Packaging by Rannia Makrigianni

Packaging Art for Industry

Packaging Types

The first thing we see looking at a product

is its package. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why packaging is one of the most important thing in a productsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; image and brand.

Packaging; Art for industry

LO1 1.1&1.2 Packaging; Art for industry

Food

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Chocolate 6

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Coffee

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Sweets 8

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Kitchen

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Tea 10

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Marmalade 12

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Olive Oil

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Beverages

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Milk 16

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Juice

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Soft Drinks 18

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Alchohol

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Other Markets

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Health 22

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Beauty

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Electronics &Software 24

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Music

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Innovation

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Packaging Material

The material from which a product package is manufactured plays an asential role in its preservation and also, our health. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why there is a whole industry around food packaging.

Packaging; Art for industry

LO1 1.3&LO2 Packaging; Art for industry

Packaging is an essential medium for preserving food quality, minimising food wastage and reducing preservatives used in food. Packaging serves the important function of containing the food, protecting against chemical and physical damage whilst providing information essential to consumers and marketers.

Whether itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a can, bottle, jar, bag or carton, packaging helps to protect food from contamination such as micro-organisms, pests and other contaminants. Packaging also helps to protect the form, shape and texture of the food inside, preventing the loss of flavours and odours and will often extend the products shelf life. Packaging also assists in regulating the water or moisture content of the food to keep it as fresh as possible. The choice of packaging material should not affect the nutritional quality of a product.

Packaging is a system for preserving the safety and quality of food products throughout the whole distribution chain to consumer by: Maximising shelf life. Carrying important information on the label relating to preparation, safety and nutrition. Providing evidence that the package is intact and the product has not been tampered with. Identifying the date and the location of manufacture for inventory control and identification of potential hazards.

Packaging; Art for industry

Materials Used in Food Packaging The most common types of material used for packaging are paper, fiberboard, plastic, glass and metal.

One of the most widely used packaging materials, particularly corrugated cardboard used for transport packaging. The current recycling rate for paper and board packaging waste is 49%.

Paper

Paper and paperboard

Plain paper is not used to protect foods for long periods of time because it has poor barrier properties and is not heat sealable. When used as primary packaging (that is, incontact with food), paper is almost always treated, coated, laminated, or impregnated with materials such as waxes, resins, or lacquers to improve functional and protective properties.

Kraft paper Produced by a sulfate treatment process, kraft paper is available in several forms: natural brown, unbleached, heavy duty, and bleached white. The natural kraft is the strongest of all paper and is commonly used for bags and wrapping. It is also used to package flour, sugar, and dried fruits and vegetables.

Sulfite paper Lighter and weaker than kraft paper, sulfite paper is glazed to improve its appearance and to increase its wet strength and oil resistance. It can be coated for higher print quality and is also used in laminates with plastic or foil. It is used to make small bags or wrappers for packaging biscuits and confectionary.

Greaseproof paper Greaseproof paper is made through a process known as beating, in which the cellulose fibers undergo a longer than normal hydration period that causes the fibers to break up and become gelatinous. It is used to wrap snack foods, cookies, candy bars, and other oily foods, a use that is being replaced by plastic films.

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Paper and paperboard

Glassine Glassine is greaseproof paper taken to an extreme (further hydration) to produce a very dense sheet with a highly smooth and glossy finish. It is used as a liner for biscuits, cooking fats, fast foods, and baked goods.

Parchmentpaper Parchmentpaper is made from acid-treated pulp (passed through a sulfuric acid bath). The acid modifies the cellulose to make it smoother and impervious to water and oil, which adds some wet strength. It does not provide a good barrier to air and moisture, is not heat sealable, and is used to package fats such as butter and lard.

Paperboard Paperboard is thicker than paper with a higher weight per unit area and often made in multiple layers. It is commonly used to make containers for shipping-such as boxes, cartons and trays-and seldom used for direct food contact.

White board Made from several thin layers of bleached chemical pulp, white board is typically used as the inner layer of a carton. White board may be coated with wax or laminated with polyethylene for heat sealability, and it is the only form of paperboard recommended for direct food contact.

Solid board Possessing strength and durability, solid board has multiple layers of bleached sulfate board. When laminated with polyethylene, it is used to create liquid cartons (known as milk board). Solid board is also used to package fruit juices and soft drinks.

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Chipboard Chipboard is made from recycled paper and often contains blemishes and impurities fromthe original paper, which makes it unsuitable for direct contact with food, printing, and folding. It is often lined with white board to improve both appearance and strength. The least expensive form of paperboard, chipboard is used to make the outer layers of cartons for foods such as tea and cereals.

Fiberboard Fiberboard can be solid or corrugated. The solid type has an inner white board layer and outer kraft layer and provides good protection against impact and compression. When laminated with plastics or aluminum, solid fiberboard can improve barrier properties and is used to package dry products such as coffee and milk powder. The corrugated type, also known as corrugated board, is made with 2 layers of kraft paper with a central corrugating (or fluting) material. Fiberboardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s resistance to impact abrasion and crushing damage makes it widely used for shipping bulk food and case packing of retail food products.

Paper laminates Paperboard is thicker than paper with a higherweight per unit area and often made in multiple layers. It is commonly used to make containers for shipping-such as boxes, cartons and trays-and seldom used for direct food contact.

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Metal

Metal is the most versatile of all packaging forms. It offers a combination of excellent physical protection and barrier properties, formability and decorative potential, recyclability, and consumer acceptance. The two metals most predominantly used in packaging are aluminum and steel.

Aluminum is used in many packaging applications such as beverage cans, foils and laminates. It has a high value as a scrap metal with prices ranging from 650-750 pounds per tonne and can be recycled economically. Of the estimated 5 billion aluminum cans consumed in the UK in 1996, 31% were recycled.

Aluminium Commonly used to make cans, foil, and laminated paper or plastic packaging, aluminum is a lightweight, silvery white metal derived from bauxite ore, where it exists in combination with oxygen as alumina. Magnesium and manganese are often added to aluminum to improve its strength properties. Unlike many metals, aluminum is highly resistant to most forms of corrosion; its natural coating of aluminum oxide provides a highly effective barrier to the effects of air, temperature, moisture, and chemical attack. Besides providing an excellent barrier to moisture, air, odors, light, and microorganisms, aluminum has good flexibility and surface resilience, excellent malleability and formability, and outstanding embossing potential. It is also an ideal material for recycling because it is easy to reclaim and process into new products. Pure aluminum is used for light packaging of primarily soft-drink cans, pet food, seafood, and prethreaded closures. The main disadvantages of aluminum are its high cost compared to other metals and its inability to bewelded, which renders it useful only for making seamless containers.

Aluminum foil Aluminum foil is made by rolling pure aluminum metal into very thin sheets, followed by annealing to achieve dead-folding properties, which allows it to be folded tightly. Moreover, aluminum foil is available in a wide range of thicknesses, with thinner foils used to wrap food and thicker foils used for trays. Like all aluminum packaging, foil provides an excellent barrier to moisture, air, odors, light, and microorganisms. It is inert to acidic foods and does not require lacquer or other protection. Although aluminum is easily recyclable, foils cannot be made from recycled aluminum without pinhole formation in the thin sheets.

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Laminates and metallized films. Lamination of packaging involves the binding of aluminum foil to paper or plastic film to improve barrier properties. Although lamination to plastic enables heat sealability, the seal does not completely bar moisture and air. Because laminated aluminum is relatively expensive, it is typically used to package high value foods such as dried soups, herbs, and spices. A less expensive alternative to laminated packaging is metallized film. Metallized films are plastics containing a thin layer of aluminum metal. These films have improved barrier properties to moisture, oils, air, and odors, and the highly reflective surface of the aluminum is attractive to consumers. More flexible than laminated films, metallized films are mainly used to package snacks. Although the individual components of laminates and metallized films are technically recyclable, the difficulty in sorting and separating the material precludes economically feasible recycling.

Tinplate Produced from low-carbon steel (that is blackplate), tinplate is the result of coating both sides of blackplate with thin layers of tin. Although tin provides steel with some corrosion resistance, tinplate containers are often lacquered to provide an inert barrier between the metal and the food product. In addition to its excellent barrier properties to gases, water vapor, light, and odors, tinplate can be heat-treated and sealed hermetically, making it suitable for sterile products. Because it has good ductility and formability, tinplate can be used for containers of many different shapes. Thus, tinplate is widely used to form cans for drinks, processed foods, and aerosols; containers for powdered foods and sugar- or flour-based confections; and as package closures. Tinplate is an excellent substrate for modern metal coating and lithoprinting technology, enabling outstanding graphicaldecoration. Its relatively low weight and high mechanical strength make it easy to ship and store. Finally, tinplate is easily recycled many times without loss of quality and is significantly lower in cost than aluminum.

Tin-free steel Also known as electrolytic chromium or chrome oxide coated steel, tin-free steel requires a coating of organic material to provide complete corrosion resistance. Like tinplate, tin-free steel has good formability and strength, but it is marginally less expensive than tinplate. Food cans, can ends, trays, bottle caps, and closures can all be made from tin-free steel. In addition, it can also be used to make large containers.

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Plastics

Plastics are made by condensation polymerization (polycondensation) or addition polymerization (polyaddition) of monomer units. There are several advantages to using plastics for food packaging. Fluid and moldable, plastics can be made into sheets, shapes, and structures, offering considerable design flexibility. Because they are chemically resistant, plastics are inexpensive and lightweight with a wide range of physical and optical properties. In fact, many plastics are heat sealable, easy to print, and can be integrated into production processes where the package is formed, filled, and sealed in the same production line. The major disadvantage of plastics is their variable permeability to light, gases, vapors, and low molecular weight molecules. Despite these safety concerns, the use of plastics in food packaginghas continued to increase due to the low cost of materials and functional advantages over traditional materials such as glass and tinplate.

Plastic offers several advantages over other packaging materials in its sturdiness and low weight. Even though plastic can be recycled there is a lack of facilities in the UK. The current recycling rate for plastic in the UK is 5%, with the remainder either land filled or incinerated. Multiple types of plastics are being used as materials for packaging.

Polyolefins. Polyolefin is a collective termfor polyethylene and polypropylene, the 2 most widely used plastics in food packaging, andother lesspopularolefinpolymers.Polyethyleneandpolypropylene both possess a successful combination of properties, including flexibility, strength, lightness, stability, moisture and chemical resistance, and easy processability, and are well suited for recycling and reuse. There are 2 basic categories of polyethylene: high density and low density. High-density polyethylene is stiff, strong, tough, resistant to chemicals and moisture, permeable to gas, easy to process, and easy to form. It is used to make bottles for milk, juice, and water; cereal box liners; margarine tubs; and grocery, trash, and retail bags. Low-density polyethylene is flexible, strong, tough, easy to seal, and resistant to moisture. Because low-density polyethylene is relatively transparent, it is predominately used in film applications and in applications where heat sealing is necessary. Bread and frozen food bags, flexible lids, and squeezable food bottles are examples of low-density polyethylene.Polyethylene bags are sometimes reused. Of the 2 categories of polyethylene, high-density polyethylene containers, especially milk bottles, are the most recycled among plastic packages.

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Polyesters. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE), polycarbonate, and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are polyesters, which are condensation polymers formed from ester monomers that result fromthe reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol. The most commonly used polyester in food packaging is PETE. Polyethylene terephthalate is used particularly in beverages and mineral waters. It also has good resistance to heat, mineral oils, solvents, and acids, but not to bases. The main reasons for its popularity are its glasslike transparency, adequate gas barrier for retention of carbonation, light weight, and shatter resistance. The 3 major packaging applications of PETE are containers (bottles, jars, and tubs), semirigid sheets for thermoforming (trays and blisters), and thin-oriented films (bags and snack food wrappers). Polycarbonate. Clear, heat resistant, and durable, it is mainly used as a replacement for glass in itemssuchas largereturnable/refillable water bottlesand sterilizable baby bottles. Polyethylene naphthalate. Because PEN provides protection against transfer of flavors and odors, it is well suited for manufacturing bottles for beverages such as beer.

Polyvinyl chloride. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), an addition polymer of vinyl chloride, is heavy, stiff, ductile, and a medium strong, amorphous, transparent material. It has excellent resistance to chemicals (acids and bases), grease, and oil; good flow characteristics; and stable electrical properties. Although PVC is primarily used in medical and other nonfood applications, its food uses include bottles and packaging films. Because it is easily thermoformed, PVC sheets are widely used for blister packs such as those for meat products and unit dose pharmaceutical packaging. PVC can be transformed into materials with a wide range of flexibility with the addition of plasticizers such as phthalates, adipates, citrates, and phosphates. Finally, PVC is difficult to recycle because it is used for such a variety of products, which makes it difficult to identify and separate. In addition, incineration of PVC presents environmental problems because of its chlorine content.

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Plastics

Polyvinylidene chloride. Polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC) is an addition polymer of vinylidene chloride. It is heatsealable and serves as an excellent barrier to water vapor, gases, and fatty and oily products. It is used in flexible packaging as a monolayer film, a coating, or partof a co-extrudedproduct. Major applications include packaging of poultry, cured meats, cheese, snack foods, tea, coffee, and confectionary. It is also used in hot filling, retorting, low-temperature storage, and modified atmosphere packaging. PVdC contains twice the amount of chlorine as PVC and therefore also presents problems with incineration.

Polystyrene. Polystyrene, an addition polymer of styrene, is clear, hard, and brittle with a relatively low melting point. It can be mono-extruded, coextruded with other plastics, injection molded, or foamed to produce a range of products. Foaming produces an opaque, rigid, lightweight material with impact protection and thermal insulation properties. Typical applications include protective packaging such as egg cartons, containers, disposable plastic silverware, lids, cups, plates, bottles, and food trays. In expanded form, polystyrene is used for nonfood packaging and cushioning, and it can be recycled or incinerated.

Polyamide. Commonly known as nylon (a brand name for arange of products produced by DuPont), polyamides were originally used in textiles. It has mechanical and thermal properties similar to PETE, so it has similar usefulness, such as boil-in bag packaging. Nylon also offers good chemical resistance, toughness, and low gas permeability.

Ethylene vinyl alcohol. Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) is a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl alcohol. It is an excellent barrier to oil, fat, and oxygen. However, EVOH is moisture sensitive and is thus mostly used in multilayered coextruded films in situation where it is not in direct contact with liquids.

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Laminates and co-extrusions. Plastic materials can be manufactured either as a single film or as a combination of more than one plastic. There are two ways of combining plastics: lamination and co-extrusion. Lamination involves bonding together two or more plastics or bonding plastic to another material such as paper or aluminum . After the adhesives are applied to one film, two films are passed between rollers to pressure bond them together. Lamination using laser rather than adhesives has also been used for thermoplastics. Because co-extrusion and lamination combine multiple materials, recycling is complicated. However, combining materials results in the additive advantage of properties from each individual material and often reduces the total amount of packaging material required.

Glass

Glass can be moulded into a variety of shapes. It can also be manufactured in a variety of colours. One of the reasons for using glass is that the product (normally a liquid) can be seen inside it. Some drinks have gases added and so glass bottles must be able to withstand internal pressure. Although glass is rigid (it is not flexible) it can be recycled. All these factors make glass a desirable packaging material.

is the most common form of packaging waste. Glass can be returned and reused or recycled easily and a well-established recovery and recycling system exists in the UK. The first bottle-bank in the UK appeared in 1977 and today there are over 20,000. Six billion glass containers are used annually in the UK and the recycling rate is 22%.

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Packaging Solutions

Every product needs a packaging solution which will be adapted to the consumersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs depending on the circumstances of each era.

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LO3&LO4 Packaging; Art for industry

Inspiration

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Inspiration refers to an unconscious burst of creativity in a literary, musical, or other artistic endeavour. Literally, the word means “breathed upon,” and it has its origins in both Hellenism and Hebraism. The Greeks believed that inspiration came from the muses, as well as the gods Apollo and Dionysus. Similarly, in the Ancient Norse religions, inspiration derives from the gods, such as Odin. Inspiration is also a divine matter in Hebrew poetics. In the Book of Amos the prophet speaks of being overwhelmed by God’s voice and compelled to speak. In Christianity, inspiration is a gift of the Holy Spirit. In the 18th century philosopher John Locke proposed a model of the human mind in which ideas associate or resonate with one another in the mind. In the 19th century, Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Shelley believed that inspiration came to a poet because the poet was attuned to the (divine or mystical) “winds” and because the soul of the poet was able to receive such visions. In the early 20th century, neurologist Sigmund Freud located inspiration in the inner psyche of the artist. Psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung’s theory of inspiration suggests that an artist is one who was attuned to racial memory, which encoded the archetypes of the human mind. The Marxist theory of art sees it as the expression of the friction between economic base and economic superstructural positions, or as an unaware dialog of competing ideologies, or as an exploitation of a “fissure” in the ruling class’s ideology. In modern psychology inspiration is not frequently studied, but it is generally seen as an entirely internal process. In each view inspiration is, by its nature, viewed as beyond the control of a person.

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Snacks 48

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Other

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Greek Market 58

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Legumes 60

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Greek Market

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Design Thinking

Design Thinking refers to the methods and processes for investigating ill-defined problems, acquiring information, analyzing knowledge, and positing solutions in the design and planning fields. As a style of thinking, it is generally considered the ability to combine empathy for the context of a problem, creativity in the generation of insights and solutions, and rationality to analyze and fit solutions to the context. While design thinking has become part of the popular lexicon in contemporary design and engineering practice, as well as business and management, its broader use in describing a particular style of creative thinking-in-action is having an increasing influence on twenty-first century education across disciplines. In this respect, it is similar to systems thinking in naming a particular approach to understanding and solving problems. Currently, there is a momentum to create awareness about design thinking among designers and other professions by teaching design thinking in higher education. The premise is that by knowing about the process and the methods that designers use to ideate, and by understanding how designers approach problems to try to solve them, individuals and businesses will be better able to connect with and invigorate their ideation processes in order to take innovation to a higher level. The hope is to create a competitive advantage in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s global economy. Design thinking is a methodology for practical, creative resolution of problems or issues that looks for an improved future result. In this regard it is a form of solution-based, or solution-focused thinking that starts with the goal or what is meant to be achieved instead of starting with a certain problem. Then, by focusing on the present and the future, the parameters of the problem and the resolutions are explored, simultaneously. This type of thinking most often happens in the built environment, also referred to as the artificial environment (as in artifacts). This differs from the scientific method which starts with defining all the parameters of the problem in order to define the solution. Rather, the design way of problem solving starts with a solution in order to start to define enough of the parameters to optimize the path to the goal. The solution, then, is actually the starting point.

Packaging; Art for industry

Packaging Solution 1 Snacksâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; packaging confronts many problems. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why the first packaging solution deals with snack packaging. The product chosen was Doritos. The packaging has been designed with a particual approach.

Enjoy!

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Starting Point 74

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The Character 82

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Continuing Digitally 86

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Reaching the Final Idea 90

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Final Package 94

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The logo

The logo is created with color-pencils.

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Creative proccess 98

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The Promo Stand & The Shelf 104 Packaging; Art for industry

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Packaging Solution 2 The dry legumesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; market is one of the most traditional markets on packaging, as only particular types of packaging are used, like plastic bugs. In order to give a more ecological but also useful character to it, recycled paper is used creating a carton box easily storaged.

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Starting Point 114

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Continuing Digitally 116

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Reaching the Final Idea

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Creative proccess 120 Packaging; Art for industry

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Evaluation

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Evaluation is systematic determination of merit, worth, and significance of something or someone using criteria against a set of standards. Evaluation often is used to characterize and appraise subjects of interest in a wide range of human enterprises, including the arts, criminal justice, foundations and non-profit organizations, government, health care, and other human services. Evaluation is the comparison of actual impacts against strategic plans. It looks at original objectives, at what was accomplished and how it was accomplished. It can be formative, that is taking place during the life of a project or organization, with the intention of improving the strategy or way of functioning of the project or organisation. It can also be summative, drawing lessons from a completed project or an organisation that is no longer functioning. Evaluation is inherently a theoretically informed approach (whether explicitly or not), and consequently a definition of evaluation would have be tailored to the theory, approach, needs, purpose and methodology of the evaluation itself. Having said this, evaluation has been defined as: A systematic, rigorous, and meticulous application of scientific methods to assess the design, implementation, improvement or outcomes of a program. It is a resource-intensive process, frequently requiring resources, such as, evaluator expertise, labour, time and a sizeable budget [1] â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The critical assessment, in as objective a manner as possible, of the degree to which a service or its component parts fulfils stated goalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (St Leger and Walsworth-Bell).[2] The focus of this definition is on attaining objective knowledge, and scientifically or quantitatively measuring predetermined and external concepts.

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Packaging solution 1

This packaging gives a number of solutions to the nowadays problems of snack packaging. After a deep research into the custom packaging in snacks’ market, we finally came up to a solution which I think solves many of the problems that appear to make consumer’s life more difficult. The problems identified are first of all, that the package positioning on the shelves seems to be very loose with the metallic bag that is the main form of packaging right now in snack market. Secondly, when the consumer tries to catch a dorito his hands get dirty because of the oil sitting on the side place of the bag. He also can’t place it somewhere, like his desk for example, without confronting the danger of the doritos getting spilled out. At the cinema also, he can’t place it anywhere except for keeping it in his hand. The consumer can’t close the bag and continue eating afterwards. The design of the package is inspired both by the mexican style and the colours of wild west and also by the triangle shape of the doritos. The colors chosen for each flavour resemble to each one of them; red for chilli, orange for cheese and blue for the original (cool) flavour. This new package comes to solves all these problems It has a convenient shape for its positioning to the shelves of the supermarket. With the ‘upside-down’ trick the result is impressive. With its triangle shape It allows the consumer to keep it in his hand or to place it on his desk, depending on his needs at a time. The consumer can eat without oil spilled on his hand, as it happens when using the traditional snack bugs.

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At home

Watching TV

At work

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Packaging solution 2

The ecological character of this packaging style is obvious by its appearance. This packaging solution came up after researching carefully the legume market and its packages. The package we meet the most is the plastic transparent bag which has several problems; it cannot stand well on the shelf of the supermarket and at home, which means that the appearance of the shelf is messy and it occupies more space. It has not a proper closing mechanism which could permit the consumer to store it with safety, without worrying if the legumes will be spilled out. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;spilling outâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; problem also axists when the consumer wants to empty the content of the plastic bag into a pot for example. Also, the material of the package is not ecological. So, we decided to design a package which can solve all these problems and make consumerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life easier. Appearance characteristics; Design that combines the vintage with the modern. The selected colors are inspired from the colour of each legume they represent. Also they refer to the ecologiacal character of the package. The photograph refers to the familial table in which many times we meet legumes as a traditional familial dish. Ecological characteristics; The paper used is recycled, a fact which empowers the whole character of the ecological packaging. Functional characteristics; Easy storage at the shelf of the house and the supermarket shelf and easy empting without leakage, in addition to the plastic bags, which tend to be torn.

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shelf placement the character

packaging placement

the promo stand

the poster

the creative proccess

the poster

packaging placement

Rannia Makrigianni

How an idea becomes reality

Product packaging