InFocus NAMIBIA
AN ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY OVERVIEW
About Us
MAKING A DIFFERENCE IN THE ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY LANDSCAPE
RDJ Consulting is a 100% Namibian Energy and Sustainability Consultancy with more than 30 years’ experience in the utility (Water, Energy and Telecoms), rural development and transport sectors Our experience as an integrated professional services firm that builds better communities through planning, design, and delivery of physical and social infrastructure helps support our clients in all aspects going forward.
We approach each of our clients with fresh eyes to develop customized, unique strategies
RDJ Consulting based in Windhoek, Namibia has extensive experience in Southern Africa, Asia, Britain, USA and the Caribbean We thus work with various governments and agencies to address development issues in developing countries.
Our Services:
SECTOR
Namibia Solar Energy Production World Bank Group: Unifies Services with New Joint Resident Representative’s Appointment NamPower signs EPC Contract for Namibia’s largest Solar PV Plant Media Statement: Electricity and Energy Committee Briefed on Koeberg and Nuclear New Build Programme
Namibia to Home another Desalination Plant in Erongo Region Namibia Dam Levels Update
on Ms. Thubaelihle Sibanda
From The Editor
The Creative Youth
DearReader,
Welcometoanothereditionof InFocus Namibia!
Namibia’s youth now hold the key to unlocking the nation's economic transformation and development With a young population of approximately 23 million people as of the latest Census, aged between 0 and 39, out of a total population of 3.02 million, the country stands poised to activate and leverage this demographicadvantage.Todoso,itisclearthatthereisaneedfor investmentsineducationatalllevels primary,secondary,tertiary, andvocationaltoensureconsistentandqualityeducationacrossall regions
Beyondeducation,bothpublicandprivatesectorresourcesmustbe mobilized to promote and stabilize the entrepreneurial ecosystem, keeping it attractive to the youth while encouraging rapid innovation EquallyvitaltoNamibia’stransformationisthecreative industry By promoting arts and related fields, youth may follow other paths and can channel their creativity into projects and pursueopportunitiesinthecreativeeconomy
Afullyfunctionalecosystemthatintegratesvariousyouthskillsets
This report is a FREE Publication written and authored through collaboration with RDJ Consulting Services CC based in Windhoek, Namibia
The content is collected from publicly available information and so its accuracycannotbeguaranteed
will help reduce unemployment. The cooperative approach of public and private sector players is crucial in this by contributing capital and expertise to support efforts in fostering sustainable, youth-orientedprogramswithtangibleeconomicreturns
In this edition, we seized a unique approach and spotlight youth organizations implementing skills development programs and showcasesomeoftheirimpressivework.Ourresearchershavealso delvedintokeynationaleconomicprojects,suchastheunification of services by the World Bank Group and the appointment of Namibia’s new Joint Resident Representative, the NamPower EPC Contract for Namibia’s soon to be largest solar PV plant, and of coursethewellneededDesalinationplantinErongobythenational waterutilitycorporation
Wethushopeyoufindthiseditioninformativeandencourageyou tofollowandengagewithusonalloursocialmediaaccountsaswe continuetoexploreanddiscussthesevitalissues.
As always, the conversation continues at infocus@rdjpublishing.africa
Yours, editor@rdjpublishing.africa
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NOTE 2: InFocus Namibia is published monthly and is FREE to Readers. The magazine is paid for by advertising and the research support from RDJ Consulting Services CC,
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(DavidA Jarrett) Editor Authors RDJResearchers
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3,856,000
08October2024
2024
Namibia Solar Energy Production
Solar energy is abundant in Namibia. These are the modelled amounts of MWh’s of energy that can be produced by 100 MWp of solar photovoltaic (solar panels) if they were installed in the central areas of Namibia.
What these graphs teach us is the quantity and pattern of production that can be expected if such a plant existed
Solar Production 2024 (month to-date)
January 2024
February 2024
March 2024
April 2024
May 2024
June 2024
July 2024
August 2024
September 2024
AUTHOR: Grace Kangotue Chief Researcher/Economist @ RDJ Consulting
In a strategic move to streamline operations and foster greater collaboration, the World Bank Group has announced the appointment of Mariama Cire Sylla as
the new Joint Resident Representative for Namibia. This transition, effective from 1 October 2024, will unify the mandates of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) under a single office.
The World Bank Group highlighted the significance of this change, noting that a centralized point of contact will enhance the institution's ability to offer its full range of products and services, enabling it to tackle global challenges more effectively and accelerate development in Namibia with greater “speed, efficiency, and impact”.
Ms. Sylla, who brings over 18 years of experience in trade, commercial strategy, private sector development, and finance across Africa, Europe, and the United States, is wellsuited for the role Since joining the World Bank Group in 2014, she has successfully led initiatives focused on fostering private sector development and creating jobs in Africa. Her extensive background positions her to drive Namibia's development forward, leveraging the unified approach of the World Bank Group
Commenting on her new role, Ms Sylla expressed enthusiasm, saying, "Namibia is a country brimming with potential and offers excellent development opportunities across sectors including agriculture, renewable energy, and housing." She added, "I look forward to working with partners in the country and implementing the new, unified World Bank Group approach, which will enable us to support impactful projects for the people of Namibia in an integrated, holistic manner."
The World Bank Group noted that the introduction of joint country representation is an important step towards building a stronger World Bank Group. Namibia is one of 21 World Bank Group offices transitioning to a single World Bank Group Country Manager or Resident Representative for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
This move solidifies the World Bank Group actions in the country, coming on the heels of the first ever World Bank’s financed energy project The US$ 138 5 million project will
be implemented by the national electricity utility, NamPower.
“Namibia is a uniquely positioned regional leader in the transition towards Transmission Expansion and Energy Storage Project a greener and more sustainable future The World Bank is delighted to support Namibia’s commitment to expand domestic energy generation with renewable solutions, consistent with the country’s Second Harambee Prosperity Plan (HPPII) This project will support NamPower to develop future renewable energy projects,” says Satu Kahkonen,WorldBankCountryDirectorforNamibia.
The project is structured around three components: (i) developmentofthesecondAuas-Kokerboomtransmission line, (ii) development of a utility scale Battery Energy Storage System facility; and (iii) technical assistance activities to support NamPower develop bankable renewable energy projects and enhance the socioeconomicbenefitsoftheirprojects.
The RDJ Group therefore takes the opportunity extend our best wishes to Ms. Sylla as she begins this exciting new chapter and look forward to witnessing the positive developments that Namibia will experience through her interactionsandleadershipofWorldBankGroupactions.
About the World Bank Group: The World Bank Group has a bold vision: to create a world free of poverty on a livable planet In more than 100 countries, the World Bank Group provides financing, advice, and innovative solutions that improve lives by creating jobs, strengthening economic growth, and confronting the most urgent global development challenges The World Bank Group is one of the largest sources of funding and knowledge for developing countries It consists of the World Bank, including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA); the International Finance Corporation (IFC); the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA); and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) For more information, please visit www.worldbank.org , www.miga.org ,and www.ifc.org.
Readings:
https://www worldbank org/en/news/pressrelease/2024/09/06/mariama-cire-sylla-announced-as-world-bankgroup-resident-representative-for-afe-namibia https://www worldbank org/en/news/pressrelease/2024/05/06/world-bank-loan-to-afe-namibia-supportsrenewable-energy-integration
NamPower signs EPC Contract for Namibia’s
largest Solar PV Plant.
AUTHOR: Silpa Kanghono Coordinator: Digital Marketing and Events @RDJ Publishing
Enter a new milestone for solar power in Namibia, setting the country on a pathway that can put the country on a trajectory for self-sufficiency. Being
in the midst of a drought and well constrained supplies of electricity in the Southern Africa region, this will be a game changer
On 9 September 2024, NamPower hosted the signing ceremony for the Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) Contract for the 100 MW Rosh Pinah Solar PV Power Plant. This event marks the official commencement of the project execution phase Mr Kahenge Haulofu, NamPower's Managing Director, signed the contract alongside representatives from the China Jiangxi International Economic and Technical Cooperation Co. Ltd and Chint New Energy Development (Zhejiang) Co. Ltd Joint Venture.
The plant’s commercial operation is projected to commence in the second quarter of 2026 The total estimated project cost exceeds N$ 1 6 billion, which includes development expenses A concessional loan from KfW will finance nearly 80% of the total costs, with NamPower covering the remaining 20%. The EPC Contract that was signed was worth N$ 1.4 billion.
The construction of the plant is expected to create significant job opportunities for the local community, as all
semi-skilled and unskilled labour will be sourced locally, in accordance with the conditions outlined in the EPC Contract. The construction period is estimated to last approximately 18 months, with around 800 workers having been employed on site [by the end of the build]
“The 100 MW PV Plant, and the other infrastructure projects currently under construction, culminated out of NamPower’s integrated strategic Business Plan in 2020 for the period 2020-2025. The Rosh Pinah 100 MW PV Project is a project of great national importance and will help the government accomplish its goals of ensuring electricity supply security and self-sufficiency as outline in the national planning policies such as the National development plan (NDP5) and the national integrated Resources Plan (NIRP)” Mr Kahenge Haulofu, said.
“Together, I’m confident that our joint efforts will ensure the successful execution of this project, create more job opportunities, and make a significant contribution to Namibia's development ” Mr Deng Yan, concluded
NamPower will on the completion of the Rosh Pinah plant have 120 MW of solar power under its control and power purchase with some 160 MW solar power already in play. This makes solar a major contributor to the energy supply of Namibia with a potential of some 720 GWh (0 7 TWh) or 18% of annual consumption
Media Statement: Electricity and Energy Committee
Briefed
on Koeberg and Nuclear New Build Programme
contributed by:
The department provided an update on the preparations underway for the 2 500 MW nuclear new build programme as directed in the 2019 Integrated Resource Plan
CAPE TOWN, South Africa, September 5, 2024/ -- The Department of Electricity and Energy and Eskom on Wednesday briefed the Portfolio Committee on
Electricity and Energy on the status of the nuclear new build programme and the extension of the Koeberg nuclear power station's lifespan.
The department provided an update on the preparations underway for the 2 500 MW nuclear new build programme as directed in the 2019 Integrated Resource Plan This includes market testing through a Request for Information, an analysis of potential ownership and financing models, and ongoing engagement with the National Nuclear Regulator. Eskom also presented details on the plans to extend the operational lifespan of the Koeberg nuclear power station by 20 years beyond its original design life, which will involve major equipment replacement and regulatory approvals
Committee members raised several questions and concerns during the meeting. These included the affordability and cost-effectiveness of nuclear compared to renewable energy, especially given the fiscal constraints facing the country There were also questions about the readiness and commercial viability of small modular reactor technology, which is still largely in the design and prototype phase, as well as the status and potential revival of the pebble bed modular reactor programme developed in South Africa
The committee called for thorough public participation and transparency in the nuclear new build process, as well as ensuring alignment between the nuclear programme and the country’s energy and climate goals
The department and Eskom committed to providing further information and responding to the committee members' questions, including questions on the demand analysis, cost estimates, and plans to leverage South Africa's nuclear fuel manufacturing capabilities Committee members also stressed the importance of undertaking rigorous costbenefit analyses and exploring all financing options, including public-private partnerships and vendor financing models, to ensure the nuclear programme is affordable and provides value for money. Concerns were also raised about the need to update the environmental impact assessments for the proposed nuclear sites given the time that has elapsed since the initial studies were conducted
Committee Chairperson, Ms Nonkosi Mvano said the committee will continue to exercise oversight on the nuclear new build programme and Koeberg's life extension as these critical energy infrastructure projects progress.
Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Republic of South Africa: The Parliament
SOURCE Republic of South Africa: The Parliament
Water Namibia to Home another Desalination Plant in Erongo Region
AUTHOR:GraceKangotue ChiefResearcher/Economist@RDJConsulting
Courtesy: https://chamberofminesorgna/blog-post/erongo-desalination-plant-unlocks-green-energy-potential/
Namibia is well-known as one of the driest countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, naturally arid, and heavily reliant on its groundwater resources. However,
these groundwater reserves face challenges due to the country’s high rainfall variability, which affects the recharge of aquifers, making water resources unreliable in many regions Climate change, with reduced rainfall and altered precipitation patterns, has further intensified these challenges, particularly in the Erongo region, which is situated in the Namib Desert.
In recent years, the development of Namibia’s hydrogen industry has also begun to take shape, with significant projects emerging in the Erongo region This has resulted into an increase in industrial activities in the Erongo region, and consequently, surging the water demand. Alongside this, the expansion of uranium mining, other industrial projects, and population growth are further stretching the region’s limited water resources
Currently, the region draws water from the Omdel and Kuiseb Delta aquifers, as well as the Orano Erongo
Desalination Plant, which is privately owned. According to the Namibian national water utility, Namibia Water Corporation Ltd (NamWater), the trio collectively provide approximately 30 million cubic metres of water annually However, they have reached their “sustainable limits ” According to Orano, their desalination plant generates about 20 million cubic metres of drinking water per annum This means Orano’s plant produces about 67% of the aggregate water supply in the region per year. Additionally, NamWater’s Coastal Business Unit in 2024 also noted that it manages around 14 million cubic metres of water resources, while demand in the region now stands at 26 million cubic metres almost double the available supply As a result, NamWater’s existing resources are insufficient to meet both current and future water demand.
To ensure water sustainability in the Erongo region, NamWater is activating its plans set for the construction of an additional desalination plant This idea is based on a “Feasibility Study for a Desalination Plant and Water Transfer System,” which was completed in 2021 The study’s main goal was to propose a sustainable concept that would
secure and diversify Namibia’s water supply by integrating conventional water sources with a climate-independent water supply, enhancing resilience in the Erongo region by 2050
The feasibility study examined three potential scenarios:
SS1: Supplying water solely to the Erongo region.
SS2: Supplying the Erongo region and conveying water to Windhoek and surrounding areas
SS3: Supplying SS1 and SS2, while also transporting water to Gaborone, Botswana
Point to note is that national water demand in 2015 was estimated at about 334 million cubic meters per year and is projected to reach 583 and 772 million cubic meters per year by 2025 and 2030 respectively.
In 2021, the Namibian government, through its Cabinet, approved the immediate implementation of SS1 to meet the urgent water demand in the Erongo region. In 2023, NamWater proposed undertaking the project in collaboration with the private sector through a jointventure business model Husab Uranium Mine, the largest water consumer in the region and the second-largest single consumer in the country, was identified as an ideal partner for the project Cabinet approved NamWater’s proposal and granted permission for the water utility to engage with Husab Uranium Mine.
NamWater is now authorized to construct a desalination plant with a capacity of approximately 20 million cubic metres per year in the Erongo region, aimed at supplementing the region’s water supply According to the
Minister of Agriculture, Water, and Land Reform, Calle Schelettwein, construction is scheduled to begin in January2025,withcompletionexpectedbyearly2027
In a press release dated August 2, 2024, titled “Namibia Approves Strategic Desalination Plant to Secure National Water Supply”, NamWater provided updates on the project, though it did not mention how the project would be financed or the outcome of the discussions with Husab UraniumMineregardingajointpartnership.
In conclusion, Namibia’s efforts to secure a sustainable water supply for the Erongo region is commendable. Building a new desalination plant is a crucial step to support the region's growing industrial activities while ensuring water resources can meet both current and future demands Involving the private sector, particularly a key player like Husab Uranium Mine, can help mobilize the resources needed to accelerate the project’s completion NamWater can leverage this partnership to secure capital and other support This initiative is essential not only for the sustainable development of the Erongo region but for theentirecountry’seconomicandenvironmentalfuture
Readings:
NamWater “Namibia Approves Strategic Desalination Plant to Secure National Water Supply”, Press Released dated: 02 August 2024
NamWater “NamWater’s Strategic Investment in Water Infrastructure: A Catalyst for National Development PART 2”, Press Released date: 21 August 2024 https://www orano group/en/orano-across-the-world/namibia https://sdgs un org/sites/default/files/202211/NAMIBIA%20inputs pdf
Spotlight on Ms. Thubaelihle Sibanda
InterviewbyMs SilpaKanghono(Coordinator:DigitalMarketingandEvents-RDJPublishing)
Welcome to the Executive Spotlight Series, where we delveintothemindsofindustryleadersshapingthe future.Today,wearehonouredtofeature
Ms Thubaelihle Sibanda, a dynamic and inspiring leader who serves as the director at Physically Active Youth Her work is not only transforming the lives of young people but is also creating pathwaysforahealthierandmoreempoweredfuture
1)Canyoudescribeyourexecutiverole?
IamintheBoardofDirectorsforPhysicallyActiveYouthandasa Director, I am responsible for Partnerships, Strategy and Sustainability. This role involves the supervision of the strategic intention of the organization while also keeping an eye on identifyingopportunitiesfortheorganization’scontinuedgrowth and leading us towards a place of sustainability, where we are assuredofprogramcontinuityforthelongrun.
2)Wheredoesitderiveitsmandate?
The role involves developing and implementing strategic initiativestoachievesomeofourkeygoalsasPAYNamibia Asa non-profit organization, this role is essential in ensuring our continued relevance to the community of Katutura and our beneficiaries, while also ensuring a niched approach in the implementationofourprogrammaticactivitiesandintermsofthe kind of partners we seek or choose to work with. Through this role, I identify partnerships that are the right fit for us, work on increasing our pool of resources in order to ensure continue program delivery and with the rest of our Board of Directors, identify our priority areas of focus, to ensure the continued growthandsurvivaloftheorganization.
3)WhatistheVision,MissionandValue propositionoftheorganizationthatyoulead?
PhysicallyActiveYouth(PAY)isanonprofitorganizationdedicated totheholisticyouthdevelopmentofchildrenandyouthfromthe Katutura community through four pillars. Working with children and youth from low-income families, we use the power of sport (cycling,soccer,swimmingandchess)integratedwithSTEM
(Science, Technology, Engineering, Math) education, healthy life skillsandanutritionprogramtoredresssocialinjusticesandhelp themreachthefutureoftheirdreams PAYhasover230graduates andeachyearregisters120childrenandyouth6-18yearsoldand retains them for the 12 years of school until graduation It has beenabletoensureaholisticprogramexperience,inandoutside the classroom and the use of sport, coupled with educationcentred technology and healthy life skills to raise future leaders andimpactthecommunityofKatuturapositively
Ourmandate:istocreatesocietywhereyoungpeoplecandream andlivetoseetherealityoftheirdreams AndourvisionisforPAY toproducequalitymembersofthecommunity,thatareabletobe positivecontributorstotheircommunities Wewanttobeknown asatop,holisticyouthdevelopmentprograminNamibia
4)Asamentor,whataresomeofthekey attributesyoubringtoleadingyour organization?
Mykeyattributesasaleaderare;I’mpeople-orientedandIenjoy workingwithdiversegroupsofpeopleandhelpingthemachieve theirindividualgoals.Ialwaysseepotentialinpeopleandalways appreciatetheiruniquequalities.ThatwayIamabletoworkwith themandbringouttheirbest.
My second key attribute is that I am creative and always think differently in terms of how to approach a situation and this is important when leading an organization that is non-profit and highly dependent on donor funding to survive I am creative in tackling the different issues we deal with but in also just addressing the future direction of the program and tailoring it in such a way that it continues to be relevant for our beneficiaries, theircommunitiesandthechangingtidesofourworld
5)Whataspectofyoursectorkeepsyouawakeat night?
Iwon’tgofortheobviousanswerofsayingthelackoflong-term funding commitments from donors As we do have some longterm partners that have believed in us and our work and have continuedtoshowusgrace Whatkeepsmeawakeatnight,isthe plight of the young person in Katutura and other low-income communities, when it comes to the social issues but as well in termsofaccesstoqualityeducationandachanceatafuture,they can be proud of What keeps me up at night is knowing that the unemployment rate in Namibia is continually on the rise, and without a more intentional focus of offering skills-based and learner-centerededucation,coveringaspectssuchasthepractical application of subjects like entrepreneurship alongside noncollateral financing for young people’s innovations, as well as celebratingtheextra-curricularofferingsinschoolsandhelping
young people create economy through those elements, we will continuetoseehighfailureratesandmoreyoungpeopleonthe streets Careers are becoming unconventional and there’s still a mis-match between our educational approach and the demands of the job markets and this is why a lot of young graduates also endupnotusingtheirqualifications Thefactthatorganizations like ours are needed is a testament of the glaring social inequalitiesthatexistinourcountryandit’simportantthatthese are addressed, not just through the interventions of civil society organizations but also in collaboration with other development partners,privatesectorandgovernment Thiscollaborativeeffort is essential in driving development forward and ensuring better outcomesforouryoungpeople
6)Whathasbeenyourproudestmomenttodate leadingtheorganization?
This organization always gives me multiple reasons to celebrate and continue believing in the work we do, as our achievements are boundless and multiple fold. From seeing our beneficiaries attain scholarships locally and internationally, to seeing them makenationalteamcallupsandhavingourgraduatescomeback and give back to the organization that has changed their lives. There are many stories to share, in all our multi-dimensional interventions. Some of these stories and achievements include being featured in a documentary by the Obama Foundation and winning a Day-time Emmy, as well as getting the right kind of partnerships and donors that come and support our work However, my proudest moment was seeing the program turn 20 years old in 2023 This is so important because, it was a celebrationoftwodecadesofchangingliveseveryday Thisisthe kindofimpactwewanttocontinuetomake,anditismyroleasa member of the board of directors to make sure we continue on our stellar course to becoming a top of mind, holistic youth development program in Namibia I would like to believe we alreadyare
Tenders
NamWater
Description: Supply and Delivery of Pump-Motor Sets for Omakango - Omafo Pump Station.
Bid Close date: 26 September 2024 at 11h00 https://www namwater com na/index php/quotations/22-procurement/816-supply-and-delivery-of-pump-motor-sets-foromakango-omafo-pump-station
Oshikoto Regional Council
Description: Construction of Water & Sewer Infrastructure in Onayena Proper & Extension 1
Bid Closing Date: 11 October 2024 at 11h00 https://oshikotorc gov na/documents/1676058/4603474/Construction+of+Water+and+Sewer+Infrastructure+at+Onayena+Prope r+%26+Extension+1+Final pdf/d5e55399-3b71-d8e4-a16d-583d9ec7f594?t=1725890864367
Namibia Airports Company
Description: RFP: Customer Satisfaction and Stakeholders Engagement Survey.
Bid Close date: 14 October 2024 https://www.airports.com.na/files/files/Terms%20of%20Reference%20-%20Customer%20Satisfaction%20survey%2020232024%20(002) pdf
NamPower
Description: Pre–qualification of Contractors for Mechanical and Manual Bush Clearing on Various NamPower Transmission and Distribution Lines and Herbicide Application on an Ad Hoc Basis for Period of Three (3) Years.
BId Close date: 18 October 2024 at 10h00 Namibian Time https://www.nampower.com.na/Bid.aspx?id=251976
Ministry of Agriculture, Water & Land Reform
Description: Request for Quotation for Services for Structure Cabling and Trunking (the Implementation of E-Governance Project)
Bid Close date: 21 October 2024 https://mawf.gov.na/procurement
Swakopmund Municipality
Description: Resealing of Roads and Ancillary Works (Phase 1)
BId Close date: 21 October 2024 at 11h00 https://swakopmun com/download/w-onb-sm-010-2024-resealing-of-roads-and-ancillary-works-phase-1/
Agro-Marketing And Trade Agency (AMTA)
Description: Procurement for the Supply, Delivery and Installation of Access Control/ Biometric System for AMTA. Offices. Bid Closing date: 22 October 2024 https://egp2 gov na/forms/ProjDetails jsf
Press Releases
C O N T R I B U T I N G A U T H O R S
CHILOMBO OLGA PRISCILA
EDITORIAL,LAYOUTDESIGNERAND EXECUTIVE-OPERATIONS
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SILPA KANGHONO COORDINATOR:DIGITALMARKETINGAND EVENTS
@RDJPUBLISHING
DAVID JARRETT EDITORAND CHIEFEXECUTIVEOFFICER
@RDJGROUP
NICOLE FELIX CHIEFDESIGNER
@RDJPUBLISHING
GRACE KANGOTUE CHIEFRESEARCHER /ECONOMIST
@RDJCONSULTING
RENEE JARRETT EXECUTIVE-ADMINISTRATION
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