Aspen Art Museum ANALYSIS

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects Aspen, Colorado, 2014 Precedent Analysis // Assembly Systems /// Professor Zehra Kuz //// Kat Donnelly & Raquel Sanchis

Table

of

Contents

P age 04

|

T h e A r c h ite c t

P age 10

|

U n d e rsta n d in g

P age 06 P age 14 P age 16 P age 18 P age 22 P age 24 P age 26 P age 28 P age 30

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S i t e A n aly s i s P r ogr am

and

th e

B u il d in g

C ir c u l ation

| D r awin gs : P l a ns

| E n ve l op e + S tr u c tu r e

| D r awin gs : W a l l S e c tion | MEP | |

P r oj ec t C on str u c t ion S usta in a b il i ty

| M od e l P h otos

01

T h e A r c h i t e ct S h i g e r u B a n , J a pa n

PAGE 05

The Architect

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Shigeru Ban designed, probono, this stunning temporary Cardboard Cathedral for Christchurch following a devastating earthquake in 2011.

Built with his signature papertubes, the transitional church can hold up to 700 people and is built to last 50 years.

Built

for

company

Swiss media Zurich, this

the

Tamedia

in

carbon neutral office building was created from interlocking wooden beams without the need for metal joints and glue.

The

beautiful wooden structure also features a glass facade to fill the interior with light.

Shigeru Ban,

is known for his

disaster relief design and use of environmentally conscientious and unconventional materials

-in

particular,

water-proof The curvaceous Centre Pompidou-Metz is an extension of the Pompidou arts center of Paris. Its undulating roof made up of a hexagonal pattern was inspired by the woven structure

Chinese hat that Shigeru Ban found in Paris.. of a

In 2004, Ban designed 100 small homes for Sri Lankan villagers displaced by a tsunami in Kirinda.

The tiny homes are built from earth bricks and locally-sourced rubber tree wood.

and

paper tubes-.

In

his

signature

fire-proof

recognition for his inspiring

work,

Ban

was

named

the

2014 winner of the prestigious Pritzker Prize. A leader for humanitarian architecture and design,

Shigeru accolade:

experimental When

a

powerful

devastated

the

Onagawa in Ban was quick of

earthquake

Japanese town 2011, Shigeru

Villa

to design and

minimalist

install temporary disaster-relief housing built from paper tubes and

shipping

lightweight,

containers.

The

affordable,

and

clean design provided fast relief to the earthquake survivors while

Sengokubara

at

wooden

is

house

a

that

wraps around a teardrop-shaped courtyard.

Like

in

architecture works, a

nearly

his

Ban

seamless

other creates

transition

between the interior and exterior spaces.

Ban said of his “Receiving this prize is a great honour, and with it, I must be careful. I must continue to listen to the people I work for, in my private residential commissions and in my disaster

simultaneously lifting spirits with its dignified design.

relief work.

I

see this prize as

encouragement for me to keep One the a

of

Ban’s

Two-

Cardboard Bridge over Gardon River, France In another display of paper’s structural might, Ban transformed cardboard tubes and recycled paper-

curtains

plastic composite into a a bridge

most iconic works,

Curtain Wall House

contemporary

traditional story-tall

twist

Japanese

on

home.

billowing

is the

spanning the

the house like a cocoon that

southern

can

masterpiece was created out of

be

opened

or

closed

to

interior and exterior.

281

I

am doing

Gardon River in France. The temporary

wrap around the perimeter of

allow transparency between the

- not to change what I am doing, but to grow.” doing what

cardboard tubes and was

strong enough to support people at a time.

20

source: www.inhabitat.com

02

S i t e A n a ly s i s A s p e n , C o l o r a do

PAGE 07

Site Analysis

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Located

Aspen Colorado downtown corner site there is this 3000 square-metre building.

On

in the center of the high mountain town of

on a prominent

South Spring Street and East Hyman Avenue in Aspen’s downtown core a few blocks from Aspen’s main skiing/snowboarding mountain, Ajax Mountain, this is Shigeru Ban’s first U.S. museum. Of its design, Ban states: the corner of

“Designing the Aspen Art Museum presented a very exciting opportunity to create a Aspen’s surrounding beauty while also responding to the need for the dialogue between artwork, audience, and the space itself.”

harmony between architecture and

Proposed view from Hyman Street The

main idea behind the building is based on transparency and open view planes, inviting

those outside to engage with the building’s interior, and providing those within the opportunity to see their exterior surroundings as part of a uniquely experience.

The Museum

features

12,500

Aspen Art Museum

square feet of flexible exhibition space in six

primary gallery spaces spread over the museum’s four levels. height of fourteen feet, most infused with natural light.

The

galleries have a ceiling

Visitor entrance Visitors enter through a main public opening on the north side of the building along East Hyman Avenue, which allows access to the main reception area, as well as the two ground floor galleries. From there, visitors may choose their path through museum spaces -ascending to upper levels either via the “moving room” glass elevator in the northeast corner of the new facility, or the grand staircase on the east side of the facility perpendicular to South Spring Street. The grand staircase - an interstitial three-level passageway situated between the building’s woven composite exterior grid and interior structure - is intersected by a glass wall dividing the stairway into a ten-foot-wide exterior space, and a six-footwide interior space. The unique passage allows for the natural blending of outdoor and indoor spaces and will feature mobile pedestals where art will be exhibited.

source: issuu PLACESWEB International Contract digital magazine dedicated to contract

PAGE 08 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Summer

Winter source: instagram

@aspenartmuseum

PAGE 09

Site Analysis - Climate Climate Aspen - Colorado

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Aspen

has humid continental climate, owing to its high altitude.

There is a large diurnal temperature variation between daytime and nighttime temperatures, rendering summer days to be moderately warm and winter nights to be very cold for the latitude.

Summer

lows and winter highs are relatively moderate, with frosts being

rare in summer and winter days often averaging above freezing.

Aspen, Colorado,

Snowfall number of days with any measurable precipitation is 110.

On

gets

19

inches of rain per year.

is

138

inches.

The

average, there are

246 sunny days per year in Aspen, Colorado. The July high is around 80 degrees. The January low is 7. Our comfort index, which is based on humidity during the hot months, is a 85 out of 100, where higher is more comfortable.

Aspen Climate Graph - Colorado Climate Chart

Aspen weather averages

source: www.usclimatedata.com Climate data for aspen 1 sw, Longitude: -106.838, Latitude: 39.1852 Average weather Aspen, CO - 81611 - 1981-2010 normals

03

U n d e r s ta n d i n g Intro

de

Building

PAGE 011

Understanding the Building

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Shigeru Ban is a Japanese architect known for testing the limits of materials to achieve his goals.

Wood, paper tubes and even shipping containers are all part of an exploration of sustainable materials used to design with nature. In the Aspen Art Museum, this firm provides another aesthetic lesson about the transparency of designing with nature. To enter the museum, visitors walk through a “woven gateway” which surrounds the building. The public climbs to the top level on a glass stairway, where a large roof garden provides a view to the mountains. Then as if they were at a ski slope, they explore the museum from the top down.

The

roof garden is an integral part of the design and becomes the entrance hall, public gathering

space, cafe and outdoor projection space.

The architect’s goal was to create a unified relationship between the structure and its surroundings. His design uses large glass planes on the stairway and operable glass wall systems to create in-between spaces from which the public can experience the art, each other and the natural surroundings in new ways each time they visit.

The challenge faced by the project team was extensive. As defined by the DOE, Aspen, Colorado is in Zone 7 of the Building America and IECC climate zones. This zone is considered a “Very Cold” region with 12,600 heating degree-days (65-degree F basis). Aspen can also have hot dry 90-degree-day summers. The architects and engineers were required to find a glass product that would provide the required insulation values to meet the 2009 International Building and Energy Conservation Code.

According to the architect, the climate design concept for the building relies on “thermos” principle, where spaces with a higher tolerance for climate variation are wrapped around the gallery spaces where climate variation must be minimized. connections to the outdoors.

The

The “wrapper”

spaces support circulation and visual

entire upper level of the building may be opened to the outdoors

by retracting a large-scale operable door wall system.

In addition to this innovative climate design concept, the building maximizes opportunities for daylighting, while mediating direct solar gain. The unique woven exterior screen and long-span timber space frame supporting the roof are used to diffuse light entering through the extensive glass curtain wall and skylight system.

Structural glass floors provide access to daylighting of gallery spaces below.

The monumental sliding glass system on the roof spans a 90-degree zero-post opening of approximately 84 feet. The thermally broken slim profile lift and slide system is a gateway to the museum at the rooftop gathering space. In temperate weather, the pair of 42-foot-wide glass wall systems seems to disappear, removing any obstruction to the outdoor terrace and the Rockies beyond. It also opens up the interior space to daylight and fresh breezes. When the weather is extreme, the 6-foot-wide by 8-foot-tall 14-panel glass wall system closes providing maximum insulation and shelter against the elements. The glass-to-frame ratio accompanied by narrow stiles, ensures the system provides maximum views of the beautiful mountain scenery even when the system is closed. The narrow aluminum frames provide stability to this engineered opening because of the structural advantages of extruded aluminum frames.

PAGE 012 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Lobby

Gallery 1

Vertical Circulation

Gallery 2

PAGE 013 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

04

Program A n a lys i s

and

C i r cu l at i o n

PAGE 015

Program and Circulation

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

The

16 14

17

1. Entry Lobby

5

15

6 18

3. Grand Stair - Outdoor 4. Grand Stair - Indoor

13

5. Gallery 1 6. Gallery 2

19

9

2. Gallery Elevator

7. Gallery 3 8. Gallery 4

NORTH-SOUTH SECTION

9. Gallery 5 10. Gallery 6 11. Museum Shop

16 3

4

12. Education Workshop 13. Loading

5

14. Lounges

6 18

7 10

15. Administration / Offices 16. Cafe 17. Roof Garden Sculpture Terrace 18. Prefunction 19. Preparation / Conservation

EAST-WEST SECTION

three story

“kunsthalle”

provides galleries on the first

two floors above ground level and on one floor below.

The

third floor is a multi-function space and café. Half of the third floor area is given over to an outdoor terrace with views up to the mountains.

Design features include an innovative longspan timber space-frame roof structure, woven wood panel façade, structural glass floors for gallery day-lighting, outdoor gallery stair which connects the site plaza to the third floor roof level, and glass elevator.

A grand staircase will be slotted between this woven exterior and the interior structure. There will also be a glass elevator dubbed the “moving room” that will connect galleries at the northeast corner.

Glass

floors will allow visitors to see between storeys,

while a sculpture garden located on the roof will offer views towards

Ajax Mountain.

The inaugural exhibition will feature the work of artists Yves Klein and David Hammons, but the museum also plans to host an exhibition dedicated to Shigeru Ban’s humanitarian housing projects. the four-story,

30,000

square foot

Aspen Art Museum

12,500 square feet of exhibition space including six galleries, one of which acts as a black box theatre - an education classroom, museum shop, and café. The facility’s public areas include an on-site artist studio, administrative offices, and conference room. features

05

Drawings: Plans S ca l e 1/8 t h

in

= 1

ft

Plans

PAGE 017 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

06

Envelope Exterior

e n v e lo p e

+ R o o f S t r u c t ur e

Envelope

PAGE 019

Roof Structure

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

A woven exterior screen made of Prodema, a composite material of paper and resin encased in wood veneer, also blurs the distinction between interior and exterior.

Rainscreen Typical screw connection at chord-web junction

Roof Design

A number of different schemes and connection typologies were evaluated in an effort to solve the unique structural challenges of the truss. It was important to work to the strengths of local fabricators while meeting strict budget requirements.

The

first challenge of the design was the small structural depth, which resulted

in very large chord stresses.

To

minimize the eccentricity at the chord connection

points a half- lap connection type was adopted.

SOURCE: AGCACE.COM

This resulted in the chord members occupying the same plane, which was highly desireable architecturally, but also resulted in a reduction in net area at the joints, and local bending stresses at the chord notches. A laminated spruce LVL material was chosen for the chord material to provide the required strength. The thicker profile between the half-laps helped improve the members’ buckling strength. All chord members are 5 1⁄4 in deep x 6 3⁄4 in wide.

Gregory R. Kingsley KL&A Inc., Structural Engineers and Builders USA-Golden, Colorado

PAGE 020 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Structure Analysis

The building is 100 ft square with one level below grade and three levels above grade. Strict limits on the total building height set the top of roof at 47 ft above street level. Ceiling height requirements in the galleries at levels 1 and 2 set the third floor height, leaving a maximum depth of 3 ft for the wood structure. The wood truss covers slightly more than half of the roof area, extending from edge to edge of the building plan, and along a diagonal from corner to corner. The truss is sup- ported on a series of two, three, and four-part column clusters, with a maximum span of approximately 50 ft. The truss cantilevers approximately 10 ft at the roof edges. The architect’s concept called for a truss with chords on a 4 ft square grid with top and bottom chords offset by 2 ft in each plan direction. Web members were to be of curved wood forming a wave shape that connected to the chords only at tangent points. In addition the architect wanted to minimize the steel components in the truss construction.

Plate top floor deck Roof truss

Passive Design Approach

• Air dry “sweating” glass: By blowing warm air over cold glass exterior walls, the potential for condensation is alleviated. The technique brings the cold outdoor surfaces into balance with the warm, humid interior air, and eliminates potential for water droplets to form. Automated temperature sensors provide spot control, further conserving energy as they monitor appropriate tolerance ranges for differently regulated areas.

• Recycling “waste heat”: By redirecting excess heat to the non - critical building perimeter and exterior snowmelt areas, the art galleries are protected from overheating in the well insulated, sealed building envelope. Chilled water provides cooling systems to the galleries year round in lieu of natural ventilation (allowing outdoor air in), which would compromise indoor air quality standards in critical areas.

• Balancing

the cooling system with crowd flow:

Shifting

the cooling

load between galleries at times of special events keeps humidity and heat levels in check, which otherwise would be raised through a crowd’s collective breathing and body warmth.

By “starving”

unpopulated

galleries, pulling cool air away and into the event gallery, appropriate

diagonals supporting the deck

climate levels are maintained.

• Design

yacht-like maintenance:

Similar

to a yacht in which equipment

is tucked away in tight spaces, the museum’s maintenance room is

“tricky.” Electronic modeling revealed how to design a close fit for the fundamental systems. Quick release devices on ductwork, for example, allow staff to remove those sections to get behind to the primary piping for heat and water.

Additional concrete walls continuous screen

design features for the four-story structure include a

grand staircase along the

South Spring Street

side of the building,

which allows for “natural” blending of the outdoor and indoor spaces of the museum, a northeast corner

“moving room” glass elevator that animates the of the AAM where Spring and Hyman meet, a woven

exterior screen, a rooftop structure that will allow the building to

remain a transparent facility marrying interior and exterior spaces, and a rooftop sculpture terrace facing

retaining walls

Piles

Ajax Mountain.

PAGE 021 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

GALLERIES

MOUNTAIN VERTICAL CIRCULATION

3rd floor

Main Core

Roof

ROOF GARDEN

DIRECTION

Offices/Admin/Circualtion

2nd floor

Faรงade + Open Plan

Envelope Performance

Relationship with the Exterior

CORE

Circultion

Walls

1st floor

Building Services Analysis

07

D r a w i n g s : W a l l S e ct i o n S ca l e 1/4 t h ´´ = 1´

Wall Section

Scale 1/4’’ = 1’

PAGE 023 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

08

mep B e a u di n G a n z e C o ns u lti n g E n g i ne e r s , I n c .

PAGE 025

MEP analysis

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

Electrical

Design

features included ground source heat pumps,

Ventilation

ELEVATOR

displacement ventilation, radiant heating and cooling,

PV canopy roof and daylighting control. High performance, low energy systems to maintain art-quality indoor climate was key and a critical aspect of this project.

Achieve

comfortable

climate

control

preservation quality constraints.

without

SERVICE ROOM

rigid

Considerable energy conservation measures and a sophisticated DDC control system will result in significant cost savings. “A

critical component with highly insulated and sealed

envelopes is proper ventilation to maintain indoor air quality.

Along with that comes the need for heat recovery or energy

recovery systems in order that ventilation not cancel out the

benefits of the tight envelope. Integrating this with multiple zones

(to

avoid over-conditioning unused or naturally-

ventilated spaces) puts a premium on controls systems.�

- Robin Schiller, CCY Architects

BASEMENT

BASEMENT

Gas

Plumbing

Comunication

BATHROOMS

CAFE

GALLERY

OFFICES

2ND FLOOR PLAN

3RD FLOOR PLAN

3RD FLOOR PLAN

09

P r o j e ct C o n s t r uct i o n T u r n e r C o ns t r uc t i o n + S u mm i t C o n st r u c t i o n

PAGE 027

Project Construction

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

The team kicked off the project with six months of preconstruction. A key focus was to evaluate the structure. The team determined that a post–tension cast in place concrete structure would allow them to minimize the overall size and depth of the building to conform to City of Aspen building height restrictions. This structure also enabled the museum to achieve an open concept floor plan void of columns.

The highly artistic and unique paper tube construction had not been used before in the United States.

Being an international firm, Turner was able to be resourceful when seeking a millwork contractor that could think out of the box. The team chose a contractor, Imperial Woodworking Enterprises, Inc., who had proved themself on the Modern Wing in Chicago giving the AAM team confidence in their ability to overcome unique challenges of product not commonly used in construction.

Known

Turner used Building Information Modeling extensively on the project model the structure and MEP systems. The models were loaded on iPads and used in the field confirm the location of systems.

Lean

for innovation,

construction was also used in the form of prefabrication and scheduling.

to to

Prefabricated

elements included formwork for the structure, pipe and ductwork for mechanical and plumbing systems, the woven screen which was cut to the varying widths and lengths at the factory in during fabrication, and wood truss structure.

8’-12’

Truss

Spain

cords and web sections were fabricated in

sections off-site allowing the system be set and fastened in the field with virtually no field

fabrications or modifications required during the raising of the roof truss.

The

lean scheduling

technique of pull planning was used in a two day, all subcontractor planning session.

The

team

walked through the whole schedule and sequence with the subcontractors to get their collective buy in before moving forward.

An

early challenge was coordinating the earth retention system with a neighboring project also

under construction just four inches away.

The each other’s safety efforts so no one got hurt.

teams communicated frequently and kept an eye on

A typical Aspen winter sees 82 inches of snow and an average January high of 36 degrees. In order to keep the aggressive schedule moving forward, snowmelt equipment was used during the installation of the foundations during this time to keep the frost out of the subgrade.

In

order to help protect the public and wildlife from construction activities, a secure job site was

maintained with site fencing and covered walkways. In addition, they provided bear proof dumpsters. source:

The Aspen Art Museum: What’s All the Talk About?

10

S u s ta i n a b i l i t y Leed

ce rt i fi c at i o n

+ M at e r ia l i t y

PAGE 029

General

Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects LEED v4 for BD+C: New Construction and Major Renovatio Project Checklist

To efficiently communicate with the design architect in New York and local architect in Basalt, CO, all of the team’s submittals and RFI’s were submitted electronically through an FTP site and Sharepoint site. This paperless approach contributed to the many sustainability initiatives on the project.

Although

Aspen Art Museum

the

certification,

it

showcased

including bike racks, no

a

did

variety

of

not

seek

green

LEED

features

VOC paint, and a location right on the public transportation route. Energy conservation measures included extensive daylighting, Energy Star rated equipment, energy recovery units within the mechanical systems, and the curtainwall was high efficiency, some include as many as five layers of glass, to achieve maximum r-values. Radiant heating was installed in the floors to help heat the structure and photovoltaic roof panels are installed to generate electricity for the building.

Water

?

Credit

16 3

To

best manage storm water runoff,

permeable pavers and bio retention swales were used to reduce sediment in the city storm sewer.

Aspen Art Museum; Shigeru Ban Architects Founded in 1979; rebuilt in 2007

N

1

1

Integrative Process

0 Location and Transportation

8

16

0

Credit

LEED for Neighborhood Development Location

16

Y Y

1

0 Materials and Resources

13

Prereq

Storage and Collection of Recyclables

Required Required

Credit

Sensitive Land Protection

1

Prereq

Construction and Demolition Waste Management Planning

1

Credit

High Priority Site

2

x

Credit

Building Life-Cycle Impact Reduction

5

2

Credit

Surrounding Density and Diverse Uses

5

x

Credit

Environmental Product Declarations

2

5

Credit

Access to Quality Transit

5

x

Credit

Sourcing of Raw Materials

2

1

Credit

Bicycle Facilities

1

Credit

2

1

Credit

Reduced Parking Footprint

1

Material Ingredients Construction and Demolition Waste Management

Credit

Green Vehicles

1

1

x

4

0

1 x

2

0 Sustainable Sites

10

Y

Required

Y

4

Credit

2

0 Indoor Environmental Quality

16

Prereq

Minimum Indoor Air Quality Performance

Required

Prereq

Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control

Required

Credit

Enhanced Indoor Air Quality Strategies

2

Y

Prereq

Construction Activity Pollution Prevention

1

Credit

Site Assessment

1

Credit

Site Development - Protect or Restore Habitat

2

1

Credit

Low-Emitting Materials

3

Credit

Open Space

1

1

Credit

Construction Indoor Air Quality Management Plan

1

Credit

Rainwater Management

3

Credit

Indoor Air Quality Assessment

2

Credit

Heat Island Reduction

2

Credit

Thermal Comfort

1

Credit

Light Pollution Reduction

1

1

Credit

Interior Lighting

2

1

Credit

Daylight

3

Credit

Quality Views

1

Credit

Acoustic Performance

1

x 1 x 2 x

4

0

0 Water Efficiency

11

Y

Prereq

Outdoor Water Use Reduction

Required

Y

Prereq

Indoor Water Use Reduction

Required

Y

Prereq

Building-Level Water Metering

Required

2

Credit

Outdoor Water Use Reduction

2

2

Credit

Indoor Water Use Reduction

6

x

Credit

Cooling Tower Water Use

2

x

Credit

Water Metering

1

efficiency was achieved through the

installation of high efficiency plumbing fixtures, waterless urinals, and xeriscaping.

Y

Project Name: Date:

3

7

0 Energy and Atmosphere

x

x 1

1 x

0

1

0 Innovation

1 x

0

0

6

Credit

Innovation

5

Credit

LEED Accredited Professional

1

0 Regional Priority

4

x

Credit

Regional Priority: Specific Credit

1

33

x

Credit

Regional Priority: Specific Credit

1

Y

Prereq

Fundamental Commissioning and Verification

Required

x

Credit

Regional Priority: Specific Credit

1

Y

Prereq

Minimum Energy Performance

Required

x

Credit

Regional Priority: Specific Credit

1

Y

Prereq

Building-Level Energy Metering

Required

Prereq

Fundamental Refrigerant Management

Required

Credit

Enhanced Commissioning

6

Y 2

30 16

TOTAL: 46

Possible Points:

Credit

Optimize Energy Performance

18

Credit

Advanced Energy Metering

1

x

Credit

Demand Response

2

Aspen Art Museum does qualify to be LEED certified.

Credit

Renewable Energy Production

3

Credits assessed with guidance from LEED Credit Library, provided by the USGBC.www.usgbc.org/credits

x

Credit

Enhanced Refrigerant Management

1

x

Credit

Green Power and Carbon Offsets

2

3

110

Certified:40 to 49 points, Silver:50 to 59 points,Gold:60 to 79 points,Platinum:80 to 110

x

5

Possible Points: 110

Materiality

#1 Glazing: by using systems, the project was

high-performance

glass

door

able to meet energy codes with

highly insulated glass and a thermally broken frame.

The

glass opening was structurally stable and will be

easy to maintain due to the aluminum frame.

The

specified

materials provide durability and longevity for the large glass openings.

#2 Ban’s famous paper tubes gird the inside of the museum, adding texture to the view from both sides. #3 A woven exterior screen made of Prodema, a #1

#2

#3

#4

composite material of paper and resin encased in wood veneer.

#4 Steel Frame Structure.

11

PAGE 031 Aspen Art Museum by Shigeru Ban Architects

// P ra t t I n s t it u t e - S pr i n g 2016 // A s s e mb l y S y s te m s - C r i t i c . Z e h ra K uz // T e am : K a t D o n ne l l y & R a q u e l S a n c hi s