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WHO urges trans fat ban by 2023

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NEWS

EDITOR’S COMMENT

WHO urges trans fat ban by 2023 T

he World Health Organization (WHO) is calling for the elimination of artificial trans fats in the world by 2023, in the first time it is targeting a lifestyle factor behind a noncommunicable disease (see news story, p3) Non-communicable or chronic diseases – which include heart disease and diabetes – are the world’s leading cause of death and resulted in 72% of deaths globally in 2016, according to WHO. Consumption of trans fat causes more than half a million deaths/ year from cardiovascular disease.

Our industry, of course, is all too familiar with artificial trans fats – formed from the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oil – and found in hardened vegetable fats like margarine or vanaspati, and in fried, baked and snack foods. Trans fats are linked to raising levels of ‘bad’ LDL cholesterol and increasing risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes.

Leading food companies such as Danone, Ferrero, General Mills, Mars, Mondelez, Nestlé, Kellog’s, PepsiCo and Unilever are already working towards reducing industrial trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) to no more than 1g per 100g of product by the end of 2018.

However, it is in low and middle income countries where the risk is higher, with PHOs still widely used in Africa, India, the Middle East and Russia.

“The reality is that global food companies have done an amazing job reducing trans fats in rich countries but they have largely ignored Asia and Africa,” says Barry Popkin, a professor of nutrition at the University of North Carolina.

South Asian countries have a very high risk of heart disease and high intakes of trans fats, according to Dr Francesco Branca, director of the Department of Nutrition for Health and Development at WHO. Mexico was a country where intake was very high but has taken action, along with some Latin American countries, she says.

The evidence is there that taking action against trans fat can save lives. Denmark became the first country in the world to regulate the content of artificial trans fat in certain food products and in the three years after its policy was implemented in 2004, deaths attributable to cardiovascular disease decreased on average by 14.2 per 100,000 Danes annually, according to a study published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine in 2015.

Some New York counties also banned trans fat in 2007 and a report in JAMA (Journal of American Medical Association) Cardiology found that there was a 6.2% decline in hospital admissions for heart attack and stroke in counties with the ban, compared with counties without.

Meanwhile, the USA’s ban on trans fat, announced in 2015, is due to come into force on 18 June, albeit with an extension for some food applications (see story, p4).

All in all, the elimination of industrial trans fats can prevent millions of premature deaths and chronic diseases worldwide, says Dr Walter Willett, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.

However, although WHO is providing guidelines to countries, it cannot enforce any policy – it is up to governments to do that.

But as the public becomes more informed and industry responds to consumer health concerns, the tide continues to turn against industrial trans fat. l

Brazil fines five grain firms for deforestation

B

razil’s governmental environment agency Ibama has fined local farmers and five grain traders – including Bunge and Cargill – for carrying out grain trading activities linked to illegal deforestation.

The farmers and ABC Indústria e Comércio, Bunge, Cargill, JJ Samar Agronegócios Eireli and Unigger Protecão de Plantas were fined a total of 105.7M reais (US$29M), of which 24.6M reais (US$6.5M) was imposed on the five grain traders, reported Reuters on 23 May. According to Ibama, the firms had purchased nearly 3,000 tonnes of grains – including soyabeans – that had been grown in off-limits areas of the Cerrado savannah in central Brazil’s Matopiba region.

The Cerrado was one of the largest growing soya farming regions in Brazil due to cheap and widely available land subject to less strict deforestation rules than the Amazon rainforest, Reuters said.

The fines were part of Operation Soy Sauce, which in April saw Ibama clamp down on illegal land use in areas of the Cerrado that had been illegally deforested and designated as off-limits for agriculture to allow native vegetation to regrow.

Ibama said deforestation in Matopiba was advancing much faster than in other regions of the biome.

The trading firms had purchased soyabeans under advanced purchase agreements that in come cases had financed illegal farming, said Ibama.

Cargill told Reuters that it had not received any notification from Ibama about the illegal soya purchases and that it would look into the matter.

Bunge said that its purchases complied with agricultural best practices and it had consulted databases on banned areas, adding that it supported Ibama and Brazil’s environmental conservation efforts.

In addition to the five companies, dozens of farmers were fined for growing crops in the off-limits areas, preventing the regrowth of native vegetation or otherwise seeking to trade products originating from the banned areas.

Public prosecutors in Brazil were planning to take legal action beyond the fines to ensure that the farmers and agri traders repaired all environmental damage, said Reuters.

Mitsui to close Brazil grain operation

J

apanese commodity trader Mitsui & Co will close its Brazilian Multigrain business by the end of this year after several years of financial losses due to stiff competition in the sector.

Soyabean and corn trader Multigrain – which was acquired

by Mitsui in 2011 for 47bn yen (US$431.47M) – had been losing money for the past four years, wrote Reuters on 8 May. Mitsui chief financial officer Takakazu Uchida said the direct reason for the continuous losses was “excessive competition” after the number of new entrants in the sector – including Chinese and other global grain operators – had grown rapidly.

In February, Mitsui warned that

restructuring of Multigrain was likely and, in March, it revealed that the Brazilian unit had dragged the company’s full year earnings down by 47.7bn yen (US$434.83M), leading to greater losses than what Mitsui originally paid for Multigrain.

Nonetheless, Mitsui’s consolidated net profits rose 37% in the financial year ended on 31 March, due to stronger prices in iron ore and coal.

According to Reuters, Japanese traders, such as Mitsui and its rival Marubeni Group, had invested enthusiastically in foreign grain businesses some years ago but, for the most part, they had so far failed to turn the investments into profits.

2 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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NEWS

New WHO guidelines against trans fats

IN BRIEF

T

he World Health Organization (WHO) is calling for a global ban on industrially produced trans fats by 2023, in its latest move to combat cardiovascular disease.

The WHO‘s six-step guideline – titled REPLACE – was announced on 14 May, with a public consultation lasting until 1 June, reported Food Navigator.

The REPLACE guidelines encourage governments to review dietary sources of trans fats and their regulatory policies, promote replacing trans fats with healthier options, enact legislation to eliminate trans fats, monitor their content in food, create public awareness of their effects and to enforce compliance with regulations.

The WHO estimates that trans fats are responsible for more than half a million deaths from cardiovascular disease every year.

The International Food and

Beverage Alliance (IDFBA) said its members – which included Danone, Ferrero, General Mills, Mars, Mondelez, Nestlé, Kellog’s, PepsiCo and Unilever – were already committed to reducing industrially produced trans fats from partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) to no more than 1g per 100g of product by the end of 2018.

The IDFBA also said that its members would replace PHOs with unsaturated fats whenever possible.

Peter G Lurie, president of the Centre for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI) said PHO was still widely used in Africa, India, Middle East and Russia. n The WHO has recommended that adults and children receive less than 10% of their daily energy intake from saturated fats and less than 1% from trans fats, in a draft guideline published

Dairy bodies call for naming ban

UK approves new Palm Oil Free certification scheme

hree European dairy groups are urging the EU to block companies producing plant-based dairy alternatives from using words associated with dairy products – such as ‘milk’ and ‘butter’ – in their marketing.

The European Dairy Association (EDA), Eucolait and Copa-Cogeca were asking the EU to protect dairy products from “misleading sales descriptions” in legislation and the European Common Agricultural Policy, wrote just-food on 27 April.

“The issue is not about having plant-based innovative produce on the market, it is about ensuring that consumers are not misled or confused vis-à-vis the nutritional characteristics of livestock produce and plant-based produce,” said Pekka Pesonen, Copa-Cogeca secretary general.

EDA secretary general Alexander Anton agreed, saying that it was misleading to market products as, for example, soya milk or tofu butter when they were “absolutely different” from dairy products with differing nutritional characteristics, including macroand micronutrients.

The three bodies were calling for the EU to protect dairy terms and marketing standards in legislation and ensure they were respected throughout the supply chain.

he UK Intellectual Property Office has approved the Palm Oil Free Certification Accreditation Programme (POFCAP), allowing it to officially certify UK products and food services as being palm oil free.

POFCAP is the world’s first international palm oil free accreditation programme that certifies products, allowing them to carry its Certification Trademark logo, POFCAP said in a 28 May press release.

Along with the UK, Austria, Spain, Sweden and the USA had also approved the programme.

Approval in nine further countries was pending, said POFCAP. POFCAP was launched in Australia in August 2017 as an independent certification programme for palm oil free products.

“While some companies have for some time made their own palm oil free claims, until now there has not been an independent, international, government approved certification programme,” said POFCAP cofounder Bev Luff.

“Our goal is that, one day, our Palm Oil Free Certification

PAKISTAN: Pakistan’s Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) has proposed a more than 30% increase in the import duty for soyabean and palm cooking oil for the 2018-19 financial year.

The FBR had asked the government to raise the customs duty on soyabean oil from the current Rs9,050 (US$77.8)/tonne to Rs12,000 (US$103.2), an increase of 32.5%, said Pakistan Today in a 3 May report.

For palm oil, the proposal would raise the import duties from Rs10,200/tonne (US$87.7) to Rs13,200 (US$ 113.5), an increase of 29.5%.

The duty hikes would impact imports of the oils and the industry believed it could increase cooking oil prices by Rs55/kg (US$0.47), making it more expensive for some consumers to buy.

Trademark will be as recognised as other major international certification trademarks, such as Fair Trade or Gluten Free,” Luf added.

Together with the governmental approval, POFCAP also announced it had handed out the first UK Palm Oil Free certification to Yorkbased vegan restaurant El Piano.

“This international certification is the cornerstone to building trust with our customers while creating transparency about each and every ingredient in our award winning food,” said El Piano founder Magdalena Chávez.

Adani Wilmar top bidder for troubled Ruchi Soya

A

dani Wilmar has emerged as the top bidder for Indian edible oils producer Ruchi Soya, which is undergoing bankruptcy proceedings.

The 50/50 joint venture between Singapore agribusiness group Wilmar International and India’s Adani group offered over 60bn rupees (US$887.4M) for Ruchi, the Times of India reported on 13 June.

Patanjali, which already has a three-year agreement with Ruchi to process and pack its oils, has been declared the second highest bidder, with an offer of 57bn rupees (US$843M).

The bids were opened on 12 June after the company’s creditors decided to allow the two contenders to revise their previous offers so that maximum value could be derived from the sale of Ruchi, the Times of India said.

Following the Swiss auction method, the two companies would be given the opportunity to match each other’s offer or improve their bids, with one

PHOTO: RUCHI SOYA

T

T

on 4 May. The guideline recommended replacing these fats by using polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as those found in sunflower and soyabean oils.

“Reduced intake of saturated fatty acids has been associated with a significant reduction in risk of coronary heart disease when replaced with polyunsaturated fatty acids or carbohydrates from whole grains,” said the WHO. Additionally, total fat consumption should not exceed 30% of total daily energy intake to avoid unhealthy weight gain.

A public comment period for the proposal was set to run until 1 June, giving any relevant stakeholders a chance to make their voice heard.

WHO recommendations are not legally binding and any possible regulatory responses are left for individual governments to decide.

source close to the case telling Business Standard that the bidding process could be completed in seven to 10 days.

Best known for its Nutrela soya products and Sunrich edible oil, Ruchi was admitted to the corporate insolvency resolution process in December 2017 and has debts of over 100bn rupees (US$1.48bn).

3 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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NEWS

FDA extends deadline for some trans fats

T

he US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has extended certain compliance deadlines in its 2015 ban on industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) in food, while denying a petition to amend the rules.

The petition, submitted by the Grocery Manufacturers Association (GMA), asked the FDA to include the use of partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) in certain food applications, Food Business News said on 18 May. The FDA denied the petition but

IN BRIEF USA: Seeds and agrichem firm DowDuPont is in the final stages of developing a high protein canola variety to compete with soyabean, which dominates the oilseed meal market.

The company was aiming to sell ProPound canola as early as 2019, Reuters wrote on 18 May. Soyabeans are currently the number one protein meal crop due to their 47% protein content, significantly higher than the average 37% protein in canola.

ProPound canola could narrow the gap by producing a canola meal with 44% protein.

So far, developing high protein canola varieties had always come with the downside of diminished seed or oil yield, but with ProPound – developed through traditional plant breeding – DowDuPont had been able to increase protein levels without lowering either seed or oil production, the firm said.

UKRAINE: According to a 16 May US Department of Agriculture (USDA) GAIN report, a new Ukrainian tax policy would make soyabeans less profitable for farmers, which would result in a planted area of 1.5M ha this season, 23% less than in 2017/18.

The planted areas for sunflower and rapeseed were projected to increase in 2018/19, partly at the expense of the lower soyabean area.

“Production of sunflower seed in Ukraine for 2018/19 is forecast to reach 15.6M tonnes, 16% higher compared to the estimated 13.5M tonnes for 2017/18,” the USDA report read.

extended the compliance date until 18 June 2019 for companies that make products falling under three specific applications: n PHO or a blend of PHOs used as a solvent or carrier, or component thereof, for flavouring agents, flavour enhancers and colouring agents intended for food use, provided the PHOs contribute no more than 150ppm of IP-TFA to the final product. n PHO or a blend of PHOs used as a processing aid, or a component thereof, provided the PHOs contribute no more than 50ppm

of IP-TFA to the final product. n PHO or a blend of PHOs used as a pan release agent for baked foods at levels up to 0.2g/100g in pan release spray oils, provided the PHO contributes no more than 0.14g of IP-TFA per 100g of spray oil.

“We have denied a trade group’s petition to maintain these uses, and manufacturers will be legally required to remove even these small amounts from food,” said FDA PhD commissioner Scott Gottlieb.

“However in order to provide food makers time to reformulate their products and adjust their manufacturing processes, we’re giving manufacturers extra time to comply for the uses of PHOs requested in the petition.”

All other food products would have to be compliant with the new rules by 18 June 2018.

In 2015, the FDA gave the US food industry three years to eliminate IP-TFAs from the country’s food supply.

Trans fats are linked to increased heart disease risk.

Swiss snack firm to use HOLL oil

Z

weifel Pomy-Chips, one of Switzerland’s largest snack food manufacturers, has replaced imported sunflower oil with a high oleic rapeseed oil to improve quality, traceability and sustainability.

Since November 2017, Zweifel had been using a High Oleic Low Linoleic (HOLL) rapeseed oil in its range of potato crisps, produced from domestic Swiss rapeseed, wrote Hospitality & Catering News on 21 May. The change came ahead of an expected EU-wide 2% limit on partially hydrogenated oil (PHO) content in food products.

According to Zweifel, the HOLL oil had benefits for heart health and cholesterol reduction and was also more stable at higher temperatures.

“We first heard about HOLL rapeseed oil some five or six years ago. Although we had never used PHOs in crisp production, we had already been using high oleic sunflower oil. We realised

that HOLL could give us the chance to set up a 100% Swiss production chain,” said Pietro Realini, Zweifel production and logistics director.

Realini said HOLL had high stability with a lower free fatty acid content than the sunflower oil it was previously using, which was due to the oil’s inherent properties and also to the shorter domestic supply chain, meaning the oil spent less time in storage.

A two-year process of securing oil supply and industrial and consumer testing resulted in improvements in both traceability and oil quality, added Realini.

Zweifel had started using the oil in more than 100 product lines, with only its organic line remaining non-HOLL, reported Hospitality & Catering News.

HOLL rapeseed oil was developed by Monsanto through conventional breeding methods to provide a rapeseed oil with a specific fatty acid profile.

Canola farmers sue oilseed firm

S

ix Canadian canola farmers have filed a class action lawsuit against Regina, Saskatchewan-based oilseed and grain trader Input Capital Corp, accusing it of predatory lending.

According to the lawsuit, Input’s streaming canola contracts – in which the company paid up front for certain amounts of future production – were unfair and the plaintiffs asked the Regina Court of Queen’s Bench to find them illegal, reported The Western Producer on 10 May. The plaintiffs said Input set too high interest rates, did not provide

sufficient information to those entering into a contract, and did not share risk.

The lawsuit claimed that Input’s contracts did not account for factors outside of the farmers’ control, such as weather, moisture and equipment failure.

Input told The Western Producer that it “completely denies” all of the “false allegations” and intended to vigorously defend against the class action.

The company insisted it had “hundreds” of satisfied clients and a reputation for honesty and fair dealing, the publication said.

Olive oil most stable frying oil

V

irgin olive oil produces the lowest amount of toxic compounds at high cooking temperatures, an Australian study has found.

In the study, a team from the Modern Olives Laboratory Services heated a range of commonly used cooking oils.

The tested oils included extra virgin (EVOO), virgin (VOO) and refined olive oil, as well as grapeseed, avocado, coconut, sunflower, rice bran, peanut and canola oils.

They were heated for six hours at 180°C and in temperatures increasing from 25°C to 240°C over 20 minutes.

When frying, oil decomposed into a variety of volatile compounds that could influence the sensory and health quality and shelf life of the fried product, the study said.

The results revealed that EVOO developed the lowest amount of polar compounds after heating, closely followed by coconut and peanut oils, while the highest amounts were found in grapeseed and canola oils.

Additionally, the results suggested that smoke points were not relevant when determining how oils would degrade during heating and that the level of unsaturated fats, oxidative stability and UV coefficients were more accurate predictors.

4 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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NEWS

IN BRIEF INDONESIA: The Indonesian government is planning to expand an oil palm replanting programme it launched last year to cover 185,000ha of plantations in 2018.

The scheme, which had the ultimate goal to replant 5.61M ha worth of palm trees older than 25 years, was intended to help smallholders struggling with much lower yields than plantations owned by large companiess, wrote Reuters on 9 May. But the programme – funded through the Indonesian Oil Palm Plantation Fund (BPDPKS) – had come under fire from smallholders who sued the government in April, claiming that funds were used to illegally subsidise the biodiesel industry, according to Mongabay.

US agri sector fears retaliation

T

already begun implementing countermeasures.

Canada said it would impose retaliatory tariffs up to C$16.6bn (US$12.8bn) on US steel, aluminium and other products – such as yogurt, prepared foods and coffee. Mexico, meanwhile, intended to impose “equivalent measures” on flat steel, lamps, pork meat, sausages and certain prepared foods.

President of the EU Commission Jean-Claude Junker, on his part, said: “The US now leaves us with no choice but to proceed with a WTO dispute settlement case and with the imposition of additional duties on a number of imports.”

On the Chinese side, US agri giant Cargill said it had “significant concerns” about potential US trade action on China

he US agriculture sector warns that the Trump administration’s tariffs on steel and aluminium imports from Canada, China, the EU and Mexico could end up hurting the country’s agricultural producers, such as soya farmers.

The agri group US Grains Council (USGC) said US farmers would be among the first to face retaliation after the tariffs on Canada, the EU and Mexico came into effect on 1 June, reported World Grain.

“We had strong hopes this situation would be averted permanently, but it now appears we need to prepare for retaliation and its direct impact on US farmers,” said USGC president and CEO Tom Sleight.

The US government said it was ready to continue negotiations, but the three countries had

after the US Ambassador Terry Branstad said the countries were “very far apart” from resolving their dispute, wrote Reuters.

“While we understand the administration’s intent is to generate substantive bilateral dialogue, we are concerned that this approach will not effectively advance the goal of addressing distortive trade practices,” said Cargill vice president of global corporate affairs Devry Boughner Vorwerk.

Another US agri trader Bunge told Bloomberg on 2 May that China had already stopped buying US soyabeans and switched to countries such Brazil and Canada.

According to the US Department of Agriculture, China had cancelled 62,690 tonnes worth of soyabean purchases in the two weeks ending on 19 April.

Xylella olive tree High fat diet, not genes, impact ability to taste fat included the same amount of daily kilojoules of on high fat diets become less sensitive to disease spreads People energy. the taste of fat, which could lead to an overtly The participants were tested at the start, middle energy intake and obesity, an Australian study to Spain, France high and end of the study and were asked to taste three has found.

n addition to once again ravaging olive trees in Italy this spring, the deadly Xylella plant disease is showing signs of spreading further in the Mediterranean olive growing regions.

In a containment zone in Salento, in southern Italy, the number of trees infected with the Xylella fastidiosa bacterium had quadrupled, according to The Olive Oil Times.

The bacterium had spread from its containment zone and there were fears that it would make its way further inland.

Spanish authorities had also reported that they had found a Xylella infected olive tree on Spanish mainland near Madrid.

The disease had earlier been discovered on the Balearic island of Mallorca, according to Xylella expert Alexander Purcell from the University of California at Berkeley.

Xylella had also made its first ventures into France this spring, with the Corsica chapter of the Interprofessional Union of Oleiculturists reporting in April that olive trees on the island had been infected.

According to the International Olive Council, the Mediterranean Xylella outbreak led to a global drop in olive oil production last year.

Conducted by the University of Deakin and published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the study found that a person’s ability to taste fat was influenced by their diet rather than genetics, Food Navigator reported on 25 May. According to lead researcher Russell Keast, director of Deakin’s Centre for Advanced Sensory Science, there was a preconception that the genes a person was born with affected their appetite for fat, but the study had proven otherwise.

In the eight-week study, 44 pairs of adult twins were fed a low and high fat diet, with one twin receiving less than 20% of their daily energy from fat while the other received more than 35% of daily energy from fat and was encouraged to eat dairy products, meat and oils.

Despite the different fat intakes, both diets

different liquids and identify the one that contained a fatty acid, with those unable to do so given a larger concentration of fatty acid until a difference was noted.

The study discovered that by the middle and end tests, the twins eating a low fat diet were able to identify lower concentrations of fatty acids than their siblings.

“People who have a lower sensitivity to the fat taste end up eating far more kilojoules from fat because they need more to feel satiated.

“That’s why it’s vitally important we’re careful with what we’re eating, otherwise we will get in a bad cycle of our bodies becoming accustomed to high levels of fat and requiring high levels of fat to become satisfied. That can then lead to obesity,” said Keast.

UK may introduce a range of anti-obesity measures

T

he UK government could be planning to introduce new anti-obesity measures for shops and food services in its ongoing campaign to combat obesity and unhealthy diets in the country.

According to a draft proposal seen by The Sunday Times, the government was planning to make it mandatory for restaurants to display the calorie content of their dishes, reported just-food on 29 May. Additionally, the draft proposed banning ”unhealthy snacks” at store tills and checkouts, blocking junk food advertisements on TV

PHOTO: PIXABAY

I

before 9pm and introducing a sugar tax on milk-based drinks by 2020.

According to the original report, the measures had the support of health secretary Jeremy Hunt.

The proposed measures indicated a tougher stance by the UK government, which so far had

relied on setting voluntary targets, such as its call in March for food companies to cut calories in products consumed by UK families by 20% by 2024.

In 2017, the UK set a target for food manufacturers and retailers – alongside food service establishments – to reduce sugar by 20% in the top nine product categories that contributed to children’s sugar intake by 2020.

However, according to a May report, the food firms had missed the government’s target of a 5% reduction between August 2016 and August 2017, said just-food.

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BIOFUELS NEWS

EU registers Argentine biodiesel imports T

he European Commission (EC) began registering Argentine biodiesel imports on 25 May in the context of its ongoing investigation into subsidised biodiesel imports entering the EU. The registration followed the EU’s removal and reduction of anti-dumping duties on Argentina and Indonesia earlier in the year and a complaint by the European Biodiesel Board (EBB) in December 2017, Platts reported on 24 May. According to an EC spokeswoman, the registration allowed the EC to react appropriately in the future “in case imports rise sharply during the investigation” and also made it possible for anti-subsidy tariffs to be applied retroactively due to the EBB complaint.

However, she told Platts that the decision to register the imports did not “prejudice the outcome of the case”.

“As regards subsidisation, the EC has at its disposal sufficient evidence tending to show that imports of [biodiesel] from Argentina are

BULGARIA: Bulgaria is set to implement a 6% biodiesel blending mandate for all transportation fuel on 1 September.

At least 1% of the blend would have to come from “next generation” biofuels, according to EU Scoop on 30 May. The mandate was intended to help reach the national goal of introducing a new generation of biofuels produced from feedstocks such as waste and residues.

USA: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) submitted its proposal on 2019 Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) blending obligations to the White House on 11 May. The White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) was the last step in setting renewable volume obligations (RVOs) before the launch of a public comment period, Biodiesel Magazine wrote on 14 May. The OMB said a final ruling was scheduled for December.

USA: Boeing has flown the first ever commercial flight on 100% biofuel, K5 News said on 10 May. The fuel used on a flight from Seattle to Memphis and back was produced from waste animal fats and plant oil and matched Type A jet fuel in molecular structure.

Argentina lower than biodiesel in Europe, much had been booked as a blendstock for FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) into Europe, with almost 1.2M tonnes booked since the initial reduction of anti-dumping duties.

The boost in the export tax would most likely curtail some EU imports, said Post Online Media.

The top exporter of biodiesel – with 1.65M tonnes exported in 2017 – had been hit by retaliatory tariffs recently, Reuters said.

Earlier in the year, the USA imposed anti-dumping duties of 60.44-276.65% on biodiesel imports from Argentina and Indonesia, in addition to already high antisubsidy taxes.

The Argentine exporters’ association CIARACEC was also expecting the EU to impose new tariffs in September or October.

According to Argentine President Mauricio Macri, lowering the biodiesel export was meant to “continue fostering convergence” between biodiesel and soyabean oil export taxes.

Call for EU to support crop fuels St1, SCA to use PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK

IN BRIEF

being subsidised,” she said.

According to the EC, these subsidies consisted of things such as the Argentine government providing goods – including soyabeans – to biodiesel producers without appropriate remuneration and purchasing biodiesel at a higher price than appropriate.

Evidence at this point indicated that Argentine biodiesel exports were benefiting from countervailable subsidies, but the final decision in the case would not be given until later in the year. n In Argentina, the government will raise the export tax on biodiesel from 8% to 15% from 1 July, Reuters reported on 28 May. This would make the export of soya-based biodiesel from Argentina into Europe more expensive, potentially cutting the arbitrage that has been open since the WTO ruled that the EU had to reduce its anti-dumping duties against Argentina in September 2017, according to Post Online Media.

With the price of soya biodiesel (SME) in

A

central European group of biofuel producers is calling for the EU to maintain the share of crop-based fuel in its Renewable Energy Directive II (RED II), while supporting the removal of palm oil from the list of sustainable fuels.

The Visegrad 4+3 (V4+3) group urged the EU to ensure the use of proven crop-based fuels was not reduced or capped and they would have a 12% share in transport by 2030, a 25 April statement said.

The group also specified that the 12% share would need to be an actual percentage of total biofuel use without

multiple counting.

“With a grounded RED II, we would continue to invest, including in exactly the advanced biofuels that everyone is hoping will flourish and become viable in coming years,” the group said.

V4+3 also called for the same sustainability requirements to be applied to all biomass under the RED I, as woody biomass currently had stricter restrictions than others.

“Applying this restriction selectively not only makes no climate sense but would also invalidate the restriction under World Trade Organization (WTO) rules,” V4+3 said.

The group also gave its support for the proposal to remove the sustainable status of palm oil-based biodiesel, but advised that the legal text should give a clear reason for the phase-out to withstand any legal challenges.

tall oil for fuel

F

innish energy firm St1, with Swedish forestry company SCA, is developing a new large scale facility at its Gothenburg refinery to produce renewable fuels from residual tall oil.

The new plant would have the capacity to produce 100,000 tonnes/year of fuel from tall oil, a waste product created when pulping wood through the kraft process, St1 said in a statement on 21 May. The construction of the facility was expected to cost roughly 500M SEK (US$57M) and it would become operational in 2021.

SCA produces tall oil at its kraft mills in Munksund, Obbola and Östrand and, in the latter, tall oil production was projected to increase by more than 100% as a result of ongoing expansion.

The project partners said they would be able to establish a full value-chain for tall oil.

Bunge halves production at German biodiesel plant

U

S agri trader Bunge is cutting biodiesel production at its German facility, the latest company to do following a surge of imports from Indonesia and Argentina.

The firm said it was expecting to cut production at its 120,000 tonnes/year Mannheim refinery by 50% in the second quarter of 2018, Reuters wrote on 16 May.

Bunge added that it would review production and make further changes if necessary as time went on.

Bunge joined Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and German biofuels firm Natural Energy West (NEW) in cutting production after the EU removed import tariffs on Argentine and Indonesian biodiesel in March, leading to a

surge of imports into the European market.

In March, ADM suspended production at its 275,000 tonnes/ year facility in Mainz, while NEW slashed production by half at its Marl plant in April.

EU biodiesel producers had called the Argentine and Indonesian imports unfair due to state support, said Reuters.

8 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Biofuel news.indd 1

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BIOTECH NEWS

T

he US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) rule proposal for the standard governing the labelling of genetically modified (GM) foods has been criticised by the industry for opening up more questions than it answers.

A public comment period for the proposal would run until 3 July, missing the USDA’s Congress-mandated deadline to finalise the GMO ruling by 29 July, wrote Food Navigator USA on 3 May. The current proposal did not address whether highly refined foods and ingredients – such as canola, corn and soyabean oils – that might contain no detectable modified DNA, should be covered by the labelling requirements.

The second major issue was the threshold at which GM labeling should be triggered, with the USDA asking the public to provide opinions on three options to exempt foods based on the proportional weight of GM ingredients in final products.

The rule did not mention whether crops and ingredients produced through gene editing – by using new technologies such as CRISPR or TALEN – would meet the rule’s definition of a ‘bioengineered’ product, thus mandating labelling.

The proposal defined GM foods as containing genetic material that has been modified through in vitro recombinant DNA techniques in ways that could not occur nautrally, which in theory would exempt gene editing from regulation.

The USDA said the final rule was expected “later this year”.

Monsanto name to be dropped as Bayer completes acquisition

G

erman chemicals giant Bayer closed its US$62.5bn acquisition of US agrichem firm Monsanto on 7 June, officially forming the largest single player in the agrichemicals sector.

Bayer would become the sole owner of Monsanto, which would have its shares cease trading on the New York Stock Exchange, Bayer said in a statement.

“We aim to live up to the heightened responsibility that a leadership position in agriculture entails and to deepen our dialogue with society,” said Werner Baumann, chair of the Bayer board.

Bayer would immediately drop the ‘Monsanto’ name and operate simply under the name ‘Bayer’, with all of Monsanto’s products retaining their brand names but moving under the Bayer portfolio,

said Reuters.

The integration process of Bayer and Monsanto would begin in approximately two months, said Bayer.

Monsanto would operate independently until Bayer had completed its US¤2.2bn worth of divestments to BASF, required under the conditional merger approval given by the US Department of Justice (DOJ) and the EU. As part of the agreement with the DOJ, Bayer would sell roughly US$9bn worth of assets, which DOJ Antitrust Division head Makan Delrahim called the “largest divestiture ever required by the USA,” wrote Reuters on 29 May. The US approval had been delayed for several months but, in April, Bayer said it had reached

an agreement in principle with the DOJ. Bayer has committed to selling its entire cotton, canola, soyabean and vegetable seeds businesses and digital farming business, alongside its Liberty herbicides that compete with Monsanto’s Roundup herbicide. n A French beekeeping company filed a lawsuit against Bayer after traces of the herbicide glyphosate – manufactured by Monsanto – were found in honey, wrote Taipei Times on 10 June.

The case was filed on 7 June to coincide with the closing of the Bayer-Monsanto merger.

According to the L’Abaille de l’Aisne Beekeeping Union, its member cooperative Famille Michaud found the pesticide in honey grown near sunflower, rapeseed and beet fields.

EU upholds ban on ‘bee killer’ neonicotinoid pesticides

T

he EU General Court has upheld the region’s partial ban on three neonicotinoid pesticides that have been blamed for killing off bees, dismissing cases brought by agrochemical manufacturers Bayer and Syngenta.

On 17 May, the court confirmed the validity of the partial ban on clothianidin, thamethoxam and imidacloprid insecticides, introduced in 2013 for crops including rapeseed, maize, wheat, barley, oats and some spring cereals.

The court said the EU’s “precautionary principle” meant that the EU could take measures if there was scientific uncertainty about risks to human health or the environment, and did not have to wait until it was clear harm had been caused, Reuters reported.

According to studies, neonicotinoids could disorient bees and prevent them from finding their way back to their home hives, while also weakening their resistance to disease, Business Live said.

PHOTO: PIXABAY

US GMO rules draft under fire

In recent years, there had been growing concerns over the health of bees – which pollinate 90% of the world’s major crops – with pesticides blamed for colony collapse disorder, along with mites, virus and fungus.

In April, the EU banned all outdoor use of clothianidin, thamethoxam and imidacloprid, limiting their use to crops in greenhouses.

Reuters said imidacloprid was developed by Bayer CropScience, clothianidin developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer CropScience and Syngenta was behind thiamethoxam.

UK allows trial planting of gene engineered omega 3-producing camelina

T

he UK has become the first European country to allow the test planting of a genetically engineered (GE) crop – a GE camelina oilseed – after deeming that the plant does not count as a genetically modified (GM) crop.

The Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) approved the GE camelina – which will produce omega 3 oils – due to the fact that it contained no foreign DNA, The Telegraph reported on 22 May. Johnathan Napier, leading the

trial at Rothamstead research centre in Hertfordshire, said getting the plant to produce omega 3 was important due to dwindling wild fish stocks, which are the traditional source of omega 3.

During the trial, the research team would grow both GM camelina that had had omega 3 producing genes added and the GE camelina, which had them removed, in an attempt to find a ‘sweet spot’ for maximum omega 3 production.

The trial had been arranged in collaboration with a French research team due to the French government’s ban on releasing genetically altered plants into the environment for research.

Environmental campaigners were calling the UK government’s decision a mistake.

“Instead of putting public health and the environment first, Defra has handed out a free pass to plant highly experimental genetically engineered crops in open fields without a proper

risk assessment,” said Liz O’Neil, director of GM Freeze.

The UK approval came ahead of the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) decision on whether GE crops, which have no foreign DNA, should be regulated in the same way as GM crops or if they could be considered as conventionally bred.

Argentina, Brazil, Canada and the USA have all so far indicated that GE crops would be free from GM regulation as long as they contained no introduced DNA.

10 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Biotech News.indd 1

6/14/2018 9:42:22 AM

TRANSPORT & LOGISTICS NEWS

Canada passes law to improve rail transport

T

he Canadian government has approved a new act that aims to make the rail transport of grains – including canola – more efficient throughout the country.

Passed on 23 May, the Transportation Modernization Act (TMA) included provisions to move oilseeds and grains to the market more quickly, according to World Grain. It came after Canadian National Railway Co (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) struggled last winter to ship harvested crops

in a timely manner, the second time in five years the two major railway operators failed to meet their customers’ expectations due to what they called hard winter conditions and a lack of locomotives and staff.

The TMA made it a fineable offence for railway companies to fail to deliver promised rail cars for shipments on time, World Grain said. It also required them to report each summer on their ability to move that year’s crop and to publish a contingency plan

by 1 October on how they intended to keep shipments moving in bad winter weather.

CN said it was preparing to purchase “hundreds” of new grain hopper cars now that the maximum revenue entitlement system – which had capped the total revenues railway companies could earn annually through moving grain – had been scrapped.

Ghislaine Houle, CN’s chief financial officer, said the system been a disincentive to invest in

new grain cars but now that it was gone, companies would get 100% of their investments back in revenues.

CP executive Murray Hamilton said CP had also announced plans to invest in new higher capacity rail cars and in network changes that included a 2.5km loop system at grain elevators. The 2.5km loop meant tracks at grain elevators could accommodate 134 rail cars instead of the current 112, a 20% increase in delivered crops per train, he said.

Ceres and CGB to run oilseeds terminal Koole expands block rail

T

wo US agri goods handling firms – Ceres Global Ag and Consolidated Grain and Barge Co (CGB) – have signed an agreement to set up a joint venture to manage an oilseeds and grains terminal.

The joint venture company, called Savage Riverport LLC, was previously owned and operated by Ceres subsidiary Riverland Ag, Ceres said in a 1 May statement.

Through the Savage terminal, Ceres and CGB said they would buy, store and ship oilseeds and grains arriving through railroad and truck connections, including soyabeans, corn, wheat, oats and rye.

According to Ceres, the facility – located in Savage, Minnesota, on the Minnesota River – had a storage capacity of 9.3M bushels with high speed truck and rail receiving capacity, alongside rail and barge

shipping capabilities.

“Partnering with CGB at the Savage location is a strategic move for Ceres.

By maximising total volume from all the products each of our companies provide our customers with, we will significantly lower cost per unit handled,” said Ceres president and CEO Robert Day. Ceres, headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, procures and provides North American agri commodities, industrial products, fertilisers, energy products and supply chain logistics services.

Mandeville, Louisiana-based CGB operates 97 grain facilities and has dedicated operations in logistics and transportation, fertilisers, crop insurance, agri finance, soyabean processing and producer risk management.

Wilmar makes oil, oilseed investments at Yuzhny

D

elta Wilmar Group, the Ukrainian subsidiary of Singapore’s Wilmar International, is planning a series of investments at Yuzhny Port, the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority (USPA) reported on 1 June.

Wilmar would build a 2,000 tonnes/day soyabean processing plant, a 40,000 tonne

grain storage terminal, and a new ship berth with a throughput of up to 3M tonnes/year for the transhipment of vegetable oil and bulk cargoes such as grain crops.

USPA said the new project would have a turnover of at least 1.2M tonnes/year and create 200 jobs in the Odessa region.

facility at Rotterdam

D

utch storage and transport company Koole said on 4 June that it would further expand its biodiesel storage portfolio and block train rail facility at Koole Tankstorage Minerals in the Port of Rotterdam.

“This new development will enable customers to centralise their biodiesel and diesel storage portfolio at one site with high end logistics and increase rail capacity to an unprecedented level in Rotterdam harbour,” the company said.

‘Koole will be the first terminal operator in the Amsterdam/Rotterdam/Antwerp (ARA) area to offer block train capabilities of this magnitude and could become a serious competitor to the Port of Hamburg, which is currently the only high throughput diesel block train distribution location among the larger ports in North West Europe,” said Koole Terminals CEO John Kraakman.

The new facility would be operational in the second half of 2018.

Koole specialises in the storage and transport of vegetable oils and fats, oleochemicals, waxes, biodiesel and base oils. It has storage facilities at five locations in the Netherlands, two in the UK and one in Poland, with a total capacity over 2M m3.

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11 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Transport News June.indd 1

6/14/2018 9:42:44 AM

R E N E WA B L E M AT E R I A L S N E W S

USA/CANADA: US sustainable chemicals firm BioAmber Inc filed for bankruptcy in the USA on 4 May and its two Canadian subsidiaries – BioAmber Sarnia Inc and BioAmber Canada – have also filed a notice of bankruptcy intention in Canada.

“The filing of these procedures imposes an automatic stay of proceedings that will protect the company, its Canadian subsidiaries and their assets from the claims of creditors while the company pursues its restructuring efforts,” BioAmber said.

BioAmber utilises fermentation and its proprietary yeast to convert sugar feedstocks into succinic acid, which can be use to make polyurethanes, paints and coatings, adhesives, sealants, plastics, nylons, industrial lubricants, pharmaceutical compounds and cosmetic and personal care products.

According to Green Chemicals Blog, the firm has a 30,000 tonnes/year bio-succinic acid plant in Sarnia and a cellulosic sugar collaboration with Comet Biorefining, Canada.

USA: US industrial bioscience firm Amyris Inc and Chevron Products Company announced on 18 May that Chevron and renewable oils producer Novvi LLC had agreed to develop and produce new renewable base oil technologies.

Novvi LLC is a joint venture of Amyris, American Refining Group, Chevron USA Inc, Brazil’s Cosan SA Industria e Comercio, and Hansen & Rosenthal Group.

It produces targeted hydrocarbon molecules from plant sugars for automotive, industrial, marine and construction applications including base oil products for the global lubricant market.

Chevron Products Company, a subsidiary of US energy giant Chevron USA, is a leading premium base oils producer and one of the world’s largest suppliers of finished lubricants.

Brent Lok, manager of Chevron base oils marketing and business development, said Novvi would bring its expertise in working with renewable feeds to the partnership, and and Chevron its expertise in hydroprocessing technology.

France requires recycled oils and fats at Total biofuel plant

R

ecycled animal fat, cooking oil and industrial oil will account for 30-40% of the feedstock at French oil and gas giant Total SA’s new biofuel refinery in La Mede.

A license for Total to use palm oil at its La Mede refinery – granted on 16 May – came with a caveat that at least 25% of its feedstock would come from recycled oils, wrote Reuters.

However, French farmers began a three-day blockade of Total’s oil depots and refineries on 11 June over La Mede’s planned use of imported palm oil as a feedstock. The farmers, who grow crops such as rapeseed which is also used for biodiesel, are concerned that allowing cheaper palm oil imports for biodiesel would result in unfair competition and work against biofuels’ environmental goals.

Farm minister Stephane Travert said the farmers’

blockade was illegal and the government would not rescind the decision to allow Total to use palm oil.

Total had said that it would buy 50,000 tonnes/ year of French rapeseed oil for the 650,000 tonnes/ year La Mede refinery, Reuters wrote on 1 June.

Total said the facility’s feedstock would comprise 60-70% vegetable oils, with a limit of 300,000 tonnes/year of crude palm oil, and the other vegetable oils coming from oilseeds such as rapeseed, sunflower and corn.

The remaining 30-40% share of recycled animal fat, cooking oil and industrial oil could also rise, depending on their availability, the company said.

La Mede’s launch was still expected in early September, Total added. In 2015, Total converted the La Mede facility from a crude oil refinery into a biodiesel plant with a US$200M investment.

DuPont, ADM open first bio-based FDME facility

D

uPont Industrial Biosciences and agri trader Archer Daniels Midland Co (ADM) announced the opening of the world’s first pilot plant producing bio-based furan dicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME) in Decatur, Illinois on 30 April.

“This new, innovative product will help customers replace plastics with materials that are more environmentally friendly, better performing and cost efficient,” said ADM chief technology officer Todd Werpy.

FDME is a fructose-derived molecule that can be utilised to produce a variety of biobased chemicals and materials, including plastics.

PHOTO: DUPONT

IN BRIEF

THE DUPONT/ADM FDME PILOT PLANT IS LOCATED IN DECATUR, ILLINOIS

DuPont said nearly one-tenth of global crude oil consumption

Neste buys controlling stake in animal fats trader IH Demeter

R

enewable fuels producer Neste has acquired sole control and the majority of shares of Dutch animal fats and proteins trader IH Demeter BV in a move to improve its raw material supply.

The Finnish oil refining company would acquire 51% of IH Demeter’s shares, making it the controlling shareholder, while the current owners would remain co-owners.

Neste executive vice president of renewable products Kaisa Hietala said on 25 May that the move was an “important step” in Neste’s strategy to build a global waste and residue raw material platform to secure feedstock

availability and competitiveness.

“With an efficient Europe-wide logistical setup, IH Demeter is well positioned to serve Neste in delivering future raw material volumes to our renewable product refineries,” Hietala said.

IH Demeter would be renamed Neste Demeter BV as part of the sale, the monetary cost of which was not disclosed.

Founded in 1924, IH Demeter has 150 rendering facilities throughout Europe and its own animal fat and protein storage facilities.

Neste operates three renewable diesel refineries in Finland, the Netherlands and Singapore.

was used to manufacture plastic products, which made avoiding fossil-based plastics virtually impossible due to a lack of commercially available alternatives, which bio-based FDME could help address.

One of the first FDMEbased polymers DuPont was developing was polytrimethylene furandicarboxyate (PTF) for bottling. The FDME-based PTF had up to 10-15 times better CO2 barrier performance than regular PET plastic, which resulted in a longer shelf life and could help companies design more light-weight packages and lower shipping costs, the company said.

Verdezyne bankrupt

U

S synthetic biology company Verdezyne went bankrupt in May due to its primary investor – Malaysian planting conglomerate Sime Darby – withdrawing its funding, reports Bio-Based World News. The news came ahead of the opening of its first commercial facility, a bio-based plant in Malaysia that would have used crude palm oil, palm byproducts and other plant-based raw materials to produce around 6,000 tonnes/year of industrial grade dodecanedioic acid (DDDA).

Verdezyne joins BioAmber (see Brief) and Rennovia, which both entered liquidation this year as the bio-based industry faced high scale-up costs, Bio-Based World News said.

12 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Renewable news.indd 1

6/14/2018 9:43:04 AM

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D IARY OF EVEN TS

27 JUNE 2018 2 International Sunflower Oil & Meal Trade Conference VENUE: Marriott Riverside, Shangai, China CONTACT: APK-Inform, Ukraine Tel: +380 562 320795 E-mail: info@apk-inform.com www.sunoil-conference.com nd

25-27 JULY 2018 INAPALM Asia 2018 VENUE: JIExpo, Jakarta, Indonesia CONTACT: PT GEM Indonesia Tel: +62 21 5435 8118 E-mail: info@gem-indonesia.com www.inapalm-asia.net

4-6 SEPTEMBER 2018 AusCanola2018, 20th Australian Research Assembly on Brassicas VENUE: Perth, Australia CONTACT: Grain Industry Association of Western Australia Tel: +61 8 6262 2128 E-mail: RNash@giwa.org.au www.australianoilseeds.com/conferences_ workshops/ARAB/AusCanola_2018

2-7 SEPTEMBER 2018 FOSFA Basic Introductory Course 2018 VENUE: Royal Holloway University, Egham, UK CONTACT: FOSFA, UK Tel: +44 20 7374 2346 E-mail: amy.morrell@fosfa.org www.fosfa.org

4-6 SEPTEMBER 2018 5th High Oleic Oils Congress (HOC2018) VENUE: Montreal, Canada CONTACT: FAT & Associés, France Tel: +33 567 339 206 www.higholeicmarket.com/hoc-2018

5 SEPTEMBER 2018 Sunflower Oil Production, Quality and Applications VENUE: Balkan Congress Center, Edirne, Turkey CONTACT: ISOA, Italy Tel: +38 0676 3426 39 E-mail: info@isoa-sunoil.org www.isoa-sunoil.org/events/sunflower-oilproduction-quality-and-applications-1-1/aboutprogram

11-13 SEPTEMBER 2018 Global Grain South America 2018 VENUE: São Paulo, Brazil CONTACT: Global Grain, UK Tel: +44 20 7779 7222 E-mail: registration@ggrain.com www.globalgrainevents.com/south-america

15-18 SEPTEMBER 2018 The International Exhibition of Edible Oil, Oilseeds, Related Products, Machineries & Related Industries VENUE: Tehran, Iran CONTACT: Nikatis, Iran Tel: +98 21 2265 7072 E-mail: info@Nikatis.ir www.seedex.nikatis.ir/en

20 SEPTEMBER 2018 Black Sea Oil Trade 2018 VENUE: Hilton Hotel, Kiyv, Ukraine CONTACT: UkrAgroConsult, Ukraine Tel: +38 044 451 46 34 E-mail: conference@ukragroconsult.org www.ukragroconsult.com/bso/2018/en/ conference

26-28 SEPTEMBER 2018

15-16 SEPTEMBER 2018 20th Practical Short Course: Novel Technologies in Oilseed Processing, Edible Oil Refining and Oil Modification VENUE: Belfast, UK CONTACT: ID&A Ignace Debruyne & Associates VOF, Belgium Tel: +32 51 311 274 E-mail: info@smartshortcourses.com www.smartshortcourses.com

16-19 SEPTEMBER 2018 16th Euro Fed Lipid Congress VENUE: Belfast Waterfront Congress Centre, Northern Ireland CONTACT: Euro Fed Lipid, Germany Tel: +49 69 79 17 533 E-mail: info@eurofedlipid.org www.eurofedlipid.org/meetings/belfast2018

18-20 SEPTEMBER 2018 4th Advanced Biofuels Conference VENUE: Conference Centre Wallenberg Gothenburg, Sweden CONTACT: Svebio, Sweden Tel: +46 8 441 7083 E-mail: tomas.ekbom@svebio.se www.svebio.se/en/events/ advanced-biofuels-conference

19-20 SEPTEMBER 2018 5th International Palm Oil Sustainability Conference (IPOSC) 2018 VENUE: Shangri-La’s Tanjung Aru Resort & Spa Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia CONTACT: MPOC, Malaysia Tel: +60 603 7806 4097 www.mpoc.org.my/International_Palm_Oil_ Sustainability_Conference_(IPOSC)_2018. aspx

19-20 SEPTEMBER 2018 7th ICIS European Surfactants Conference VENUE: Marriott Amsterdam, the Netherlands CONTACT: ICIS, UK Tel: +44 20 8652 465 E-mail: events.registration@icis.com www.icisevents.com/europeansurfactants

Globoil India 2018 VENUE: Renaissance Mumbai, India CONTACT: Tefla’s, India Tel: +91 22 6223 1245 E-mail: events@teflas.com www.globoilindia.com

3-4 OCTOBER 2018 Bulk Liquid Storage Conference 2018 VENUE: Cartagena, Spain CONTACT: Active Communications International, UK Tel: +48 61 646 7058 E-mail: mkielerska@acieu.net www.wplgroup.com/aci/event/europeanbulk-liquid-storage

11-12 OCTOBER 2018 2 ICIS Indian Surfactants Conference VENUE: Mumbai, India CONTACT: ICIS, UK Tel: +44 20 8652 2182 E-mail: kathryn.bloxham@icis.com www.icisevents.com/ehome/ indiansurfactants nd

22-26 OCTOBER 2018 National Renderers Association 85th Annual Convention VENUE: Ritz-Carlton, Laguna Niguel, USA CONTACT: National Renderers Association, USA Tel: +1 703 683 0155 E-mail: co@martycovert.com www.nationalrenderers.org

14 NOVEMBER 2018 China International Oils and Oilseeds Conference (CIOCEN) 2018 VENUE: Shangri-La Hotel, Guangzhou, China CONTACT: Dalian Commodity Exchange, China Tel: +86 411 8480 8408 07 E-mail: cydh@dce.com.cn www.dce.com.cn/CIOCEN

For a full events list, visit our website at: www.ofimagazine.com 14 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Diary June 2018.indd 1

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A rapidly growing population is fuelling African demand for vegetable oils, with an import boom expected in the next few years. Where the additional imports will come from and what oils they consist of will depend on the target region

E

merging markets hold globally dominating positions in both oilseeds and grains origination and as trade destinations, a situation that stands true for – among others – soyabeans, palm oil and wheat. China, for example, has become a key trading partner for Brazil, replacing the EU. Southeast Asia is producing more and more palm oil and has begun to engage more closely with India to offload its supply.

Africa is also bursting into the global market, Rabobank’s director of grains and oilseeds, Vito Martielli, told the audience at the Palm & Lauric Oils Price Outlook Conference & Exhibition (POC2018), held in Malaysia in March. The continent’s development possibilities are outlined in the Rabobank report ‘Rising African Vegetable Oil Imports in the Next Decade’, presented by Martielli at POC2018.

As it stands, Africa plays a relatively minor role in global vegetable oil consumption and production, according to Martielli. “Per capita consumption of vegetable oils in Sub-Saharan Africa is low compared to major global consumers. North and southern Africa have similar consumption to other

Rising potential emerging markets, but East, West and central Africa are lagging behind,” he says.

In 2016, per capita consumption in North and southern Africa stood at around 24 and 21kg/ person, respectively. In the rest of the Africa, consumption figures were much lower, with West Africa reaching 12kg/person and Central and East Africa both below the 10kg line at approximately 8 and 6kg/person, respectively. On a global scale, North Africa accounts for 2.5% of total global vegetable oil consumption, while Sub-Saharan Africa together racks up 4.9% of the global total.

Consumption ahead of production But Martielli says this pattern is about to change.

Within the next 10 years, Africa is expected to see population growth of 500M people. Taken together with projected economic growth on the continent, this should drive vegetable oil consumption up significantly. West Africa is looking to overtake the North as the largest African vegetable oil consumer, with East Africa also on a strong rise.

Such development will further widen the already large gap between consumption and domestic production. In 2016, West Africa produced around 3.3M tonnes of vegetable oils, while production in all other areas was below 1M tonnes. African vegetable oil production is therefore centred in

West Africa, where 68% of production is related to palm oil.

However, Rabobank does not expect significant growth in local oil production. “At the moment, palm production in Africa is not really taking off for a number of reasons,” Martielli says. “Factors such as highly fragmented palm plantation structures, low yields of around 0.6tonnes/ha, lack of tropical conditions needed for palm growing, and difficulties in attracting and retaining work force are some contributing factors. Also, Africa’s low rank in terms of the ease of doing business hampers investments.”

Consumption, on the other hand, is expected to skyrocket in West Africa alone from 4.1M tonnes in 2016 to nearly 6M tonnes by 2030, followed by North African consumption growing from 4.3M tonnes to 5.1M tonnes and East Africa rising from 2.4M tonnes to 3.5M tonnes (see Figure 2, p16).

Central and southern African consumption is projected to see more modest growth, estimated at around 1.9M and 1.2M tonnes by 2030, respectively.

This being the case, imports should grow fast over the coming decade. Africa is already one of the largest single importers of vegetable oils in the world. For example, in 2016/17, it took in 13% of global palm oil imports, behind the EU (15%) and India (21%). Now, Rabobank projects vegetable oil imports to Africa to grow by an additional 3.5M

u

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SOURCE: UNITED NATIONS, USDA RABOBANK

FIGURE 2: VEGETABLE OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA, 2010-2030

SOURCE: RABOBANK

FIGURE 1: VEGETABLE OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA, 2010-2030

FIGURE 3: NORTH AFRICAN VEGETABLE OIL DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS, 2016

tonnes by 2030, marking a 33% increase over the current levels. However, how this growth will materialise and in which oils depends on the region.

The diversified north North Africa, says Martielli, is the largest vegetable oil importing region on the continent with highly diversified imports. Soyabean oil is the dominating import, responsible for 53% of the region’s total imports of 4.1M tonnes in 2016 (see Figure 3, above). Soyabean is followed by palm oil at 25% and sunflower oil at 14%, with the remaining 8% filled by various minor imports.

The diversified oil imports are reflected in the countries of origin. Out of the three key trading partners of African oil importers – the Black Sea region (BSR), Southeast Asia and South America – North Africa is closest to the BSR, a strategic position for the area’s growing sunflower oil exports. Additionally, being situated by the Suez Canal opens up trade with Southeast Asian palm oil producers.

Egypt is by far the largest oil importer in North Africa. The country imported roughly 2M tonnes of vegetable oils in 2016. Palm oil was the top import at around 800,000 tonnes, followed closely by the regional favourite, soyabean oil. Behind Egypt are

Algeria, which imported approximately 990,000 tonnes of oils in 2016, and Morocco at 510,000 tonnes. The most significant importing ports include Cairo in Egypt, Tripoli in Libya, Tunis in Tunisia, Algiers in Algeria and Rabat in Morocco (see Figure 3, left).

Going forward, Martielli says North Africa will see some “interesting dynamics developing”. The region will remain a net importer due to its dry climate being unfavourable for the development of significant local oilseed production.North Africa’s high 24kg/person vegetable oil consumption rate equals that of China and other emerging economies and Rabobank says the region could soon reach levels rivalling those of North America and Europe.

While North Africa is likely to remain the largest vegetable oil importer within Africa, its growth rate will be slower than that of most other regions. Nonetheless, the growth in oil imports will also drive the North African crushing sector, says Martielli. Most future growth is expected to come from population growth, which is expected to increase by 44M or 24% by 2030.

Palm rules the east “East Africa, I think, is the most interesting region with trade opportunities for palm oil,” Martielli said at the POC2018. Despite the region’s lowest per capita consumption of vegetable oil in Africa, it houses the continent’s largest population and is also expected to see the highest population growth by 2030 at 204M people, marking a 47% increase from current numbers. Additionally, East Africa has no large-scale edible oil production, meaning the large increase in consumption must be supplied through imports.

Palm oil is the largest oil import. It made up 85% of the total of 2.6M tonnes imported in 2016, with soyabean oil holding second place at 8% and sunflower oil third with 6%. According to Rabobank, palm oil’s domination will continue into the future due to East Africa’s proximity to the Indian Ocean.

The main receiving ports include Djibouti City, Mombasa in Kenya, Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and Beira in Mozambique (see Figure 4, p17).

Palm oil’s dominating position and East Africa’s favourable geographical position relative to Southeast Asia contribute to palm oil’s competitive price advantage. Currently, Southeast Asia is the largest supplier of palm oil to Africa.

Kenya is the most significant importer in East Africa, with total oil imports surpassing 600,000 tonnes in 2016, according to Rabobank. Ethiopia is showing strong growth, but is still clearly lagging behind Kenya at nearly 500,000 tonnes of oil imports. With Tanzania (400,000 tonnes in 2016), this is the trio that Rabobank says will continue to take the lion’s share of future vegetable oil imports, fuelled by their high population growth. Another economy of note in East Africa is Uganda, which is approaching 300,000 tonnes of imported oil.

Imports and exports in the west Like East Africa, the west coast of the continent is set to witness significant growth in both population and vegetable oil imports. With a population growth of 47% – or 166M individuals – by 2030, West Africa is likely to require an additional 1.4M tonnes of vegetable oils. The region is likely to overtake North Africa in vegetable oil consumption within the next

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In the medium term, Rabobank expects Africa to remain a strong net importer. The dependency on imports can only be alleviated through the discovery of viable development paths to boost local – mostly West African – palm oil production. This would require developing special oil palm varieties that can withstand the typical African climate.

“At the moment, foreign-exchange reserves are sufficient and do not pose major threats to import

of staple commodities, like vegetable oils, wheat and rice. If this changes, it can have implications on trade flows, potentially accelerating local palm production and driving more investment into African refining capacity,” concludes Rabobank. l This article is based on the report, ‘Rising African Vegetable Oil Imports in the Next Decade’, presented at POC2018 by Vito Martielli, director of grains and oilseeds at Rabobank

FIGURE 4: EAST AFRICAN VEGETABLE OIL DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS, 2016

SOURCE: RABOBANK

five years, projects Rabobank.

Another similarity with East Africa is the import profile of oils. Palm oil stands as the sovereign ruler even more so than in the east, contributing to a massive 97% of the total 2016 vegetable oil imports of 2.3M tonnes (see Figure 5, below).

Nigeria is the largest importer in the region, with palm oil imports at around 1.15M tonnes in 2016. This marked a decrease from the nearly 1.6M tonnes reached in 2014. Behind Nigeria is Benin with approximately 500,000 tonnes of palm oil in 2016. The other two major markets in West Africa – Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire – have significantly lower imports at roughly 300,000 and 100,000 tonnes in 2016, respectively.

In a quirk in import/export rates, Benin and Côte d’Ivoire both export large volumes of palm oil, mostly to other West African countries. In Benin, imports and exports broke nearly even in 2016, with exports being only slightly lower at approximately 425,000 tonnes. Côte d’Ivoire exported roughly 300,000 tonnes of palm oil in 2016, three times more than it imported, making the country the only net exporter of palm oil in West Africa.

New oil palm strains needed

FIGURE 5: WEST AFRICAN VEGETABLE OIL DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS AND PALM OIL PRODUCTION VOLUMES, 2016

SOURCE: RABOBANK, USDA

Altogether, Martielli expects trade of vegetable oils into Africa to increase significantly in the coming decade. While per capita consumption is not expected to grow in meaningful amounts, the growing population in nearly all parts of Africa will emerge as the driving factor fuelling the need for additional vegetable oil supply. Most of the increased demand is expected to be met by increased vegetable oil imports due to several factors resulting in low growth potential in West African palm oil production.

Multiple emerging markets are likely to step in to supply the African demand, but price advantage will, for the most part, favour Southeast Asian palm oil. An exception to this rule could be North Africa, where increasing supplies from the Black Sea region could make sunflower oil more competitive.

17 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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PL ANT, EQU IPM EN T & TEC H N OLOGY

Plant & technology listing 2018 Oils & Fats International features a fully updated global selection of plant and equipment suppliers to the oils and fats industry, accompanied by a chart of company activities

Austria BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH Parkring 18, Raaba-Grambach Styria 8074 Tel: +43 316 4009100 E-mail: sales@bdi-bioenergy.com www.bdi-bioenergy.com GIG Karasek GmbH Neusiedlerstrasse 15-19 Gloggnitz 2640 Tel: +43 2662 42780 E-mail: office@gigkarasek.at www.gigkarasek.at Other: Thin film, short path and plate falling film evaporators; thin film dryers KEMIA GmbH Hietzinger Hauptstrasse 50 Vienna 1130 Tel: +43 1 8770553 E-mail: kondor@kemia.at www.kemia.at Other: Triglycerides of modified structure

Belgium Desmet Ballestra Group - Oils, Fats and Oleochemicals Division Belgicastraat 3 - B-1930 Zaventem Tel: +32 2 7161111 E-mail: info@desmetballestra.com www.desmetballestra.com De Smet SA Engineers & Contractors Waterloo Office Park, Building O, Box 32 Drève Richelle 161, Waterloo 1410 Tel: +32 2 6342500 E-mail: info@dsengineers.com www.dsengineers.com Other: EPC/EPCM contractor

Bulgaria Elica-elevator Ltd Promishlena Zona Zapad, Silistra Silistra 7500 Tel: +359 899 943497 E-mail: k.radulov@elica-elevator.com www.elica-elevator.com Other: Sunflower dehulling equipment

China Crown Asia Engineering 3rd Floor, Block A, Building 18 Innovation Base HUST Science Park No 33 Tangxunhu Bei Road Donghu High-Tec Zone, Wuhan City, Hubei Province Tel: +86 27 87223888 E-mail: sales@crownironasia.com www.crownironasia.com Famsun Oils&Fats Engineering Co Ltd No 1 Huasheng Road, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 Tel: +86 514 87770799 E-mail: myoil@famsungroup.com www.famsungroup.com Other: White flakes, fermenting meal, full fat soya Guangzhou Scikoon Industry Co Ltd Building C, Zengzailing, Huagang Avenue, Maxi Village Xinhua St Huadu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800 Tel: +86 20 368 690788030 E-mail: export@scikoon.com www.scikoon.com Myande Group Co Ltd No 199 South Ji’an Road, Yangzhou Jiangsu 225127 Tel: +86 514 87849000 E-mail: lxd@myande.com www.myandegroup.com

Czech Republic Farmet AS Jirinková 276, Ceská Skalice, 55203 Tel: +420 491 450116 E-mail: oft@farmet.cz www.farmet.eu Other: Oilseeds and vegetable processing and feed extrusion technologies

Denmark GEA Process Engineering Denmark Gladsaxevej 305, Soeborg 2860 Tel: +45 41748485 E-mail: sascha.wenger-parving@gea.com www.gea.com Other: Vacuum and dry condensing systems Gerstenberg Services AS Vibeholmsvej 21, PO Box 196 Broendby 2605 Tel: +45 43432026 E-mail: info@gerstenbergs.com www.gerstenbergs.com

Haarslev Industries AS Bogensevej 85, Søndersø 5471 Tel: +45 63831100 E-mail: info@haarslev.com www.haarslev.com SPX Flow Technology Danmark AS Oestmarken 7, Soeborg DK-2860 Tel: +45 70278222 E-mail: ft.dk.soeborg@spxflow.com www.spxflow.com

France Promill RN 12, Serville 24810 Tel: +33 2 37389193 E-mail: info@promill.fr www.promill.fr

Germany Air Liquide Engineering & Construction Olof Palme Strasse 35 Frankfurt am Main 60439 Tel: +49 69 58080 E-mail: oleo@airliquide.com www.engineering-airliquide.com/ oleochemicals Other: Multi-seed sliding cell extractors; oil, fatty acid and methyl ester hardening; fatty alcohol production; glycerine to propyl glycol production Buss-SMS-Canzler GmbH Kaiserstrasse 13-15, Butzbach 35510 Tel: +49 6033 850 E-mail: info@sms-vt.com www.sms-vt.com Other: Monoglyceride production, thin film and short path evaporators, molecular distillation Centrimax – Winkelhorst Trenntechnik GmbH Kelvinstrasse 8, Cologne, NRW 50996 Tel: +49 2236 393530 E-mail: info@centrimax.com www.centrimax.com Crown Europe - CPM SKET Niederbieberer Str 126, Neuwied 56567 Tel: +49 2631 97710 E-mail: branchoffice@cpm-sket.de www.cpm-sket.net/en/contacts/neuwied GEA Group - Product Group Separation Werner-Habig-Strasse 1 Oelde 59302 Tel: +49 2522 770 E-mail: www.gea.com/contact www.gea.com Other: Miscella clarification, aquaeous extraction, press oil clarification, soap stock splitting, alkali neutralisation and fractionation, dewaxing, centrifugal separators and decanters

18 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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P L A NT, E Q UI PME NT & TE CH N OLOGY

www.dsengineers.com

GekaKonus GmbH Siemensstrasse 10, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344 Tel: +49 721 943740 E-mail: info@gekakonus.net www.gekakonus.net HF Press+Lipidtech Seevestrasse 1, Hamburg 21079 Tel: +49 40 77179122 E-mail: service-plt@hf-group.com www.hf-press-lipidtech.com Other: Screw presses, spare parts and services HTI-GESAB GmbH Sauerbruchstrasse 11, Ellerau, Schleswig-Holstein DE-25479 Tel: +49 4106 70090 E-mail: info@hti-ellerau.de www.hti-ellerau.de INTEC Engineering GmbH John-Deere-Strasse 43, Bruschsal D-76646 Tel: +49 7251 9324312 E-mail: christian.daniel@intec-energy.de www.intec-energy.de Other: Biomass- and coal-fired power plants, sludge drying and incineration systems, ORC-based power generation modules, thermal oil heaters, steam generators Körting Hannover AG Badenstedter Str 56, Hannover 30453 Tel: +49 511 21290 E-mail: st@koerting.de www.koerting.de

Serving the Vegetable Oil Industry From Basic Engineering to Full Turnkey Project

Maschinenfabrik Reinartz GmbH & Co KG Industriestrasse 14, Neuss 41460 Tel: +49 2131 976113 E-mail: info@reinartz.de www.reinartz.de Other: Screw presses, screw dryers, seed conditioning, oil storage, animal feed and bioenergy production

Single Point Responsibility through EPC or EPCM+® with guaranteed:

Schneider Engineering GmbH Hildburghauser Strasse 70, Berlin 12249 Tel: +49 30 754493990 E-mail: info@schneider-kessel.de www.schneider-kessel.de Other: Waste heat boilers, natural circulation boilers, electrical heated boilers, three-pass steam and hot water boilers

� Process Performances � Time Schedule

VTA GmbH & Co KG Bernrieder Strasse 10, Niederwinkling 94559 Tel: +49 9962 95980 E-mail: info@vta-process.de www.vta-process.de Other: Wiped film and short path distillation, distilled monoglycerides

� Budget

India Kumar Metal Industries Pvt Ltd Plot No 7, Mira Industrial Estate, Western Express Highway, Mira Road (E) Mumbai, Maharashtra 401104 Tel: +91 98 60272757 E-mail: dilip@kumarmetal.com www.kumarmetal.com Mectech Process Engineers Pvt Ltd 66 Udyog Vihar, Phase 2, Gurgaon, Haryana 122016 Tel: +91 88 26091466; E-mail: anik.roy@mectech.co.in www.mectech.co.in Other: Hydrogenation and IE plants 19 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

P&E listing 2018.indd 2

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Engineers & Contractors Brussels • Belgium Tel.: +32 (0)2 634 25 00 Fax: +32 (0)2 634 25 25 info@dsengineers.com

Reliability through Experience

6/18/2018 9:07:06 AM

PL ANT, EQU IPM EN T & TEC H N OLOGY

u Sharplex Filters (India) Pvt Ltd R-664, Rabale MIDC Navimumbai 400701 Tel: +91 22 69409850 E-mail: sales@sharplexfilters.com www.sharplexfilters.com United Engineering (E) Corporation Plot 75, Sector 3, IMT Manesar, Gurugram Haryana 122051 Tel: +91 1244273011 E-mail: sales@uec-india.com www.uec-india.com Other: Complete turnkey oilseed processing plants, skid-mounted vacuum dryers Veendeep Oiltek Exports Pvt Ltd N-16/17/18 Additional MIDC Patalganga, Maharastra 4102097 Tel: +91 9769315463 E-mail: mbhandari@veendeep.com www.veendeep.com

Italy Andreotti Impianti Spa Via Di Le Prata 148, Calenzano Florence 50041 Tel: +39 055 44870 E-mail: info@andreottiimpianti.com www.andreottiimpianti.com Other: Complete hydrogenation and process plants

Binacchi & Co Srl Via Gramsci 84 Varese Gazzada-Schianno 21045 Tel: +39 0332 461354 E-mail: mail@binacchi.com www.binacchi.com Other: Soap and detergent processing plants and equipment, packaging machinery

Servizi Industriali Srl Marie Curie N 19, Ozzano Dell’Emilia Bologna 40064 Tel: +39 051 795080 E-mail: commerciale@macfuge.com www.macfuge.com

CM Bernardini International SpA Via Appia km 55.9 Cisterna di Latina LT 04012 Tel: +39 06 96871028 E-mail: info@cmbernardini.it www.cmbernardini.it Other: Oil hydrogenation

Besteel Berhad Lot 9683 Kawasan Perindustrian Desa Aman Batu 11, Desa Aman, Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000 Tel: +6012 6729683 E-mail: michaelchan@besteerlberhad.com www.besteelberhad.com Other: Turnkey contractor for palm oil mills

CMBITALY-TECHNOILOGY Via D Federici 12/14 Cisterna di Latina Lazio 04012 Tel: +39 06 9696181 E-mail: info@technoilogy.it www.technoilogy.it

JJ-Lurgi Engineering Sdn Bhd No 7-13A-01, Jebsen & Jessen Tower UOA Business Park (Tower 7) Jalan Pengaturcara U1/51A, Seksyen U1 Shah Alam, Selangor 40150 Tel: +60 3 50306363 E-mail: jj-lurgi_enquiry@jjsea.com www.jj-lurgi.com

Desmet Ballestra SpA - Detergents, Surfactants and Chemicals Division Via Piero Portaluppi 17 20138 Milano Tel: +39 02 50831; E-mail: mail@ballestra.com www.desmetballestra.com

the industry’s number 1 choice

Malaysia

Muar Ban Lee Group JR52, Lot 1818, Jalan Raja Kawasan Perindustrian Bukit Pasir Muar 84300 Johor Tel: +60 6 9859998; E-mail: mbl@mbl.com www.mbl.com

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PL ANT, EQU IPM EN T & TEC H N OLOGY

OILTEK Sdn Bhd Lot 6, Jalan Pasaran 23/5 41200 Klang Shah Alam Selangor 40300 Tel: +60 162091608 E-mail: beenah@oiltek.com.my www.oiltek.com.my

Netherlands CPM Europe BV Rijder 2 1507 DN, Zaandam Noord-Holland Zaandam Tel: +31 75 6512611 E-mail: info@cpmeurope.nl www.cpmeurope.nl Geelen Counterflow Windmolenven 43, Haelen 6081 PJ Tel: +31 475 592315 E-mail: info@geelencounterflow.com www.geelencounterflow.com Other: Coolers and dryers Van Mourik Crushing Mills Boylestraat 34, Ede 671 8XM Tel: +31 318 641144 E-mail: info@crushingmills.com www.crushingmills.com

Serbia T-1 Ada Karadordeva 60, Ada 24430 Tel: +381 24 854585 E-mail: sales@t-1.rs www.screw-presses.com Other: Screw presses, spare parts, refurbishing

Singapore LIPICO Technologies Pte Ltd 61 Bukit Batok Crescent #06-03 to #06-06 Heng Loong Building, Singapore 658078 Tel: +65 631 67800 E-mail: sg.enquiry@lipico.com www.lipico.com

Sweden AAK AB Skrivaregatan 9, Malmö 215 32 Tel: +46 40 6278300 E-mail: info@aak.com www.aak.com

Switzerland Bühler AG Gupfenstrasse 5, Uzwil, St Gallen 9240 Tel: +41 71 9551111 E-mail: media@buhlergroup.com www.buhlergroup.com Other: Cracking & flaking mills, vertical seed conditioners, horizontal & vertical impact dehullers and hammer mills, fluidising beds, bagging stations, chain conveyors, ship loaders/

unloaders, filters, throw & drum sieves, hull separators, drum magnets, cylindrical case aspirators Buss ChemTech AG Hohenrainstrasse 12A, Pratteln 4133 Tel: +41 61 8256462 E-mail: info@buss-ct.com www.buss-ct.com Other: Hydrogenation process design Sulzer Chemtech Ltd Neuwiesenstrasse 15, Winterthur 8401 Tel: +41 52 2623722 E-mail: chemtech@sulzer.com www.sulzer.com

Turkey Keller & Vardarci Industries Ltd Sti Cinar Sok No 12 Ege Serbest Bolgesi Gaziemir Izmir, Izmir 35410 Tel: +90 232 4784814 E-mail: gulservardarci@vardarci.com.tr www.keller-vardarci.com Other: Delinting machinery and equipment

Ukraine TAN LLC 20 Ushynskogo Street Chernihiv 14014 Tel: +380 462 672112 E-mail: tan@tan.com.ua www.tan.com.ua

United Arab Emirates Metan FZCO Office 2203, Jafza View 18 Jebel Ali, Dubai 61389 Tel: +971 4 8895647 E-mail: m@metan.ae www.metan.ae

United Kingdom Chemtech International Crown House, 1A High Street Theale, Berkshire RG7 5AH Tel: +44 01189 861 222 E-mail: nigel@chemtechinternational.com www.chemtechinternational.com Crown Europe - Europa Crown Waterside Park, Livingstone Road Hessle, East Yorkshire HU13 0EG Tel: +44 1482 640 099 E-mail: sales@europacrown.com www.europacrown.com Lovibond Tintometer Lovibond House, Sun Rise Way Amesbury, Wiltshire SP4 7GR Tel: +44 1980 664800 E-mail: sales@tintometer.com www.lovibond.com Other: Colour measurement for quality control

Oxford Instruments Tubney Woods, Abingdon Oxfordshire OX13 5QX Tel: +44 1865 393200 E-mail: magres@oxinst.com www.oxford-instruments.com

USA Anderson International Corp 4545 Boyce Parkway Stow, Ohio 44224 Tel: +1 216 6411112 E-mail: eric.stibora@andersonintl.com www.andersonintl.com Blackmer 1809 Century Avenue SW Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503 Tel: +1 616 2411611 E-mail: info@blackmer.com www.blackmer.com Crown Americas - Crown Iron Works 2500 W County Road C Roseville, Minnesota 55113 Tel: +1 651 6398900 E-mail: sales@crowniron.com www.crowniron.com The Dupps Company 548 North Cherry Street Germantown, Ohio 45327-0189 Tel: +1 937 8556555 E-mail: info@dupps.com www.dupps.com Other: Process drying French Oil Mill Machinery Company 1035 W Greene Street PO Box 920 Piqua, Ohio 45356 Tel: +1 937 7733420 E-mail: oilseedsales@frenchoil.com www.frenchoil.com Other: Mechanical screw presses, conditioners/ cookers, animal feed, rate bins, oil settling tanks, oil filters, cleaners, cake coolers Pope Scientific Inc POB 80018 Saukville, Wisconsin 53080 Tel: +1 262 2689300 E-mail: dsegal@popeinc.com www.popeinc.com Other: Degassers, evaporators, reactors, foods, flavours, fragrances, portable vessels, pilot plants and turnkey processing systems, Nutsche filter-dryers The above companies are a selection of plant, equipment and technology suppliers to the oils and fats industry who have replied to an Oils & Fats International questionnaire this year.

Please refer to ‘Summary Table of Company Activities’ chart for companies’ areas of operation.

‘Other’ refers to other activities selected in the accompanying chart

21 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S

Removing MCPDs and GEs from edible oil Bleaching earths alone cannot provide a complete solution to the formation of 3- and 2-MCPDs and GEs in edible oils. Preston Shanks explains how different oil types and their quality can affect the level of these potentially carcinogenic compounds and the role that heat- and acid-activated bleaching earths can play

T

he reduction of 3-MCPD esters and glycidic esters (GE) is a high priority for the oils and fats industry. On 26 February 2018, the EU enacted Regulation (EU) 2018/290, amending the earlier Regulation (EU) 1881/2006.

The amendment sets maximum limits for glycidyl fatty acid esters or GEs, with the level for edible oils and fats set at 1ppm (see annex to regulation EC No 1881/2006). It covers:  Vegetable oils and fats placed on the market for the final consumer (maximum 1,000µg/kg)  Vegetable oils and fats for the production of baby food and processed cereal-based food for infants and young children (maximum 500µg/kg)  Powder infant formula, follow-on formula and foods for special medical purposes (75µg/kg until 30 June 2019, then 50µg/kg from 1 July 2019)  Liquid infant formula, follow-on formula and foods for special medical purposes (10µg/kg until 30 June 2019, then 6µg/kg from 1 July 2019) In addition, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published the “Update of the risk assessment on 3-monochloropropane diol (3-MCPD) and its fatty acid esters” in January 2018. In its scientific assessment, the EFSA set a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2µg/kg body weight per day (0.002ppm/kg body weight) for free 3-MCPD. The EFSA found palm oil and palm fats to have the highest levels of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD (including esters) and GEs. Roughly 6M tonnes of tropical

fats are refined across Europe, with 90% refined in the EU. Given the EFSA findings, it is likely to be a question of when, rather than if, the EU regulates 3- and 2-MCPDs as well. Palm oil is found to have 3-MCPD esters in its refined oil and the esters are also present in soft oils. Glycidol is considered a genotoxic carcinogenic compound and 3-MCPD is a non-genotoxic carcinogen.

To solve or comply with this issue of carcinogenic compounds, each step from the plantation to the final refined bleached deodorised (RBD) product must be considered. GEs are produced during the deodorising stage from partial glycerides, such as diacyl glycerides (DAG) at temperatures in excess of 230°C. Bleaching earth does not affect the production of GE but does remove it from RBD palm oil.

A post-deodorising bleaching step adds significant cost incurred by effectively double-refining the RBD oil. This route also means that during the required additional deodorisation step, GE may again form and would have to be monitored. Post-deodoriser bleaching with activated bleaching earth can also convert GEs to monoglyceride by acid catalysis (there is no reduction of 3-MCPD during this bleaching step).

The alternative is to deodorise at a lower temperature to prevent the production of GEs. However, this has concerns of free fatty acid (FFA) reduction, organoleptic quality and stability criteria. Adding additional refinery capacity would overcome any production bottleneck but at a cost.

Caustic refining remains an expensive choice with high refinery losses and greater environmental considerations of soap-stock treatment. As far as

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THE EU SET MAXIMUM LEVELS FOR GE CONTENT IN FOOD IN FEBRUARY AND IT IS LIKELY THAT IT WILL ALSO ENACT REGULATIONS FOR 3- AND 2-MCPDS, BASED ON FINDINGS BY THE EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY (HEADQUARTERS PICTURED ABOVE) u

GE is considered, a lower deodorising temperature is the preferred route. For 3-MCPD, the EU awaits the outcome of further assessments of 3-MCPD and its fatty acid esters.

3-MCPD precursors The mitigation of 3-MCPD depends on several criteria, including production of crude palm oil (CPO) from the fruit bunches, the design of the refinery, the oil/fat in question, processing criteria and the type of bleaching earth used. All have their parts to play.

The chlorine precursors leading to the formation of 3-MCPD esters are reported as inorganic chlorine from water treatment, including ferric chloride, fertilisers, acid conditions that give rise to organochlorine compounds in the CPO, and hydrochloric acid (HCl)-activated bleaching earth containing chloride. A low partial glycerides content assists in mitigating 3-MCPD formation.

GEs may be formed from DAG during deodorising at high temperatures of more than 230°C. CPO typically has a DAG content greater than 5% within a range of 5-12%. Reports of no apparent correlation between mono acyl glycerides (monoglycerides) and 3-MCPD formation leave the DAG as a source of

3-MCPD formation during deodorising. A high FFA content will also increase levels of 3-MCPD esters during deodorisation.

GEs can also be formed from MCPD mono-esters but due to the almost total lack of this mono-ester compound and low conversion rates (approximately 20%) they are not discussed further. CPO with a low DAG content (max 4%) and low FFA (<1.5%) is desirable to assist in reduced 3- MCPD formation, but this level of DAG and FFA in the CPO is difficult to guarantee.

Bleaching earth considerations Acid activated bleaching earths have traditionally been the most effective products in the bleaching of edible oils and fats. Furthermore, acid activated calcium montmorillonite (bentonite) clay products have been dominant in this area.

Other natural activated bleaching earths (NABEs), such as attapulgite and sepiolite clays, are alternatives. They are not acid activated but may also be utilised in the bleaching process.

Acid activated clays are capable of bleaching the most challenging of oils but, during the 1980s, attapulgite/sepiolite heat activated clays were increasingly promoted. These clays were not acid

activated with mineral acid but were capable of heat activation, which increased the surface area.

Whilst effective on good quality oils, the heat activated NABE products were found to be less effective with the more challenging edible oil applications, especially in respect to colour removal in general and chlorophyll more specifically.

Acid activated clays provide a large surface area ranging from 160m²/g to more than 300m²/g.

The large surface area accommodates acid sites and pores of varying sizes and volumes. These sites greatly contribute to the bleaching performance.

The optimum pore sizes and volumes are more specifically located within a particle size distribution band, which is responsible for conducting the main bleaching process.

Natural clays have a more neutral pH with a much smaller surface area of around 60-160m²/g, along with reduced quantities of sites with optimum pore sizes and volumes. Although these natural clays exhibit reduced pore size, pore volumes and surface area, they have proved capable in bleaching a range of edible oils, notably in the physical refining of CPO to a colour specification, provided the CPO is of good quality.

With improvements seen in CPO production in recent decades and refineries adopting improved oil pre-treatment and refining techniques, natural bleaching earths are effective in bleaching good quality pre-treated edible oils and fats.

When considering 3-MCPD mitigation, natural activated clays can be useful due to their neutral pH and, although having a reduced surface area, can be adequate in terms of overall colour removal.

Where CPO quality is lower than desired, acid activated earth remains the preferred choice as it is consistently more effective at the same or reduced dosage levels relative to natural bleaching clays.

Edible oil refineries processing a mixture of soft and tropical oils and fats prefer acid activated clays, due to their ability and flexibility to bleach a variety of oils and fats and, where the crude oil proves challenging due to higher levels of oxidative damage, FFA and trace metals.

For soft oils in general – and rapeseed oil containing chlorophyll – acid activated earths are also preferred due to their higher affinity for chlorophyll. There has been increased use of NABEs at refineries processing palm oil via the physical refining route, which requires CPO of good, consistent quality.

Some of these refineries also have a second bleaching earth silo for acid activated clay, used to achieve specification when the CPO is difficult to bleach with natural clay.

Acid activation considerations Acid activated bleaching earth has been the main bleaching earth utilised in refineries and is produced from high purity calcium montmorillonite clays.

This clay is capable of activation to consistently high levels when using mineral acids, such as sulphuric or hydrochloric acid (HCl), in the activation process.

The activated clay is subsequently water washed to remove salts and free acidity.

Acid activation increases the surface area with the aluminium and iron salts being substituted with hydrogen cations, increasing silicic acidity. It is these silicic acid sites that are responsible for bleaching the colour of edible oils and fats.

However, traditionally acid activated clay impacts

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on 3-MCPD, especially when considering clays based on HCl activation that have both a residual chloride value and a relatively high free acidity (approximately 0.8%).

The acidity and chloride from HCl activated bleaching earth has been demonstrated to increase the 3-MCPD level. When palm oil is bleached with HCl activated clay, the MCPD ester content increases together with chloride levels. With chloride levels of 7.1mg/100g, the MCPD produced after heating the bleached palm oil to 220°C is 2.6ppm, which rises to 3.9ppm when the bleaching earth has a chloride content of 14.20mg/100g.

At a chloride dose of 67.5mg/100g, the MCPD content increases to 9.7ppm. When bleaching the same oil under the same conditions with natural bleaching earth containing zero chloride, the MCPD increases to just 1.7ppm.

Today, acid and heat activated clays are being considered with the aim of reducing 3-MCPD formation by acting to remove or reduce the chlorine precursors during the bleaching step, which lead to the formation of 3-MCPD during the deodorising process at temperatures above 180°C. Natural raw clays are mixtures of different clay types. For example, attapulgite may contain calcium montmorillonite. This means the overall bleach effect and mitigation of 3-MCPD production will depend on the clay and degree and type of activation.

By successfully reducing the precursors during the bleaching step it may be possible to mitigate the formation of 3-MCPD to low ppm levels, with less than 1ppm being reported in RBD palm oil when using an activated clay with a low free acidity, large surface area, good pore size and pore volumes.

The acidity displayed by this clay is pH 3-4, meaning it is acidic, but there is little buffer action.

This acidity, when expressed as free titratable acidity, is very low at 0.05-0.1% expressed as sulphuric acid. A clay with a pH of 3-4 may also have a much higher free acidity, for example 1.2% expressed as sulphuric acid. When selecting an acid activated clay type for 3-MCPD mitigation, the low free acidity value may be worth greater consideration over the actual pH value.

The nature of the raw clay to be activated has a great influence on the colour and oxidative stability of the RBD oil.

The bleaching earth has the challenge of removing the precursors leading to the formation of 3-MCPD whilst at the same time possessing

enough bleaching ability to reduce colour to the specification required in, for example, the RBD palm oil.

Bleaching with normal quantities of acid activated earth (typically 0.5%-1.5%) has been shown to have little effect on reducing 3-MCPD, but reports that larger amounts of acid activated bleaching earth reduced the 3-MCPD formation indicate that the bleaching earth is removing or reducing the 3-MCPD precursors in the bleaching step.

Selecting a bleaching earth that is acid activated, providing a large surface area for bleaching whilst at the same time being low in free acidity, will assist in chlorine precursor reduction during the bleaching process, leading to reduced 3-MCPD formation in the deodoriser.

NABE produced with no free acidity or acid activated earths with very low levels of free acidity are currently being investigated and may offer alternatives, with the potential of mitigating 3-MCPD production whilst offering good bleaching characteristics.

After bleaching with either NABE or acid activated bleaching earth with very low free acidity levels, the deodorising temperature could be operated at 220°C with little 3-MCPD formation or glycidic acid formation. Increasing the deodorising temperature from 180°C to 250°C accelerates 3-MCPD ester formation, starting at 1.4ppm at 180°C and increasing to 2.3ppm at 250°C. When temperatures greater than 240°C degrees are used, GE formation increases rapidly over a much shorter period.

Caustic refining (chemical refining) can produce low levels of 3-MCPD/GE esters and is a possibility but considerations of soap stock, higher neutral oil losses, effluent treatment and expensive equipment, such as centrifugal separators, make this choice unrealistic. NABE or sulphuric acid activated bleaching earth with low free acidity would still be a recommendation if the chemical refining method was chosen.

Pre-treatment degumming The removal of phospholipids when refining palm oil (CPO) is normally carried out by the addition of phosphoric acid at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%. This process is called dry degumming pre-treatment step or gum conditioning.

This pre-treatment places a high reliance on the acid activated bleaching earth to remove the

conditioned gums (phospholids), but overall acid condition may result in the formation of 3-MCPD. Reports of the organo-chlorine precursors being removed by water degumming is due to their partial water solubility and is another step to consider.

Water degumming of CPO and bleaching with natural bleaching earth or acid activated bleaching earth with low free acidity offers the possibility of reduced 3-MCPD, with levels of 0.25ppm reported under laboratory conditions.

Care must be taken in consideration of complete removal of the phospholipids to ensure the RBD oil does not subsequently darken and develop poor taste and stability. Consideration of performing a water wash when the CPO is produced may offer more complete organo-chlorine removal and be preferable to water washing the CPO at the oil refinery after being transported over long distances.

Conclusion Bleaching earths alone cannot provide a complete solution to the problem of MCPD and GE formation.

Considerations of CPO production and refinery operations all play their part. There is natural variation in CPO quality along with varied refinery designs, so as far as bleaching earth is concerned, each refinery’s requirements will have to be individually assessed. Different oil types require different bleaching earth grades.

Bleaching earths can remove GEs but it is preferably to use low temperature deodorisation to limit its formation.

Bleaching earths cannot remove 3-MPCDs, which are formed by precursors present in the oil reacting in the deodoriser to produce the compound.

However, bleaching earths can mitigate 3-MCPDs production by removing their precursors in the refinery bleaching step.

Recent discussions with a refinery using acid activated clay revealed GE produced at a level of 80µg/kg, conforming to current limits. The 3-MCPD level was 300µg/kg with no limits as yet being set. The RBD oil was produced for inclusion in baby food and although the GE and 3-MCPD levels were encouragingly low, the market sector is requesting levels lower than those obtained. l Preston Shanks is a director at AMC (UK) Ltd E-mail: sales@amcuk.ltd.uk Website www.amcabsorbents.com References: Bertrand Matthaus, Frank Pudel, Gabriele Schtotz, Benoit Schilter, Claus Schurrz

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MINCLEAR 87X128-OK.pdf

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www.tolsa.com

C

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YOUR BLEACHING OIL PROCESS: BETTER WITH

MINCLEAR

®

CM

MY

Natural and Activated Bleaching Earths

CY

CMY

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TOLSA, S.A. Parque Empresarial Las Mercedes C/ Campezo, 1, Ed. 4, Pl. 2ª 28022 Madrid Tel.: +34 913 220 100 industrial@tolsa.com

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BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S

The road to healthier palm oil 3 3- and 2-MCPDs and GEs pose a potential cancer risk and it is therefore important for edible oil producers to limit the content of these compounds in their products to the highest possible degree. Dr Pat Howes suggests how palm oil producers, in particular, can minimise the presence of chloride and partial glycerides, which lead to the formation of MCPDs and GEs

- and 2-monochloropropane diols (MCPDs) and their esters, and glycidyl esters (GEs), are suspected class 2 carcinogens, meaning they are probably carcinogenic to humans.

Limits for their content in foods have been set.

For example, the EU limits the contaminants at 2ppm and 1ppm, respectively. To put their risk into perspective, a well-known class 1 carcinogen, known to be carcinogenic to humans, is tobacco and tobacco smoke.

3-and 2-MCPDs are found in highest concentrations in processed oils â&#x20AC;&#x201C; such as palm oil, coconut oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and to a lesser extent in canola/rapeseed oil, olive oil and soyabean oil, among others.

In order to mitigate the presence of MCPDs and GEs in fully refined oils, producers need to understand how they are formed and then either mitigate the factors causing their production or absorb or otherwise remove the dangerous substances from the processed oil.

Palm oil makes up the largest volume of the oils mentioned above, so it will serve here as an example. GEs are formed from partial glycerides at high temperatures. For MCPDs to be formed, both partial glycerides and chloride/chlorine need to be present.

Oil palm loves equatorial climates, particularly coastal conditions. Therefore it has a potential to absorb chloride from the environment. The use of chloride-containing fertiliser is another possible source of chloride.

The chloride concentrates in the fruit bunches.

After the oil palm fruit bunches are picked, the oil in the fruit undergoes degradation by enzymes, leading to the formation of partial glycerides and free fatty acids (FFAs). To minimise the partial glyceride formation, the fruit should therefore be sterilised as soon as possible after the fruit bunches are harvested.

Since oil palm grows in the equatorial belt, it is possible that the plantation sees rain for 200 days each year. Rapid transport of the fruit bunches to the oil mill is not always possible, especially in plantations where the roads become muddy and impassable during rains (see photo, right).

Therefore, the standard of plantation roads is an important factor affecting the time from harvesting to sterilisation of the fruit, and thus on the partial glyceride content of the resulting crude palm oil (CPO).

Technology is available to stabilise muddy soil with a high clay content to produce cost-effective soil-cement-polymer roads, utilising in-situ materials. Through these methods, the roads can be

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usable all year round and the crops brought rapidly to the palm oil mills for processing.

temperatures and the use of non-acidic bleaching earths have been reported to result in lower MCPD levels in bleached oils.

Activated carbon has long been utilised as an absorbent for chlorine compounds and for the removal of impurities from edible oils. It is therefore not surprising that activated carbons, when blended with bleaching earths, remove the chloride/chlorine, providing another means of reducing MCPD content in bleached oils.

Sterilisation The sterilisation of the fruit bunches at the palm oil mill kills the enzymes causing degradation, essentially stopping the decomposition process that leads to partial glyceride production. Although partial glycerides and FFAs are formed together during the decomposition of oil, the FFA content of a crude palm oil may not be a good indicator of partial glyceride content, as the CPO may have been partially neutralised to lower its FFA. The partial glycerides would remain in the CPO after partial neutralisation.

When palm fruit bunches are processed at conventional mills, the fruit bunches are first sterilised with steam. The fruit can then easily be removed from the fruit bunches, and sent for oil extraction.

The sterilisation processes also leach chloride from the fruit bunches, which is concentrated in the steriliser condensate. The steriliser condensate contains some oil, and this oil is later recovered and recycled after decanting.

The operation of the decanter could be set to ensure that minimal chloride containing water is present in the decanted oil.

However, since oil is more valuable than water, the decanter is usually set to recover all the oil.

With the oil comes some of the chloride-rich steriliser condensate. It is this condensate that is a major source of the chloride that forms the MCPDs. The washing of the oil recovered from the steriliser condensate should be more cost-effective than washing the entire CPO batch. Any washing is best done at the palm oil mill, where the liquid effluent can be easily treated. It should also be noted that the chloride/chlorine content of steam and wash water must be minimised at all stages of the extraction and processing of the oil.

CPO is predominately processed utilising physical refining. Washing the CPO at a physical refinery would be against the design philosophy of physical refining, namely keeping both capital costs and amounts of effluent low. Proper management of the steriliser condensate is therefore required for cost-effective management of chloride content in the CPO before it is sent to the refinery for further processing.

Some palm oil mills in countries such as Thailand

www.sepigel.es

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…and GEs

FRESH OIL PALM FRUIT BUNCHES MUST BE TAKEN TO OIL MILLS QUICKLY TO BE STERILISED BUT MUDDY ROADS CAN MAKE RAPID TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT

and Colombia make use of a new technology for processing the oil palm fruit bunches. The technology involves removing the fruit from the fruit bunches – leaving the chloride in the empty bunches – and then only sterilising the fruits.

This technology enables the production of CPO with reduced chloride content, as required in MCPDs mitigation. Energy is also saved, as the empty fruit bunches are not sterilised, and the sterilisation capacity for palm fruit is increased, as no space is taken up by the empty fruit bunches.

Avoiding MCPDs… It is then necessary to examine all the major processing stages at the refinery. 3-and 2-MCPD formation is reported to increase at higher temperatures and in the presence of strong acids.

To minimise MCPD production at the degumming stage, it is better to use citric acid or ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), known as soft degumming, rather than phosphoric acid degumming agent. The use of lower temperatures utilised for chelative degumming should also prove beneficial. Similarly, at the bleaching stage, lower

Reports indicate that MCPD production at the deodorisation/steam refining stage does not seem to be significant. However, the deodorisation/steam refining stage is where GEs are produced, most significantly when the deodorisation temperature is above 240°C. Process plant contractors are marketing systems to minimise the production of GEs through methods such as flash heating the bleached oil and then deodorising for longer periods at lower temperatures, for example at 240°C for two hours instead of at 260°C for 45 minutes.

These modified processes require additional space and significant capital investment, which are again contrary to the philosophy of physical refining.

Another approach is to utilise existing equipment and subsequently treating the produced GEs through methods such as absorption, or to break open the ring formed by two carbon and one oxygen atom in the molecular structure of the GEs that are produced during the conventional deodorisation process. Once the ring has been split, the molecule is no longer a GE. These kinds of absorbents and catalytic materials have been identified and are in the process of being commercialised. In order to utilise the absorbents and catalysts, there will be some space and capital requirements for the necessary equipment.

However, these requirements should be much less expensive than the solely engineering-based options.

It is also important to note that in GE control, the ‘neutral oil’ from the fatty acid stream should not be recycled during the deodorization stage as it is rich in the partial glycerides that leads to GE production.  This article was written by Dr Pat Howes, technical director at Malaysia’s Natural Bleach Sdn Bhd

www.sepiolsa.com

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Bleaching earths round-up Oils & Fats International reports on some of the latest news and developments around the world related to bleaching earths

Different processes to tackle 3-MCPDs and GEs 3

-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol esters (3-MCPDs) are formed during high temperature refining when undesirable levels of their precursors are present in initial oil pre-treatment. Glycidyl esters (GEs) are also formed from diacylglycerols (DAGs) in high temperature deodorisation.

During oil refining, different processes are adopted to remove the polar materials of the crude oils. n Physical refining with acid dry degumming is used for oil with a low phosphorus content of <40ppm. n Chemical refining with free fatty acid (FFA) neutralisation and super or enzymatic degumming is used for oil with a high phosphorus content >40ppm. In this process, the hydrated impurities are centrifuged out, leaving the oil nearly free of impurities for the clay bleaching process. The exception is the physical refining, where these acid hydrated polar materials have to be adsorbed and removed by the clay during bleaching. n From laboratory studies, it was found that a high level of remnant phosphorus of >4ppm in pre-treated oil (after degumming and bleaching) had the tendency to increase 3-MCPDs in the deodorised oil.

Together with excessive acid dosing, the use of very acidic clay using chloride tainted agents at elevated temperatures in deodorisation aggravated the formation of 3-MCPD during refining.

Acid dosing in dry-degumming The phosphorus that is present in crude palm oil (CPO) is mostly oil soluble and must be hydrated out with a concentrated (85%) mineral phosphoric acid. 3-MCPD formation can be mitigated by taking some precautionary steps to avert its formation by targeting the efficient removal of its polar materials during pretreatment. The criterion is to ensure that phosphoric acid is dosed according to the phosphorus content of the CPO so that less is left behind in the oil.

Overdosing of phosphoric acid will create an acidic condition in the oil that will lead to reaction with triglycerides that can trigger more generation of polar materials.

Acid activated bleaching earth Bleaching earths with a high surface area of >200m2/g have better adsorption of polar materials and removal of 3-MCPD precursors.

This characteristic can be found mostly in low free acid, acid activated bentonite clay. Acid activated clay is able to create the required surface area for proper physical adsorption and chemisorption of impurities from the oil.

To prevent chloride seepage into the oil, sulphuric acid is preferred over hydrochloric acid in clay activation. To prevent the acid activated clay from influencing further the formation of 3-MCPD, its Hedley acid (HA) or free acid value must be limited to 0.04%.

Colour reduction problem in oil How bleaching earth reacts to pigment adsorption is very dependent on the oxidation level of the oil. The pigment contents of oil are composed mainly of carotenoids and chlorophyll.

Highly oxidised oil is more resistant to deodorisation heat destruction and requires a high dosage of activated bleaching clay to remove the stubborn pigments.

Sometimes, activated carbon must be introduced alongside the clay to enhance the colour reduction efficiency if the feed oil quality has turned bad.

Certain oils require the addition of activated carbon to remove specific heat induced materials, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). PAH is prevalent in coconut and sunflower oils where the copra and oilseeds have been dried over fire. l

GE reduction Unlike 3-MCPD, GEs can only be removed with

This article was written by Heng Sai Lim of Taiko Bleaching Earth, Malaysia

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clay bleaching after they have been formed by the refining process.

The deodorised oil has to be re-bleached with high activity, low free acid (HA of 0.2%) acid activated clay and then re-deodorised at 200°C. Using clay with high free acid will increase the deodorised oil’s FFA and 3-MCPD content again. This mineral acid is not volatile, which makes it difficult to propel out during steam distillation deodorising, and thus it stays in the oil.

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Using sepiolite products in bleaching earth applications S

epiolite is a natural clay mineral, more specifically a hydrated magnesium silicate.

This mineral has a fibrous morphology consisting of talc-like ribbons alternated by channels along the fibre axes. Due to these channels, sepiolite is an important sorbent and molecular sieve, having – among other characteristics – a high adsorptive capacity for many different gases and vapours, as well as other substances.

The sorption capacity of sepiolite is mainly ascribed to its high surface area. With a total specific surface area of 800–900m2/g, sepiolite is commonly used in oil refining and wastewater treatment for the removal of undesired materials, in the removal of odour, as a drug and pesticide carrier, and in the manufacture of paper and detergent.

This sorption ability is enhanced when the dimensions of the sorbate molecules enable their penetration into the sepiolite channels, as happens with oxidated compounds and many phosphorous and metallic compounds.

Under natural conditions, sepiolite channels are filled with zeolitic water that is loosely hydrogen-bonded to the basal oxygen planes.

The zeolitic water in the channels does not show acidic properties, unlike water coordinated with exchangeable cations in charged layer silicates.

The structural water coordinated to the edge of the octahedral ribbons is also not acidic, and natural sepiolite presents a basic surface with limited catalytic activity.

This means that sepiolite can be used in natural or activated states, enabling it to offer a full range of solutions depending on the refining process.

Sepiolite has a greater sorption affinity to straight rather than branched hydrocarbons, such as short-chain fatty acids. The inner/ outer surface area ratio is approximately 1.6, which suggests that the average thickness of a sepiolite fibre is about 15nm.

As an important note, the sorption does not depend on the polarity of the adsorbate molecules.

The different surface areas observed by using different sorbates result from partial migration into the sepiolite channels or from imperfect packing of sorbate molecules on the surface.

The sorption of different chain length n-alcohols confirms the theory of replacement of coordinated water molecules by alcohol molecules.

Because of sepiolite’s high specific surface area, porosity, and ability to form high and stable viscosities at low solids concentrations, sepiolite can be recognised for its high discoloration capacity for major edible oils.

Many commercial clays are acid-activated, which results in the delamination of their structure and improvement of their bleaching properties.

Experimental results indicate that the bleaching efficiency is more dependent on the ratio of sepiolite to oil rather than on operating parameters, such as contact time and temperature. An increase in the sepiolite dosage reduces coloured bodies.

Its effect on oxidation state, however, is complex and related to both primary and secondary oxidation products.

The removal of impurities such as chlorophyll a, beta-carotene, and phosphorus increases with increasing sepiolite dosage and reaches better results at 100°C bleaching temperature.

Chlorophyll a, beta-carotene and phosphorus

adsorption can be described by a mechanism involving surface area and porosity of acid activated sepiolite as key variables.

The sorption is also independent of the polarity of the adsorbate molecules.

Sepiolite’s phosphorus adsorption capability deserves highlighting, as sepiolite can reach up to double the adsorption rate of standard bleaching earths in the market.

In summary, due to the special nature and structure of sepiolite, using activated grades of the mineral can produce significant advantages for bleaching and purifying major edible vegetable oils. l This article was contributed by Tolsa, Spain

Sepiolite and vegetable oils

The efficiency of sepiolite in bleaching certain type of vegetable oils has been investigated.

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BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S

SOURCE: CLARIANT

Testing new acid activated grades FIGURE 1: INTERESTERIFIED PALM OIL ANALYSIS RESULTS

FIGURE 2: 3-MCPD, COLOUR AND CHLOROPHYLL IN SOYABEAN OIL

substances and impurities in oil.

Low 3-MCPD in tropical oils

Clariant compared the new highly active acidic bleaching earths Tonsil Supreme 113 FF and Tonsil Optimum 213 FF against existing acid activated Tonsil grades, unbleached oil and a Tonsil neutral reference grade.

Through the interesterified palm fraction analysis for GE after bleaching and 3-MCPD after deodorisation, Clariant discovered that high GE can be reduced significantly by highly active bleaching earths.

At the same time, low 3-MCPD values of <1.5ppm (parts per million) can be achieved. The neutral grade shows more limited capacity for the reduction of GE values (see Figure 1, above).

Since additional factors to 3-MCPD and GE values are important considerations in edible oils, such as removing colour and chlorophyll a, the team analysed the broader performance of the bleaching earths in soyabean oil processing.

They observed that the new grades deliver lower values of 3-MCPD, colour and chlorophyll a in the final oil (see Figure 2, above).

Looking at the results of both tests, it can be concluded that Tonsil 213 FF is a multipurpose solution, keeping low 3-MCPD, reducing GE and obtaining optimum values on colour and chlorophyll levels.

Tonsil 113 FF maintains low 3-MCPD and reduces GE with better performance in different refined oils.

Compared to the average reference grade, the new extended portfolio of acidic bleaching earths shows high performance in relation to low 3-MCPD values, colour and chlorophyll a.

The two new grades are particular suitable for refiners processing palm oil and chlorophyllcontaining seed oils, says Clariant.

Individual countries and regions have different colour and taste preferences and even oil stability requirements.

To support variations in geographical priorities regarding crude palm oil refining, the Clariant team focused on adding new high performance naturally active, or neutral, grades specifically for mitigating 3-MCPD. It is recognised within the oil processing industry and proven in internal Clariant testing that colour value red (CVR) and 3-MCPD values correlate positively with bleaching earth dosage for crude palm oil. To lower 3-MCPD from 2.7 to 1.7ppm, bleaching earth dosage has to be tripled from 1.2% to 3.6%. With this increase in bleaching earth, CVR value decreased from 3.8 to 2.2.

Clariant also evaluated the values of 3-MCPD ppm after deodorisation and CVR performance of the grades from its production facilities in Germany (Tonsil Optimum 515 FF), Spain (Tonsil Supreme 178 FF) and Turkey (Optimum 258 FF) against a reference grade and the new acid activated grades. The internal test values have been proven in customer trials that give the same results, says Clariant.

All of the new grades keep very low values of 3-MCPD, below 1.5ppm, with Supreme 178 FF reaching the lowest value at 1.3ppm. CV red values are also below 3.0, with 178 FF again achieving the lowest value at 2.2.

On the basis of further internal research and customer validation, it can be concluded that Tonsil Optimum 515 FF enables tropical oils to obtain low 3-MCPD with an optimum dosage. Tonsil Supreme 178 FF can obtain the lowest 3-MCPD level with a minimum dosage due to a lower CVR, allowing for further dosage reduction, keeping colour and 3-MCPD on specification. Tonsil Optimum 258 FF is a good fit to achieve the low 3-MCPD requirements in the Middle East. l Carlos Rodríguez Gaya is the head of product management and technical sales for BU Functional Minerals, BG Purification, Europe, Africa & Middle East at Clariant

Carlos Rodríguez Gaya of Their performance has been tested under conditions that replicate edible vegetable oil Clariant explains the results of refiners’ processing conditions. the company’s tests of various bleaching earth grades, including New acid activated grades two new products that can help Possibilities for bleaching earth grades to keep low eliminate both 3-MCPDs and GEs 3-MCPD and reduce GE were demonstrated on interesterified palm fraction. in edible oils

A

mended regulation from the European Commission regarding maximum levels of glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE) in food has important implications for the production of edible vegetable oils and fats. Available bleaching earths for the modification process have so far focused on reducing the presence of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) and GE levels.

Bleaching earth supplier Clariant has introduced new acid activated grades to its portfolio that it says can support producers of palm and seed oils in achieving specific targets for both.

Bleaching earths that – in addition to their purifying function – also support a reduction in the presence of 3-MCPD are available to support palm oil modification processes. Palm oil is the most widely consumed vegetable oil globally, with about 90% used for food consumption.

The challenge so far for the edible oil industry has been in achieving individual targets for 3-MCPD and GE levels. Particularly with acidic material, GE reduction has proven difficult and usually at the expense of 3-MCPD values. It has particular relevance for seed oils but also for interesterified fats.

To support this, Clariant has launched new additions to its portfolio that give producers of palm and seed oils the possibility to achieve both goals while also attaining low 3-MCPD and GE levels.

The Tonsil branded earths are formed through acidic activation of natural clay mineral bentonite, which changes the mineral’s special layered structure and enables it to bind accompanying

32 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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OLEOTRADING SA ESTABLISHED SINCE 1959

SUPPLIERS OF Oilseeds, Oils and Fats, Lecithins, Margarines, Dairy Products, Confectioneries Worldwide activity 16, Chemin de la Fraidieu 1223 Cologny, Geneva, Switzerland Tel : +41 22 786 44 22 Fax : +41 22 786 58 20 Email : oleotrading@oleotrading.com 33 OFI â&#x20AC;&#x201C; JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

PAC KAGIN G

PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK

Ensuring quality and shelf life When it comes to oils and fats, good things can come in many packages, with metal, glass and plastic all utilised today. Each material offers advantages and drawbacks. Other factors – such as oil-package interactions, packaging geometry and filling and capping systems – must also be taken into account to ensure product quality

P

ackaging is a very important factor for any food product and, when it comes to edible oils, incorrect storage practices can influence the sensory quality of an oil, leading to rancidity and off-flavours.

Oils and fats spoil due to environmental factors that affect their stability, namely oxygen, moisture, heat and light, according an Indian Centre for Plastic in the Environment (ICPE) publication.

Oxygen is the most critical factor affecting stability. The presence of oxygen leads to oxidation and formation of hydroperoxides and peroxides and then aldehydes and ketones, resulting in off-odours.

These reactions increase in rate and intensity in the presence of light and heat.

Each oil or fat has a different degree of susceptibility to oxidation, depending on their fatty acid composition. Oils containing a high degree of unsaturated fatty acids – such as safflower, soya and sunflower – are highly prone to oxidative rancidity, whereas oils with a high degree of saturated fatty acids are less susceptible, the ICPE says.

In unrefined oil, natural antioxidants are present and the oil is therefore less prone to rancidity compared with refined oil, when antioxidants are removed during the refining process. Often, oil manufacturers will then add antioxidants to refined oil in order to extend the shelf-life of the product.

Oxygen may gain access to oils or fats in several ways. Atmospheric oxygen may be present in the oil. It may also be present in the headspace of the package, or may enter the package through the body or the seals.

Another important factor that contributes to the deterioration of oil is moisture, with even very small amounts of moisture being detrimental.

Hydrolysis of triglycerides results in the formation of glycerol and free fatty acids, and off-flavours may occur due to hydrolytic rancidity.

This is more common in oil and fats with high levels of saturated fatty acids. Moisture may also gain entry through the body or seams of packaging by permeation.

Light and heat act as initiators of oxidation reactions, which ultimately lead to degradation.

Therefore, control of these factors is also important.

Traditionally, oil and fats were packed in tinplate

PLASTIC BOTTLES HAVE BEEN INCREASINGLY USED TO PACKAGE EDIBLE OILS IN RECENT YEARS DUE TO THEIR RELATIVELY LOW PRICE AND WEIGHT AND EASE OF HANDLING.

containers but other types of packaging, such as plastic containers, lined cartons and flexible pouches are now used, says the ICPE. Today, the array and availability of packaging materials, sizes and shapes of package construction are unlimited. Modern packaging technology provides many opportunities to maintain product protection while reducing the cost. Any packaging system for edible oils and fats should be: n Non-toxic and compatible Protect against environmental factors n Machineable n Leak-proof and transport-worthy n Easy to store, use and handle

Packaging selection Marketing and economics are usually the factors driving the selection of packaging. However, proper packaging will provide the conditions to ensure adequate shelf life for distribution and sale, according to the Luciano Piergiovanni and Sara Limbo of the Department of Food Science and Microbiology, University of Milan, Italy.

Even though oils are quite stable products, physicochemical characteristics of packaging materials may significantly affect oil quality during their shelf life, they write in the book, ‘Food Packaging and Shelf Life – a Practical Guide’.

In addition, packaging geometry, and filling and closing techniques may also be very important.

Physicochemical characteristics: Oxygen permeability and ultraviolet (UV)/visible light transmission are the major physicochemical factors, due to the oxidative sensitivity of vegetable oils.

Oxygen permeability applies to plastic materials

only, whereas light transmission is important for glass and plastic. Many additives are available to reduce UV transmission in both plastics and glass.

Packaging geometry: The geometry of packaging can act in different ways to protect the product. The size and shape of plastic packages can affect the ratio between permeable surface area and product volume. For plastic, glass or metal packages, shape and size can influence the headspace and, therefore, the amount of oxygen available.

Filling and capping: The filling and capping steps are relevant in the process of oil packaging. In order to reduce the residual oxygen inside bottles, the oil is generally stripped with gaseous nitrogen to lower the initial level to below 0.5ppm. Gaseous nitrogen can be pressurised by injecting liquid nitrogen into the headspace prior to closing.

The effectiveness of closures is also important in order to reduce oxygen ingress during shelf life. Closure efficiency is related to several factors including material used, design and liner adopted.

These factors must guarantee hermeticity, easy opening and the possibility of reclosing. As these goals are sometimes contradictory, efforts to develop new devices is ongoing, including the use of active and intelligent packaging.

Oil-package interactions: Selection of packaging materials may also be made based on their interaction with oils. Oil-package interactions can affect product shelf life, reducing nutritional value and stability – by scalping – or increasing the level of chemical contamination by migration.

Generally speaking, glass is the most inert material, followed by metals and plastics. Plastic

34 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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packaging can absorb different compounds from food in a phenomenon called scalping (sorption).

In particular, flavour scalping is a term used to describe the loss of quality of a packaged food due to either its volatile flavors being absorbed by the package or the food absorbing undesirable flavours from the packaging material. Several investigations have shown that considerable amounts of aroma compounds can be absorbed by plastic packaging materials, resulting in loss of aroma intensity or unbalanced flavour profiles.

In addition, non-volatile compounds may be absorbed by packaging materials, affecting the packaging itself, such as its permeability, barrier and mechanical properties, or causing delamination of multi-layer package.

Migration is an important safety aspect to be considered when selecting food packaging materials.

Plastic additives and residual monomers or oligomers are not chemically bound to the polymermolecules and can, therefore, move freely within the polymer matrix. Consequently, at the interface between the packaging material and food, they can dissolve in the food product and adversely affect the flavour and acceptability of the food.

The chemical nature of the packaging material has a notable influence on oil quality.

A review by Kanavouras et al (2006) suggested that edible oils should not be stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic materials as vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) and plasticisers can migrate into fatty foods, leading to the contamination of the oils.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most inert plastics and, in recent years, packing of oil into PET bottles has increased. Nevertheless, PET monomers, oligomers (cyclic trimers, pentamers, heptamers), plasticisers, colourants, stabilisers and different additives used for flexibility purposes are all prone to migration.The migration of acetaldehyde from PET bottles is a major problem, as its presence may affect the organoleptic properties of oil.

In general, PET bottles are usually considered suitable to contain not only seed oil but also olive oil.

Packaging materials Metal: Tinplate containers have been used for a long time for oil packaging and are still appreciated because of their many advantages. They provide total protection against light, oxygen, water vapour and micro-organisms.

In addition, the inside of the container is protected with food-approved special enamels (lacquers) that protect the metal from the corrosiveness of the product.

Edible oils are generally packed in tinplate containers of different capacities, typically from 500g to 15kg.

The quality of oil packed in new containers can remain unchanged for a year. However, reuse of containers increases corrosion of the tin coating and the exposed steel base readily reacts with the free fatty acids in oil, leading to oxidative rancidity and organic tin salts with high toxicity.

Aluminium is also employed as a packaging material for edible oils as it is light and highly resistant to corrosion. In order to increase its mechanical resistance, aluminium alloys with small amounts of magnesium, manganese, and magnesium silicide are recommended.

PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK

PAC KAGIN G

COLOURED GLASS BOTTLES ARE WIDELY USED TO PACKAGE OLIVE OILS TO PREVENT OR SLOW THE OXIDATION PROCESS

All these metallic containers are considered inert against oils, even though trace levels of metal ions – such as iron and copper – are known to have adverse effects on the oxidative stability of olive oil.

Glass: Glass bottles are heavy and fragile but are widely used for bottling olive oils and virgin olive oils in particular. This is not only due to marketing factors but also because glass containers prevent the permeation of oxygen molecules into the bottle, slowing down the autoxidation rate.

Transparent glass, however, leads to photooxidation of olive oil and reduction of its shelf life.

The use of coloured glass bottles prevents or slows down the oxidation process.

Metal and glass are the only packaging materials that provide a virtually total barrier to moisture and gases. The word ‘virtually’ is used because such containers require a closure that incorporates other materials, such as polymeric sealing compounds in cans and in closures, through which oxygen can easily permeate and promote oxidation.

The shelf life of edible oils packaged in metal containers or non-transparent glass bottles is dictated by the initial quality of the oil, processing conditions and filling operations.

Plastic: Plastic containers are a relatively new means of packaging edible oil and have been increasingly used in recent years due to their relatively low price and weight and ease of handling.

The polymers most frequently used are PET, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and PVC. Although they do not provide as long a shelf life as metal containers, they are economical and suitable for use where a very long shelf life is not required.

PET is one of the most commonly used plastics in food packaging covering a wide range of

packaging structures. It satisfies many important requirements including good aesthetic aspect with brilliance and transparency; suitability for colouring; good mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance; low production cost; good barrier properties against CO2; suitability for prolonged storage, easy recyclability and low weight.

The trend toward incorporating modifier compounds into PET packaging resins has grown in order to produce containers with a high degree of clarity, in a wide variety of custom shapes, and free from residual acetaldehyde.

In addition, the incorporation of antioxidant stabilisers in PET increases its application in the food area, particularly for vegetable oil storage.

HDPE is largely used as a packaging material because of its tensile strength and hardness and good chemical resistance. Blow-moulded HDPE containers in the form of bottles, jars, and jerry cans are used for packaging edible oils.

PVC is a popular packaging material for edible oils in many countries, mainly due to its transparency, adaptability to all types of closures, total compatibility with existing packaging lines, and potential for personalised design features.

Mainly driven by issues such as the protection of the environment, PET has been supplanting PVC in the edible oil market.

As with other transparent plastic materials, PVC increases light exposure of the oil, enhancing oxidation. UV absorbers can be added to plastic materials in order to reduce their light transmission.

Multi-layer pouches and paper-based cartons: In recent years, the adoption of multi-layer pouches for oil storage has increased due to consumer preference for unit packages. Generally, limited quantities of edible oil are packed in flexible pouches (up to 500g). Flexible pouches may be manufactured from laminates or multi-layered films of different compositions and the pouches may be in the form of a pillow or stand-up pouch.

The selection of a laminate or multi-layer film is governed primarily by the compatibility of the contact layer, heat sealability, heat seal strength, and shelf life required, together with machinability and physical strength parameters.

Active packaging: In order to reduce the diffusion of oxygen into bottled oil, various solutions have been used. The most popular involves the use of ‘oxygen scavengers’ (OS), which remove oxygen dissolved in the oil and provide a barrier to oxygen diffusion from the atmosphere. These scavengers can be easily incorporated into the packing material without altering its other properties.

Conclusion With such a wide array of packaging materials available to oils and fats manufacturers, the selection of packaging combines both marketing, product quality and economic factors.

Good packaging will ensure product safety and quality, as well as contributing to low wastage and better logistics. It will also ensure good shelf appeal, branding and visibility. l This article is based on information from Chapter 17 of the book, ‘Food Packaging and Shelf Life – a Practical Guide’, written by Luciano Piergiovanni and Sara Limbo of the Department of Food Science and Microbiology, University of Milan, Italy

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STATISTIC S

EU SUN, SOYA AND CORN OIL PRICE, 2014-18 (US$/TONNE)

US PETROL AND ETHANOL PRICE, 2014-18 (US$/GALLON)

EU DIESEL AND BIODIESEL PRICE, 2016-18 (US$/LITRE)

STATISTICAL NEWS FROM MINTEC Soyabean, sunflower and corn oil Soyabean oil prices have been falling since the start of the year. Global production for 2018/19 is now forecast up 5% y-o-y, which is seeing ending stocks rise 2% y-o-y.

Ending stocks for 2017/18 are estimated to have fallen 5% y-o-y, seeing prices higher towards the end of the season. Argentina, the main exporter of soyabean oil, is seeing an 8% y-o-y increase in production for 2018/19, despite concerns over droughts. Brazil is currently experiencing truck strikes, which are causing a supply shortage as goods are unable to be transported.

Sunflower oil prices have fluctuated this year but have been steadily decreasing since the start of May. In the 2017/18 season, both Russia and Ukraine saw a drop in production by 1% and 7% y-o-y respectively, causing an 8% y-o-y decrease in global ending stocks.

2018/19 shows signs of improving, with production up in Russia 8% y-o-y and in Ukraine 11% y-o-y.

Corn oil prices for the USA are currently down following a large decrease at the start of the year.

However, the new 2018/19 figures are showing US production forecast down, with the decrease in both harvested area and yield contributing to a 4% y-o-y loss in production. Global production remains up 2% y-o-y.

Unleaded petrol and ethanol Prices of ethanol were on a downward trend for the first quarter of 2018, even though the price of ethanol went up 7% in January. Unleaded petrol prices in the EU have been on a general upward trend since the beginning of the year. However, prices fell in March, driven by lower feedstock crude oil costs.

Diesel and biodiesel Diesel prices were trending up within the first quarter of 2018, selling at ¤1.20 in April and May from an initial ¤1.19/litre of the fuel. Driven by the cheaper cost of rapeseed and soyabean oil, European biodiesel prices saw a similar lower movement in prices. Biodiesel sold at ¤1.20 in early January, but fell to ¤1.13 in April, before marginally rising to ¤1.17 in May, down 7% y-o-y.

PRICES OF SELECTED OILS (US$/TONNE) Mar 18

Apr 18

May 18

Soyabean

829.0

2017

836.1

822.9

823.1

815.9

792.4

Crude Palm

690.0

690.5

691.8

684.1

675.6

663.4

Palm Olein Coconut Rapeseed Sunflower

Jan 18

Feb 18

661.0

660.3

672.6

656.5

654.0

640.9

1,537.0

1,393.3

1,245.0

1,124.3

1,130.0

1,040.3

855.0

841.1

821.9

795.2

791.8

807.7

800.0

805.0

799.5

798.5

815.2

789.9

1,250.0

1,250.0

1,142.9

1,019.5

1,010.8

944.1

Average price

946.0

925.0

885.0

843.0

842.0

811.0

Index

224.0

219.0

210.0

200.0

199.0

192.0

Palm Kernel

Mintec works in partnership with sales, purchasing and supply chain professionals to deliver valuable insight into worldwide commodity and raw materials markets using innovative technology and a knowledgeable team of specialists. We provide independent insight and trusted data to help the world’s most prestigious brands to make informed commercial decisions.

Tel: +44 (0) 1628 851313 E-mail: sales@mintecglobal.com Website: www.mintecglobal.com

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ARTE E GENIO ITALIANI

ITALIAN

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Each project is the result of the deep passion in industrial plants design combined with the long dated experience gained in more than 1000 successful installations.

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Science behind Technology

87x265Annonce -OFI-2016v001.indd 1

P&E Chart 2018.indd 1

Oilseed crushing mills Solvent extraction Fish oil/meal processing Rendering/fat melting plant Pelleting mills Other Degumming Winterising Crystallisation Oil distillation/fractionation Alkali & physical refining Interesterification Miscella refining Deodorisers Bleachers Oil dryers Fat splitting Fatty acid distillation/fractionation Other Hydrogen generators Hydrogen systems Other Cooking/salad oils Butter formulation Shortening/margarine production Vitamin E production Lecithin production Suplhonation Ethoxylation/propoxylation Detergent formulation Detergent production Soap production Soap finishing Cosmetics production Glycerine refining Fatty acid derivatives Pharmaceuticals Biodiesel/methyl ester Other Pneumatic conveyors Belt conveyors Vibratory conveyors Slatted conveyors Elevators Loading arms/chutes Auger feeders Storage silos Storage tanks Other Screens Centrifugal separators Gravity separators Magnetic separators Membrane separators Filter presses Pressure leaf filters Other Packing equipment Instrumentation Pumps/fluid handling Vacuum systems/ejectors Process heating systems Steam boilers Thermal oil heaters Heat recovery systems Other

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Guangzhou Scikoon Industry

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Schneider Engineering

VTA & Co

India

Kumar Metal Industries

Fractionation • Hydrogenation • Interesterification

OLEOCHEMICALS

Methylesters • Glycerine • Biodiesel

Mectech Process Engineers

Sharplex Filters

United Engineering

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Science behind Technology

l l l l Oilseed crushing mills Solvent extraction l l Fish oil/meal processing l Rendering/fat melting plant l l Pelleting mills l l Other Degumming l l Winterising l l l l Crystallisation l l Oil distillation/fractionation l l Alkali & physical refining l l Interesterification l l v2-87x265General-OFI-2015.indd 1 Miscella refining l l Deodorisers l l Bleachers l l l l l Oil dryers Fat splitting l l Fatty acid distillation/fractionation l l l l l Other Hydrogen generators l Hydrogen systems l l Other l Cooking/salad oils l l Butter formulation l Shortening/margarine production l Vitamin E production l l l Lecithin production l l l Sulphonation Ethoxylation/propoxylation Detergent formulation l Detergent production l l Soap production l Soap finishing l Cosmetics production l l l Glycerine refining l l l Fatty acid derivatives l l l Pharmaceuticals l Biodiesel/methyl ester l l l l Other l l Pneumatic conveyors l Belt conveyors l Vibratory conveyors l Slatted conveyors l Elevators l Loading arms/chutes l Auger feeders l l Storage silos l Storage tanks l l Other Screens l l Centrifugal separators l l Gravity separators l l Magnetic separators l Membrane separators l l l l Filter presses l l l l l Pressure leaf filters Other Packing equipment Instrumentation Pumps/fluid handling Vacuum systems/ejectors Process heating systems Steam boilers Thermal oil heaters Heat recovery systems Other

Maschinenfabrik Reinartz

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INTEC Engineering

Fatty Acids • Fatty Alcohols Plant & technology chart 2018: Summary table of company activities

5/2/16 1:29 PM

Extraction Refining

Extraction

Refining

Hydrogenation

End user processes/equipment

PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

6/14/2018 9:57:53 AM

ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT

Storage & handling

Screens & filtration

Other equipment

PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT

Hydrogenation

End user processes/equipment Storage & handling Screens & filtration Other equipment

4/30/1

Oilseed crushing mills Solvent extraction Fish oil/meal processing Rendering/fat melting plant Pelleting mills Other Degumming Winterising Crystallisation Oil distillation/fractionation Alkali & physical refining Interesterification Miscella refining Deodorisers Bleachers Oil dryers Fat splitting Fatty acid distillation/fractionation Other Hydrogen generators Hydrogen systems Other Cooking/salad oils Butter formulation Shortening/margarine production Vitamin E production Lecithin production Suplhonation Ethoxylation/propoxylation Detergent formulation Detergent production Soap production Soap finishing Cosmetics production Glycerine refining Fatty acid derivatives Pharmaceuticals Biodiesel/methyl ester Other Pneumatic conveyors Belt conveyors Vibratory conveyors Slatted conveyors Elevators Loading arms/chutes Auger feeders Storage silos Storage tanks Other Screens Centrifugal separators Gravity separators Magnetic separators Membrane separators Filter presses Pressure leaf filters Other Packing equipment Instrumentation Pumps/fluid handling Vacuum systems/ejectors Process heating systems Steam boilers Thermal oil heaters Heat recovery systems Other

P&E Chart 2018.indd 2

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Besteel Berhad

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OILTEK

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Muar Ban Lee Group

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JJ-Lurgi Engineering

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CPM Europe

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Geelen Counterflow

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Van Mourik Crushing Mills

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T-1 Ada

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LIPICO Technologies

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AAK

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Bühler

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Buss ChemTech

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Sulzer Chemtech

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Keller & Vardarci Industries

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Chemtech International

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Crown Europe - Europa Crown

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Anderson International Blackmer

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Dupps Company

French Oil Mill Machinery

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Science behind Technology

Oxford Instruments

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v2-87x265General-OFI-2015.indd 1

Science behind Technology

Methylesters • Glycerine • Biodiesel Fatty Acids • Fatty Alcohols

OLEOCHEMICALS

Fractionation • Hydrogenation • Interesterification

FAT MODIFICATION

Degumming • Neutralising • Bleaching Winterising • Deodorising

REFINING

Extractors • Desolventing Toasting Distillation • Solvent Recovery

EXTRACTION

Full Pressing • Prepressing

PRESSING

Cleaning • Cracking • Dehulling Conditioning • Flaking • Expanding

PREPARATION

4/30/15 10:34 AM

Leading Oils & Fats technologies

Fractionation • Hydrogenation • Interesterification

OLEOCHEMICALS Methylesters • Glycerine • Biodiesel

l l l l l l l l

Crown Americas - Crown Iron Works

Lovibond Tintometer

Oilseed crushing mills l l l l Solvent extraction l l Fish oil/meal processing l l l Rendering/fat melting plant l l Pelleting mills l l l Other l l Degumming l l Winterising l Crystallisation l l l Oil distillation/fractionation Alkali & physical refining l l v2-87x265General-OFI-2015.indd 1Interesterification Miscella refining l l l Deodorisers Bleachers l l l Oil dryers Fat splitting l l l Fatty acid distillation/fractionation l Other Hydrogen generators l Hydrogen systems l Other l l l Cooking/salad oils Butter formulation l Shortening/margarine production l l l Vitamin E production l l Lecithin production Sulphonation l Ethoxylation/propoxylation l Detergent formulation l l l Detergent production Soap production l Soap finishing l l l l Cosmetics production l l Glycerine refining l l Fatty acid derivatives l l l Pharmaceuticals l l l Biodiesel/methyl ester l l Other Pneumatic conveyors l l Belt conveyors l l l Vibratory conveyors l l Slatted conveyors l Elevators l l Loading arms/chutes l Auger feeders l l l Storage silos l l Storage tanks l l l l l Other Screens l l l Centrifugal separators l l l Gravity separators l l l Magnetic separators l l l Membrane separators l Filter presses l l Pressure leaf filters l l l l Other Packing equipment l Instrumentation l l Pumps/fluid handling l l l Vacuum systems/ejectors Process heating systems l l Steam boilers Thermal oil heaters Heat recovery systems Other

USA

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PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

Veendeep Oiltek Exports Italy

Malaysia

Netherlands

Serbia

Singapore

Sweden

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom

Fatty Acids • Fatty Alcohols Plant & technology chart 2018: Summary table of company activities

Extraction Refining

Extraction

Refining Hydrogenation

End user processes/equipment Storage & handling Screens & filtration Other equipment

PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT

Hydrogenation

End user processes/equipment Storage & handling Screens & filtration Other equipment

Pope Scientific

4/30/15 10:34 AM

6/14/2018 9:57:55 AM