Rashni Parichha | Brickwork Details | Post Internship Report

Another brick in the wall A report on exposed brickwork

Rashni Parichha 001010201011 Department of Architecture Jadavpur University Kolkata

Contents

1 30 Page

Exposed Brickwork • Introduction • Material Innovation • Surface Treatment

2 3 4

Brick Jali 5 • surround Introduction 14 A simple of brick wall for this roof terrace is animated by regular perforations to allow light and breeze without sac 6 • Examples 7 • In various parts of buildings 8-12 • Details Rat trap • Introduction • Types • The construction process • Calculations • Protection of the cavity

13 14 15 16-19 20

Internship surround Report Rashni Parichha 001010201011 Department is of Architecture by A simple of brick wall for this roof terrace animated

Exposed brickwork

2/2/2014

Introduction

bricks Archives - Dezeen

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2/2/2014

The facade the of this house Englishdecades seaside town of Margate appears to slump down into the front yard (+ movie). More » Over lastin the few exposed

brickwork on building exterior has Design gained a great deal of popularity .

Installations Many eminent architects all over the Movies world have incorporated exposed 1 October 2013 | 10 comments | Twitter | Facebook | Google+ brickwork in their designs , right from Friendship byBaker Kashef, Hasan Mahboob Louis I KahnCentre , Laurie Fathy Chowdhury/URBANA , B. V . Doshi , Charles Correa , Raj Rewal , Bimal Patel and many more . Exposed brickwork can be seen on a variety of architecture styles . In the past we had Mahenjodaro - Harappa civilisation - a city which was built of sun dried bricks, and then we also have the famous brick

Walls of dark brick connect the exterior and interior of this mews house in the north London borough of Hackney (+ slideshow). More » Architecture Residential

Vaulted brick pavilion in Barcelona

tower Qutub Minar from the past . The citadel of Bam , Iran is an another fine Education centre in Rwanda built from brick example of exposed brickwork . Exposed and wicker by Dominikus Stark Architekten brickwork was a popular practice in ancient Mexico , India and Egypt and now slowly the whole world has started incorporating this as a special Spanish architecture collective Map13 combined a traditi elevational feature . Exposed brickwork Friendship Centre - Kashef Mahboob Chowdhury / Barcelona courtyard (+ slideshow). More » has a number of advantages but the URBANA A labyrinth of brick walls, arches and courtyards are protected from flooding behind a man-made embankment at this open-air community centre in rural maintainance of it could be a big problem Bangladesh (+ slideshow). More » Architecture at times . Currently there are many Pavilions institutes researching on brick buildings http://www.dezeen.com/tag/bricks/ Slideshows in India and Auroville - Pondicherry , COSTFORD - Thiruvananthapuram and 26 November 2013 | 11 comments | Twitter | Facebook Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies , Thiruvananthapuram are a few of NRW State .Archive, Duisburg such institutes In modern days with the rise Ortner in concern the environment by &about Ortner exposed brickwork has come to be a very effective solution.Though researches are still done so as to get even better results from it in future and Education centre in Rwanda built from brick andbuildings wickerwrap - Dominikus Architekten Red brick around an Stark elevated piazza at this education centre in Rwanda

by German Dominikus Stark exploit it tooffice the fullest . Architekten (+ slideshow). More » 8 January 2014 | 8 comments | Twitter | Facebook | Google+

Internship Architecture Education

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Rashni

Parichha

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Architecture

Exposed Brickwork

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Material Innovation

With the recent technological ordinary bricks and has no efflorescence development , there are a lot of materials at all) , Fal - G , CSEB (Compressed which can replace conventional Stabilized Earth Blocks ) , lime bricks , bricks . These materials are said to be stone blocks , adobe bricks (sun dried environment friendly , extremely strong organic bricks) etc . Since these walls in compression , resistant to earthquake are left unplastered so finising becomes forces , offer different texturesAdobeand a thedifficult job . So as for the finishing 2/3/2014 - Wikipedia, free encyclopedia . These make evenor metal the should the exterior surface is the kept flushed and Tocolours raise a flattened adobecan roof, beams of wood be assembled and span extent of the building.

Thevery ends simple of the beams should exposed then be attached to the tops smooth of the walls.while Taking into the material from which looking brickwork theaccount interior surface is theinteresting beams and walls are impressive made, choosing. A thefew attachments prove difficult.

A combination of the and , and such may finished with different kinds of bricks pointing adobe mortar that are hollow laid acrossconcrete the beams creates an even load-bearing that. can last for many years materials are blocks , mostly flash pressure pointing depending on attrition. fly ash bricks (three times stronger than

Once the vigas, satias and brush are laid, adobe bricks are placed. An adobe roof is often laid with bricks slightly larger in width to ensure a greater expanse is covered when placing the bricks onto the roof. Following each individual brick should be a layer of adobe mortar, recommended toflyash be atbricks least an inch thick to make certain there 2/3/2014 paver tiles chequred tiles is ample strength between the brick’s edges and also to provide a relative moisture barrier during [citation needed]are based on compactive technology. These bricks are light in weight and Bricks which rain.

range is widely demanded by construction industry. We have in house testing unit, where Attributes each stage to ensure flawless range. Our range includes Paver Blocks, Fly Ash Brick, C Colourful Ash Bricks.

Depending onFly the materials, adobe roofs can be inherently fire-proof. The construction of a chimney can greatly

influence the construction of the roof supports, creating an extra need for care in choosing the materials. The builders can make an adobe chimney by stacking simple adobe bricks in a similar fashion as the surrounding walls.

Exposed Fal-G masonry with flush pointed finish Exposed brick masonry with flush pointed finish

We provide an exclusive range of Fly Ash These are fabricated using superior grade Adobe around the world exclusive range. Our range is widely appre The largest structure ever made from adobe (bricks) was the Bam whichcompressive suffered seriousstrength damage (upand to du eco-Citadel, friendly, 80%) by an earthquake on December 26, 2003. Other large adobe structures are the Huaca del Sol in Peru, with manufactured according to the specified in 100 million signed bricks, the ciudellas of Chan Chan and Tambo Colorado, both in Peru (in South America). outstanding range.

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Features:

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Low water absorption Durable Dimensional accuracy Eco-friendly Colourful Fly Ash Bricks

The citadel of Bam, or Arg-é Bam, in Kerman province of Iran: The world’s largest adobe structure , 500BC

We also offer of Colourful Fly Ash Bricks which isof Reportan extensive Rashni range Parichha 001010201011 Department

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Architecture

Exposed brickwork

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Surface Treatment

All the jalis that we have talked about so far are exposed to the environmentso there is a high possibility that they might get damaged easily . The common problems with exposed brickwork are effloresence , moss growth , insects , weathering of exposed mortar etc .

There are some inexpensive ways of getting rid of that too .

1.Use of silicones : Silicones are primarily water repellents and such can be used to assist in the solution to rain penetration problems. The application of silicone to brickwork, however, will not upgrade the durability of the product and is therefore, not a solution to problems arising from the incorrect application of bricks.

polymer of styrene silicone acrylic resins in a water suspension. Provides surfaces with an exceptional, deep water repellence. It is recommended for waterproofing all type of vertical surfaces, especially brick and exposed brickwork, since it gives an impeccable aesthetic finish. It is also perfect for other m aterials such as tile, concrete , ceramics, tiles, stone, etc

3.Oiling of brickwork : If it is desired to brighten up brickwork, a mixture of clean engine oil and paraffin in the ratio 1:2 is recommended. This application gives a characteristic “oiled� appearance, without harmful sideeffects. The finish is not durable, but because it disappears through evaporation, can readily be reapplied without any further cleaning or pre-treatment of the brickwork being 2.Impervious transparent paint : Co- required.

Unplastered and well maintained brick surface Internship

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Unplastered and well maintained brick surface 001010201011

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Brick jali

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Introduction The common burnt brick is one of man’s great inventions. Five thousand years ago bricks were made in many different shapes and sizes but, one by one, the less satisfactory ones were discarded.

Now, all over the world, with only a few exceptions, nearly all bricks are roughly the same shape and size - that is about 9x4.5x3 inches.

Conventional windows are costly. One square foot of window can cost up to ten times the cost of the simple brick or stone wall it replaces. In many of these situations a “jali” is just as effective . Far from being a lot more costly than the basic wall, if made of brick it can be less costly than the house wall . Jalis can replace windows since they are cheaper and give permanent – ventilation and light and protection or security . Brick jali South Asian Human Rights Documentation Centre enhances and beautifies the exterior as (SAHRDC) - Anagram Architects the sun.Anagram Architects used a well as the interior .

Brick jali can also be used in of parapet traditional technique to keep it a little cooler and quieter ; They constructed a wall or boundary walls . brick Jaali screen that acts as a double skin to shade the building . They also have a quality and complexity in the We often use the words like old fashioned or masonry which is difficult to achieve . modern etc. Is “luxurious life” all we need in this The porosity of the wall ensures that the modern trend of lifestyle. The answer will be buffer bay is well ventilated and yet shaded so as to reduce the amount of yes, but why waste a huge amount of money heat transmitted to the workspaces. A six for that. - Laurie Baker brick module is laid in staggered courses that create twirling vertical stacks and One of the finest examples of brick jali an undulating surface.According to can be seen in the South Asian Human Anagram, it was crucial for the facade Rights Documentation Centre (SAHRDC) to “converse” with the external activity . SAHRDC sits on a tiny piece of land on — it needed to provide fortification, but a busy street , with its long wall facing not be an eyesore to its surroundings.

“

“

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Brick jali

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Examples

COSTFORD has a wide range of buildings with amazing jaliwork .

International Institute for Social Entrepruneurs, Trivandrum

Centre for Development Studies , Trivandrum

Laurie Baker Centre , Trivandrum

Loyola Chapel , Trivandrum

Hamlet , Trivandrum

Self Employed Women’s Association , Trivandrum

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Brick jali

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In various parts of buildings Brick jali can be used in various parts of a building External wall

International Institute for Social Entrepruneurs, Trivandrum

Centre for Development Studies , Trivandrum

Parapet wall

Centre for Development Studies , Trivandrum

Laurie Baker Centre , Trivandrum

Boundary wall

Self Employed Women’s Association , Trivandrum Internship

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Self Employed Women’s Association , Trivandrum 001010201011

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Brick Jali

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Details

On our first day at the LBC ie. Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies , Trivandrum we were taken to the Centre for Development Studies commonly known as CDS . Here we got to see a number of different brick jalis . Some of the jalis are the usual ones that we get to see

evn in the common buildings whereas some are like curtains with the variation in the brick bonds . The complex yet aesthetically pleasing bonds are achieved by the combination of two or more different types of brick bonds.

Main building - Centre for Development Studies

Main building - Centre for Development Studies

Main building - Centre for Development Studies

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

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Brick Jali

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Details

The photograph below shows a rather simple example of a brick jali . In this case not only does the regular spacing between the bricks create an interesting pattern but also a layer of 1� thick mortar contributes to the look of the jali .

The photograph below is a fine example of corbelling in a small scale but repeated throughout the entire stretch of a curtain like wall and creates a screen made of bricks which allows natural daylight and ventilation .

Boys’ Hostel - Centre for Development Studies

Library building - Centre for Development Studies

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

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Brick Jali

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Details

Our next destination was Loyola School and Chapel , Trivandrum . The auditorium of this school is about 12 m high and the walls of it have perforations at regular intervals . With a very simple brick bond and with its mortar and concrete

members ( in certain places ) exposed it creates a harmonic apperance . The wall of the chapel has an amazing weaving pattern originated from again a very simple variation of rat trap bond .

The auditorium - Loyola School , Trivandrum

The chapel - Loyola School , Trivandrum

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

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Brick Jali

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Details

The brick jali of IISE (International Institute for Social Entreprenuers ) , Trivandrum is one its most significant architectural feature . The height of this wall is about 10 m and and spreads along a horizontal length of 12 m . A small part of it is shownin the form of a sketch

up view . This part is repeated and rotated to achieve the entire brick jali . The multipurpose hall of this campus has a complex variety of flemish bond in which provisions were made for the fibre glass panels (for diffuesd light .

Main building - Kanthari (IISE) Trivandrum

Multipurpose hall - Kanthari (IISE) Trivandrum

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

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Brick Jali

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Details

Laurie Baker Centre had rather simple jalis as compared to any of Sir Laurie Baker’s other buildings . The brick bond used for all the walls is mostly a simple rat trap bond with provisions for openings for daylight and ventilation . The same pattern was repeated throughout the building even in the parapet and the

boundary wall . The brickwork in the parapaet starts from a raised platform made of concrete and against the orange-brown colour of the bricks and the greenery of the surroundings , the greyish white colour of the concrete members stands out and creates a picturesque scenery .

External wall - Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies , Trivandrum

Parapet - Laurie Baker Centre for Habitat Studies , Trivandrum

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

Details of the brick bonding in the photograph above Illustration in Sketch up by the author

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Rat trap

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Introduction The kind of brick bond used by COSTFORD (Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development) is rat trap bond . This double-wall technique uses bricks on edge with a cross brick between each and produces a 9-inch thick wall with an insulating air cavity in between. The unique characteristic of this technique is that it reduces the number of bricks required by 25%, thereby reducing material used, including mortar (1:8 mix), and overall cost .

20-25% saving in brick did not seem to have been appealing enough. Laurie Baker , through his various projects and experiments , was able to prove that it is strong enough for one and two storey buildings as has been proven over and over again by Laurie Baker’s lasting work. But masons too are not usually happy about adopting this system and come up with all sorts of excuses to try and avoid it.

ant to use a tool for laying mortar in rat-trap brickwork tly without mortar falling inside the cavity of brickwor nd 1 metre and width slightly less than the size of the c

preferred that Rat-trap masonry should be finished nea Rat-trap technique offers strength equal especially Rat Trap Bond masonry. This is to that of a important solid 9-inch wallin in either Flemish or English bond. oints to water penetration and also gives the wall a neat Finishing of such walls is not generally leave it unplastered. required and exposed brick themselves are appealing and form beautiful patterns. This saves the cost of plastering, painting, and maintenance. But the sizes of the bricks vary, so only one surface of the wall can be even. The other face (generally inner) can be smoothed by patch pointing. By avoiding unnecessary plastering, we can save up to 10% of the brickwork cost.

Rat trap bond in making - At Laurie Baker Centre , Trivandrum - summer 2013

Histrory The rat trap method of construction was popular in England until the start of the 20th century but sustained lobbying by the brick-making industry convinced people that that it was not strong enough to build load-bearing walls.

Laurie Baker took every opportunity to try and make people realise the value of this method but, by and large, the Internship

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Rat trap bond after completion 001010201011

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will prevent it from hardening adequately. To prevent this from happening, all brick masonry regular curing for at least 7 days. A brick wall needs to be cured for at least 7 days.

Rat Trap Bond

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ruction details Types

Rat trap can have different variations such as the ones shown below

nt, reinforced concrete bands can be provided at three levels – sill ypically with 2 bas of 8mm dia, can be provided like an open or a ure together with vertical reinforced masonry for earthquake

Rural Housing Knowledge Network | A Community for Sharing & Learning | Samathuvapuram Housing S

Rat trap bond reinforcements in strength .

can also have them for better

rove earthquake resistance, the Rat-trap masonry walls can be reinforced with steel bars at al s, around openings (door and windows), T-junctions and filled with a M20 concrete. The er of reinforcement depends on number of storeys, storey height, siesmiz zone, importance o g and soil type. It should not be less than 12mm.

ond/Design%20and%20Construction

Rat trap bond with reinforcements Internship

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Rat Trap Bond

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The process of construction

A rough sketch of Rat trap bond - Illustration by the author

Rat trap bond in making - At Laurie Baker Centre , Trivandrum - summer 2013

Rat trap bond during construction Internship

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In a plain wall with stopped ends, this bonding arrangement can be brought about by introducing a half bat as the starting brick on alternate courses.

Stretcher Bond

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This type of bond is used in walls half a brick in thickness.

Calculations Half Bond

Number of bricks used in a Stretcher bond

Front elevation

Plan of course 1

Plan of course 2

9

SECTION

MODULE 3 SHEET 11

Brickwork

T

Stretcher bond The following drawings show alternative bonding arrangements for forming junction in stretcher bond.

Brick corner or quoin

Return angle

Plan of Stretcher bond

Stretcher bond is the simplest of all the bonds . It consists of all bricks laid as stretchers on every course with subsequent courses laid half bond to each other, except at return angles and stopped ends.

Three-quarter Three-quarterbats bats

In the drawing above : This method is the simplest and uses three-quarter bats to maintain the bond

Length of the wall = 2 m Height of the wall = 0.6 m Volume of the wall = 2X0.6X0.125 = 0.15 Cu.m Number of bricks in odd course is = 8 full bricks Number of bricks in even course is = 8 full bricks (7 full bricks and two half bricks) Numbers of even and odd courses = 4 each Total number of bricks used in this wall= (8+8)X4 = 64 So bricks used per Cu.m of this wall = 64/0.15 = 427 Internship

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Mitred bricks

This method is more complicated and involves cutting bricks to form mitres

001010201011

so that the half bond can be maintained

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• Cut queen closers neatly and keep them regular in size.

SECTION • Keep perpends uniform and plumb because large cross joints soon lose3quarter bond MODULE SHEET 13 and can bring straight joints on the face.

• Remove mortar from the back of the bricks against the collar joint as it can prevent the backing up from being laid level.

• When backing up, avoid the use of too much mortar near the collar joint; when backing up it could of cause the face bricksintoa move out in front of the line.

English bond Number bricks used English Bond

9

English Bond Calculations

Brickwork Bo

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Straight walls

Elevation of a wall with English Bond

Walls built in English bond are very strong because no straight joints occur in any partof the wall.

Alternate courses of headers and stretchers produce quarter bond, and because of its somewhat monotonous appearance, it is used where strength is more important than appearance .

Brickwork Bonding TYPES OF BONDS

English bond Junctions

In the drawing above : Length of the wall = 1.75 m Height of the wall = 0.6 m Volume of the wall = 1.75X0.6X0.25 = 0.22 Cu.m Number of bricks in odd course is = 14 full bricks Number of bricks in even course is = 15 full bricks Numbers of even and odd courses = 4 each Total number of bricks used in this wall= (14+15)X4 = 116 So bricks used per Cu.m of this wall = 116/0.22 = 527

T junction of an English Bond Internship

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TYPES

Flemish A closerbond is placed next to the quoin header to form the correct quarter bond.

Flemish bond consists of courses of alternate headers and stretchers with the headers in one coursewalls placed centrally over the stretchers in the course below.

Straight

Flemish Bond Calculations

A closer is placed next to the quoin header to form the correct quarter bond.

Straight walls

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Number of bricks used in a Flemish bond

Brickwork Bonding TYPES OF BONDS

Flemish bond Quoins

Plan of Flemish Bond

Flemish bond consists of courses of alternate headers and stretchers with the headers inone course placed centrally over the stretchers in the course below.A closer is placed next to the quoin header to form the correct quarter bond.

In the drawing above : Length of the wall = 1.375 m Height of the wall = 0.6 m Volume of the wall = 1.375X0.6X0.25 = 0.21 Cu.m Number of bricks in odd course is = 12 full bricks Number of bricks in evencourse is = 11 full bricks Numbers of even and odd courses = 4 each Total number of bricks used in this wall= (11+12) X4 = 92 So bricks used per Cu.m of this wall = 92/0.21 = 438 Diagram showing the end of a Flemish Bond Internship

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Rat Trap Bond

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Calculations

Number of bricks used in a Rat Trap Bond

Plan of Rat Trap Bond

The rat trap bond is a masonry technique, where the bricks are used in a way which creates a cavity within the wall, while maintaining the same wall thickness as for a conventional brick masonry wall. While in a conventional English bond or Flemish bond, bricks are laid flat, in a Rat trap bond, they are placed on edge forming the inner and outer face of the wall, with cross bricks bridging the two faces.

For Stretcher Bond we require 427 bricks / Cu.m For English Bond we require 527 bricks / Cu.m For Flemish Bond we require 438 bricks / Cu.m For Rat Trap Bond we require 400 bricks/ Cu.m

So from the mathematical proof we can easily say that rat trap is the most Length of the wall = 2.25 m cost efficient of all the above brick Height of the wall = 0.6 m bonds .

Volume of the wall = (2.25+0.325)X0.6X0.25 = And given the fact that rat trap offers 0.38 Cu.m equal strength as Flemish or English Number of bricks in odd course is = 19 full bricks Bond that is why Rat Trap is suitable for Number of bricks in evencourse is = 19 full structures where cost is a concern.

In the drawing above :

bricks Numbers of even and odd courses = 4 each Total number of bricks used in this wall= (19+19) X4 = 152 So bricks used per Cu.m of this wall = 152/0.38 = 400 Internship

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Rat Trap Bond

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Protection of the cavity Rat trap bond is basically a kind of cavity wall . It has a cavity between the two leaves (the half brick thick walls) .

This is said to be a delicate region since the cavity has to be taken care of very intellegently so as to prevent any kind of damage caused by moisture . The most sensitive regions are where there are any punctures on the wall , say the door opening for example .

must extend to atleast 25mm beyond the inner face of the outer leaf.

7.Weep holes should be formed at the main horizontal damp proof course and above the damp proof courses over openings. No other ventilation to the cavity should be provided.

8.Built in floor timbers should be sound and their ends treated with preservative/ Here the damp proof course has to be capped laid with great care .

9.The cavity should be continued up a Special Precautions in Rat Trap Bond parapet wall to the coping Construction 10.Ties should be rust proof, capable of 1.Wherever possible, contact between preventing rain transmission and easily two leaves should be avoided cleaned of droppings.

2.The cavity should be kept clear of droppings, and any on ties should be removed 3.The main horizontal damp proof course must be in two separate widths, and the bottom of the cavity must be at least 150mm below this 4.Heads of openings should be protected by a suitable cavity tray.

Jambs must not be solid unless insulated damp proof courses are provided 5.Projecting ends of stone or terra-cotta sills should be notched back from the inner leaf 6.Cover flashings at intersections of lower buildings adjoining cavity walls Internship

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Cavity in Rat Trap Bond - Illustration in Sketch up by the author 001010201011

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Bibliography

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• http://www.gharexpert.com • http://www.ruralhousingnetwork.in • http://www.treehugger.com • http://www.sustainable-buildings.org • http://www.archidev.org • http://www.dezeen.com • http://www.bertsbricks.co.za • http://source4me.co.uk

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Residential 29 July 2013 | 9 comments | Twitter | Facebook | Google+

Bird Brick by Aaron Dunkerton

Bird Brick

Aaron Dunkerton Kingston University

Kingston University graduate Aaron Dunkerton has designed an enclosed cavity brick fi More Âť Design http://www.dezeen.com/tag/bricks/

Thank you