) Architects' data. Fifth edition / edn. Translated by D. Sturge and N. J. Luhman. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

57

CLICK THE BUTTON BELOW TO VIEW THE DYNAMIC GENERATION PROCESS EXAMPLE

3.3 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Applying the calculation to the circle packing W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Function

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Total Area

Typology

Types of Circle

1,230,0003,034,000 m²

STEP 03 Functional Circles Generation

TTS

Residential Area

214 - 870 R= 15m

R= 30m

164,000-328,000 m²

In step 3, you are required to enter the population, urban density and circle radius to operate the circle packing on the site.

8 - 35 R= 30m

Commercial Area

R= 50m

82,000-164,000 m²

8 - 35 R= 30m

Amenity Area

R= 50m

255,000-420,000 m²

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

4 - 46 R= 15m

Green Space Area

More

Amount of circles

R= 60m

Circle Packing

-

Corridor Area

59

Step4 Transport Network Generation In this section, we will talk about how we design our transport network system, including the road and railway systems.

61

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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LOCAL P-34.34-3

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There are two network sytems in step4 W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Road Network Generation

Railway Network Renovation

STEP 04 Transport Network Generation

In road generation, there are five methods for exploration and user can also adjust the road parameters to suit the needs.

Besides, a hub for the city is another choice for user to apply.

In step 4, user can select one method to generate the road network. Then user can also raise their railway system and build the raised garden too.

In the railway generation, user can lift their original railway on the site which can provide more public spaces for the city and protect the species from danger.

What's more, users can build a garden above the railway.

63

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 LOCAL P-34.34-3

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LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Why apply the grid system in road network generation TTS

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Some of world's ten greenest cities have also applied the grid system while planning the road network.

STEP 04 Road Network Generation

Benefits of the grid system

Walkable

Street Grid Network

Hyde Park

Y

Wellbeing Improve

Southside Park

X 0

200m

0

Sydney

In the road generation, there are five methods for exploration and user can also adjust the raod parameters to suit the needs. Besides, a hub for the city is another choice for user to apply.

200m

Navigable

Sacramento

Connectivity improve

Joubert Park

Ma ga zin e 0

Johannesburg

200m

Be ac h

0

Cambridge(US)

200m

Disperse Traffic

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 There are many methods to generate the street network and one of them is using a grid. According to the Reynolds (2017), there are many green cities that have applied the grid systems in the road network. And based on Knight (2017), Steuteville (2019) and Alberit (2005), grid system can not only make the community more walkable and navigable but also improve the connectivity and disperse the traffic, which finally lead to the wellbeing improvement.

Knight,P. (No date) Why the grid is a great asset to our cities. [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] https://www. smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/fallacies-against-grid/34437/ Steuteville, R. (2019) Why choose a grid? [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] https://www.cnu.org/ publicsquare/2019/11/20/why-choose-grid

Alberti, M. (2005) ‘The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function’, International Regional Science Review, 28(2), pp. 168–192. doi: 10.1177/0160017605275160.

Reynolds, M. (2017) This algorithm has found the greenest city in the world. [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] https://www.wired.co.uk/article/green-city-index-mit-media-lab-google-street-view

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3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Why apply the grid system in step 4 W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 04 Road Network Generation

In the road generation, there are five methods for exploration and user can also adjust the raod parameters to suit the needs. Besides, a hub for the city is another choice for user to apply.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

People

5,000

5,000

5,000

5,000

Buildings Density

Low

Average

High

Compact

Density of Grid

Low

Average

High

Compact

Green space area

Limited Protected

Protected

Well Protected

High Protected

A suitable grid density

Protect intact green spaces

Various Scenarios under various density grid Protect local Biodiversity According to Sushinsky and his colleagues (2013), a suitable grid density can protect the intact green spaces to some extent. In other words, a suitable grid network can protect the local biodiversity.

Sushinsky.J, Rhodes.J, Possingham. H, Gill. T and Fuller. R. (2013) How should we grow cities to minimize their biodiversity impacts? [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] https://fullerlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Sushinsky-et-al-2013.pdf

67

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Providing 5 methods to generate road network W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Consideration 1

Street Grid Network

Consideration 2

Y X

STEP 04 Degree of relaxation

Road Network Generation

Method1: Grid

Method2: Curve Grid

Guide Line

Method3: One Guideline

Method4: Two Guideline

Method5: Guideline & Curve Grid

In the road generation, there are five methods for exploration and user can also adjust the raod parameters to suit the needs. Besides, a hub for the city is another choice for user to apply.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Based on the consideration of the degree of relaxation and whether there are guide lines of the grid system, we develop 5 methods to generate the road network.

69

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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User can build a transport hub using wooly paths W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Why to have a transport hub?

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Attract Investment

What is a transport hub under TOD guidance?

TOD Transport Hub

Improve Accessibility

STEP 04

Wellbeing Improve

Road Network Generation

Save Commuting time

Why wooly paths?

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

0m

50

In the road generation, there are five methods for exploration and user can also adjust the raod parameters to suit the needs. Besides, a hub for the city is another choice for user to apply.

Transport Hub Hub Amenity

Residential Green Space

Road Network

Commercial Limit the road length

TOD is called Transit-oriented development, and it means people will need to take around 5-10 minutes (400-800 meters) to reach the residence, commercial area and amenity area after they get off the hub.

Woolly Path

Wikipedia. (No date) Transit-oriented development. [Online] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development Schumacher, P. (2008) A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design. [Online]

Residence Residents

[Accessed March 14th, 2021] https://www.patrikschumacher.com/Texts/Parametricism%20-%20A%20 New%20Global%20Style%20for%20Architecture%20and%20Urban%20Design.html

Woolly Path is a strategy that can ''compute a network solution between given points that optimize the relationship of total network length and the average detour factor imposed.'' (Schumacher. P (2008))

71

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Processes and parameters in road generation W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 04 Road Network Generation

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Context Input

Select Methods

Input the Grid

Transport Hub

Plot & Parcel Generation

Generation Loop

Parameters

Methods

Parameters

Parameters

Parameters

Loop

Irk River

Connecting Road In the road generation, there are five methods for exploration and user can also adjust the road parameters to suit the needs. Besides, a hub for the city is another choice for user to apply.

TTS

Guide Line

Grid

Curve Grid

X

90m

Distance of X

Two Guideline

12m

Hub Location

One Guideline

Road Offset

Option 2

210m

Distance of Y

6m

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Railway

Guideline & Curve Grid

21m

Y 90m

Original Patch

Option 1

210m

Hub Service Radius Angle of grid

60m

Plot Width .......

73

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

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Road network generation graphic and video explaination W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

1

2

CLICK THE BUTTON BELOW TO VIEW THE DYNAMIC GENERATION PROCESS EXAMPLE

STEP 04 Road Network Generation

Input the maintained context and railway, select the main road as guide line and the connecting road In the road generation, there are five methods for exploration and user can also adjust the raod parameters to suit the needs. Besides, a hub for the city is another choice for user to apply.

Select the method 5 (Guideline with curve grid) to generate road grids

3

4 Grasshopper Battery

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Select the transport hub location and form the final grid

Plot and parcel generation

75

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

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Raising the railway system W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Problems

Aims

The Railway Layout in the Northern Gateway

STEP 04

Interrupt the connection between communities

Wellbeing down

Interrupt the connection between species

Biodiversity Down

Improve Accessbility

Provide More Green Spaces

Railway Network Renovation

In the railway renovation, user can lift their origianl railway on the site whic can provide more public spaces for the city and protect the species from danger. What's more. user can build a grenden above the railway.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Community Green area

Connect the Existing Green Patches

Raised green railway

Railway

3.55% Railway Area = 53,397 m2 Total Area = 1,500,000 m2

77

3.4 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

Raising the railway system W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

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TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

01 02 03 04 05 06 07

STEP 04

CLICK THE BUTTON BELOW TO VIEW THE DYNAMIC EXAMPLE GENERATION PROCESS Railway Input

Raising Railway

Generate Raise Garden

Parameters

Parameters

Parameters

Railway Network Renovation

In the railway renovation, user can lift their origianl railway on the site whic can provide more public spaces for the city and protect the species from danger. What's more. user can build a grenden above the railway.

Select the maintained railway line

0m

10m

Railway Height

15m

25m

Grasshopper Battery

Garden Height

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

79

View your unique flat in the mixused building Walk from your house to surrounding green space

Have a walk on the highway parks

Decide the plants of your small garden

81

Step5 Land-use Allocation In step 5, we will then focus on how we allocate landuse on the site according to the previous functional and transport generation.

83

3.5 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 5 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Land-use allocation W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Residential circle's occupying ratio > 60%

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Residential-led Amenity circle's occupying ratio > 60%

STEP 4 ROAD GENERATION OUTCOME

Amenty-led Commercial circle's occupying ratio > 60%

STEP 05 Commercial-led

Land-use Allocation

Green patch or green corridor circle's occupying ratio > 60% Green space-led 0% < Every circle's occupying ratio ≤ 60% In step 5, base on the circles map,road network and the percentage parameters, you will can have a land-use map.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Calculate the sum of the intersection areas by types and then identify the proportion between them.

Mixed-use We set up the rule that different proportion outcome leads to different land use type.

Identify the parts of circles that intersect with the chosen plot.

STEP 3 CIRCLE PACKING OUTCOME

CLICK THE BUTTON TO VIEW THE DYNAMIC EXAMPLE GENERATION PROCESS 85

Step6 Buildings Generation While on step6, we will talk about the way we place various types of mix-used building typologies based on the previous land-use map and some rules.

87

3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Building generation W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 06

CONTROL P-34.34-3

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FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Buildings

Building Generation Land use map

In step 6, you can determine the height of each kind of typology and the building offset.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

The process of building generation is based on the land use type(step 5), and most of the typologies are mixed-use to show the adaptiveness and flexibility.

Plots

Circle mapping

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3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Residential-led typology TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

HIGH-RISE RESIDENTIAL-LED BUILDING High-rise residential-led building allows more terrace spaces for green amenities or animal habitats. It also provides residents with more commercial or amenity functions for convenience.

INPUT PARAMETERS

CONDITION

Building height (metres) 60

80

Building offset (metres) 8

12

Residential circle Circle of other land-use type

Residential circle's occupying ratio > 60%

GENERATIVE RULE

Residential floors

Amenity & commercial floors

Residential circle occupying ratio = x% Building height = y (metres) Storey height = z (metres) Number of residential floors = y*x% / z Number of amenity & commercial floors = y*(1-x%) / z

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3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Residential-led typology TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

MID-RISE RESIDENTIAL-LED BUILDING Green balconies are added to mid-rise residentialled building allowing more spaces for vegetation and habitats.

INPUT PARAMETERS

CONDITION

Building height (metres) 16

36

Building offset (metres) 5

12

Residential circle Circle of other land-use type

Residential circle's occupying ratio > 60%

* It is a part of the generative script.

93

3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Residential-led typology TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOW-RISE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Low-rise residential building enjoys bigger garden spaces which are semi-open to public and also provide more habitats for animals.

INPUT PARAMETERS

CONDITION

Building height (metres) 6

12

Building offset (metres) 2

4

Residential circle Circle of other land-use type

Residential circle's occupying ratio > 60%

* It is a part of the generative script.

95

3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Commercial-led & Amenity-led typolgoy TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

HIGH-RISE COMMERCIAL(AMENITY)-LED BUILDING Similar to high-rise residential-led building, this typology allows more terrace spaces for green amenities or animal habitants.

INPUT PARAMETERS

CONDITION

Building height (metres) 60

90

Building offset (metres) 8

12

Commercial circle

Amenity circle

Circle of other land-use type

Circle of other land-use type

Amenity or Commercial circle's occupying ratio > 60%

GENERATIVE RULE

Amenity or Commercial circle occupying ratio = x% Building height = y (metres) Storey height = z (metres) Number of amenity & commercial floors = y*x% / z Number of residential floors = y*(1-x%) / z

97

3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Commercial-led & Amenity-led typology TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

MID-RISE COMMEICRAL(AMENITY)-LED BUILDING This building typology aims to have open areas for green roofs where people can enjoy outdoor activities.

INPUT PARAMETERS

CONDITION

Building height (metres) 12

40

Building offset (metres) 3

8

Commercial circle

Amenity circle

Circle of other land-use type

Circle of other land-use type

Amenity or Commercial circle's occupying ratio > 60%

* It is a part of the generative script.

99

3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Mixed-use typology TTS

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

HYBRID BUILDING Hybrid building is mix-used to fit world’s changing demands or requirements flexibly. It allows for a green corridor as the circulation system within the building.

INPUT PARAMETERS

CONDITION

Building height (metres) 12

45

Building offset (metres) 4

15 Residential circle

Commercial circle

Amenity circle

Green corridor or green patch circle

0% < Every circle's occupying ratio ≤ 60%

* It is a part of the generative script.

101

3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Mixed-use typology TTS

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

HYBRID BUILDING GENERATIVE RULE

Input building height

STRUCTURES

Generate the frame for plug-in units Insert plug-in units of different functions based on the proportion

Input circle packing's outcome

Caculate the occupying proportion between every type of circle PLUG-IN UNITS

Residential unit A

Amenity unit A

Commercial unit

Residential unit B

Amenity unit B

Green unit 103

3.6 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 6 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Landscape typology TTS

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LANDSCAPETYPOLOGIES TYPOLOGY LANDSCAPE In order to improve the diversity of species and public spaces, 6 subtypes of landscape typology are provided to fit different demands and situation.

GENERATIVE RULE

CONDITION

There are 2 rules to define what subtypes of the landscape typology will be

Court A

Court B

Waterfront

Pocket park

Experimental field

Nature field

?

Green circle Circle of other land-use type

Land use type of the nearest plot

Land use type of the nearest plot

Size of the landscape plot

Green corridor or patch circle's occupying ratio > 60%

Size of the landscape plot

Subtypes

River Reserved patch or green corridor

Waterfront 0<area≤1000

Experimental field

1000<area≤2000

Pocket park

2000<area

Court

Residential Amenity Commercial Hybrid

Natural field

105

View green landscapes from the apartment

Take a look at the experimental field of the urban forest

107

View green landscapes from the apartment

Take a look at the experimental field of the urban forest

Walk along the road to experience the various green landscapes

Sitting at the lakeside viewing area

1.1 UGF

2.1 Patch Size

2.2 Neighbour

2.3 Distance from core area

+20

+6.0

+11.0

+8.0

3.1 X m2 housing per person

3. 2 D i s t a n c e t o patch

3.3 X m2 Green space per person

+6

+4

+5

Step7 Scoring Systems In step 7, we will introduce our scoring system including various evaluation indicators and the process to assess proposals from the previous steps.

60 POINTS

111

3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Framework of the scoring system W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

SCORING SYSTEM

STEP 07 Scoring of Your City

The scoring system i n c l u d e s t h re e m a i n specific parts to value biodiveristy and wellbeing in terms of spatial contexts.

Urban Green Factor (UGF) Given by RIBA

The recommended UGF score is 0.3 to 0.4 for site predoninantly by residential development

Biodiversity Assessment (Habitat Heactare Approach)

patch size

neighbourhood

distance from core area

Wellbeing Assessment

x m2 per person appropriate to building type

accessibility to green spaces

x m2 per person for green spaces

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

113

3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Urban green factor scoring system W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

UGF 1

UGF 0 UGF 0

UGF 0.2

sealed surfaces

water feature

UGF 0.1

UGF 0.3

paving

small roof green

UGF 0.4

UGF 0.7

UGF 0.6

UGF 0.8

UGF 1

STEP 07 Scoring of Your City

A B

amenity grassland

hedges

vegetation blanket

green roof

woodland

green wall

flower planting

vegetation over structure

wetland

UGF 0.5

C

Total UGF score = (UGF A x area A) + (UGF B x area B) + (UGF C x Area C) site area =0.3 to 0.4

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

groundcover planting

The Urban Green Factor (UGF) is a way of determining green infrastructure requirements for new development. It is used within the policies of many municipalities to set requirements that developers must agree to before planning permission for a site is granted.

The area of the site is 1,550,000 m2 and according to RIBA recommended UGF, the UGF in residential development area is 0.3 to 0.4 The Ecology Consultancy. (2017) Greater London Authority Urban Greening Factor for London Research Report. [Online] [Accessed March 15th, 2021] https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/urban_greening_ factor_for_london_final_report.pdf

<25 m

25 m

<25 m

planted trees in cubic less than 25 m

25 m

rain garden

standard planed trees on 25m cubic

grassland selected in project

115

3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Biodiversity scoring system W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Neighbourhood

Patch Size

STEP 07 Scoring of Biodiversity

Distance from core area

1 km

2 ha< but <5 ha Score= 2

5 km

500 m

5 km

3 km

core area 1 km

1 km 500 m

500 m

10 ha< but <20 ha Score= 6

20 ha< but significantly disturbed Score= 8

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 20 ha< but not significantly disturbed Score= 10

Chaozhen, C. (2012) Landscape ecological diversity. [Online] [Accessed March 15th, 2021] https://www.doc88. com/p-657228723362.html

END

< 2 ha Score= 1

5 ha< but <10 ha Score= 4 According to Habitat Hectare Approach, the landscape context, like patch size, neighbour and distance from core area, are selected to quantify the weight of green patchs and assess biodiversity in this area.

generate the visual building layer

evaluation

set rules

radius <= 500m score=10

radius <= 1km and >=500m score=8

radius <= 3km and >=1km score=6

radius <= 5km and >=3km score=4

radius >= 5 km score=2

distance contiguous

score=5

distance< 1 km

score=4

1 km< distance <5km

score=2

distance >5 km

score=0

117

3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Impacts on Wellbeing W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

SOCIAL AND ENVIROENMENT IMPACTS ON MENTAL WELLBEING

Environment

STEP 07

Social

What are imtpacts on Welling?

In the study of Physical and Environement Impacts on Mental Wellbeing, there are five factors influening people' wellbeing. We select three spatial sections that could quantify wellbeing scores.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Guite, H. F., Clark, C. and Ackrill, G. (2006) “The impact of the physical and urban environment on mental well-being.” Public Health, 120(12) pp. 1117–1126.

dissatisfication of noise

dissatisfication with over-crowding in the home

access to green spaces

average floor area per person

accessibility to green space

dissatisfication with social facilities

feel unsafe

average green space per person

119

3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Wellbeing scoring system W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

set rules

Housing

evaluation

generate the visual building layer

END

Accessibility

Green spaces area

STEP 07 Scoring of Wellbeing

Based on guidance in urban planning, it is clains that welleing is related to average floor area per person, accessibility to greens and the green space per person.

10-20 m2 per person

20-30 m2 per person

Score 2

Score 4

30-40m2 per person

40-50m2 per person

Score 6

Score 8

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 40-50m2 per person

50-60m2 per person

Score 10

Score 10

the average minimum distance access to green space for every household > 400 m

the average minimum distance access to green space for every household >300m and <= 400 m

Score 2

Score 4

the average minimum distance access to green space for every household >100m and <=300 m

Score 6

Rodgers, M. (2015) Downsizing: How to Optimize your Living Space. [Online] [Accessed April 15th, 2021] https://www.mentorworks.ca/blog/business-strategy/01-downsizing-tooptimize-living-space/

NationMaster.(2008) Counties Compared. [Online] [Accessed April 15th, 2021] https://www.nationmaster. com/country-info/stats/Geography/Area/Land/Per-capita

the average distance access to green space for every household < = 100 m

Score 10

<=9 m2 green

space per person Score 4

9 m2 < and <=15 m2 green space per person

15m2 < and <=30 m2 green space per person

30 m2 < and <=40 m2 green space per person

Score 8

Score 10

Score 6

121

3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Calculation systems logic W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

UGF( urban green factor)

Patch size

Neighbour

START

START

START

STEP 07 Biodiversity Calculation Logic Different surface coverage area( A ) individually

Input data

Different surface coverage UGF score (B)

Green spaces coverage area( G )

Input data

Math Math calculation calculation11 G/Gn

How to calcuculate biodiversity scores step by step on computational tool.

Math calculation 1 Math calculation 2 AXB Math calculation 2

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

Green spaces number ( Gn )

(A X B)/ site area UGF score

if G/Gn < 2ha, score = 1 ......

Patch size size score score Patch

Parch size standard scores (Gs)

Green spaces Input data

Find the central points of green spaces and cloest points

Distance standard scores (Ds)

Calculate Calculatedistance distance between betweenpoints(D) points (D)

Distance from core area START Green spaces and maintained patches

Input data

Find the central points in maintained patches( Pm) and green spaces central points( Pg) Radius standard scores (Rs)

Calculate radius (R) from Pm to Pg

if D > 400m, score = 2 ......

if R > 5km, score = 0 ......

Neighbour Neighbour score score

Distance from core Distance from core area score score

123

3.7 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 7 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Calculation systems logic W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

X m2 housing per person

Accessibility to green spaces

X m2 green spaces per person

START

START

START

Wellbeing Calculation Logic

Housing locations(Lh)

Input data Projection population (P=85,000)

Math calculation 1

Projection population (P = 85,000)

Green spaces locations ( Lg )

Housing total area (Ht)

STEP 07

Input data

Calculate distance between Lh and Lg(Dgh)

Input data Green spaces coverage area ( G1 )

Math calculation1

Ht/P How to calcuculate wellbeing scores step by step on computational tool.

Math calculation 2 Housing area standard scores (Hs)

2

2

if 20m < H < 30 m , score = 4 ......

Math calculation 2 Distance standard scores (Ds1)

if Dgh > 400m, score = 2 ......

Math calculation 2 Green space area per person standard scores (Gs)

if Gp >= 9m2, score = 4 ......

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Housing area per person score

Accessibility score

Green space area per person

125

Proposal 1

Proposal 2

Proposal 4

Proposal 3

Proposal 5

1,2,3 ...N

COMPARISON FILTER

Step8 Comparing Your Cities In the final step, we will show how we filter various proposals in the tool.

127

3.8 TOOL MECHANISM IN STEP 8 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Comparing the results W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Various Proposals

In the final step, you can compare all of your planning city and see which one will meet your requirements.

63

72

63

Compare Indicators

STEP 08 Compare Your Cities

78

1.1 UGF

Residential Area

Floor Area Ratio

2.1 Patch Size

Commerical Area

Lot Coverage

2.2 Neighbour

Amenity Area

Vertical sky component

2.3 Distance from core area

Mix-used Area

3.1 X m2 housing space per person 3.2 Distance to patch

Final Selection

64

61

45

53

78

Green Area Road Area

3.3 X m2 Green space per person 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08

......

129

0.3B

N-3.4

4 TOOL INTERFACE SHOWCASE THE INTERFACE WE DESIGN FOR THE TOOL

0.3B

N-3.4

133

4.1 LOGIN TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

135

4.2 STEP 01- INPUT SITE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 01 Input Site & Select Maintain Elements

In step 1, you can upload the site from the internet.

Then you can draw the elements that you want to remain on the site.

137

4.2 STEP 02- SCENARIO SELECTION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 02 Scenario Selection

1

2

3

4

H e re , y o u c a n s e l e c t one of the four prefab scenarios to explore your city.

139

4.3 STEP 03- CIRCLES GENERATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 03 Functional Circles Generation

In step 3, you are required to enter the population, urban density and circle radius to operate the circle packing on the site.

141

4.4 STEP 04- ROAD NETWORK GENERATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 04 Transport Network Generation

In step 4, you can select one method to generate your road network. Then you can also raise your railway system and build your raised garden too.

143

4.4 STEP 04- RAILWAY RENOVATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 04 Transport Network Generation

In step 4, you can select one method to generate your road network. Then you can also raise your railway system and build your raised garden too.

145

4.5 STEP 05- LAND-USE ALLOCATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 05 Land-use Allocation

In step 5, base on the circles map,road network and the percentage parameters, you will can have a land-use map.

147

4.6 STEP 06- BUILDING GENERATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 06 Building Generation

In step 6, you can determine the height of each kind of typology and the building offset.

149

4.7 STEP 07- SCORING YOUR CITY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 07 Scoring of Your City

I n s t e p 7, y o u w i l l receieve a score base on our evaluation systems and the analysed data for each indicator

151

4.7 STEP 07- SCORING YOUR CITY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 07 Scoring of Your City

I n s t e p 7, y o u w i l l receieve a score base on our evaluation systems and the analysed data for each indicator

153

4.8 STEP 08- COMPARE YOUR CITIES TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

STEP 08 Compare Your Cities

In the final step, you can compare all of your planning city and see which one will meet your requirements.

155

4.9 INTERFACE VIDEO TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

PLEASE CLICK THE BUTTON BELOW TO VIEW THE TUTORIAL OF OUR TOOL

157

0.3B

5 ANALYSE THE RESULTS 0.3B

N-3.4

COMPARE THE PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPLE OPTIONS

N-3.4

5.1 SELECTING PROCESS LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Overview of how to select a suitable proposal for the site TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Scenario 1 Functional Circles Generation

2.2 Neighbour

2.1 Patch Size

1.1 UGF Transport Network Generation

Mixed-Function

2.3 Distance from core area

Scoring of Your City 1-2

Scenario 2

1-3

1-5

Compare and Select

Input Site & Select Maintain Elements Green-Led

1,2,3...

Scenario 3

Va r i o u s P a r a m e t e r s Setting

Green-Protected Scenario 4

Resident-Led

Land-use Allocation

2-1

2-5

3-2

3-5

4-1

4-5

2-1

......

Building Generation 3.1 X m2 housing space per person

3.2 Distance to patch

3.3 X m2 Green space per person

161

5.2 SCENARIO 1 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Generation process W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Circles Generation Population 170,000

20

SCENARIO 1 Mixed-Function

50

2

4

Commercial Residential Density Density (m2 per inhabitat)

1

2

Amenity Density (m2 per inhabitat)

30

40

Green Space Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Road Type

Residential Area Amenity

Commercial Area

Corridor

Guide line with curve grid 90

210

Corridor Ecological Patch

Attraction

Residential Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Ecological Patch

Repulsion

Plot Width (m)

Block Width (m)

Road Offset (m)

30

12

Hub Radius (m)

Railway Raised Height (m)

450

18

Road Network Generation

Radius (m) 30

Residential Circle Radius (m)

Radius (m) 50

Commercial Circle Radius (m)

Outcomes

Radius (m) 50

Amenity Circle Radius (m)

1-5

Radius (m) 60

Green Space Circle Radius (m)

Radius (m)

Green Corridor Circle Radius (m)

15

Residential-led Land-use (%) 20.16%

9 21 30 6 18 24 45 60

80

Residential Mixused height

Commercial-led Land-use (%) 4.90%

15 24 45 6 20 40

90

Commercial Mixused height

6 15 30 45

60

Amenity Mix-used height

90

Flexible Mix-used height

Amenity-led Landuse (%) 5.27% Mix Land-use (%) 12.73%

Land Allocation

6 12

15

45 30 40

Building Generation 163

5.2 SCENARIO 1 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option1-1

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.93 Lot coverage(LC): 0.43 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.88% Residential area(RA): 1,405,900 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,232,700m2

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Better Option

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option1-3

Option1-2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option1-4

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.01 Lot coverage(LC): 0.43 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.91% Residential area(RA): 1,400,000 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,287,300m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.10 Lot coverage(LC): 0.37 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.53% Residential area(RA): 1,423,700 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,325,800m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.79 Lot coverage(LC): 0.38 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.84% Residential area(RA): 1,404,400 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,295,200m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option1-6

Option1-5

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.11 Lot coverage(LC): 0.43 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.93% Residential area(RA): 1,400,000 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,307,400m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.78 Lot coverage(LC): 0.42 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.65% Residential area(RA): 1,385,400 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,145,200m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

165

5.2 SCENARIO 1 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option1-7

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.77 Lot coverage(LC): 0.44 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.65% Residential area(RA): 1,385,400 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,145,200m2

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option1-9

Option1-8

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option1-10

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.84 Lot coverage(LC): 0.40 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.15% Residential area(RA): 1,385,000 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,193,200m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.77 Lot coverage(LC):0.44 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.44% Residential area(RA): 1,385,000 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,145,200m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.62 Lot coverage(LC): 0.34 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.09% Residential area(RA): 1,235,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,193,200m2

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option1-12

Option1-11

FAR

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.74 Lot coverage(LC): 0.43 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.38% Residential area(RA): 1,385,000 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,124,700m2

FAR LC

VSC

OBA

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.63 Lot coverage(LC): 0.32 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.65% Residential area(RA): 1,235,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,199,900m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

167

5.2 OPTIMISED OUTCOME FOR SCENARIO 1 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes comparison W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

4.45 0 wetland

amenity grass

woodland

green roof

4 6 Standard domain

10

housing X m2 housing per person score

structure green

0.40 UGF score 0

2.72

1

0.3 0.4 Standard domain

0

4 6 Standard domain

10

accessibility Accessibility score

4.21 patch size

0

Patch size score

10

4 6 Standard domain

4.79 0

4 6 Standard domain

10

7.44 neighbour Neighbour score

10 6 8 Standard domain

0

3.87 core area Distance from core area score

5 0 2 4 Standard domain

Floor Area Ratio: 3.90 Lot Coverage: 0.41 Vertical Sky Component: 37.80% Residential Area: 1,404,400 m2 Amenity Area: 268,401 m2 Commercial Area: 172,868 m2 Mix-use Area: 773,379 m2 Green Area: 501,713 m2 Road Area:366,396 m2

green space X m2 green space per person

Total score 67.48 text

better data

text

normal data 169

5.3 SCENARIO 2 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Generation process W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Circles Generation Population 170,000

20

SCENARIO 2 Green-Led City

Commercial Area

Residential Density (m2 per inhabitat)

50

2

4

Commercial Residential Density Density (m2 per inhabitat)

1

2

Amenity Density (m2 per inhabitat)

30

40

Green Space Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Amenity

Road Type Guide line with curve grid

Residential Area

90

210

Block Width (m)

Corridor Corridor Ecological Patch Attraction

Ecological Patch Repulsion

Plot Width (m) 30 Hub Radius (m) 450

Road Offset (m) 12 Railway Raised Height (m) 18

Road Network Generation

Radius (m) 30

Residential Circle Radius (m)

Radius (m) 50

Commercial Circle Radius (m)

Outcomes

Radius (m) 50

Amenity Circle Radius (m)

2-1

Radius (m) 60

Green Space Circle Radius (m)

Radius (m)

Green Corridor Circle Radius (m)

15

Residential-led Land-use (%) 22.38%

9 21 30 6 18 24 45 60

80

Residential Mixused height

Commercial-led Land-use (%) 4.83%

15 24 45 6 20 40

90

Commercial Mixused height

6 15 30 45

60

Amenity Mix-used height

90

Flexible Mix-used height

Amenity-led Landuse (%) 4.67% Mix Land-use (%) 11.77%

Land Allocation

6 12

45 15 30 40

Building Generation 171

5.3 SCENARIO 2 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option2-1

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Better Option

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option2-3

Option2-2

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.76 Lot coverage(LC): 0.39 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.84% Residential area(RA): 1,407,600 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,309,600m2

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option2-4

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.77 Lot coverage(LC): 0.36 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.29% Residential area(RA): 1,317,400 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,229,800m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.97 Lot coverage(LC): 0.34 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 36.95% Residential area(RA): 1,476,500 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,224,200m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

OBA

LC

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.96 Lot coverage(LC): 0.38 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.49% Residential area(RA): 1,323,500 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,368,400m2

FAR LC

OBA

RA

VSC

Option2-6

Option2-5

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.68 Lot coverage(LC): 0.35 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.53% Residential area(RA): 1,323,500 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,182,400m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.85 Lot coverage(LC): 0.35 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.61% Residential area(RA): 1,297,100 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,320,500m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

173

5.3 SCENARIO 2 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option2-7

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.93 Lot coverage(LC): 0.43 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.99% Residential area(RA): 1,322,400 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,354,800m2

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option2-9

Option2-8

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option2-10

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.13 Lot coverage(LC): 0.38 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.17% Residential area(RA): 1,403,600 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,366,000m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.05 Lot coverage(LC):0.41 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.38% Residential area(RA): 1,405,700 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,349,800m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.08 Lot coverage(LC): 0.40 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 36.77% Residential area(RA): 1,502,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,307,800m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option2-12

Option2-11

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.94 Lot coverage(LC): 0.39 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.76% Residential area(RA): 1,333,600 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,347,200m2

FAR LC

VSC

OBA

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.08 Lot coverage(LC): 0.38 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.08% Residential area(RA): 1,401,500 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,371,900m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

175

5.3 OPTIMISED OUTCOME FOR SCENARIO 2 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

TestingBetter outcomes option comparison 2-1 W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

4.52 0 wetland

amenity grass

woodland

green roof

4 6 Standard domain

10

housing X m2 housing per person score

structure green

0.44 UGF score 0

3.25

1

0.3 0.4 Standard domain

0

4 6 Standard domain

10

accessibility Accessibility score

4.21 patch size

0

Patch size score

10

4 6 Standard domain

4.56 0

4 6 Standard domain

10

7.42 neighbour Neighbour score

10 6 8 Standard domain

0

3.91 core area Distance from core area score

5 0 2 4 Standard domain

Floor Area Ratio: 3.8 Lot Coverage: 0.39 Vertical Sky Component: 38.14% Residential Area: 1,470,600 m2 Amenity Area: 275,177 m2 Commercial Area: 217,266 m2 Mix-use Area: 871,132 m2 Green Area: 447,454 m2 Road Area:366,396 m2

green space X m2 green space per person

Total score 71.87 text

better data

text

normal data 177

5.4 SCENARIO 3 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Generation process W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Circles Generation Radius (m) 30

Residential Circle Radius (m)

Radius (m) 50

Commercial Circle Radius (m)

Outcomes

Commercial Residential Density Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Radius (m) 50

Amenity Circle Radius (m)

3-5

Radius (m) 60

333-5 Green Space Circle Radius (m)

Population 170,000 20

SCENARIO 3 Highly Green Protected City

50

2

4

1

2

Amenity Density (m2 per inhabitat)

30

40

Green Space Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Commercial Area

Road Type

Residential Area Amenity

Guide line with curve grid 90

Corridor Ecological Patch

210

Block Width (m)

Corridor Ecological Patch

Attraction

Residential Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Repulsion

Plot Width (m)

Road Offset (m)

30

12

Hub Radius (m)

Railway Raised Height (m)

450

18

Road Network Generation

Radius (m) 15

Green Corridor Circle Radius (m)

Residential-led Land-use (%) 20.75%

9 21 30 6 18 24 45 60

80

Residential Mixused height

Commercial-led Land-use (%) 4.61%

15 24 45 6 20 40

90

Commercial Mixused height

6 15 30 45

60

Amenity Mix-used height

45 15 6 12 30 40

90

Flexible Mix-used height

Amenity-led Landuse (%) 5.09% Mix Land-use (%) 12.00%

Land Allocation

Building Generation 179

5.4 SCENARIO 3 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option3-1

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Better Option

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option3-3

Option3-2

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.94 Lot coverage(LC): 0.42 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.94% Residential area(RA): 1,304,600 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,300,100m2

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option3-4

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.78 Lot coverage(LC): 0.36 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.93% Residential area(RA): 1,106,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,391,700m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.80 Lot coverage(LC): 0.36 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.21% Residential area(RA): 1,152,700 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,361,400m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

OBA

LC

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.77 Lot coverage(LC): 0.35 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.35% Residential area(RA): 1,254,800 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,339,200m2

FAR LC

OBA

RA

VSC

Option3-6

Option3-5

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.80 Lot coverage(LC): 0.37 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.15% Residential area(RA): 1,465,500 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,361,400m2

FAR LC

VSC

OBA

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 2.84 Lot coverage(LC): 0.29 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 39.51% Residential area(RA): 764,332m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,115,300m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

181

5.4 SCENARIO 3 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option3-7

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.10 Lot coverage(LC): 0.31 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 39.21% Residential area(RA): 1,234,700 m2 Other building area(OBA): 818,287m2

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option3-9

Option3-8

FAR OBA

LC

RA

VSC

Option3-10

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.53 Lot coverage(LC): 0.29 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.34% Residential area(RA): 1,415,600 m2 Other building area(OBA): 920,185m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.29 Lot coverage(LC):0.31 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 39.02% Residential area(RA): 1,263,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 913,977m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

LC

VSC

OBA

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.84 Lot coverage(LC): 0.29 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 36.98% Residential area(RA): 1,421,700 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,115,200m2

FAR OBA

LC

VSC

RA

Option3-12

Option3-11

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.30 Lot coverage(LC): 0.30 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.94% Residential area(RA): 1,263,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 859,903m2

FAR LC

VSC

OBA

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.55 Lot coverage(LC): 0.34 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.68% Residential area(RA): 1,123,100 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,227,700m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

183

5.4 OPTIMISED OUTCOME FOR SCENARIO 3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes comparison W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

4.52 0 wetland

amenity grass

woodland

green roof

4 6 Standard domain

10

housing X m2 housing per person score

structure green

0.39 UGF score 0

3.15

1

0.3 0.4 Standard domain

0

4 6 Standard domain

10

accessibility Accessibility score

4.21 patch size

0

Patch size score

4 6 Standard domain

10 4.73 0

4 6 Standard domain

10

7.39 neighbour Neighbour score

10 6 8 Standard domain

0

4.00 core area Distance from core area score

5 0 2 4 Standard domain

Floor Area Ratio: 3.87 Lot Coverage: 0.35 Vertical Sky Component: 37.50% Residential Area: 1,154,800 m2 Amenity Area: 271,360 m2 Commercial Area: 233,243 m2 Mix-use Area: 834,567 m2 Green Area: 511,107 m2 Road Area:366,364 m2

green space X m2 green space per person

Total score 66.22 text

better data

text

normal data 185

5.5 SCENARIO 4 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Generation process W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Circles Generation Population 170,000

20

SCENARIO 4 Residential-led City

50

2

4

Commercial Residential Density Density (m2 per inhabitat)

1

2

Amenity Density (m2 per inhabitat)

30

40

Green Space Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Commercial Area Residential Area

Road Type Guide line with curve grid

Corridor

90

210

Corridor Ecological Patch

Residential Density (m2 per inhabitat)

Block Width (m)

Ecological Patch

Residential Area Attraction

Amenity Repulsion

Plot Width (m)

Road Offset (m)

30

12

Hub Radius (m)

Railway Raised Height (m)

450

18

Road Network Generation

Radius (m) 30

Residential Circle Radius (m)

Radius (m) 50

Commercial Circle Radius (m)

Outcomes

Radius (m) 50

Amenity Circle Radius (m)

4-1

Radius (m) 60

Green Space Circle Radius (m)

Radius (m)

Green Corridor Circle Radius (m)

15

Residential-led Land-use (%) 21.55%

9 21 30 6 18 24 45 60

80

Residential Mixused height

Commercial-led Land-use (%) 4.09%

15 24 45 6 20 40

90

Commercial Mixused height

6 15 30 45

60

Amenity Mix-used height

45 15 6 12 30 40

90

Flexible Mix-used height

Amenity-led Landuse (%) 5.03% Mix Land-use (%) 15.06%

Land Allocation

Building Generation 187

5.5 SCENARIO 4 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option4-1

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.78 Lot coverage(LC): 0.35 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.34% Residential area(RA): 1,218,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,345,500m2

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Better Option

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option4-3

Option4-2

FAR OBA

LC

RA

VSC

Option4-4

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.39 Lot coverage(LC): 0.38 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 39.07% Residential area(RA): 1,107,500 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,179,700m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.21 Lot coverage(LC): 0.44 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.44% Residential area(RA): 1,458,300 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,381,200m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

OBA

LC

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.64 Lot coverage(LC): 0.31 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.16% Residential area(RA): 1,115,100 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,151,800m2

FAR LC

OBA

RA

VSC

Option4-6

Option4-5

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.70 Lot coverage(LC): 0.41 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.74% Residential area(RA): 1,106,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,381,200m2

FAR LC

VSC

OBA

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.82 Lot coverage(LC): 0.35 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.89% Residential area(RA): 1,295,100m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,284,400m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

189

5.5 SCENARIO 4 TESTING TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Testing outcomes W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option4-7

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.99 Lot coverage(LC): 0.39 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.12% Residential area(RA): 1,347,100 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,342,200m2

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Option4-9

Option4-8

FAR LC

OBA

RA

VSC

Option4-10

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.70 Lot coverage(LC): 0.42 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.74% Residential area(RA): 1,205,100 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,287,500m2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 4.01 Lot coverage(LC):0.44 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.39% Residential area(RA): 1,353,200 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,342,200m2

FAR LC

OBA

VSC

RA

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.87 Lot coverage(LC): 0.44 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 37.75% Residential area(RA): 1,226,800 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,381,700m2

LC

OBA

VSC

RA

Option4-12

Option4-11

FAR

FAR

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.88 Lot coverage(LC): 0.43 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 36.99% Residential area(RA): 1,329,600 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,287,500m2

FAR LC

VSC

OBA

RA

Floor Area Ratio(FAR): 3.22 Lot coverage(LC): 0.30 Vertical Sky Component(VSC): 38.44% Residential area(RA): 1,045,500 m2 Other building area(OBA): 1,124,300m2

FAR LC

VSC

OBA

RA

191

5.5 OPTIMISED OUTCOME FOR SCENARIO 4 LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Testing outcomes comparison TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

4.26 0 wetland

amenity grass

woodland

green roof

4 6 Standard domain

10

housing X m2 housing per person score

structure green

0.40 UGF score 0

2.91

1

0.3 0.4 Standard domain

0

4 6 Standard domain

10

accessibility Accessibility score

4.21 patch size

0

Patch size score

4 6 Standard domain

10 4.62 0

4 6 Standard domain

10

7.35 neighbour Neighbour score

10 6 8 Standard domain

0

3.82 core area Distance from core area score

5 0 2 4 Standard domain

Floor Area Ratio: 3.80 Lot Coverage: 0.35 Vertical Sky Component: 37.34% Residential Area: 1,218,200 m2 Amenity Area: 331,061 m2 Commercial Area: 129,907 m2 Mix-use Area: 884,497 m2 Green Area: 498,825 m2 Road Area:366,364 m2

green space X m2 green space per person

Total score 67.17 text

better data

text

normal data 193

5.6 OPTIMISED OUTCOMES COMPARE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Final selection W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

optimised option

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

0.4

UGF (weight 45%) Patch size (weight 10%)

Distance from core area (5%) X m2 housing per person (10%)

3.87 4.45

Accessibility (weight 10%) 2.72

2

X m green per person(10%) Floor Area Ratio Lot Coverage Vertical Sky Component

4.79 3 3.90

0.3 37%

37.8%

71.87

0.42

4

biodiversity data

wellbeing data

3

0.45

0.3

39%

37%

standard score 80 60

67.17

66.22

0.44

4.21 7.44

Neighbour (weight 10%)

normal test data

text

FIX

67.48

Total score

standard domain

text

0.39

4.21

4.21

4.21

7.42

7.39

7.35

3.91

3.74

3.52

4.00

3.25

3.15

4.56 3.80 0.39 38.14%

4 0.45

0.3

39%

37%

3.82 4.26

6.0 4.0

4.62 3.87

37.34%

6.0 4.0

2.91

4.73

3

0.4 0.3 6.0 4.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 6.0 4.0

0.4

0.35

4 0.45 39%

3 0.3 37%

4 3.80 0.35 37.50%

0.45 39%

Better options in different Scenarios

Scenario 1-5

Scenario 2-1

Scenario 3-5

Scenario 4-1 195

5.6 OPTIMISED OUTCOME ANALYSIS LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

Detailed Biodiversity data TTS

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Individual test score andtest weights Individual score and weights UGF: 0.44 (weight 45%) Patch0.44 size:(weight 4.21 (weight UGF: 45%) 10%)(weight 10%) Patch size: 4.21 Neighbour: Neighbour: 7.42 7.42 (weight (weight 10%) 10%) Distance from from core core area: area: Distance 3.91 3.91 (weight (weight 5%) 5%)

Total Total Score Score 71.87 71.87

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

UGF

Patch size

Neighbour

Distance from core area

Urban Green Factor given by RIBA and recommended UGF score for residentialoriented development area is 0.3 to 0.4.

It is calculated based on different coverage types.

We calculate patch size score according to its average dimension and the total patch area is 447,454 m2.

We calculate patch neighbour score according to the average distance between two patches, the neighbour score in this project is 7.42

We calculate patch neighbour score according to the average distance between two patches, the neighbour score in this project is 7.42

woodland area: 476,125 m2 amenity grass area: 5,047 m2

wetland area: 761,54 m2

patch number 426

green roof area: 173,334 m2

700m 800m

test average neighbour distance: 769.86m

5km 3km preserved area

650m

700m

50m 20m

experiment fields area: 118,555 m2

patch average area:1.05ha

standard neighbour distance: 3km to 5km

5000m

3000m

standard neighbour distance: 1km to 5km

average neighbour distance: 672.27m

197

5.6 OPTIMISED OUTCOME ANALYSIS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Detailed wellbeing data W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

X m2 housing per person average floor area per person: 25.16m2

Individual test score and weights X m housing per person: 4.52

Total score: 71.87

average distance to green patch: 976 m

X m2 green space per person average green space per person: 10.94 m2

7m

2

(weight 10%) Accessibility: 3.25 (weight 10%) X m2 housing per person: 4.56 (weight 10%)

Accessibility to green space

children/old 10

m

976

7m

a five-people family

As the study in Social and Physical Environment impacts on mental wellbeing said, the crowded housing has adverse impacts on human.

adults

m

30

0m

800 m

As the study in Social and Physical Environment impacts on mental wellbeing said, the accessibility to green space also has adverse impacts on human.

But the ideal distance to green patch is 400m or 800m for old person and adults respectively.

According to guidance on the RIBA plan, the average green space per person is 9 m2, and the bigger the green place is, the possibility to lead a happy life is bigger.

199

6 COMMUNI CATING OPTIMISED PROPOSAL 0.3B

0.3B

N-3.4

N-3.4

ANALYSE AND SHOWCASE THE FINAL OUTCOME FOR THE PROJECT

6.1 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- MASTER PLAN TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Showcasing the connection with the context W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Smedley Rd

Monsall St

Queen Rd

Lord St Osborne St

Livesey St Old Mount St Sherratt St Rochdale Rd

Final Option Readouts Residential Area (m2)

1,470,600

Commercial Area (m2)

217,261

Amenity Area (m2)

255,177

Mix-used Area (m2)

871,132

Green Space Area (m2)

447,454

Road Area (m2)

366,396

Oldham Rd

203

6.2 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- MASTER PLAN ANALYSIS FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Community and Green Area Analysis W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FUNCTION ANALYSIS

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

GREEN SPACE ANALYSIS

Community m

CONTROL P-34.34-3

25 0

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Community

250m

TTS

25

0m

Community m

250

Community

Residential Mix-used Commercial Mix-used Amenity Mix-used

Community 25

0m

Flexible Mix-used

205

6.3 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- VISUALISATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Showcasing the whole spatial outcomes of the proposal W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

207

6.3 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- VISUALISATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Showcasing the building typology W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Mix-used building Typology

Low-rise Residential Typology

Mid-rise Residential Typology

High-rise Residential Typology

Low-rise Amenity Typology

High-rise Commercial Typology

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

209

6.3 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- VISUALISATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Showcasing the green space W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

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Outdoor Experimental Field

Nature Field

Lake

Waterfront

Highway Garden

Forest

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Choose the time period of day you view

Daytime

Sunset

Evening

View green landscapes from the apartment

Take a look at the experimental field of the urban forest

Have a walk on the highway parks

View your unique flat in the mixused building

View green landscapes from the apartment

Decide the plants of your small garden

Walk inside the various green landscapes

Sitting at the lakeside viewing area

View the lakeside scene from the highway garden

Sitting at the lakeside viewing area

Have a walk in the lakeside park

View green landscapes from the apartment

Walk inside the various green landscapes Take a look at the experimental field of the urban forest

Walk along the road to experience the various green landscapes

6.3 OPTIMISED PROPOSAL- VISUALISATION TTS

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PLEASE CLICK THE BUTTON BELOW TO VIEW OUR FINAL PROPOSAL FOR THE NORTHERN GATEWAY PROJECT

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CONCLUSION In conclusion, this tool and all the theories and strategies aimed to find a suitable way to create a well-connected urban green space network to solve the landscape fragmentation challenges that could influence the residential's wellbeing and local biodiversity. Based generation and evaluation of the four scenarios in our designed tool, it can be concluded that the green-led scenario setting is the most suitable solution for our challenge. On the one hand, it has the highest score of the Urban Green Factor, which means the green infrastructure meets the requirement of the fast growing development of the area and brings enough green space for the resident's wellbeing improvement. On the other hand, it achieves the highest score of the wellbeing and biodiversity evaluation systems which means it can improve the resident's wellbeing while maintaining local biodiversity.

However, there are also some limitations. As the testing on our tool only focuses on some limited variables such as circles' attraction and repulsion, road parameters, and building heights, many variable factors can also influence the urban form and planning. And the green network did not reach every residential block on the master plan as we want. Besides, the evaluation systems should consider the resident thinking by applying a questionnaire survey method to test whether the outcome is suitable for the local situation or not.

Thus, based on all the outcomes and discussions above, here are some suggestions that can help urban designers and planners to achieve a well-connected green network in the future: Applying the setting in a green-led scenario can lead to a green connected network, but we should consider more variables in the urban planning apart from that.

It is a good idea to apply UGF (Urban Green Factor) system to evaluate whether your green infrastructure is suitable for the new development.

A generative tool can help test whether the outcomes meet all kinds of urban planning indicators to improve working efficiency, but it can not truly measure the resident's thinking. Thus, combing the tool and some on-site survey methods might be a better solution for future urban planning.

Finally, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all the instructors of the CPU & Ai atelier, thank you for your guidance and education, and thank all the guests and seniors for their help and suggestions. This makes us better complete this stage of learn.

PERSONAL STATEMENT In this academic year's study, using Manchester's North Gateway as a carrier, we thought and learned about urban design from the perspective of the future city. In the previous architectural studies, most of us carried out architectural design based on our own concepts, but in this academic year, I learned to research and analyse existing theories and transform them into our own urban design Techniques to achieve our goals. This kind of theory may not only be limited to the field of urban design or architectural design, multi-dimensional and multi-field thinking has also broadened our knowledge. In the process of transforming the theory into our own city generation and evaluation tool, I have also completed the study of many architecture-related software. We have learned to use a variety of generative software and logic to complete our design goals. These are things that we could not Menghan Chen accomplish before this year's study. I am also very grateful to the instructors and faculty who have helped us. We also better understand what kind of help that parametric design can bring to architects, not only to improve, but also to help us obtain more possibilities to evaluate the best solution for our design goals. I believe that this concept will have a great impact and benefit on our future careers. In the study of studio3, I also improved my ability to display the projects, and displayed the design results in a variety of ways, which benefited me a lot.

Junjie Su

In the studio work, I learned that how to find problems, how to tackle them and how to evaluate the result whether it could solve the problems. This is architecture logic and this could help me think the design process in every project. Besides, I also know what’s the ABM, circle parking, ecological corridor and etc. Finally, learning how to work with my team members in the whole process is the most important thing that I have got.

Jiao Xie

Siyu Xie

As for me, this year is full of mindset training and software improvement. First of all, the method we apply in the whole year studio is completely different from what l have learned in my bachelor's degree in China. We are encouraged to use computational thinking and methods to design and build a tool to plan an urban area in a parameterized way. During the whole process, l have learned a lot about various urban planning theories such as complex adaptive systems and patch dynamic and urban planning strategies. One of the essential things and training is applying and transforming the theories and strategies into the design tool to help solve the site's challenges. Although this period was challenging and rack my brains, it did help me to set up a new urban planning mindset and workflow, which is helpful for personal development. Besides, l also learned a lot about the design software, such as many plugins in grasshopper, which can help improve the design efficiency and Unity, improving the interaction between user and designer. All in all, this year has changed me a lot.

Experience in studio CPU & Ai gives me a totally different architectural training compared with what I have got before. It teaches me how to develop structured thinking in design process i.e. I need to rationally measure all the decisions I make in the design process. What are the reasons? What are the pros and cons? What is the connection between the different elements?What is the logical framework and hierarchy of the design? It makes me realize that design is not just about pure aesthetics.

In studio 3, I have also learned how complex an urban design can be. The challenges of urban development come from many aspects, and there are many elements to consider in each aspect. Therefore, I need to read a lot of theories and researches to build my own knowledge system and put forward my own design ideas. This process was very difficult but nevertheless, it still benefited me a lot.

At the same time, computational design software skills and computational thinking are also developed, which assist my design projects.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Image List Northern Gateway Manchester. (2019) Strategic Regeneration Framework [Online image] [Accessed April 9th, 2021] http:// northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/NG-SRF.pdf Doran, m. (No date) Image of the Matthew Doran. [Online image] [Accessed March 8th, 2021] https://twitter.com/iammattdoran Far East Consortium. (No date) The team. [Online image] [Accessed March 8th, 2021] https://fecil.uk/about-us/the-team/ 230