MArch_Y6_ST2 by Menghan Chen

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CPU[AI] STUDIO 2 PORTFOLIO NORTHERN GATEWAY DEVELOPMENT

Group Member Jiao Xie Junjie Su Siyu Xie Menghan Chen

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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction on CPU[AI] ST2 BRIEF 1.2 Northern Gateway SRF 1.3 Challenge Selection 1.4 Our Focus 1.5 Design Goals 1.6 Design Scale 1.7 Overview with ST1 1.8 Connection with ST1 1.9 Design Workflow 1.10 Chapter Summary

2 GOALS & SITE ANALYSIS 2.1 Research Overview 2.2 Overview with Northern Gateway 2.3 Land Use Problem 2.4 Green Space Problem 2.5 Urban Heat Island 2.6 Urban Heat Island Impact 2.7 Global Goals 2.8 Manchester City Council Goals 2.9 Design Wellbeing Goals 2.10 Design Green Network Goals 2.11 Chapter Summary

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CONTENT

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THESIS STATEMENT

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3 THEORY APPROACH

6 PARAMETER & INDICATORS

3.1 Loop of the Urban System 3.2 Complex Adaptive System (CAS) 3.3 Theory approach of CAS 3.4 Patch Dynamic Theory 3.5 How Patch Influence Urban System 3.6 How Patch Influence NG 3.7 Chapter Summary

6.1 Residential Building Typology 6.2 Commercial Building Typology 6.3 Indicators on Land Use 6.4 Chapter Summary

4 DESIGN STRATEGY

7.1 Computational Workflow

7.4 Typology 7.4.1 Building Generation 7.4.2 Building Dimension 7.4.3 Generation steps 7.4.4 Operation hint 7.5 Chapter Summary

7 COMPUTATIONAL APPROACH 8 EVALUATION METHOD

4.1 Design Consideration 4.2 Ecology Corridor 4.3 Approach of Ecology Corridor 4.4 Agent-based Model (ABM) 4.5 Agent-based Model Case Study 4.6 Agent-based Model Application 4.7 Chapter Summary

5 SPATIAL STRATEGY 5.1 Spatial Strategy 1 5.2 Spatial Strategy 2 5.3 Spatial Strategy 3 5.4 Interaction force rule 5.5 Future Scenario 1 5.6 Future Scenario 2 5.7 Future Scenario 3 5.8 Future Scenario 4 5.9 Chapter Summary

7.2 Circle Packing 7.2.1 Why Circle Packing 7.2.2 Experiment on Circle packing 1 7.2.3 Experiment on Circle packing 2 7.2.4 Comparison 7.2.5 Approach on-site 7.2.6 Computational Generation 7.2.7 Operation hint 7.2.8 Circle Packing Output 7.3 Street Network 7.3.1 Plan of Generate Street Network 7.3.2 Step 1 Site Facotrs Consideration 7.3.3 Step 2 Grid Research 7.3.4 Step 3 Plot Generation 7.3.5 Step 4 Road Width Dimension 7.3.6 Step 5 Grid Method 7.3.7 Step 6 Evaluate the Street 7.3.8 Step 7 Computational Approach 7.3.9 Step 8 Comparison

8.1 Assessment System 8.2 Evaluate on Green Space 8.3 Urban Green Factor (UGF) 8.4 Evaluate on Biodiversity 8.5 Evaluate on Wellbeing 8.6 Evaluation calculation 8.7 Evaluation 1 8.8 Evaluation 2 8.9 Evaluation 3 8.10 Evaluation 4 8.11 Chapter Summary

9 VISUALIZATION & SUMMARY 9.1 Interface Tool Illustration 9.2 Parameters Setting 9.3 Masterplan Visualization 9.4 Masterplan Analysis 9.5 Space Visualization 9.6 Studio 2 Summary 9.7 Studio 3 Forecasting 9.8 Bibliography

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THESIS STATEMENT Urban sprawl and neglect of urban green space have caused landscape fragmentation and urban heat islands, which further affect the quality of neighbourhoods. For this situation, we aim to explore a new connected urban open space network with a large proportion of green space. It will allow citizens to have more access to green amenities as well as enjoy a livable and sustainable neighbourhood. This will be achieved by using a patch theory and green corridor approach to integrate green space into urban form, which enables a generative computational tool based on translating network analysis to a spatial outcome.

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1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION ON THE CPU[AI] GROUP AND STUDIO 2 OUTPUTS

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GOALS & SITE ANALYSIS 0.3B

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1.1 INTRODUCTION ON CPU[AI] ST2 BRIEF TTS

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CPU[AI] Overview

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Complexity, Planning and Urbanism (CPU) is a research laboratory and related Masters Atelier at the Manchester School of Architecture. CPU uses a complexity framework to develop new digital tools, computational thinking and urban theory addressing future ICT disruptions and spatio-temporal dynamics in urban processes. The research is transdisciplinary and spans Future Cities, Smart Cities, the Internet of Things, agile governance and cities as complex adaptive and inclusion, data platforms for resilient cities and urban simulations for sustainable future scenarios.

y rs ch d y ar a sis to ch m gy ro ho eg ca p e t t i aly m ion t oa p ra ct Su nd An ra pr lA Me I t t a S du n & n S te Ap n& tio Si er y tio al gn tro tio t i a r i a t t & e s o In u a liza e pu m al De m ua als ra Sp Th Ev Co Vis Go Pa

CPU[AI] ST2 BRIEF CPU will study the Northern Gateway development as a consultant for MCC. We will examine the development from a future city perspective. We will address some parts of the identified MCC focus areas above in Studio 1, Studio 2 and Studio 3.

CPU[AI] ST2 AIMS 1. Understanding of the complex drivers of change in a major redevelopment project. 2. A supporting engagement with Manchester City Council and the Strategic Development Team on Manchester's largest development project. 3. Learn about theories for computational process/approach - towards spatial dynamics. Modelling / analysis for design 4. Develop your own computational constructs/tools for your own design problems. 5. Development of an ability to communicate multiple aspects of large urban design proposals. 6. Demonstration of the ability to work in teams with a specific key role. 7. Understand how to work with urban transformations and different timescales. 8. Development of a spatial strategy in response to identified goals. This should be a development from the thesis in Stusio 1. 9. Gain an understanding of generative design and simulation for architectural and urban systems.

CPU[AI]

Resource: The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework https://www.room151.co.uk/funding/leveraging-council-land-value-thejoint-venture-approach/

1.1 INTRODUCTION ON CPU[AI] ST2 BRIEF TTS

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Relation with other organization

CPU[AI]

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Manchester city council (MCC)

Consultant

Examine the development from a future city perspective and address some parts of the identified MCC focus areas above in the academic works.

- Manchester City Council is the Local Authority of the Northern Gateway Area. - The development of the Northern Gateway builds upon previous and ongoing regeneration projects by the MCC to deliver change in neighbourhoods and communities such as NOMA, Ancoats and New Islington. - MCC have created The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework (SRF) as a guide to the development and to form part of the Council's planning policy.

Far East Consortium International Limited - Backer and developer specialising in residential and hospitality - Investment and delivery partner of the Northern Gateway Development appointed by MCC in 2017] - FEC are working together with MCC as a Joint Venture to deliver the regeneration of the land controlled by the investment partnership.

- The local community, businesses, landowners and key stake holders were all consulted in 2018 on the SRF.

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NORTHERN GATEWAY The Northern Gateway is waiting for a good opportunity to develop into a prosperous area.

Resource: Figure from Schofield. J. (2018) https://confidentials.com/manchester/a-high-line-at-last-for-manchester-thenorthern-gateway-could-deliver

1.2 NORTHERN GATEWAY SRF TTS

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Manchester Northern Gateway STRATEGIC REGENERATION FRAMEWORK (SRF) And Its Vision

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Title 04

The Northern Gateway Strategic Regeneration Framework ("SRF") has been prepared by Manchester City Council ("MCC") to guide the future development of one of the largest regeneration projects in the UK.

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The Vision for the Northern Gateway is to deliver a series of vibrant, sustainable and integrated residential neighbourhoods within the extended city centre of Manchester. These neighbourhoods will provide a range of housing options in a high-quality, well managed environment, with high levels of connectivity that link the growth of the city centre with surrounding Manchester communities. This will include the delivery of a range of affordable housing products to meet the needs of residents on a range of incomes. The Northern Gateway SRF will support longterm growth and promote economic, social and cultural uses to support the creation of high performing and sustainable new communities where people choose to live, work, and play.

Core Objectives Underpin Vision 1. A unique and high-quality residential-led regeneration scheme 2. A varied network of high-quality green streets and public open spaces 3. Manchester's unique city river park 4. Build on the best of what is there 5. Improve connectivity acorss the Northern Gateway and beyond 6. Create new Gateways to and form the city center 7. Promote truely sustainable places 8. Foster emergence of local retail and service hubs. Resource: The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework https://www.room151.co.uk/funding/leveraging-council-land-value-thejoint-venture-approach/

1.3 CHALLENGE SELECTION TTS

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Challenge choose from brief

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The Challenge We Choose

s y h d y or ar ac sis h m gy at ro ho eg ac c p e t t i aly m ion e ro Ap at ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS n ion tio Si er y t a g tro tio t i a r i a t & e s In u at liza eo pu m al De m ua als ra Sp Th Ev Co Vis Go Pa

2.The distribution of facilities, amenities and community spaces is an essential aspect of successful residential development. How do we design to ensure this aspect of sustainability in urban strategy and design.

1. How can a balance between public and private spaces foster a sense of community and belonging in new urban morphology.

4. How can a network of highquality open and public spaces support well-being and enhanced diversity. Integrating green spaces/public realm towards wellness and mitigation of climate change? Ecologies? How can you integrate green environments and the City River Park ecosystem?

6. How to design zerocarbon future cities (is urban morphology adequate). How do you understand the environmental impact of future cities.

5.How can you design for sustainable movement and minimise motorised transport use? Consider last mile/3 mile responses including transport oriented design, walk-ability, cycling and technological disruptions (CAV).

3. How can a new urban development be designed to change and adapt with its residents (from students to young professionals, families and aging)

Here are 6 challenges that provide some perspective for us to view the Northern Gateway development project. We have chosen challenge 4 to explore how to use urban green space as the main element to design the urban form, so as to achieve the vision of a sustainable and livable ecological city. 16

1.4 OUR FOCUS TTS

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Project Introduction

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Outlines

Problems 1. Urban sprawl 2. Shrinkage of green spaces 3. Fragmentation of green spaces 4. Urban heat island effect

Goals

Strategy

Create and integrate green spaces n e t wo r k s y s t e m t o i m p rove wellbeing and biodiversity

Patch Dynamic

Methodology 1. Circle parking 2. ABM (agent-based model)

Design for well-connected and accessible green spaces for citiziens

1.5 DESIGN GOALS TTS

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How to use urban design strategies to achieve social goals

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Current Urban system

Urban raised a question of shrinkage in urban green areas, resulting in fragmentation of green spaces and urban heat island . This is considerd a significant issue, since natural areas maintain and support vital ecosystem service, including many which support the wellbeing of people.

The increase in urban compactness can provide more urban area for green spaces and then have positive effects on ecosystem and biodiversity. We also aim to create and integrate new green network system into the city in order to make the green spaces wellconnected and more accessible to citizens.

Current situation result in reinforceing loops that the damage to the biodiversuty and human wellbeing will continue to increase.

These interventions change the reinforcing loop to the balancing loop, which can better support biodiversity and human well-being.

Human well-being

Proposed effect

Population

+ State of ecosystem and biodiversity

Human well-being

+ Population

Urban sprawl

Shrinkage in green spcaes

Urban heat island fragmentation

Economic situation

+ -

+ R B

Same effect Opposite effect Reinforcing loop Balancing loop

Residential infill development

Urban compactness

+ + R B

Residential infill development

State of ecosystem and biodiversity

R2 Economic situation

Same effect Opposite effect Reinforcing loop Balancing loop

Urban heat island fragmentation

Shrinkage in green spcaes

Green spcaes network system -

1.6 DESIGN SCALE TTS

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Choose a focus design scale

In our project, we aims at creating and integrating green spcaes network system to improve human wellbeing and enhancing biodiversity. Thus, We focus on the construction of the entire urban system from the URBAN SCALE, including the connection between the green space system and the residential area, which also involves part of the plot scale consideration. s y h d y or ar ac sis h m gy at ro ho eg ac c p e t t i aly m ion e ro Ap at ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS n ion tio Si er y t a g tro tio t i a r i a t & e s In u at liza eo pu m al De m ua als ra Sp Th Ev Co Vis Go Pa

Influence land use

Building scale

Influence land use

Plot scale

Building scale · What it is? Urban design focuses on the individual building system which contribute to the whole urban performance.

Urban scale

· Why not to consider? Only focus on buildings cannot address our project goal - to create green spaces network to improve wellbeing and biodiversity.

Plot scale

Urban scale

· What it is? Design focuses on the community operation or the relation between private and public.

· What it is? Design scale focuses on designing future cities and the whole urban systems.

· Why to consider? In our project, we plan to create green spaces network system, meanwhile consider how to maximise our green spaces together with residents' accessibility with the green spaces. But only focus on those how to enlarger green spaces cannot fully address project goal.

· Why to consider? Our project goal is to build green spaces network to connect neighbourhood and ecology system, while improve human wellbeing and biodiversity. Thus, it is necessary to consider our project from a macro level.

1.7 OVERVIEW WITH ST1 TTS

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What have we done in ST1?

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Problems defined

Biodiversity

Human being

Population explosion

More buildings

Less green spaces

Fragmented green spcaes

Urban heat island effect

Grester Manchester's population will reach 3m people by 2036.

Northern Gateway will provide 15,000 new housing in the next 15 to 20 years.

New buildings replaced green spaces and connections and accessibility to green areas is limited

Human construction has influenced the connection and communication of biodiversity

Urban development affects the storage and transfer of heat, which causes cities to be as much as 5°C hotter than adjacent areas.

With the development of the city, population explosed and more land is being used in construction which occupies the proportion of green space area. This phemenon limits the accessibility for residents to arrive and separates a continuous green space network system. Besides, loss of green spaces result in the rise of temperature and cause urban heat island effcet.

1.8 CONNECTION WITH ST1 TTS

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ST1 And ST2 Outline

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More buildings

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Design optimisation

Design theory

Problems defined

Popolation explosion

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Design iterator

CAS( complex adaptive system)

ABM(agent-based model)

Cities can be described as complex adaptive systems as they are undeniably complex and exhibit the same properties that can be found in any CAS.

A type of model based on computer simulation, where the behabiour of system is determined by individual activities and interactions.

Iteration 1

Iteration 2

residents community

green spaces residents

Amenity

Green patch residential area

Green patch

Less green spaces

Fragmented green spaces

Output

Iteration 3 Patch dynamic

Circle packing

Patch dynamic is used to refer simply to changes that occur over time in the spctial patterns of ecosystem components.

Circle packing is the study of the arrangement of circles (of equal or varying sizes) on a given surface that no overlapping occurs and no circle can be enlarged without creating an overlap. Residential area

Urban heat island effect

Amenity area Individual grass or tree

Patch mosaic

Biomi boundary

Iteration 3 Evaluation

.....

Green spaces

1.9 DESIGN WORKFLOW TTS

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Introduction of Design Process Theoretical Framework

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Agent-based model

CAS Theory

Patch Theory

Chapter 3

Identify the Parameter

Computational PLanning Tool

Identify the Evaluation Criterias

Chapter 2-5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Challenge 4

Design Strategy

Typology Parameter

Planning System

Assessment System

Chapter 1

Chapter 4

5.1 - 5.2

Chapter 7

8.1

Design Focus

Spatial Strategy

Urban Parameter

Evaluation System

Urban Green Factor

Chapter 1

Chapter 5

5.3

Chapter 8

8.3

Approach of Tackling the Problems

Identify the problems Chapter 1

Site Analysis

Green Space Parameter

Biodiversity

Chapter 2

5.3

8.4

Problem Definition

Wellbeing

Chapter 2

8.5

Final Outcome: Northern Gateway Future Scenario Chapter 9

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ST 1 Problems Focus

Planning Theories

Design Strategies

Urban Pattern Scale

ST 2

Generation Tools

Proposal 1

Evaluation Tools

Proposal 2

Proposal N

CHAPTER 1 SUMMARY In conclusion, we will experiment with developing a green space network system in the Northern Gateway with the computational tools in Studio 2 based on the research of site problems, theories and strategies from Studio 1. Owing to the green space network range, we will focus on the large urban pattern scale to generate and evaluate various urban design proposals in our Studio 2 project.

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THEORY APPROACH

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2.1 RESEARCH OVERVIEW TTS

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Between Research and Design Goals Start point

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Actions we wish to take

Short-term goal

Long-term goal

Problems of Northern Gateway

Build and integrate green spaces network system

Improve human wellbeing and enhance biodiversity

A system for everywhere

& als Go

s y h d y or ar sis ac h m gy at ro ho eg ac c p e t aly t i m ion e ro Ap at ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS n ion ro Si tio er y t a tio t i a r a t e u liza pu m al m ua ra Ev Co Vis Pa

t In

Current situation

Social condition Manchester

sig

Population explosion

Job opportunity

Less brown field

Fragmentation of green spaces

Less green spaces

More social buildings

Existing green spaces

Link neighbourhood

New green spaces

Accessibility to green spaces

Affordable and livable social housing

Connectivity of green spaces

Mitigate urban heat island effect

for use by planners, architects

To be applied to any cities

2.2 OVERVIEW WITH NORTHERN GATEWAY TTS

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In a short, it is hoped that 15,000 new homes will be created through the development over the next 15- 20 years which will be a significant contribution towards the Manchester Residential Growth Strategy.

Site

Besides, Northern Gateway is close to city center, which means that it also play a important part to release housing pressure in city center. Location: Manchester, UK Area: 155ha

Northern Gateway

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The Northern Gateway is an area to the north of Manchester City Centre comprising of approximately 155 hectares of predominately brownfield or underused land . The area identified for the development is surrounded by established neighbourhoods such as Ancoats and New Islington. Manchester City Council describes the Northern Gateway Development as the single largest opportunity for residential-led growth and transformational redevelopment in Manchester . The area of the development is one-third the size of the city centre.

City Center Resource: The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework https://www.room151.co.uk/funding/leveraging-council-land-valuethejoint-venture-approach/

2.3 LAND USE PROBLEM TTS

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In this section, we analyse and compare the land use of the existing area and also the proposal plan of Manchester City council. By looking at the comparison, we can conclude that there will be less green land and brownfield land in the future if we adopt the plan from the city council. However, due to the development of the area and also the increase in % the population, we are wondering 100 if there is a plan that could 90 provide more green land and plazza while maintaining the 80 high capacity of a growing number70of residents..

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Building Land Brownfield Land

12% 29%

Green Land

57%

Brownfield Land Green Land

8% 24%

Building Land

63%

Site Problem 20

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10 0

Comparision of land use between existing & proposed

% 100 90

Existing Proposed

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Building Land Green Land Brownfield Land

& Green

& Building

Brownfield

Enough Public Space? Land Use in the existing Northern Gateway Area

Resource: http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/

Proposed Land Use in the future Northern Gateway Area

2.4 GREEN SPACE PROBLEM TTS

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Based on the previous research of the land use situation, we then focus on the green land research on the site. Here we found that some of the habitat areas are having trouble accessing the green space area very easily. And what is more, the connection between the green space area is limited.

Site Problem

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Dwelling Area

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Legend Green Area

Green Area

KM 2.5 Dwelling Area

Woodland

3.1 KM

Green Area

Dwelling Area

Site Boundary Dwelling Area

Dwelling Area

Green Area

Accessbility

Connectivity

2.5 URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI) TTS

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UHI Problem in Manchester

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The urban heat island intensity (UHII), the difference in temperature between an urban site and a rural site, is a measure of the urban heat island (UHI) effect.

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There is a clear UHI effect in Manchester. It is most pronounced at night time and decreases considerably at daytime, although only disappearing completely for a few hours at most.

0.4 0.2 0

1995

2000

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2010

UHI Yearly averages plus trend line for Manchester UK

sig

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It also, and perhaps surprisingly, shows a consistent mean annual increase of around 0.02°C per annum for the 15 years. With the advent of future climate change this is a worrying trend as the UHII will add to the increase in air temperature in urban areas. So, the impact of HEI in manchester and the way to mitigate HEI need to be considered. One of the effective way is to increase the amount of vegetation, which means more green space needed to cool down the urban environment.

0.4 0.2 0

10 11 12

13 14 15

16 17 18

19 20 21

23 24

The average diurnal variation for all the data, 1996–2011 0.95 0.90

UHI

0.85 0.80

-3- -1

0.75

-1-1

0.70 0.65

Resource: G.J. Levermore et al, 2018, The increasing trend of the urban heat island intensity, Urban Climate, pp 360-368. https://www.metlink.org/other-weather/urban-heat-islands/manchesterurban-heat-island/

0.60 0

Average monthly UHI over the year showing a seasonal effect

1-3 3-5

2.6 URBAN HEAT ISLAND IMPACT TTS

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88°F

Rapid urbanisation cause changes in the natural landscape. In high-density cities, GBI is gradually replaced by skyscrapers, traffics and infrastructure. The modified land surface (such as dark pavement and roofing) in the urban areas affects the storage and transfer of heat, which causes cities to be as much as 5°C hotter than adjacent areas.

92°F

85°F

86°F

Urban heat island

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This phenomenon is called the urban heat island (UHI) effect.

85°F Vicious circle

Vicious circle

Gradual warming

sig

Most species need optimum temperatures to colonize, utilize and thrive in their ecosystems. When there is the existence of high temperatures due to urban heat island (UHI), harsh and cruel ecological surrounding is created which limits the essential activities of the organisms such as metabolism, breeding and reproduction.

85°F 85°F More energy use

There are some other specific problems such as competition from exotic species, the spread of disease and pests, increased summer drought stress for wetlands and woodland.

Dark roads and asphalt parking lots retain heat Higher emissions Air quality problems

Dark rooftops retain heat

Higher water temperatures Impaired water quality

Lack of trees means less shade and less evapotranspiration to help cool the air Heat trapped by buildings keeps urban cores warmer at night

Resource: C. Natálie et al., 2017, Effects of settlement size, urban heat island and habitat type on urban plant biodiversity, Landscape and Urban Planning, pp 15-22. Image:D.S.Lemmen and F.J.Warren, Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation

Waste heat from factories, buildings and vehicles adds to the heat island effect Impermeable surfaces reduce surface moisture

Biodiversity Human health

2.7 GLOBAL GOALS TTS

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UN Sustainable Development Goals

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Problems

Global goals

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38.5 C° +

Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.

Climate actions

Take urgent actions to combat climate change its impacts, like extreme weather, urban heat island, risk potential and etc.

sig

Life on land 100mm Lead to

Ensure healthy life and promote wellbeing for all at all ages in the cities.

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Good health and wellbeing

Sustainable cities and communities Extreme Weather Overall Temperature & Precipitation Projection in Manchester Resource: (1)https://www.worldweatheronline.com/manchester-weather-history/greatermanchester/gb.aspx (2)https://resin-cities.eu/greatermanchester/ The Royal Meteorological Society Journal of Climate Science

(3)https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/severe-future-effects-of-climatechange/ (4)Cavan, G. (2020) ‘Climate change projections for Greater Climate change projections for Greater Manchester Climate change projections for Greater.’

2.8 MANCHESTER CITY COUNCIL GOALS TTS

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Green and Blue Infrastrure Strategy for Manchester

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Manchester city council goals

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Improve the quaility and function of existing green and blue infrastructure, to maximise the benefits it delivers.

sig

Improve connectivity and accessibility to green and blue infrastructure within the city and beyond

Appropriate green and blue infrastructure as a key component of new developments to help create successful neighbourhoods and support the city’s growth

Improve and promote a wider understanding and awareness of the benefits that green and blue infrastructure provides to residents, the economy and the local environment

As images show problems on the green and blue infrastructure and the biodiversity. Firstly, we have looked into the different types of GBI in the Northern Gateway and analyse how the biodiversity is displayed around here. Around here, we found that human construction has influenced the connection and communication of biodiversity here. In some ways, it did interrupt species moving from one space to another space. So research about how to reconnect these contexts and improve the biodiversity in the GBI in the Northern Gateway is needed. Resource: Manchester's Great Outdoors - a Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy for Manchester, 2015. https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/northern-gateway-collyhurst-plan-manchester-14901992 https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/st-catherines-park-manchester-council-14877580 http://annieharrisonartist.blogspot.com/2013/02/following-irk.html

2.9 DESIGN WELLBEING GOALS TTS

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Problems faced

The Prediction of Population in Manchester in the future 3100

64.8%

Prediction Total population in Manchester

3000

Wellbeing goals

64.0%

Predicted maximum total population

63.2%

2900

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Great Manchester's population will reach 3m people by 2036

62.4%

2700

61.6%

2600

60.8%

2500

60.0%

Affordable and livable housing

Population

2800

2038

2037

2036

2035

2034

2033

2032

2031

2030

2029

2028

2027

2026

2025

2024

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

1998

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

1991

sig

15,000

Boost

No r t h e r n G a t e wa y w i l l p rov i d e approximately 15,000 new homes over the next 15-20 years.

Percentage of population aged from 16 to 64 in Manchester in the future

< 400m

Residential housing Less

Access to green spaces

Influence

Green spaces decrease with the construction of social buildings.

< 1000m

Green Space 2018 63.7% of total population

2023 63.4% of total population

2028 63.2% of total population

2033 62.7% of total population

2038 61.9% of total population

Access to amenity

2043 61.7% of total population

2.10 DESIGN GREEN NETWORK GOALS TTS

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Problems and related goals on green spaces

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Problems faced

Green network goals

Less

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Green spaces decrease with urban sprawl.

9 8

Build new green patches and corridors to support green network system

New green spaces

Green space 7

sig

1 2

4 3

Green spaces are interupted by building constructions.

Link close green patches.

Fragmentation of green space

Connectivity

Less habitats result in decrease of biodiversity, like amount of animals decline in Manchester.

Biodiversity

Wellc-connected green spaces network could provide habitats for animals and maintain biodiversity in the site.

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Start point

Current situation

Actions we wish to take

Short-term goal

Social condition Manchester

Problems of Northern Gateway

Build and integrate green spaces network system

Improve human wellbeing and enhance biodiversity

Population explosion

Job opportunity

More social buildings

Less brown field

Fragmentation of green spaces

Less green spaces

Existing green spaces

Link neighbourhood

New green spaces

Accessibility to green spaces

Connectivity of green spaces

Affordable and livable social housing

Mitigate urban heat island effect

Long-term goal

A system for everywhere

for use by planners, architects

To be applied to any cities

CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY This chapter reviews the site analysis from Studio 1 and sets up various goals based on the different conditions on the site. Although there are many goals, they are all connected with the selecting challenge and thesis statement. For example, the wellbeing goals contain various aspects to help improve the happiness of the citizen. In the following chapter, we will look through some urban theories to guide the realization of the goals to help reach these goals.

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3 THEORY APPROACH

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INTRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE THEORIES APPROACH 0.3B

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DESIGN STRATEGY

S P A T I A L S TRATEGY

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3.1 LOOP OF THE URBAN SYSTEM TTS

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s y h d y or ar ac sis h m gy at ro ho eg ac c p e t t i aly m ion e ro Ap at ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS n ion ro tio Si er t a tio t i a a t e u liza pu m al m ua ra Ev Co Vis Pa

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+ Increase Economy growth

Bring mental stress

Increase

Urban Heat Island

Damage Connect Fragmented area to make it more stable

Green Spaces Decrease

Mitigate Mitigate

Damage Enhance

Improve

Pollution

Decrease

Make residents more accessible to the green spaces

In our design, we are committed to creating a new public open space network with large porpotion of greenspace in the city to ensure the accessiblity of residentes, improve biodiversity, stabilize the natural environment structure, and solve some urban expansion problems. This network can improve the wellbeing index of residents by optimizing the living environment, and alleviate the problems of urban heat island effect and environmental pollution through design approach.

Urban Development

Health &wellbeing

How the design could integrate into the loop

Population growth

Continuous Growth of the Urban System

The existing urban system cycle shows that in the process of continuous urbanization, urban commercial, industrial and residential land also increases, so the natural environment area is greatly reduced. Urban expansion has brought about water pollution and air pollution in green areas. While urban development brings wealth to residents, it also increases residents psychological pressure. The reduction in the area of the natural environment cannot meet the needs of residents. The physical and mental health of residents in the tight commercial and industrial land is badly influenced. Green spaces cannot meet the needs of species, destroying the migration and ecological environment of species.

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Habitat

Biodiversity

Open Space Network

Mitigate

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COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM Take urban system as a complex adaptive system and consider the input, output, generation of info and energy inside the whole system, from a macro perspective.

Resource: Diagnostic, (n.d.). http://www.immdesignlab.com/diagnostic/

3.2 COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEM (CAS) LOCAL P-34.34-3

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CS is a system composed of many heterogeneous agents, which are nonlinearly interconnected, while the final emergence of the system is completely different than the individual element`s performance. The CS can be an economic system, social structure, computer or automobiles, for instances. The complex Adaptive System (CAS) is a specific type of complex system with some key differing features. CAS has the ability to learn and adapt from past conditions that it has encountered. Due to this feature, CAS evolution is more advanced with respect to the CS. Due to its capacity to learn from the past experiences, CAS continuously adapts itself to new constraints and circumstances, resulting in a better performance therefore, the effect of urban form on the energy performance of the city as single entity via complex system analysis has been investigated.

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Human Human Groups Changing external environment INFO IN

Changing external environment

Complex adaptive behavior

City Agents

Reflection of human activities on Buildings; Transportation systems; Water/electric system

Agent Actions

Aggregation

INFO OUT

Self-organization Emergence

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'[Complex Adaptive Systems] change and reorganise their component parts to adapt themselves to the problems posed by their surroundings.' (Holland, 1992) Complexity theory seeks to understand how complex systems work. One of the ways that complexity theory does this is by understanding properties and mechanisms that allow complex systems to function and survive. Cities can be described as complex adaptive systems as they are undeniably complex and exhibit the same properties that can be found in any CAS. (Nel,D. 2016)

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Negative Feedback Dampening

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Adaption Absorb information

Non-linearity development

Information Loop Feedback Allocating resources

Element flow (Loop)

Energy Loop Feedback

INFO OUT

Simple self-organized Local relationship

Target Diversity

Variety resulting from continuous adaptation of agents

Character Tagging

Control the complex system of the city by means of architects

INFO IN

Resource: 1. Holland, J.H. (1992). Complex Adaptive Systems . 2. Nel, D. (2016) Exploring a complex adaptive systems approach to the study of urban change 3. Wikipedia. (2020) Complex adaptive system

3.3 THEORY APPROACH OF CAS TTS

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Possible application of CAS

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Assumption: The Public open space systems as an urban complex system

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As metioned before, the CAS consists of different heterogeneous members, or agents, which are connected to each other in non-linear ways. An agent within the context of the city can be a building, open space, people, etc. which comprise the city. Behavioral changes of individual agent do not affect the final emergence or performance of the system directly, while a single system emergence forms by combination of all agents' performances as a whole.

Changing external environment Info in

Resident Resident

Community

Green space

Changing external environment

Resource in Population increase/decrease Floating population

Human activities Simple self-organized Local relationship Human Agents cannot be controlled

Resident

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Could be absorbed by agents directly

Influence each other Resident

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'Macroscopic patterns emerge from the dynamic and nonlinear interactions of the systems lowlevel (microscopic) adaptive agents. The emergent patterns are more than the sum of their parts, thus the traditional reductionist methodology fails to describe how the macroscopic patterns emerge.'

Info in Resource in

Public open space

Resident Community Resident

Adaptive when facing emergence

Info Out Energy out

Agents which could be controlled Other Public spaces

Emergence

Green space

Influence each other

Due to the presence of different types of agents and different nonlinear relations between them, complex systems also need many different subsystems in order to link these agents. The multiple subsystems add infinitely more layers of complexity as they influence one another. Each subsystem affects other agents and subsystems either directly or indirectly and this feature is one of the most important characteristics of complex adaptive systems.

URBAN PUBLIC SPACECOMMUNITY SYSTEM

Info in Resource in

GREEN SPACES WATER ECOSYSTEM

Info Out Energy out

Resident Green space

Resident Community

Changing external environment

Communities Complex network

Public open space Resident

Orinigal environment which could be preserved

Public open space Public open space

Resource: Manesh, S.V. Tadi, M. (2011) 'Sustainable urban morphology emergence via complex adaptive system analysis: sustainable design in existing context'. Procedia Engineering, 21. pp.89-97.

Resident

Green spaces Water ecosystem Impact on the whole system

Impact

Newly proposed GBI

Impact Communities Impact

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PATCH DYNAMIC Applying the patch dynamic theory to reasearch the relationship between city and green space.

Resource: Figure from: Sigmund https://unsplash.com/photos/nOo6WHb0BUk

3.4 PATCH DYNAMIC THEORY LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Introduction and Why Patch Dynamic

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Basic Constitution of Patch Dynamic

As we have focused our problem on the green and blue infrastructure and the biodiversity problem. Firstly, we have looked into the different types of GBI in the Northern Gateway and analyse how the biodiversity is displayed around here.

Matrix Patch A

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Patch B

Corridor

Matrix

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Around here, we found that human construction has influenced the connection and communication of biodiversity here. In some ways, it did interrupt species moving from one space to another space.

Basic System of Patch Dynamic

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Habitat

Enough natural enemy

Enough nutrition

More chance to propagate

Matrix

Patch C

How Patch Dynamic work

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So research about how to reconnect these contexts and improve the biodiversity in the GBI in the Northern Gateway is needed.

Macroscale Type: Biome Boundary Size: 10,000-1,000,000 km2

Biodiversity

Provide

Patch Patch Mesoscale Type: patch mosaic Size: 100-10,000 km2

Matrix

Patch

Mosaic

Corridor Patch Resource: Witkowski, ETF. (2006) https://www.researchgate.net/figure/ A-hierarchical-patch-dynamic-approach-to-the-study-of-thegrassland-savanna-boundary_fig1_264954364 Forman. (1995) https://learn.opengeoedu.de/en/monitoring/ landschaftstrukturmasse/grundlagen/landschaftsstruktur/patchkorridor-matrix-modell Wu, J. (2019) https://www.britannica.com/science/patch-dynamics

Patch

Corridor Microscale Type: individual grass and tree Size: 100 cm2 -1 km2

Matrix

3.5 HOW PATCH INFLUENCE URBAN SYSTEM TTS

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To apply the patch theory into the NG analysis, we should have a reaserch about how the patch play a part in the city. Increasing Population

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First of all, we listed three reasons to answer the question why the patch in the city nowadays are decreasing. It is because of the quick development of the society, growing number of the population which need more land to build the house or apartment. Thus, more and more green land are replacing by the skyscrapers.

Habitat Fragmentation

sig

Increasing Housing

Boost

However, the decreasing of the patch has already asked the human being to payback. Land fragmentation and urban heat island are the two main problems, which both play a vital role to maintain the biodiversity. Increasing Construction

Resource: Williams, J. (2018) https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/ news/greater-manchester-news/northern-gateway-collyhurst-planmanchester-14901992 Williams, J. (2018) https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/ news/greater-manchester-news/st-catherines-park-manchestercouncil-14877580 Harrison, A. (2013) http://annieharrisonartist.blogspot.com/2013/02/ following-irk.html

Urban Heat Island

Decreasing Construction

3.6 HOW PATCH INFLUENCE NG TTS

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Research on Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation is a process of discontinuity in a large area inhabited by a set of species which causes population fragmentation.

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Contiguous

Fragmented

Analysis of the fragmentation in the site

Interior Habitat

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The fragmentation process affect species mainly due isolation restricting emigration and immigration of species. When populations become small and isolated, they also become vulnerable to stochastic effects increasing the likelihood of extinctions.

V.S.

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Edge Habitat

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Robert in his reaerch reported that small numbers of large patch have more species than large number of small patches.

According to the fragmentation analysis of the Northern Gateway, we can see that the road system had separated the GBI into various size of the patches. Among the patches here, the north side one are more connected than the south one, which means the biodiversity in the north is richer than in the south.

Small number if large patches contain more species

1 2 1

2 Fragmentation

5 Large number of small patches contain less species

Resource: Canadian Centre for Translational Ecology. (2019) https://ccte. ca/resources/fig5.1. html http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2019/12/16/urban-natural-areas2-habitat-fragmentation/ Northrop, R. (2019) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0378437120307950 De Lima Filho, J. Vieira, R.J.A.G. De Souza, C.A.M. (2020) https://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320718305779

Interior habitat with interior species

Interior habitat and interior species decrease

Edge habitat with edge species

Edge habitat with edge species increase

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Urban Planning System

Green Space Fragmentation

Urban Amenity Analysis

Urban Heat Island

AgentBased Model

CAS

PATCH DYNAMIC

Green Network Analysis

Animal Migration

Energy Flow

CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY In brief, we will apply the complex adaptive system in the whole urban planning workflow for the reason that CAS can help with the understanding of urban planning, which infers many factors including economy, culture, history and other urban elements during the planning process. Moreover, we will also apply the patch dynamic to guide the exploration of the spatial strategy and the green space network's planning in the next step.

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GOALS & SITE ANALYSIS 0.3B

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THEO RY A PPROACH

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THE ECOLOGICAL CORRIDOR AND AGENT-BASED MODEL 0.3B

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4 DESIGN STRATEGY

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SPATIAL STRATEGY

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PARAMETER & INDICATORS N-3.4

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4.1 DESIGN CONSIDERATION TTS

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s y h d y or ar ac sis h m gy at ro ho eg ac c p e t t i aly m ion e ro Ap at ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS ion ro tio Si er y t a tio t i a r a t e u liza pu m al m ua ra Ev Co Vis Pa

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This project will create a high quality network of green spaces and all communities will be linked by this network, which improve the accessibility in the Northern Gateway. Also, the pedestrain and cycly path will be extended to encourages residents to travel ecofriendly, and inhabitabts have easy acesses to any green spaces in the Nrothern Gateway. Thus, people' wellbeing will be enhanced, meanwhile the biodiversity in the site will be improved greatly.

A Green Space Network

An Accessible Green Space Network

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Legend

Site Boundary Irk River Small Green Space Green Corridor New Green Space Big Green Space Green Infrastructure Existing Community

Existing

Proposed

Existing

Proposed

Green infrastructures lacking accessbility for communities

Create new communities to access closely Provide more green infrastructure in the green space network for residents to access within 5 min walking distance

New Community

Green spaces lacking connection 0.5KM

5 Min Walking Distance

Define green space network Create new green space area Improved cross connectivity

4.2 ECOLOGY CORRIDOR TTS

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Site Analysis on the Location

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Urban ecological corridor refers to a linear or ribbon ecological landscape, which has the functions of natural habitat, green open space or human habitat isolation in the artificial eco-environment of the city or urban area.Ecological corridor has integrated ecological, social, cultural and other functions. Ecological corridor was originally proposed to connect isolated habitats ofwild animals by establishing migration corridors, so as to achieve the purpose of wildlife protection. International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1980 applied the concept of ecological corridor to global conservation strategy.

The benefits of ecology corridor

Reduce fragement

Reduce Isolation

Corridor Patch

Provide more access

Provide More Activities

6 Improve Biodiversity

Resource: Peng, J. Zhao,H. Liu, Y. 2017, 'Urban ecological corridors construction: A review', Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(1).

Boost Energy Flow

4.3 APPROACH OF ECOLOGY CORRIDOR LOCAL P-34.34-3

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Site Analysis on the Location

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Combine our design problem with the ecology corridor. We are trying to apply the ecology corridor to connect all the communities and green space together in Northern Gateway to generate a green network to provide more access for people and improve biodiversity at the same time.

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Ecology Corridor

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Green Space

Ecology Corridor

Green Space

Ecology Corridor Community

Proposal Community Existing Community

Resource: The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework https://www.room151.co.uk/funding/leveraging-council-land-valuethejoint-venture-approach/

Existing Green Space

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AGENT-BASED MODEL Agent-based model can help with the city planning in reflecting the movement of people or things

Resource: Figure from Iwata. R. https://unsplash.com/photos/n31JPLu8_Pw/share

4.4 AGENT-BASED MODEL TTS

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What's ABM?

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- Agent-based models emerged from work on celular automata(CA), the first of which was created by John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam in the 1940s.

Observation data from real life

Which components to include

Available or important data, like roads, arban, non-urban, river, green spaces, infrastructure, education facilities and etc

Parameter value

According to literature-based value, supportively document, or made by yourself with rules

Agent and environment attributes

Agentattributes like built, non-built, environment attributes like climate issues, green spaces, river

only

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- a type of model based on computer simulation, where the behaviour of a system is determined by the activities of autonomous individuals and their interaction with and through an environment.

theory building

Model design again

- allows the examination of macrolevel effects from microlevel behaviour.

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ABM process steps

- typical elements of an agent-based model are the attributes and behaviours of agents, the relationship between agents and their interactions, the environment, and how the agents interact with and through the environmnet.

Coding and Running run several times to know that the result found are representive

Results vary largely than it predicted, it signs model not implement properly, code bug, or theory incorrect.

Model outputs

Agent-agent interactions again

by observing what happend on the model after a certain number of iterations

parameter sentitive analysis(test the significance of each parameter set)

Agent-environment interactions

What activities could happen, and what effects could bring

Improve, not influence, or damage environment

Model validation It is important to note that the observated data which are used to inform on model design should not be used model validation step.

Resource: Gallagher, E.M. & Bryson, J. J. ( 2018) AgentBased Modelling of Urban Systems. https://www.doc88.com/ p-8562973190491.html

normal more important

4.5 ABM CASE STUDY TTS

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The City of Can Tho

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The city of Can Tho is the fourth-largest in Vietnam, and the urbanosatioon of this city shows a very fast growing in the central district of Can Tho. The rice area of this ward are quickly replaced by construction aera, the rice area of this ward has sharply decreased, while the residential zones, street, economic and education area have increased rapidly.

Observation data from real life

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Raster maps in 1999 and 2014 - urban - non-urban - river

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The goal of this project is to simulate the urban growth by intergrateing road networkconstruction dynamics, and the construction of roads as part of the input senario.

Dynamics - construction of building - construction of roads

Dynamics value - built 1 - non-built 0

Model design

Dynamics included - level of constructability - city center administrative activities

Model paramters - density of construction in the neighbourhood, CR1 - distance to the closed road, CR2 - distance to city center useing the road work, CR3

Coding and Running

Model validation

Model outputs

built cell Resource: Gallagher, E.M. & Bryson, J. J. ( 2018) AgentBased Modelling of Urban Systems. https://www.doc88.com/ p-8562973190491.html

If only the desity criterion is used, the city tends to expand its city center in a homogeneous way.

built cell If only the distance to roads criterion is used, the constrcution of buildings reflects the road network.

built cell If only the distance to city center criterion is used, the city tends to expand its center following the road network.

4.6 ABM APPLICATION TTS

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ABM Application on Site

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In our project, we aims to improve the wellbeing and enhance biodiversity in Northern Gateway. Observation data from real life

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Based on tthe ABM method, the first step to analysis and collect data in the site, then consider which dynamics we included, what activities could occur in agents and what the dimension of agents, what's the relationship between agents and agents, what are our senarios and how to set rule to control thoes agents.

- promaximate population - site map

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- site boundary - existing green spaces - Irk river - current road network - site boundary

Also, we provide our own assessment principles to validate which option is better at the last step, and which one could match our senario?

Model design

Coding and Running

Dynamics included

Agent and environment attributes

Agent-environment interactions

- green patch existed - green patch added - green corridors - 15,000 new housing - commercial housing - amenities

- agent and environment size - distance between residential agents to green patches - distance from residential cells to amenities

- the Irk river and existed green patches attract other green patches - green patches attract green corridors - green patches attract residential housing meanwhile residential housing are arounded by green corridors Agent-agent interactions - residential housing attract commercial cells and amenities

green patches cell green corridors cell residential housing cell commercial cell amenity cell Resource: The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework https://www.room151.co.uk/funding/leveraging-council-land-valuethejoint-venture-approach/

patches

Irk river

mian roads

dynamics

dynamics interactions

Model validation

Model outputs

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Accessibility Improve

Biodiversity Improve

Reduce Fragmentation

ECOLOGY CORRIDOR

Provide More Activities

CAS

CHAPTER 4 SUMMARY Agents to Agents

Agents to Environment

AGENT-BASED MODEL

In this chapter, based on the patch dynamic, we take the ecology corridor as one of our design strategies to set up the green space network in the Northern Gateway area and meet with the thesis statement. Furthermore, under the guidance of CAS, the agentbased model is another design strategy to deal with the organization of the rest functional elements such as residential, commercial, and amenities in urban planning.

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What Remains in the Site

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The first step is to analyze the existing infrastructure that we want to remain. The main considerations are as follows: railways, the necessary road network system (the primary road and the access points for the surrounding urban road network), and the listed buildings with historical value .

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s y h d y or ar ac sis h gy m at ro ho eg ac c e p t t i aly m ion e ro at Ap ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS n ion ro tio Si er y t a tio i t a r a t e u liza pu m al m ua ra Ev Co Vis Pa

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UNION BRIDGE ST PATRICK'S CHURCH

Access points for the surrounding urban road network Listed Building MARBLE ARCH INN

Retained Primary Road Existing Primary Road

POLICE AND FIRE STATION

Railway

8 CABLE STREET FORMER MIDLAND BANK

Site Boundary

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Existing natural resources are also analysed in order to select which part should be retained. The main considerations are as follows: retain the planned green space with accessibility and the green space next to river irk, and clear most of unutilised grassland between communities.

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SANDHILLS

VILLAGE PARK

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ST CATHERINE'S WOOD RIVER IRK

Intersection with the surrounding city context River Irk Retained Green Space Existing Green Space Site Boundary

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Set Rules for Secondary Road

Based on those retained access points for the surrounding urban road network , the start points of new secondary road can be determined. Then, new roads should continue the direction in which urban roads come into the site.

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Access points for the surrounding urban road network Reference line for secondary roads

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5.4 INTERACTION FORCE RULE TTS

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Amenity

Under the premise of improving the biodiversity of the site, protecting the ecological area from excessive human activities, and improving the happiness index of residents, different principles are proposed to adapt to different goals.

Amenity

Residential area

Attraction

Attraction Attraction

Attraction

Commercial area

Attraction

Attraction Attraction Replusion

Commercial area

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Attraction

Replusion Attraction

Corridor

Ecological Patches

Corridor

Ecological Patches

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Fixed principle

Changeable principle (4 options are proposed according to different urban strategies):

Amenity

Attraction

The fixed principle is: (1) the connection of ecological patches attracts small green patches (to form a relatively continuous green corridor); (2) the green corridor attracts residential areas (to improve the accessibility of residents to green spaces); (3) Residential area attracts commercial area and amenity area.

Commercial area Residential area

Ecological Patches

Ecological Patches Option 3

Option 1 Commercial area

Corridor

Amenity

Commercial area Attraction Residential area

1) No other force is applied on the basis of the fixed principle. 2) On the basis of the fixed principle, ecological patches are repulsive to commercial and residential areas, but are attractive to amentiy. 3) On the basis of the fixed principle, the connections of ecological patches are repulsive to commercial areas and residential areas. 4) On the basis of the fixed principle, the connections of ecological patches is attractive to residential and amenity areas, but repulsive to commercial areas.

Attraction

Residential area

Attraction Attraction

Attraction Replusion

Attraction

Attraction Corridor Corridor

102

Corridor

Ecological Patches

Possible output

Replusion

Corridor

Attraction

Residential area Amenity Option 4

Option 2

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Ecological Patches

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The state of mixed urban functions

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T h e a t t r a c t i ve n e s s o f e c o l o g i c a l p a t c h e s' connections to the green corridor plot is relatively weak, but there are still some corridors on the link. The ecological patches are more attractive to residential areas than to amenity and commercial areas. Since there is no repulsive force between functions, the generation result will be greatly affected by the initial random point generation position. The urban power distribution is relatively even, the accessibility of residents is medium. There may be more users in the commercial and amenity radiation range,

Residential area Amenity Commercial area Urban green corridor Ecological patch Vacant area

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5.6 FUTURE SCENARIO 2 TTS

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The state of the city that isolates ecological patches.

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The ecological patches are the most attractive to green corridors and amenity areas, so ecological patches are surrounded by them to form an enclosed state to protect the relatively fragile ecological areas. The ecological patch has a repulsive force for commercial areas. Green corridors and amenity areas are more attractive to residential areas. Thus formed this scenario of isolation.

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Residential area Amenity Commercial area Urban green corridor Ecological patch Vacant area

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5.7 FUTURE SCENARIO 3 TTS

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Isolation of ecological corridors

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In this state, the ecological block and the ecological corridor formed later have been highly protected.

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Ecological patches has a replusive force to residential and commercial area. The connection between ecological patches also has repulsive power to commercial and residential areas. The attraction for green corricor is the highest, followed by the attraction for amenity. In this way, the newly formed ecological corridor can be separated from the building area with large human activities to protect the biodiversity.

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Residential area Amenity Commercial area Urban green corridor Ecological patch Vacant area

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5.8 FUTURE SCENARIO 4 TTS

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Highly accessible state

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Provide residents with a better accessible city scene by controlling the attractive relationship.

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The ecological patches will attract the green corridor in the residential area and exclude the amenity area and the commercial area. Residential areas will attract amenity, and amenity will attract commercial areas. The ecological area is enclosed by the green corridor and the residential area, and residents have a high degree of accessibility to the ecological area. Amenity and commercial areas are relatively far away from the ecological sector. Thus formed a city scene with a sense of hierarchy in land use functions.

Residential area Amenity Commercial area Urban green corridor Ecological patch Vacant area

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Mixed-use development

Attration

Commercial Area

Amenity

Residential Area

Corridor

Corridor Ecological Patch

Residential -Led City

Residential Area Amenity

Commercial Area

Highly Greenprotected City

Green-led City

Commercial Area

Residential Area

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Corridor

Corridor Ecological Patch

Replusion

Corridor Ecological Patch Attration

Ecological Patch Replusion

Corridor

Ecological Patch

Corridor Ecological Patch

Ecological Patch

Residential Area Attration

Replusion

Attration

Amenity Replusion

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY

Scenario 1 for NG

Scenario 2 for NG

Scenario 3 for NG 112

Scenario 4 for NG

In conclusion, we have explored four types of planning guidance, including Mixed-use development, Green-led City, Highly Greenprotected City and residential-led city for the future development of the Northern Gateway project. All of the planning guides are based on the thesis statement, which focuses on developing an urban open space network on the site, but different in which agents play the guidance role. In the next chapter, we will focus on exploring the types of planning parameters.

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TYPOLOGY RESEARCH Research and analyse various dimensions of building types with different scales and functions in the city.

Resource: Figure from McCue. W. https://unsplash.com/photos/1jZbU_XuyvU

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Compared to the rest of the country, homes in Manchester are more likely be terraced or semidetached and have one or two bedrooms, and less likely to be detached, bungalows or flats, or to have four or more bedrooms. However,the requirement of housing is increasing along with the population. The requirement on affordable housing of flats or highrise apartments grows because of the development of economy and educational industry.

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Detached houses have the advantage of not sharing party walls with neighbours, You could make more noise in your property without attracting complaints. A semi-detached house is a single family duplex, divided by one shared wall. The semi-detached typology is the most costeffective way of building in the mid 18th century.

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Terraced housing is a row of attached dwellings which share side walls with one another. They are favoured due to their efficient use of space, especially in cities and high density urban areas where land is more expensive.

Detached Building AKA: Single Family Dwelling Standalone residential unit 1 Family- 2 Adults; 1-3 Children

Semi-Detached House AKA: Double family dwelling, 4 Adults, 2 to 6 Children

Terraced Housing AKA: Row Houses 2-3 Adults, 1 to 2 Children

Apartment buildings have technical and economic advantages in areas of high population density, and have become a distinctive feature of housing accommodation in virtually all densely populated urban areas around the world.

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Residential Building Dimensions

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3 6

Perimeter Block for Residential use 1-4 people per flat

0118

Mid-rise Apartment Shared household 1-6 people per flat

12 23 .5

Low-rise Apartment 2-4 people per flat

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High-rise Apartment AKA: Residential tower block 1-6 people per flat

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The requirement for commercial is also increasing on the newly-purposed Northern Gateway area. It requires variety of commercial type in different areas.

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H i g h s t re e t re t a i l i s w i d e s p re a d i n C e n t r a l Manchester, It is the most common commercial format. It is flexible to accommodate different types of commercial activities such as retails, offices and hotels.

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Perimeter blocks are typically found in densely populated areas in city centres. They tend to have a very dominant ‘fort-like’ public exterior facade and open up to a private, open courtyard space in the centre. Commercial complex is a large enclosed shopping centre which is limited to pedestrians. Both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to as shopping complex. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all adjoin a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.

6m 4

High Street Retail Shopping Complex Mid-rise Office Building AKA: Street shop Private or brand retailers AKA: Street shop Private or brand retailers AKA: Street shop Private or brand retailers Companies or private business groups Companies or private business groups Companies or private business groups

17m

High-rise Commercial Building

High-rise commercial buildings are buildings that are used for commercial purposes, and include office buildings, warehouses, and retail buildings. In urban locations, a commercial building may be multi-functional. Bus Stop Minimum plot area(m²): 10

Park Cafe Minimum plot area(m²): 100 Minimum plot area(m²): 250

Fire Station Minimum plot area(m²): 80

Educational Facility Minimum plot area(m²): 3500

Stadium Minimum plot area(m²): 2500

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OVERALL CALCULATION OF URBAN FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS Calculate the overall demand for various programs based on the survey and analysis of the population, the overall goal of the city and the per capita demand area. Achieve the goal of maximizing the green spaces while meeting the demand.

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Population with functional buildings

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Based on the document conducted by City Coucil and cencus in Manchester, the current population in city center in 2019 was 37,000 and it is projected to growth to 185,000 in 2023. The area of Northern Gateway is 155 hectares.

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2-4m2 per inhabitat

× population

commercial area

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Besides, given the guidof architects data, the different areas for per person could be calculated approximately, which provide dimensions for controls in later computational model.

current population in city center around 37,000 in 2019

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total area approximate 340,000m2 commercial area

1-2m2 per inhabitat

× population

amenity area

total area approximate 170,000-340,000m2 amenity area

sig

Different functional fields scale

30-40m2 per inhabitat

× population

green spaces area

total area approximate 255,000-420,000m2 green spaces area

projection housing provision 15,000 in next 15 to 20 years 15-37m2 per inhabitat residential area

Resource: Neufert, P. (n.d.) Architects’ Data. RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide

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× population

total area approximate 1,275,000 -3,145,000m2 residential area

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collect data

total area required to meet demands in the next 15 to 20 years

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input varable parameters

evaluate

outcome

masterplan ×

commercial area per person

commercial area 340,000m2

building coverage area

Green spaces number

Network adversity of green spaces

green spaces

Green spaces allocation

Allocation equality of green spaces

amenity area per person

amenity area 170,000-340,000m2

× projected population

green spaces per person

green spaces area 255,000-420,000m2

CHAPTER 6 SUMMARY

× urban road strategy residential area per person

residential area 1,275,000 -3,145,000m2 negative impact

positive impact

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The process statrs with collecting projected population data and other basic spacial data related, by doing so, the total area required for next 15 to 20 years could be caulated approximately. During the process, input varable parameters interacted with each other, but they all could affect the green spaces in terms of their scale, network diversity and allocation eauqlity.

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7.1 COMPUTATIONAL WORKFLOW TTS

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Computational process overview

START

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Set Rules

Set Rules of Attraction and repulsion

Input Site Boundary

Input Retained Landscape

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No Force (Remain Stable)

Generating Circles

Programs Run

Has Forces Between Agents (Connect agents)

Kangaroo Programs Run

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s h y d y or ar ac sis h m gy ro at ho eg ac c p e t t i aly m ion e ro Ap at ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du n & te Ap n& lS n ion ro tio Si er y t a tio a t i r t a e u liza pu m al m ua ra Ev Co Vis Pa

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Set Rules

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1. Reference site boundary 2.Reference retained landscape (green patches and river) 3.Input rules of creating reference gird and different types of circle 4 5. Put retained green space circles within green patch boundary

Kangaroo Programs Run

Output Circle Agents Diagram

1 Input rules for generating circle agents 2 populate points within boundary import Rhino.Geometry as rg class CircleAgent: def __init__ (self, pt) def getCircle(self) return rs.AddCircle(self.center, self.radius) a = [] for pt in x: obj = Class1(pt) a.append( obj.getCircle() ) 3 Make a loop that compares each circle to every other circle; Compare the difference between ‘the distance between centers’ and ‘the sum of both radiuses’. for circle in CircleAgent pts = self.center radius = self.radius for i in range (0, pts.count) j in range (0, pts.count):

Road Generating Programs Run distance = pts[i].DistanceTo (pts[j]) sum = radius[i].DistanceTo (radius[j]) if sum/2 < distance < sum elif distance <sum/2 elif sum < distance <sum*2 else distance > sum*2 4 Choose whether to connect circle center and classes them according to the comparison start = rs.GetPoint("pts[i]") if start: end = rs.GetPoint("pts[j]") if end: rs.AddLine(start, end) 5 Repeat for every circle, then have the whole component on a timed loop. 6 Wait until all the classes has been defined

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Choose Building Typologies

Evaluation

Output the visual building layer

14. Create list or library of typologies. If: the X m2 person = G& 15. Set rules for choosing typologies. accessibility to green space = H& If: plot area = a& green space area = I& plot ratio = b& traffic = J& building footprint = c& 24 =< G + H +I +J program = d& the planning is qualitified. height = e 17.Output thevisual building layer. Typologies from list to select a, b, c, d, e 16.Evaluation biodiversity and wellbeing from spatial contaxt: If:Green spaces = A =1, Road = B = 0.1, Construction = c = 0, Urban Green Factor = (1 x area A + 0.1 x area B + 0 x area C)/ total site area 0.3 =< Urban Green Factor <= 0.4 The modle is qualified. If: Patch = D, Patch neighbourhood = E, Distance from Core Area in a Patch = F Score of Habitat Hectare Approach = score D+ score E + score F 15=<Score of Habitat Hectare Approach the modle is qualified.

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END

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CIRCLE PACKING Use circle packing to generate the programs in Northern Gateway area.

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7.2.1 WHY CIRCLE PACKING TTS

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Research on circle packing

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In geometry, circle packing is the study of the arrangement of circles on a given surface (equal or varying size) so that no overlap occurs, so the circle cannot be enlarged without overlapping. The associated packing density, the arrangement of circle, is the proportion of the surface covered by the circle. It is possible to generalize to higher dimensions-this is called sphere packing, and usually only the same spheres are processed.

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Random points are generated in the specified area, and circles of specified radius are generated based on this. These circles are packed into the specified container. In the experiment, we used the kangaroo2 plug-in of Grasshopper to simulate forces, including friction, elasticity, collision, and gravity. After that we used kangaroo's solver for simulation generation , it will show a dynamic filling process. The most ideal full packing scheme is generated when the number of each circle is continuously adjusted.

Incompletely packaged containers

Here, circles can represent different function areas and various numbers of circles would be placed on the site without creating an overlap. The reason why we want to apply circle packing to our design is that it can help us to analyse the relationship between each function and fulfill the site with the simple abstract geometry.

Randomly generated center and specified number and radius around the area

Fully packaged container

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7.2.2 EXPERIMENT ON PACKING 1 TTS

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Grasshopper Python Solver

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Patches Boolean false: if distance < sum of radiuses, move object Set rules True

Connect river areas to ecological patches and Move in the direction of gathering

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Attraction forces

Connect ecological patches to residential area and Move in the direction of gathering

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Set a specified number of random points

Based on the demand

Python scripts define whether move objects

Connect reserved ecological patches to new ecological patches and Move in the direction of gathering

Input site boundary and reserved area

False

Corridor River Existing Patch

Output the results

Connect residential area to amenities and commercial area and Move in the direction of gathering

Natural Patch Residential area

Replusive forces

Connect the river area to the commercial area and reverse movement

Amenity Commercial Area

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Distance > 2*sum of radiuses: remains stable

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7.2.3 EXPERIMENT ON PACKING 2 TTS

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Grasshopper Kangaroo Solver

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Attraction

Attraction from river to circles

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Based on the demand

Set number for radius Replusive

Based on the demand

Replusive force between circles

Existing Patch

Natural Patch Replusive from river to circles

Residential area Amenity Commercial Area

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The attraction of the ecological patches to corridors The attraction of the ecological patches to the residential area Reserved ecological area to new ecological patches Residential area to amenities/ commercial area Repulsive force from the river to the commercial/ameinty circle Repulsive force from the river to the residential circle

Replusive from patch connections to circles

Corridor River

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Attraction from patch connections to circles

Set a specified number of random points

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Attraction between circles

Input site boundary and reserved area

FIX

Repulsive force from the river to the commercial/ameinty circle Repulsive force from the river to the residential circle

Empty

No force (too far away): remains stable

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Input into the Force calculator & Simulation experiment results

7.2.4 COMPARISON TTS

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Compare the pros and cons of the two methods

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Advantage

· Only data calculation and point movement, relatively low burden on the computer system

· Kangaroo calculation is the expression of the interaction between objects or points, which can show the dynamic process of calculation and generation. Combined with the typology in the following steps, it can show the dynamic process of urban block generation

· Python operations are more accurate and mandatory than kangaroo solver. If the code is guaranteed to be correct, there will generally be no results with bugs.

· Commands through code are more concise and easy to understand.

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· All forces can be simulated by one solver. A variety of results can be simulated by the seed change of the control point. The number of circles could be controlled (increase or decrease) during the calculation process to achieve a relatively full packing effect.

Disadvantage · The python operation is unable to show the dynamic process of program generation on site. · The calculation is controlled by the coordinate system of the point, which will generate a unique result on the map, and it is impossible to intervene in the calculation during the generation process.

Python solver

Kangaroo Solver We choose the kangaroo solver to deal with the circle packing for program generation.

Disadvantage · Simultaneous operation of multiple forces produces dynamic results, and a large amount of calculation may put a heavier burden on the computer. · There may be output bugs such as overlapping circles or blank areas caused by excessive attraction.

· A large number of complex calculations require multiple pythons to perform loop calculations in stages, which is easy to enter an infinite loop, and the accuracy of the calculation cannot be evaluated.

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7.2.5 APPROACH ON-SITE TTS

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Actual data calculation Function

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Total Area

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Typology

Types of Circle

1,230,0003,034,000 m²

214 - 870 R= 15m

Residential Area

Amount of circles

R= 30m

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164,000-328,000 m²

8 - 35

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R= 30m

Commercial Area

R= 50m

82,000-164,000 m²

8 - 35 R= 30m

Amenity Area

R= 50m

255,000-420,000 m²

4 - 46 R= 15m

Green Space Area

Circle Packing

R= 60m

R= 15m

Corridor Area

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7.2.6 COMPUTATIONAL GENERATION TTS

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Attraction

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Illustrate the generation logic and steps Circle Packing

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Attraction

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Replusive

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Circle packing within the site Circel boolean false

Attraction force from river to patch Attraction force from patch to corridor Attraction force from corridor to residential

Attraction force from the connections of pathes to corridors

Kangaroo Programs Run Several times

Attraction force from river to patch Replusive from patch to commercial

Replusive force from river to residential Attraction force from residential to commericial

Until it is relatively full packed while meeting the quantity demand Output

Adjust the number of circles

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7.2.7 OPERATION HINT TTS

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Packing with urban program

As mentioned above, we used various types of circles in the demand interval and use real scale in the site to simulate and calculate forces. And we interfered with circles during the operation.

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If we choose a specified number of circles to completely pack the site at the beginning, the repulsive force of the site boundary on them will make it difficult for most of the circles to move.

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So we choose not to completely fill the site at the beginning, but to experiment during the operation. The number of circles is continuously increased or decreased, and the kangaroo solver is calculated at the same time to achieve the best packing effect. This also gives us more freedom to observe and control the movement and scenario generated during the circle packing process.

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7.2.8 CIRCLE PACKING OUTPUT TTS

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With future scenario and rules

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According to the different attraction laws proposed in the chapter of Spatial Strategy and the different urban scenario it can achieve, we put these four rule options into the circle packing's kangaroo calculator.

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The best packing effect is achieved by continuously increasing or decreasing the number of circles, and the result is output to the calculator in the subsequent steps to achieve the dynamic effect of the simulation process.

Scenario 2

Scenario 3

Scenario 4

Mixed-use development

Green-led City

Highly Greenprotected City

Residential -Led City

Scenario 1

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STREET NETWORK Street network is the basic structure of the urban area and its shape and width will influence the life in the city.

Resource: Figure from Kaye. M. https://unsplash.com/photos/zGSSuyf-ac0

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7.3.1 STREET NETWORK TTS

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Plan of Generate Street Network

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In the generation of the street network, there are eight steps during the process. First of all, we would decide what to retain in the original context. Moreover, according to the grid system research, we would set up a suitable block size as a parameter. After the block, we then move the consideration of the plot. As we have researched various types of typology in the city, we would determine the plot width base on the research. In step four, we analyse the primary and secondary road in the city and based on that, and the road width can be established. After all the consideration of the generation parameters, we then identify two directions to generate the street network and the factors used to evaluate the outcomes. In step seven, we experiment with the five methods with the determined parameters. Finally, we would compare each method's outcomes to select a suitable one for the next step.

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STEP 1

STEP 2

STEP 3

STEP 4

Retaining the Original Elements

Setting Block Size

Setting Plot Size

Setting Road Width

1. I d e n t i f y w h a t s i t e e l e m e n t s would be reserved and input in the generation process

1. Identify the reasons why apply the grid system to generate the road network and its limitations 2. Set up and evaluate block parameters for generation.

1. Based on typology research, we can set up the minimum and maximum of the polt width.

1. Identify the dimension of the main and secondary road. 2. Setting up the range of the road width

Comparing the Outcomes of Each Method

Experimenting Various Methods

Identifying the Evaluating Factors

Identifying Generation Methods

1. Compare the evaluating factors of each proposal. 2. Selecting a suitable method for the next step

1. Based on the methods to generate the various proposals of street network 2. Calculate the evaluating factors of each proposal

1. Identify the types of factors to evaluate the street network

1. Identify two factors that can influence the generation of the grid network.

STEP 8

STEP 7

STEP 6

STEP 5

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7.3.2 STREET NETWORK TTS

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Step 1 Site Facotrs Consideration For the original context, there are four main aspects that we would like to consider. Firstly, the Irk river would remain. And for the original street network, we would consider the opportunity to remain the main roads and the connectivity to the surrounding urban roads. Last but not least, for the original green patches, we would reserve them as green resources for future city development.

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Maintain the Irk River

Maintain the Main Road

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Selecting the Connecting Roads

Maintain the Orginal Green Pathces

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7.3.3 GRID RESEARCH TTS

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Step 2 why grid & its limitation

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Disperse Traffic

Ignore topography Site

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There are many methods to generate the street network and one of them is using a grid. The reason why we want to apply the grid in our design is because, on one hand, it can disperse the traffic and improve the connectivity for the future city and, on the other hand, it is easy for the developers to construct buildings and subdivide the plots. However, it also has some limitations, such as increasing the road cover in the city, limiting the rain permeation and increasing the opportunity of landscape fragmentation. Thus, we would need to balance the benefits and disadvantages of the grid system.

Limit rain permeation

Connectivity improve

% Easy to construct

Road cover increase

Advantages

Street Grid Network

Limitations

Subdivide easily Resource: K n i g h t . P ( 2 0 1 7 ) : h t t p s : // w w w . s m a r t c i t i e s d i v e . c o m / e x / sustainablecitiescollective/fallacies-against-grid/34437/ Steuteville. R (2019)https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2019/11/20/whychoose-grid Alberit. M (2005) The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function.

Cause fragamentation

Balance

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Step 2 Setting up the Block Size

Pa rk

To set up the width of the block, which is also the grid dimension, we analyse various block sizes in the world’s greenest cities to find out the suitable size for the street block. St

an l

Hyde Park

The world's ten greenest cities by green view index

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1. Singapore Ma ga zin e

2. Sydney 0

200m

Be ac h

200m

3. Vancouver 4. Cambridge(US)

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City:

5. Durban

Sydney

City:

Average Block Size: 45m

Average Block Size: 80m

6. Sacramento

Vancouver

City:

Average Block Size: 65m 130m

210m

Cambridge(US) 150m

7. Johannesburg 8. Frankfurt

Palmengarten der Stadt Frankfurt am Main

9. Geneva

X: 60m

10. Amsterdam

10%

60m

Southside Park

12. Toronto 0%

Joubert Park

11. Seattle

20%

30%

0 City:

Sacramento 120m

158

City:

Johannesburg

Average Block Size: 75m

Average Block Size: 60m

Resource: Reynolds, M. (2017) https://www.wired.co.uk/article/green-city-indexmit-media-lab-google-street-view

200m

210m

200m

0 City: Average Block Size:

90m

Frankfurt 90m 140m

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200m

210m

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400m

Green Space Type

180m

400m

210m

400m

Green Space Type

400m

150m

210m

90m

120m

150m

90m

120m

60m

Grid/Plot Size

As we have analyzed the urban precendents before, here we choose a series size of the grid/plot to analyse how various kinds of grid/plot affect the types of green space. We found that as the grid/plot became bigger, the green space on the site would be more diverse. And if we combine the small size of the grid and the bigger one together, we can have various sizes of green spaces.

180m

Step 2 Evaluate the Block Size

Diverse Evaluation

Legend Communities Green Space

160

Green Space Type

161

7.3.4 PLOT RESEARCH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Step 3 Plot Generation

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

After the generation of the block, we would focus on parcelling. And to determine the parameter of the plot width, we analyse residential and commercial typology research and set up the range for the plot width.

Residential Typology Study

X: X: 13m

X: 15m

X: 24m

Y: 6m

Y: 9m

Y: 10m

& als Go

t In

X: 6m

60m

Y: 6m

60m

Y X

sig

Street Grid Network

DecodingSpace Plugin

X: 60m

Y: 20m

Y: 60m

Y: 20m

Commercial Typology Study

Parcel Width: X: 12m

X: 12m

Y: 6m

X: 60m Y: 60m

12m

60m

Y: 6m

60m

Plot Parcelling

162

X: 40m

X: 35m

X: 45m

Y: 35m

Y: 30m

Y: 17m

Y: 60m

163

60m

7.3.5 ROAD RESEARCH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 4 Road Width Dimension Due to the different size of plots, the mian roads and secondary road would be variable from 18meter to 21 meter, 12meter to 14 meter respectively. By extending the width of pedestrain and bicycle path, inhabitants could be encouraged to walk or cycle, which could mitigate the heart island effect in urban and enhance their wellbeing in some degrees.

2.25

0.25 0.75-1.50 0.25

2.25

0.25

1.50-3.75

Pedestrain

0.25

t In

Pedestrain

& als Go

2.50

2.50 0.25 1.00 0.25

sig

0.25 1.00

Cycle

Secondary Road

0.25

Cycle

Urban Road System

3.45

Road Offset 0.50

2.50

Bus 0.50

2.50

0.50

Bus

Main Road 0.25

1.75

0.25

Vehicle

164

165

0.50

12m

21m

7.3.6 GRID METHOD TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 5 Identifying Grid Methods After all the consideration of the parameters, we then focus on the methods of street network generation. Here, we have two considerations that can influence the generation.

Method3: One Guideline Method1: Grid

& als Go

t In eo

Consideration 1

Street Grid Network

Consideration 2

Method4: Two Guideline

sig

The first consideration is about the degree of relaxation of the grid for the reason that various shapes of the grids would change the morphology of the city directly. And the second consideration is about the influence of the guide line. Compared with the first consideration, in the second method, there is a guide line which is the main road that can influence the direction of the grid.

Degree of relaxation

Guide Line

Method2: Curve Grid Method5: Guideline with Curve Grid

166

167

7.3.7 EVALUATE THE STREET TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Step 6 Identify the evaluating factors And to evaluate the outcomes produced by each method with the same width of block and plot and the road offset, we have considered four factors in the assessment, which are the length of the street network, total buildable area, the connectivity and accessibility of the street network.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Factor3: Connectivity

Factor1: Street Network Length X Y

t In & als Go

Length= 8x+9y

Evaluating the length of the street network can tell us the density of the road cover

Evaluate the connectivity of the road netwrok can indicate the extend of how the road systems would effect the migration of animals

sig

Factor2: Buildable Area

Factor4: Accessibility

Assess the buildable area of each proposal can reflect the percentage of the road cover

168

The accessibility of the road network can reflect how convenient / inconvenient it is for citizens to reach their destinations.

169

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Step 7 Experiment 1

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Parameters

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Parameters

Loop

Parameters b b

a a a

Irk River

Street Network Length 90m

210m

Option 1

Distance of X 12m

21m

Buildable Area

sig

Connecting Road

90m

210m

Option 2

Distance of Y

Connectivity

Grid 6m

60m

Plot Width

Outcome

Road Offset

Code

& als Go

t In

In experiment 1, we apply grid system to generate the street network for the reason that grid is a basic guideline that has been used in many cities planning, like Manhattan. And there are many parameters that we would consider along the generation process. For example, we can change the number of x, y axis and the angle of grids when putting the grid into the site. And about the process, firstly, we input the context factors that we decide to reserve before combining with the grid systems. And after the grid generation, we then apply the DecodingSpace plugin to generate the plots and parcelling. Because of the changes grid systems, we would have various outcomes along the testing and for each of the outcomes we would compare some indicators to evaluate and compare these outcomes.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

170

Original Patch

Angle of grid

Context Input

Input the Grid

Plot & Parcel Generation

Option 3

Accessibility

Generation Loop

Evaluate

171

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 7 Trial 1 Generation Process

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Outcome 1

& als Go

t In eo

sig

Set boundary

Select connecting roads

Input river & patches

Results

Indicators

Street Network Length Buildable Area

Input grids (linked with connecting roads)

Offset to make plots

172

Connectivity

Accessibility

b b a a a

25.03 Km

102ha

Subdivide to make parcel

Low

173

High

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

StepExperiment 7 Experiment 2 2

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

In the experiment 2, we consider whetther the shape of the grid would make an influence on the network generation, so we try to apply the curve line as the grids to generate, evaluate and comapre the street networks.

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Parameters

Loop

Parameters Parameters b b

a a a

Street Network Length 90m

210m

Option 1

Distance of X

& als Go

t In

Irk River

12m

21m

Road Offset

Buildable Area

sig

Connecting Road

90m

210m

Option 2

Distance of Y

Connectivity

GridGrid Curve 6m

60m

Code

Outcome

Plot Width

174

Original Patch

Angle of grid

Context Input

Input the Grid

Plot & Parcel Generation

Option 3

Accessibility

Generation Loop

Evaluate

175

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Step 7 Trial 2 Generation Process

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Outcome 1

& als Go

t In eo

sig

Set boundary

Select connecting roads

Input river & patches

Results

Indicators

Street Network Length Buildable Area

Input grids (linked with connecting roads)

Offset to make plots

176

Connectivity

Accessibility

b b a a a

27.08Km

100ha

Subdivide to make parcel

Low

177

High

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Step 7 Experiment 3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Compared with the above experiments, in experiment 3, we started to add the main road as another contextual parameters to evaluate whether the grid can fit into the urban context more suitable. Thus, here we take the main road as the guide line to affect the generation of grids such as the angle.

Parameters

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Parameters

Loop

Parameters Parameters b b

a a a

Street Network Length 90m

210m

Option 1

Distance of X

& als Go

t In

Irk River

Shape of the Main Road

90m

Road Offset

Buildable Area

sig

210m

Connecting Road One Polyline Guideline

90m

210m

Distance of Y

Outcome

Number of Connecting Road

Code

Original Patch

Context Input

178

Option 2 Connectivity 90m

210m

Plot Width Angle of grid

Form the Guideline

Input the Grid

Plot & Parcel Generation

179

Option 3

Accessibility

Generation Loop

Evaluate

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 7 Trial 3 Generation Process 1

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Outcome 1

& als Go

t In eo

sig

Guide line (Main Road) Input

Form the basic road structure with the connecting Roads

Input river & patches

Results

Indicators

Street Network Length Buildable Area

Offset to make plots

180

Connectivity

Accessibility

b b a a a

16.13Km

109ha

Subdivide to make parcel

Low

181

High

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

Step 7 Experiment 4

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

And in experiment 4, we also tested whether the number of the guide line would also affect the network outcomes, thus we input other main roads to the generation process and see how the number of the guide line would affect the road network.

Parameters

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Parameters

Loop

Parameters Parameters b b

a a a

Irk River

Street Network Length

210m

Option 1

Distance of X

& als Go

t In

90m

Main Road

Shape of the Main Road

90m

Road Offset

Buildable Area

sig

210m

90m

Connecting Road Two Polyline Guideline

Distance of Y

Outcome

Number of Connecting Road

Code

182

Connectivity 90m

210m

Plot Width Angle of grid

Original Patch

Context Input

Option 2

210m

Form the Guideline

Input the Grid

Plot & Parcel Generation

183

Option 3

Accessibility

Generation Loop

Evaluate

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 7 Trial 4 Generation Process 1

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Outcome 1

& als Go

t In eo

sig

Guide line (Main Road) Input

Form the basic road structure with the connecting Roads

Input river & patches

Results

Indicators

Street Network Length Buildable Area

Offset to make plots

184

Connectivity

Accessibility

b b a a a

16.13Km

109ha

Subdivide to make parcel

Low

185

High

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 7 Experiment 5

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

In experiment 5, we try to combine the curve grid with the guide line to evaluate the influence of the curve grid.

Parameters

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Parameters

Loop

Parameters Parameters b b

a a a

Irk River

Street Network Length 210m

Option 1

Distance of X

& als Go

t In

90m

Main Road

Shape of the Main Road

90m

Road Offset

Buildable Area

sig

210m

90m

Connecting Road Guideline with Curve Grid

210m

Distance of Y

Outcome

Number of Connecting Road

Code

Original Patch

Context Input

186

Option 2 Connectivity 90m

210m

Plot Width Angle of grid

Form the Guideline

Input the Grid

Plot & Parcel Generation

187

Option 3

Accessibility

Generation Loop

Evaluate

7.3.8 COMPTATIONAL APPROACH TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

Step 7 Trial 5 Generation Process

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Outcome 1

& als Go

t In eo

sig

Guide line (Main Road) Input

Form the basic road structure with the connecting Roads

Input river & patches

Results

Indicators

Street Network Length Buildable Area

Offset to make plots

Subdivide to make parcel

188

Connectivity

Accessibility

b b a a a

30.69Km

95ha

Subdivide to make parcel

Low

189

High

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step8 Street network Generation Method Comparision

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Original Network

Grid

Network Length

25.70 Km

25.03 Km

Building Area

101ha

102ha

Curve Grid

One Polyline Guideline

Two Polyline Guideline

Guideline with Curve Grid

27.80 Km

31.30 Km

16.13 Km

30.69 Km

100ha

95.21ha

109ha

95ha

Methods

Building Area

Accessibility

Connectivity

From the comparision, we can conclude that although we can limit the length of the road to increase the whole building area, the connectivity and accessibility of the road network would go down on the other hand. Thus, to keep the balance of these factors, we can choose the grid or the curve grid as the method to generate the road network.

Connectivity

Accessibility

190

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

BUILDING GENERATION Based on the different orientations of the city's generation direction, the law of attraction and different types of road networks formulated, we still use computational tools to generate the building typologies in Northern Gateway.

192

7.4.1 BUILDING GENERATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

From circle packing and road network to Typology

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

& als Go

t In eo

sig

The output in the first two steps is used as the input in the typology calculation process to generate a variety of calculation results, which are calculated and compared in the evaluation step.

Mixed-use development

194

Green-led City

Typology Operator

Highly Greenprotected City

Residential -Led City

195

7.4.2 BUILDING DIMENSION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

Typology

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Parameter to computational approach Function

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Types of Circle

R= 15m

Residential Area

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Massing parameter

R= 50m

Floor height 5-6m Floor number 2-5

R= 50m

Floor height 5 - 10 m Floor number 1-5

Buildings

& als Go

t In

R= 30m

Floor height 3 -4 m Floor number 3 - 10

sig

R= 30m

Commercial Area

R= 30m

Amenity Area

Land use map

Plots

R= 15m

Green Space Area

R= 60m

Floor height Floor number Circle mapping

R= 15m

Corridor Area

196

197

7.4.3 GENERATION STEPS TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Overview of the whole process

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Choose one plot to analyse

Identify the circles that intersect with the chosen plot

Calculate the sum of the intersection areas by types and then identify which type of circle occupying most areas

& als Go

t In

X2 Z

X3 X1

sig

Step 4

Step 5

Step 6

What's next

Assign the same colour to the plot and determine its land use type

Do it for all plots

Generate buildings in different shapes, based on the land use

To achieve mixed-use land definition and generate typologies which are more complex

198

199

7.4.4 OPERATION HINT TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Operation process

CONTROL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

In order to prevent the computer from being unable to perform an excessively large number of calculations, we used the massing model and random number of floors to perform overall simulation calculations in Grasshopper, and generated dynamic results.

& als Go

t In eo

sig

The figure on the right shows the various levels of calculation of the site as a whole and the connections between them. It also shows the conversion steps of the typology calculator, that is, how it maps the circle packing results to the road network and generates the site model according to the program.

To watch the video of the operation, please click: https://vimeo.com/515072579

200

201

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

GENERATION PROCESS To watch the video of the operation, please click: Video link: https://vimeo.com/511532485

202

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Circle Packing Experiment

Street Network Experiment

CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY

Land Use Allocation Experiment

In brief, we have tried four experiments in this chapter, and each of them is closely related to each other. Circle packing is used to identify the relationships between the urban functional elements and help allocate the land use after the generation of the street network. The street network is generated based on the site analysis, grid research, and circles sizes. In the end, buildings would generate in the plots base on the various types of lands. We can then realize our four urban scenarios above after the evaluation process in the next step with all of the experiments.

Building Generation Experiment

204

0.3B

N-3.4

PARAMETER & INDICATORS 0.3B

0.3B

N-3.4

COMPUTATIONAL METHOD 0.3B

N-3.4

NODE 00.30-2

1G-2

t In

TTS

P-34.34-3

8 EVALUATION METHOD

sig

N-3.4

0.3B

NODE 00.30-2

VISUALIZATION & SUMMARY 0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

0.3B

N-3.4

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

8.1 ASSESSMENT SYSTEM

Green spaces calculation by the Urban Green Factor (UGF) given by RIBA.

Biodiversity Assessment

Wellbeing Assessment

Habitat Heactare Approach

The recommended UGF score is 0.3 to 0.4 for site predoninantly by residential development

1. patch size 2. neighbourhood 3. distance from core

1. X m2 per person appropriate to building type 2. accessbility to green space 3. green spaces size

208

8.2 EVALUATE ON GREEN SPACE TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Urban Green Factor

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

UGF 0

The Urban Green Factor (UGF) is a way of determing green infrastructure requirements for new development. It is used within the policies of many municipalities to set requirements that developers must agree to before planning permission for a site is granted.

UGF 1

& als Go

s y h d y or ar ac sis h m gy at ro ho eg ac c t p e t i aly m ion e ro Ap at ra ct Su nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS n ion ro tio Si er y t a tio t i a r a t e u liza pu m al m ua ra Ev Co Vis Pa

t In

UGF 0

UGF 0.2

UGF 0.4

UGF 0.6

sealed surfaces

water feature

amenity grassland

hedges

UGF 0.1

UGF 0.3

UGF 0.5

paving

small roof green

groundcover planting

green wall

UGF 0.7

UGF 0.8

UGF 1

vegetation blanket

green roof

woodland

flower planting

vegetation over structure

wetland

The area of site is 1550,000 m2 and according to RIBA recommended UGF, the UGF in residential development area is 0.3 to 0.4..

sig

total UGF score= (UGF A x site area) + (UGF B x site area) +(UGF C x site area) site area =0.3 to 0.4

<25 m

25 m

<25 m

selected in project Resource: Greater London Authority. (2017) https://www.london. gov.uk/sites/default/files/urban_greening_factor_for_london_ final_report.pdf

210

planted trees in cubic less than 25 m

25 m

rain garden

standard planed trees on 25m cubic

211

grassland

8.3 URBAN GREEN FACTOR TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Cases

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Based on RIBA recommonded Urban Green Factor (UGF), UGF for non-residential development area 0.3 and for residential development area 0.4, we compared two UGF cases showed as right hand, Which shows the bigger UGF the more green spaces areas.

& als Go

t In eo

woodland UFG = 1

sig

intensive green, UGF = 0.8 planted trees in park UGF = 0.6 water feature UGF = 0.2 50m X 50m cubic Urban Green Factor =0.3

212

Urban Green Factor =0.4

213

8.4 EVALUATE ON BIODIVERSITY TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Biodiversity

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Based on the Habitat Hectare Approach, the landscape context, like patch size, neighbourhood and distance from core area, are selected to quantify the weights ofgreen areas, which is helpful to assess biodiversity in a the area.

set rules

Patch Size

generate the visual building layer

evaluation

END

Distance from core area

Neighbourhood

t In & als Go

< 2 ha Score= 1

sig

2 ha< but <5 ha Score= 2

5 ha< but <10 ha Score= 4

core area 100 m

1 km

5 km

core area

1 km

5 km

10 ha< but <20 ha Score= 6

20 ha< but significantly disturbed Score= 8

20 ha< but not significantly disturbed Score= 10

Resource: Greater London Authority. (2017) https://www.london. gov.uk/sites/default/files/urban_greening_factor_for_london_ final_report.pdf

214

radius = 100m

radius = 1 km

score=2.4

score=1.6

score=1.2

215

distance contiguous

score=5

distance< 1 km

score=4

1 km< distance <5km

score=2

distance >5 km

score=0

8.5 Evaluate on Wellbeing TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Wellbeing

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

& als Go

t In

Based on the Landscape and Urban Planning, it clains that the well-being is related to the X m2 per person appropriate to building type, access to green spaces, green spaces area and traffic in terms of spatical context. Wellbeing Score = housing score + accessibility score +green space score + traffic score >=24 the wellbeing against spatial context is great in the site.

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

set rules

Housing

evaluation

generate the visual building layer

Accessibility

END

Green spaces area

well-being

sig

Local environment

Health

10-20 m2 per person Score 2

20-30 m2 per person Score 4

30-40m2 per person Score 6

40-50m2 per person Score 8

Physical environment housing, accessibility to green spaces, green spaces area, and traffic

Resource: Rodgers, M. (2015) https://www.mentorworks.ca/blog/ market-trends/01-downsizing-to-optimize-living-space/ Per capita: Countries Compared. (2008) https://www.nationmaster. com/country-info/stats/Geography/Area/Land/Per-capita

40-50m2 per person Score 10

216

50-60m2 per person Score 10

the average minimum distance access to green space for every household > 400 m Score 2

the average minimum distance access to green space for every household >300m and <= 400 m Score 4

=9 m2 green space per person Score 4

9 m2 < and <=15 m2 green space per person Score 6

the average minimum distance access to green space for every household >100m and <=300 m Score 6

the average distance access to green space for every household < = 100 m Score 10

15m2 < and <=30 m2 green space per person Score 8

30 m2 < and <=40 m2 green space per person Score 10

217

8.6 EVALUATION CALCULATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Logic 1

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

UGF( urban green factor)

Patch size

Neighbour

START

& als Go

t In

Different surface coverage UGF score ( B )

Distance from core area START

Green spaces number( Gn )

Green spaces and maintained patches

Input data

sig

Green spaces coverage area( G )

Different surface coverage area( A ) individually

Green spaces

Math calculation1

Find the central points of green spaces and cloest points

Find the central points in maintained patches( Pm) and green spaces central points( Pg)

G/Gn

AXB

Math calculation 2

if G/Gn < 2ha, score = 1 ......

UGF score

Patch size score

218

Calculate radius from Pm to Pg (R) Distance standard scores (Ds)

Parch size standard scores (Gs)

(A X B)/ site area

Calculate distance between points (D)

Radius standard scores (Rs)

if D > 400m, score = 2 ......

if R > 5km, score = 0 ......

Distance from core area score

Neighbour score

219

8.6 EVALUATION CALCULATION TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

Logic 2

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

X m2 housing per person

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

LOCAL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Accessibility to green spaces

START

X m2 green spaces per person

START

& als Go

t In

Projection population (P = 85,000)

Green spaces locations ( Lg )

Housing total area (Ht)

Input data

Housing locations(Lh)

Green spaces coverage area( G1 )

sig

Projection population (P=85,000)

Input data

Calculate distance between Lh and Lg(Dgh)

Math calculation1

Math calculation 2

Math calculation 1 Ht/P

Math calculation 2 Housing area standard scores (Hs)

Distance standard scores (Ds1)

if 20m2< H < 30 m2, score = 4 ......

Housing area per person score

220

if Dgh > 400m, score = 2 ......

Accessibility score

Green space area per person standard scores (Gs)

if Gp >= 9m2, score = 4 ......

Green space area per person

221

8.7 EVALUATION 1 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Street networks with scenario 1 UGF(urban green factor) Patch Size

Selected street network

0.43 0.39

4.32

Neighbour & als Go

t In eo

X m 2 housing per person

0.39

4.36

4.4

7.63

4.20

4.21

Standardised line

0.41

4.28

4.27

7.68

Distance from core area

0.38

Reference line

7.66

4.21

7.69

7.63

4.22

4.20

sig

2.73

X m2 green space per person Total score

28.84

27.50

Street network 1

Street network 2

222

3.04

2.86

2.78

7.7 7.6 4.3 4.1

4 3.4 3.0 2.6 6 4 2 29.50

29.15 27.27

Street network 3

0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 4.4 4.3 4.2

distance to patch

3.30

Score

26.91

Street network 4

Street network 5

223

26.50

8.8 EVALUATION 2 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Street networks with scenario 2 UGF(urban green factor) Patch Size

Selected street network

0.43

0.42 0.4

0.39

4.28

Neighbour

4.36

7.69 7.61

& als Go

t In eo

X m 2 housing per person

4.20

4.14

4.4 4.28 7.73 7.60

4.26

4.33

sig

3.39

3.26

2.96

Total score

Score

4.21

0.42 0.40 0.38 4.4 4.3 4.2 7.7 7.6 4.3 4.1 6

3.33

X m2 green space per person

0.4

7.59

distance to patch

Standardised line

0.44

4.32

Distance from core area

Reference line

4 2.93

4 3.4 3.0 2.6 6 4 2 29.50

27.40

27.03

Street network 1

Street network 2

224

27.70

Street network 3

27.80

27.73

Street network 4

Street network 5

225

26.50

8.9 EVALUATION 3 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Street networks with scenario 3 UGF(urban green factor) Patch Size

Selected street network

0.43 0.39

0.42 0.39 4.36

4.32

Standardised line

Reference line

0.4 4.4 4.28

4.27

Score 0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 4.4 4.3 4.2 7.7 7.6

Neighbour & als Go

t In

Distance from core area

7.56

4.09

7.48

7.54

4.06

4.00

X m housing per person

sig

3.17

2.97

3.00

X m2 green space per person

7.51

4.12

3.98

4.3 4.1 4.0 6

distance to patch

7.52

Total score

3.4 3.00

2.82

26.78

Street network 1

Street network 2

226

26.90

Street network 3

3.0 2.6 6 4 2 29.50

28.72 27.14

26.91

Street network 4

Street network 5

227

26.50

8.10 EVALUATION 4 TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

Street networks with scenario 4 UGF(urban green factor) Patch Size

Selected street network 0.41

0.43

0.42 0.37

0.4

4.37

4.32

4.39 4.27

4.27

Neighbour & als Go

t In eo

X m housing per person

7.54

7.55

7.46

4.04

4.06

4.1

4.11

4.06

4.3 4.1 4.0 6

4 6

sig

3.40 3.09

3.06

X m2 green space per person

0.44 0.42 0.40 0.38 4.4 4.3 4.2

7.49

distance to patch

Score

7.7 7.6

7.67

Distance from core area

Total score

Standardised line

Reference line

27.30

2.94

2.71

26.81

27.23

Street network 1

Street network 2

228

Street network 3

3.4 3.0 2.6 6 4 2 29.50

28.71

28.85

Street network 4

Street network 5

229

26.50

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

CONTROL P-34.34-3

FIX

W 41°24'12.2" E 23°44'54.4" PE-3 NVGT B

TTS

LOCAL P-34.34-3

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CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY 1. By calculating the score of UGF(urban green factor), better options could be selected, and it helps us to compare the holistic condition of urban planning. 2. By setting a standardised score of UGF 0.4 and biodiversity and wellbeing score, a total score of 26.50, it is easier to choose the option that addresses our challenge. 3. By analysing the allocation of different land use, we choose network 5. And we use the Green-led city scenario to show subsequent visualization chapter. Mixed-use development

Highly Greenprotected City

Green-led City

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Green City Planning Explorer & als Go

s y h d y ar or ac sis h m gy at ro ho eg ac c p e t m t i aly ion e ro Ap at ra Su ct nd An r p l M I t t a S du & n te Ap n& lS n ion ro tio Si er y t a tio t i a r a t e u liza pu m al ua m ra Ev Vis Co Pa

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This is a tool box for the user to explore and test your green city planning proposals. We aim to develop a green space network for the future city, so we provide many parameters and evaluation indicators in the box to help achieve the goal. Let's hit the road and begin your first exploring.

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Import and Showcase User Name: CPU This is the most suitable proposal that meets our thesis statement from the evaluation chapter. And in this chapter, we want to develop a proposed interface digital tool to help collect and summarize our works from ST1 and ST2. Besides, we want this tool to be realised and applied in ST3 or in the near future.

Password: *********

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GREEN BCR

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ROAD TYPES

Space Visualization Grid

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Data Comparasion

One Guide Line Grid Two Guide Line Grid Guide Line with Curve Grid

Proposal Output

Check the Generation Video Here

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SWOT 9.6 ST2 SUMMARY A whole set of computational tools from generation to evaluation

The size and shape of the plot can not be controlled very well

Further development of a small scale area

Limited coding skills

Our tool can focus on a whole scale of the site

Buildings typologies can not be adjusted to fit the plot

It can be developed into a game, flythrough or an App to interact with users

There are already some apps or tools that have the same functions

Apply circle packing to abstract and reflect the complicated relationship of urban elements

Lack of comparison with the original proposals

The green city become a trend in future planning

In conclusion, we have researched and developed a series of computational tools from circle packing organization, street network generation, building generation and proposal evaluation to develop urban green space network planning systems in ST2. Even though there are still some limitations, such as limited control of the plot shape and lacking suitable coding of the typologies, we still experiment and learn a lot about coding, generative design and computational thinking. Besides, we also know that there are thousands of factors that can drive the change in urban planning, which we need to balance or focus on the main problem.

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Green City Testing User: CPU 2021. 02.22

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ST3 FORECASTING We are aiming to developing a data and visual interaction tool to help with city planning.

Resource: Figure from MOVR. https://www.movr.com/en/references-projects/fraunhofer-vr-citytour-case-study/

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Paramaters Control Visualisation Real-time Readouts

9.7 ST3 FORECASTING

Flythrough

For the ST3, we will fix what we have lacked in the ST2 first, and then we will focus on three main aspects: green city, data interaction and visual interaction. Green city is related to our thesis statement, which focuses on citizens' wellbeing and the ecology's biodiversity. Moreover, data interaction and visual interaction are the two essential aspects that we want to concentrate on in ST3. As we believe, an efficient computational tool needs to reflect the change of data and visual in time to improve the working efficiency and users' experiences in the nowadays industry.

DATA INTERACTION

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Reference list and Images

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Cavan, G. (2020) ‘Climate change projections for Greater Climate change projections for Greater Manchester Climate change projections for Greater.’ Canadian Centre for Translational Ecology. (2019) [Online] [Accessed 15th October 2020] https://ccte.ca/resources/ fig5.1.html De Lima Filho, J. Vieira, R.J.A.G. De Souza, C.A.M. (2020) Effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity patterns of ecosystems with resource competition, Volume 564, [Online] [Accessed 15th October 2020] https://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0378437120307950 Harrison, A. (2013) [Accessed 12th October 2020] http://annieharrisonartist.blogspot.com/2013/02/following-irk.html Holland, J.H. (1992). Complex Adaptive Systems Gallagher, E.M. & Bryson, J. J. ( 2018) Agent-Based Modelling of Urban Systems. [Online] [Accessed 18th January 2021] https://www.doc88.com/p-8562973190491.html. Greater London Authority. (2017) Urban Greening Factor for London Research Report. [Online] [Accessed 27th January 2021] https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/urban_greening_factor_for_london_final_report.pdf Knight, P. (2017) [Online] [Accessed 27th January 2021] https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/ fallacies-against-grid/34437/ Levermore, G.J. (2018) The increasing trend of the urban heat island intensity, Urban Climate, pp 360-368. [Accessed 11th October 2020] https://www.metlink.org/other-weather/urban-heat-islands/manchester-urban-heat-island/Manchester City Council. (2015) Manchester's Great Outdoors - a Green and Blue Infrastructure Strategy for Manchester. Manchester City Council. (2020) The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework. [Online] [Accessed 11th October 2020] http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/ Manesh, S.V. Tadi, M. (2011) 'Sustainable urban morphology emergence via complex adaptive system analysis: sustainable design in existing context'. Procedia Engineering, 21. pp.89-97. Natálie, C. (2017) Effects of settlement size, urban heat island and habitat type on urban plant biodiversity, Landscape and Urban Planning, pp 15-22. Nel, D. (2016) Exploring a complex adaptive systems approach to the study of urban change Neufert, P. (n.d.) Architects’ Data, Third Edition, Blackwell Science. Northrop, R. (2019) Urban Natural Areas #2 – Habitat Fragmentation, [Online] [Accessed 15th October 2020] http://blogs. ifas.ufl.edu/hillsboroughco/2019/12/16/urban-natural-areas-2-habitat-fragmentation/ Peng, J. Zhao,H. Liu, Y. (2017) 'Urban ecological corridors construction: A review', Acta Ecologica Sinica, 37(1). Per capita: Countries Compared. (2008) [Online] [Accessed 27th January 2021] https://www.nationmaster.com/countryinfo/stats/Geography/Area/Land/Per-capita Report warns of severe future effects of climate change on the UK. (2016) [Online] [Accessed 11th October 2020]

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https://www.worldweatheronline.com/manchester-weather-history/greater-manchester/gb.aspx RIBA,(2020) RIBA Sustainable Outcomes Guide Rodgers, M. (2015) Downsizing: How to Optimize your Living Space. [Online] [Accessed 27th January 2021] https://www. mentorworks.ca/blog/market-trends/01-downsizing-to-optimize-living-space/ Steuteville, R. (2019) [Online] [Accessed 27th January 2021] https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2019/11/20/why-choose-grid The Royal Meteorological Society Journal of Climate Science [Online] [Accessed 11th October 2020] https://resin-cities.eu/greatermanchester/ Wikipedia. (2020) Complex adaptive system. [Online] [Accessed 20th October 2020] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_ adaptive_system Williams, J. (2018) [Accessed 12th October 2020] https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ northern-gateway-collyhurst-plan-manchester-14901992 Williams, J. (2018) [Accessed 12th October 2020] https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/ st-catherines-park-manchester-council-14877580 Wu, J. (2019) 'Patch dynamics' [Online] [Accessed 15th October 2020] https://www.britannica.com/science/patch-dynamics Image List Diagnostic, (n.d.). [Online] [Accessed 19th January 2021] http://www.immdesignlab.com/diagnostic/ Iwata. R. https://unsplash.com/photos/n31JPLu8_Pw/shareForman. (1995) Patch Corridor Matrix Model [Online] [Accessed 15th October 2020] https://learn.opengeoedu.de/en/monitoring/landschaftstrukturmasse/grundlagen/landschaftsstruktur/patchkorridor-matrix-modell https://www.room151.co.uk/funding/leveraging-council-land-value-thejoint-venture-approach/ [Online] [Accessed 18th January 2021] Google Earth. (2020) [Online] [Accessed 21th October 2020] https://www.planetizen.com/node/54477 Kaye. M. [Online] [Accessed 21th January 2021] https://unsplash.com/photos/zGSSuyf-ac0 Lemmen, D.S. and Warren, F.J. (n.d.) Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Manchester City Council. (2019) The Northern Gateway Strategic Planning Framework. [Online] [Accessed 11th October 2020] http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/ McCue. W. (n.d.) [Online] [Accessed 25th January 2021] https://unsplash.com/ photos/1jZbU_XuyvU MOVR. https://www.movr.com/en/references-projects/fraunhofer-vr-citytour-case-study/ Schofield. J. (2018) [Online] [Accessed 18th January 2021] https://confidentials.com/manchester/a-high-line-at-last-formanchester-the-northern-gateway-could-deliver Sigmund. (n.d.) [Online] [Accessed 19th January 2021] https://unsplash.com/photos/nOo6WHb0BUk Witkowski, ETF. (2006) Hierarchical patch-dynamic approach [Online] [Accessed 15th October 2020] https://www.researchgate. net/figure/A-hierarchical-patch-dynamic-approach-to-the-study-of-the-grassland-savanna-boundary_fig1_264954364

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THANKS FOR READING !