MArch year 2 - Semester 1

Richard Laycock Abstract Machines Year 2 - Semester 1

Abstract Machines Studio The aim of our studio is to simulate through computational mythologies the vast array of environment & structural vectors on a given form and allow the form to be influenced by these vectors. Real time feedback becomes the way in which we communicate both to and through our Architecture

Contents Chapter _1.0

- Proposition

Chapter _2.0

-

Chapter _3.0

- How much waste

Chapter _4.0

- Information Systems

Chapter _5.0

- Solution

Chapter _6.0

- Precedents

Chapter _7.0

- Digital Swarm Based Architecture

Chapter _8.0

- Digital Simulations

-

Waste Investigation

Appendicies

Chapter _1.0

-

Proposition

Waste is a land consuming entity, however what if we could transform this potential resource in to a habbitable space which generates land.

This thesis proposition is to harvest NYC’s waste streams through the use of a series of seperation technologies & up-cycle these valuable resources to create an intervention which goes against the current trends of how we see waste.

Proposition diagram

This system would not only look at one specific waste material but a broad range, potentially all materials, with the development of new technological sorting systems to include biotech digestion.

This would encompass carefully monitored systems to prevent heavy traffic and backlog.

The diagrma below demonstrates a simple workflow.

Methane Monitored

Waste IN

Leachates Compost

Factory Sort

Biological waste

Process Sorted waste OUT

Bio-digestion

Chapter _2.0

-

Waste Investigation

Manhattan is currently or the verge of massive change.

The driver for this change has manifested itself in the form of landfills reaching capacity, coupled with rising costs of both transporting and disposing of waste out of State.

This investigation analyses the current waste disposal systems and to seek a precedent for future technologies capable of dealing with waste more efficiently.

Following on from the research, the design will connect the issues above.....

Research area New York City is located on one of the coordinates 40.6700째 N, 73.9400째 W

worlds largest natural harbours,

North

Europe

America

North

North Atlantic

Tropic of

Asia

Cancer

Africa

Equator Indian

South

Tropic of

Ocean

America

Capricorn South

South

Pacific

Atlantic

Pacific

New York State

The Five Boroughs

New York State is positioned on the north east coast of America which is prone to flooding.

New York City

New York city is positioned on the south east side of America consists of FIVE boroughs, each of which is a county of New York State. The five boroughs were consolidated into a single city in 1898

New York City consists of FIVE boroughs, each of which is a county of New York State.

The five boroughs were consolidated into a single city in 1898

Density & population The population of New York City as of 2012 was 8.7 million people with an average density of 20,000 people per square mile with Manhattan, the Bronx, parts of Queens and Brooklyn some census tracts are higher then 100,000 per sq kilometre

Population as a Percentage of NYC

Brooklyn population 2,566,824 Queens population 2,273,151

Bronx

30.1%

2.50 Million

27.3%

2.25 Million

2.00 Million

Manhattan

Manhattan population 1,619,263 Bronx population 1,408,239

1.75 Million

Queens

1.5 Million

19.4%

16.8% 1.25 Million

1 Million

Brooklyn State Island population 470,728

0.75 Million

Staten Island

5.6%

0.5 Million

Million people 0 %

5.6%

16.8%

19.4%

The population of New York City by boroughs 2012

27.3%

30.1%

Area KM2 vs density Area as a Percentage of NYC

Density of Boroughs

Queens

282 sq kilometres Queens 8,060 people sq kilometre

36.1%

300 275

Brooklyn

14,181 people sq kilometre

Brooklyn

250

181 sq kilometres

225

State Island 153 sq kilometres

200 175

Bronx 109 sq kilometres

150

23.2%

State Island 3, 076 people sq kilometre

19.6%

Bronx 12,191 people sq kilometre Manhattan 28,408 people sq kilometre

125 100 75

Manhattan 57 sq kilometres

50

7.3%

13.9%

Square Kilometres 0 %

NYCs

7.3%

13.9%

19.6%

23.2%

667 square kilometres with square kilometres of wetland and shores with low levels of water. five boroughs have a total land area of

a further

36.1%

117.3

0k

5k

10k

15k

20k

25k

30k

When the population figures are overlain it shows startling results that 28,408 people live in 7.3% NYC land area.

Why statistics are important People

waste

NYC produces over 3.2 million tons of waste every year through residential, commercial and private waste streams

This thesis will investigate the current system of where the waste comes from & what happens to it from the moment New Yorkers throw it away.

This investigation describes innovative technologies that change the way we see waste.

The end result is to produce a system capable of dealing with the all the waste NYC produces in its entirety but also, address future concerns of potential flooding

NYC - Waste - 2013 As with any city New York City is looking for an economically viable soltions. for waste disposal

8 million people

NYC’s

has over

8

million residents

who migrate to the city daily

1000’s Businesses

Construction projects

1000’s of businesses generate a mas-

NYC’s

construction industry pro-

sive amount of waste which is not see

duces waste in the form of rubble

DOS - 13,000 Tons

Visitors

NYC’s

has over

130,000

36,200 Tons tourists

every day visiting the city this figure

Producing

over

36,200

tons of

waste daily is an alarming issue

The city’s department of sanitation deals with 13,000 tons of waste every day

does not include residents who mi-

as a problem

grate to the city daily

Private companies

Landfill dependency

Freshkills closes

Collection costs 2008

$400m

2013

$658m 2000

$300m

2005

$1.25b

The remainder is dealt with by private carting company’s

During

relied on a number of landfills for

In December 2001 the city’s last landfill, Freshkills on Staten Island

waste disposal

closed

the twentieth century the city

Disposal costs

The

city’s annual bill for collecting

658 million in 2000 to 1.25 billion dollars in 2008, residential trash jumped from

The city’s annual bill for disposing of the waste has jumped from 300 million in 2005 to 400 million today.

Transport costs

Most

of the higher costs are due

to transportation costs and paying other states to landfill NYC waste.

Infrastructure required The Department of Sanitation serves the City out of 59 Districts, using approximately 5,700 vehicles that include:

7,197

2,048

275

365

Uniformed Sanitation Workers and Supervisors

Civilian Workers

Specialized collection trucks

Salt/sand spreaders

2,230

450

298

2,360

Collection trucks

Mechanical street sweepers

Front end loaders

Various other support vehicles

Department of Sanitation expenditure The resulting issue of increased waste and closed local land fills results in, land-filling out of state, however doing so is prohibitively expensive and environmentally unsound. Therefore in 2006 the city devised a 20-year solid waste management plan.

1.75 Billion

1.27 Billion

1.5 Billion

1.25 Billion

1 Billion

711 Million

750 Million

500 Million

1998

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

The department of sanitation annual bill for collecting and disposing residential trash jumped from about $658 million in 2000 and to about one and a quarter billion dollars in 2014.

Currently all waste which is not designate for recycling ends up in landfills.

Landfills represent a narcissistic society where ugly is hidden and the concept of ‘out of sight is out of mind’is regarded as the norm. Currently all of these landfills are located outside NYC

NYC marine transfer stations The city has been gathering its garbage at theses specific locations and simply trucking its garbage to landfills in neighbouring states, Many of which are also nearing capacity.

01. MN - West 135th street 02. MN - East 91st street 03.

MN - West 59th street 04. MN - Gansevoort 05. BX - South bronx 06. QN - North shore 07. BK - Greenpoint 08. BK - Hamilton avenue 09. BK - Southwest brookyln 10. SI - Fresh Kills

The department of sanitation annual bill for collecting and disposing residential trash jumped from about $658 million in 2000 and to about one and a quarter billion dollars in 2008. The cost of disposal has grown from $300 million in 2005 to about $400 million today.

Out of state waste management

The resulting issues, land-filling garbage out of state. But doing so is prohibitively expensive and environmentally unsound, so in 2006 the city devised a 20-year solid waste management plan.

Waste streams This generic waste types mentioned are not specific to New York, however they are present throughout out planet

Agricultural

This is generally waste that can be composted but LAWS dictate what can and can NOT be composted

Animal by-products (ABP’s)

Timber

Bio

waste includes, but is

Wood

Building

Construction

Animal bodies, parts of animals, prod-

Biological

ucts obtained from animals that are

not limited to;

Petri dishes, surgical

business sectors and includes local

unwanted material produced di-

not fit or intended for human con-

wraps, culture tubes, syringes, nee-

authority waste. It can be made up of

rectly or incidentally by the con-

sumption.

dles, blood vials, absorbent material,

treated and untreated wood.

waste comes from various

waste consists of

Hazardous

Hazardous wastes are materials that exhibit one or more of the traits, ignitable, reactive, corrosive, toxic.

struction or industries.

personal protective equipment and pipette tips.

Catering

Electrical (WEEE)

Packaging

Refuse derived fuel (RDF’s)

End of lift vehicles (ELV’s)

Total 3,261,750 tons

per year is exported from the city

All

is a fuel

Packaging is the technology of en-

cooking oil originating in restau-

produced by shredding and dehydrat-

closing or protecting products for

rants, catering facilities and kitch-

ing solid waste.

distribution, storage, sale, and use.

waste food including used

Refuse-derived

fuel

(RDF)

ens, including central kitchens and

Laminated

household kitchens

metals

card,

plastics,

wood,

Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Electronic-disposal, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices

European legislation is pushing for 85% of the content of end-of-life vehicles to be recycled.

Landfill issues Explosive gases

Produce Leachates

Leachates, defined as water that has percolated through the wastes (rainwater or groundwater seepage), a source of soil and groundwater contamination,

Attract Vectors

A

If landfills are located within a 100

run way must demonstrate the landfill

year floodplain it must not restrict the flow of the 100 year flood or al-

10,000

sions at least every three months, if levels are high a re-mediation plan must be made

gency clean ups must comply with

does not pose a bird hazard,

within 60 days

state laws

must be made aware of landfills within

Cover material

Wetlands

feet of a

Any

Open burning of waste is not permitted, however, diseased trees, emer-

program

to check methane gas emis-

Floodplains

Airports

Air quality

landfill within

Airports

Landfills are NOT permitted to build or expand in to wetlands. Unless no sitting alternative is available.

low wash out of solid waste

a 5 mile radius

Ground monitoring

Vectors are rodents, insects, birds or any animal that is capable of transmitting disease to humans, application of cover ma-

Landfills must be covered with a least 6

Ground water monitoring is carried

inches of earthen material at the end of each operating day to control vector,

terial stops vectors

Sampling program

Corrective action

Lack of irrigation

Corrective

out using a series of wells positioned

Samples are taking at least twice a year to access the quality of the up-most

potential remedies, holding public meet-

fying and landfill rotation method,

throughout the landfill

aquifer beneath the landfill boundary

ings to discuss the potential.

the

however many older landfills, fail at

fires, odours, little and scavenging, oth-

remedy has been selected the owner of the

providing water when its needed most.

er covers may be used if design correctly

landfill is responsible for carrying

action involves evaluating

Once

Water

is the primary cleansing puri-

Continues....

Lack of microbes

Lack of oxygen

Oxygen is the primary life source used by As

Ineffective degeneration

The

Cost to design

Maintenance cost

Since

Environment cost

older system and many newer

The environmental cost only becomes

the microorganisms as they feed off out

lack of oxygen there is a reduced volume

system is creating a fundamental flaw

implemented systems create does more

system still have fundamentally poor

clear when its too late and thus we

waste recycle waste in to gas.

of microbes and thus materials are not

with the whole concept of land-filling.

harm then good.

planning they always result in high

need to act now and design new sys-

prolonged maintenance costs

tems away from resources

a direct result of lack of water and

lack of design within these key

Retrofitting

and re-mediating poorly

breaking down.

Biggest issues Materials not sorted

Processing materials

As materials are not sorted before being Materials need to be assessed before they landfilled up to 65% is biomass and a end up in a landfill as space is a limiting further 25% is plastic. Recycle incen- factor with a growing population tives need to be implemented earlier in the system

Creating links

As materials are not sorted before being landfilled up to 65% is biomass and a further 25% is plastic. Recycle incentives need to be implemented earlier in the system, open-source provides a way of finding out what is in the system.

Products from waste

Biomass can be used to generate new income streams in the form of solid fuel.

Gasses are released from the microbes that feed off the waste, what else can we use

Reduce

All

Recycle

reduce waste this needs to start at a

Recycling needs to become more than a gimmick. From a micro scale all

micro scale with individuals dealing

things are made from elements and

with their waste pragmatically

right now through advances in tech-

though the current trend is to

nology we can recycle all manor of things, however it currently someone else’s problem

Chapter _3.0 The system (machine) becomes a node

-

How much waste

Scale of the intervention

for all waste in the local area and aims to deal with historically landfills site in the hope of remediating the areas and creating new land.

LANDFILLED TYPOLOGIES & VOLUMES

The graphs represents a volumetric display in TONS of waste typologies currently being sent to landfill EVERY DAY

The total combined figures for the year is 2.4 million tons of waste currently being sent to landfill every year

Generating this volume of waste shows a major lack of concern regarding the future of resources. It also represents a

disconnected society incapable of simple problem solving

The figures shown are accurate in terms of volumes of waste produced, however the volume of waste dissipates over time due to decomposition.

Decomposition rate time-scales can vary widely due to types of compound. This is largely influenced by chemical structure and other influencing factors such at exposure of solar radiation and or exposure to certain environmental conditions.

Landfill decomposition rates

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space.

If you put these item in a landfill now, they would decompose by:

Next month

Next year

2060 ad

Paper bags degrade very quickly due to the na-

Wool

ture of the product its easily broken down by

and

tions within a landfill and a high build up of

types of plastic with complex chemical struc-

natural conditions.

under natural conditions will be completely

toxins and acids. 50 years

tures and as such are very hard for microbes to

socks degrade at a reasonable rates

broken down by the micro organisms

Aluminium

cans degrade due to the condi-

1,002,010 ad

Plastic

beakers are normally made for durable

break down. 1 million years

1,500,000 ad

Glass bottles are made using simple materials but because the bonds are produced under extreme heat it’s near impossible to for organisms to break the bonds down. 1.5 millions

None decomposable The figures show the reasoning why landfills reach capacity since almost half the item placed in a landfill do not degrade in a time-scale we can conceive.

VERTICAL SCALE 111 DAYS

If the waste was stacked in a tower was 30 x 30 squared placed in one ton boxes each one meter x 1 meter the tower would reach 1km within 111 day, over 3km a year.

300M

33 DAYS

200M

22 DAYS

100M

11 DAYS

CHANGSHA J220

45 DAYS

400M

BURJ KHALIFA

56 DAYS

KVLY TV MAST WARSAW RADIO MAST

500M

CN TOWER

67 DAYS

WILLIS TOWER

600M

WORLD TRADE CENTER

78 DAYS

TAIPEI 101

700M

PETRONAS TOWERS

89 DAYS

EMPIRE STATES BUILDING

800M

EIFFEL TOWER

100 DAYS

GREAT PYRAMID

900M

Horizontal scale If the waste was placed in one ton boxes each 1 x 1 meter the total area covered reach 6km2 within 2 months which happens to with the width of Manhattan.

6 Months

Total area of 14 km2 equivalent to 1.2 million tons.

would

12 Months

Total area of 30 km2 equivalent to 2.5 million tons.

24 Months

Total area of 60 km2 equivalent to 7.4 million tons.

48 Months

Total area of 120 km2 equivalent to 14.8 million tons.

Chapter _4.0

-

Informational Systems

Informational systems looks at volumes of waste materials in comparrison to scales and interprets the specific volumes of waste generated daily with the aim of understanding the size and scale of the given intervention.

This section looks at interpreting information based on specific volumes of waste in to specific areas of the given building. This is then used as a developmental starting point for the designing of an up-cycling centre and its volumetric spaces.

SCIPTING INPUTS

This script was generated to represent a volumetric display in TONS of waste typologies currently being sent to landfill over various timescales. This is used as one of a fundamental rules of input for design

_02 - SERIES OF POINTS

_06 - GENERATES TEXT

_03 - STATISTICS & VOLUMES

_01 - LANDFILL STATISTICS

_04 - VOLUMES x DAYS

_05 - GENERATES AREAS FROM VOLUMES

_02 - SERIES OF POINTS

_03 - STATISTICS & VOLUMES

Points are generated in a series to become start

Volumes

positions for the data and volumes

total waste generated daily by dividing the annual

are generated using the square root of the

waste by 360 (accuracy here is not vital)

_05 - GENERATES AREAS FROM VOLUMES

The

volumes are generated in a z direction showing

quickly the difference of waste generated daily

_06 - GENERATES TEXT

The volumes are wire-framed for the visual and display the total volume to date base on days running

DAY _01

DAY _02

DAY _03

DAY _04

DAY _05

DAY _06

ORGANIC COMPOSTABLE

YARD TRIMMINGS

FOOD SCRAPS

being sent to landfill over a period of time.

HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS

of waste typologies currently

E-WASTE

TONS

C & C DEBRIS

graphs demonstrates a volumetric display in

OTHER PLASTIC

The

OTHER MATERIAL

TEXTILE & CARPETS

WASTE TYPOLOGIES & VOLUMES

FURTHER LOGIC - VOLUMES VS AREA The graphs represents a volumetric display in TONS PER MONTH of waste typologies currently being sent to landfill

_02 - SQUARE VOLUME _04 - SECONDS SERIES

_05 - THIRD SERIES

_03 - FIRST SERIES _01 - DATA

_02 - SQUARE VOLUME

The first box is generated 0-x,0y,-z position

using a point in a

_03 - FIRST SERIES

_04 - SECONDS SERIES

_05 - THIRD SERIES

The point is moved in a series in the x direction times the

The series of points in the x position are then moved in a

square root of the volume of waste generated daily

series in a y position times the square root of the original

The result is a parametric space generator based upon the days of waste generated, essentially providing detailed

waste generated each day

information of space requirement based upon how many days have passed.

VOLUME’S OVER TIME

_03 - 16M2 BASE X 125M HIGH

Digrams 1-3 show examples of the same volume over various areas. Showing how this could influence the design of a building.

Diagrams 4-6 display an example of a specific area with increasing volumes over time.

_03 - 20M2 BASE X 80M HIGH

_02 - 27M2 BASE X 45M HIGH _01 - 40M2 BASE X 28M HIGH

_04 - 5 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 5M HIGH

_05 - 15 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 15M HIGH

_05 - 15 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 15M HIGH

_06 - 30 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 30M HIGH

Transport loading capacity To transport 1500 tons you would need:-

Open dry cargo barge

195 Feet Long 1,530 Ton Capacity

58 truck can carry 1500 tons

15 Jumbo rail hoppers can carry 1500 tons

_ - Covered dry cargo barge

195 Feet Long 1,500 Ton Capacity

Chapter _5.0

-

Solution

A PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF WASTE Biological systems analysis hold many keys and secrets to a symbiotic relationship between integrated systems. - Integrated systems feed each others

Biological closed loop system Biological systems are as a cog in a machine, each system feeds another, waste is not waste, its simply fuel for another system. These symbiotic relationships are the key to dealing with our waste.

Co2

Man-made linear system In a linear system waste is seen as a product with no value, a resource we want rig off.

Value becomes the currency by which we determine waste

Controlling waste - potential resources Understanding the complex nature of political environmental and public pressures will only take us so far on the road to a new discovery.

Option 1

Option 2

Incentive scheme

Option 3

Current system

Automated resource mining

People, Individuals, company’s will receive a price per KG for materials recycled

Government pressure to ban the use of none recyclables, Issues with this being is (None recyclables) actually means too expensive to currently recycle (ie its cheaper to use virgin material)

Automated sorting is already being utilised on a number of processes which until very recently were highly intensive labourers procedures.

Issues

Issues

Issues

- System need complex rules, utilizing several bin typologies - It needs to be monitored closely - How do you control what enters the system - Where would the waste go - How would it be processed

- We continue to mine virgin resources and bury them after a single use - Loss of habitation for animals and ourselves - Poor air quality - Major food concerns - Depleted food stocks and contaminated oceans due to leachates

- Need to identify 2.4 million tons of waste every year - Machine need a power source - Machine needs a way of distributing materials - How big is this machine?

- Where should it be positioned

Requiring:-

Requiring -

Requiring

- Storage for individual waste on street corners with several bin types - Site required for storage and processing of waste - The system would require manual intervention at multiple stages - Controlling human interaction with harmful toxins - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources

- Bioremediation - Mining our landfills for resources - Create complex systems of siving through our purified waste - All of this, In search of resources we managed poorly - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources

- Network of smaller machines serving the master machine - Automated sorting - separating technologies - Series of automated conveyor belts to move materials - Storage units capable of dealing with volumes being produced - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources

Automated sorting

Automated sorting

Hybrid

Automated sorting

Automated separation

technologies - Resource mining

Waste disposal companies dealing with the sorting of materials will commonly use one or more of these five methods:

Trommel separators

These

separate materials according to their

particle size.

Waste is fed into a large rotating

drum which is perforated with holes of a certain size.

Materials

smaller than the diameter

of the holes will be able to drop through, but larger particles will remain in the drum.

Eddy current separator

This method is specifically for the separation of metals. An ‘eddy current’ occurs when a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic field.

Put simply, it is an electromagnetic way of dividing ferrous and non-ferrous metals.

Induction sorting

Material

Near infrared sensors

is sent along a conveyor belt with

a series of sensors underneath.

These

sensors

(NIR) When

materials are illuminated they

mostly reflect light in the near infrared wave-

locate different types of metal which are then

length spectrum.

separated by a system of fast air jets which are

guish between different materials based on the

The NIR

sensor can distin-

linked to the sensors.

way they reflect light.

X-ray technology

X-rays can be used to distinguish between different types of waste based on their density.

Resource management systems There were 26 active municipal solid waste landfills, 16 active industrial/commercial waste landfills, 12 construction and demolition (C&D) landfills, and 5 active Long Island landfills.

Prevent

Reuse/salvage

waste

Recycle

materials

Current

In 2012, 10.7 million tons of solid waste were

focus

disposed of in New York State landfills,

New

The current focus is towards recycling waste

products

products however this is not fully resolved and as such the are still many forms of waste ending up in

Landfill

landfills

Prevention of production seems the obvious

The concept of up-cycling uses the idea of recy-

choice, however this would required a huge

cling but without the industrial process of reform-

push from governments to enforce a ban on

ing, recycling can be turning a used water bottle in

none recyclables

to a table.

DEFINING WASTE Waste is anything, to waste is to misuse, throw away something with apparent value Problems with scenario 1

Scenario 1

Lack of communication between the two entity’s Cost of travel/transportation of waste/goods Solutions E-bay is just one of the ways we have managed to recycle goods by turning waste in to profit.

Regardless of whether your are the head of a major co-operation or an individual who works from home. The truth is we all produce waste.

Profit

Company

FUEL TANK

What is equally true is ‘One man’s/company’s rubbish is another man’s/company’s treasure’ Unfortunately this is also only true on

This method of converting waste in to revenue only works well with

a macro scale

the connection tends to be within close proximity to the source

products which essentially still have life or value left in them and also

Alternate waste

Profit PRODUCTS

ADDITION

Profit

Non-Profit

The system we are currently employing is driven (FUELLED) like an engine

WASTE

COMBINED

PRODUCT

TOXIC

FURTHER TREATMENT

PRODUCT

Whilst one side of the engine produce is highly profitable, there tends to be a large exhaust of waste.

There are many examples of feeding waste back in to new systems but the best place to find highly efficient closed loop systems is biological systems as demonstrated previously

Chapter _6.0

-

Preceedents

If we can give waste a value then attitudes would not be so quick to discard of this obvious resource.

Recycling plastic Traditional way of making plastic 90 % of metals are recovered Less than 5 % of plastic is actually recycled if it makes it to a recycling centre, Most plastic is incinerated or landfilled Most people think plastic is a throw away material with very little value, but actually plastics are several times more valuable than steel and there is more plastic produced and consumed around the world on a volume basis every year then steel

So why is it not recycled, well because metals

Future of making plastic

are predominantly easy to recycle from one another and other material.

Metals have different density’s, Different electrical and magnetic properties, and different colours making them very easy for machines to separate.

Plastics have overlapping density’s over a very narrow range

Identical or very similar electrical or magnetic properties

The traditional way to make plastic is with oil or petrochemicals

You break down the molecules and recombined them in very specific ways to make all the wonderful types of plastic that we each enjoy

Pelets are produced and sold for the remolding of products.

Waste

is plentiful and growing in

supply

Lower cost and not tied to oil

Lower capital costs 80 - 90 percent lower energy More flexible plant

Saves 1-3 tons of CO2 ton plastic Closes the loop on recycled plastics Sustainable product

Dirk van der kooij Designer Dirk Van Der Kooij used his famous 3D printing robot named Fanuc to create sustainable design Innovation, The robot makes furniture from recycled fridges and e-waste

The G-CODE slices are a path which the robotic arm

The slices produce a 3 dimensional object which is built

number of automated systems and stored ready for use

follows whilst extruding the melted plastic

up over a number of layers

The stored plastic is the bagged and taken to the ro-

The

bot

translate a given design in to slices known as

When the object has been printed the final point can be pushed down to create a smooth finish.

The final object, chair is a fully functunal chair which is printing using waste materials.

E-waste is used as a source of material income

The

plastic is shredded, cleaned and separated using a

robot uses a series of cad software packages to

G-CODE

LARGE SCALE 3D PRINTING - D-shape http://www.d-shape.com/contatti.htm

D-shape The new 3D CAD software allows architects to conceive and design large scale constructions easily. existing building methods do not allow the full potential of the new design software to be achieved. D-Shape is a new robotic building system using new materials to create superior stone-like structures. This is similar to what an ink-jet printer does on a sheet of paper.

Computer model - meshed

Final structure

Large scale 3d printer The system

Current systems

This new machinery enables full-size sandstone buildings to be made without human intervention, using a stereo-lithography 3-D printing process that requires only sand and an inorganic binder to operate. Allowing a level of

Existing materials such as reinforced concrete The process begins with a 3D Computer model and masonry is expensive and inflexible. To build a in a STL file format. This is imported into the complex concave-convex surfaces would require Computer program that controls D-Shape’s the pre-fabrication of expensive form-works and printer head. During the printing of each section cages, the mounting of complicate scaffolding a ‘structural ink’ is deposited by the printer’s and then the manual casting. This is very expennozzles on the sand. The solidification process sive. takes 24 hours

precision and freedom of design unheard of in the past.

The process

New materials

Advantages

The binder transforms any kind of sand into a marble-like material and with a resistance and traction much superior to Portland Cement,

Allows more advanced design and construction.

so much so that there is no need to use iron to

Four times faster than traditional building methods.

reinforce the structure. This artificial marble is indistinguishable from real marble and chemi-

30%-50% lower than manual methods.

cally it is one hundred percent environmentally friendly.

no human intervention means substantially reduced risk of accidents.

POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES _01 - POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES

Composites can be defined as materials that consist of two or more materials which may be chemically different from each other. The different systems are combined to achieve a system with greater structural or functional properties

On the basis of matrix phase, composites can be classified into metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and polymer matrix composites (PMCs) The classifications according to types of reinforcement are

of the constituent alone. Essentially the sum whole the parts is greater then

particulate composites

the sum of the parts

Composites are combinations of materials differing in composition, where the Individual constituents retain their separate identities. These separate constituents act together to give the necessary mechanical strength or stiffness to the composite part.

Composite material is a material composed of two or more distinct phases (matrix phase and dispersed phase) and having bulk properties significantly different from those of any of the constituents. Matrix phase is the primary phase having a continuous character. Matrix is usually more ductile and less hard phase. It holds the dispersed phase and shares a load with it.

Composites in structural applications have the following characteristics:

PMCs are used for manufacturing in:-

Recent work on 3D FRP composites includes the following:-

. Aerospace structures: The military aircraft industry has mainly led the use of polymer composites. In commercial airlines, the use of composites is gradually increasing. Space shuttle and satellite systems use graphite/ epoxy for many structural parts. . Marine: Boat bodies, canoes, kayaks, and so on as well as automotive: Body panels, leaf springs, drive shaft, bumpers, doors and racing car bodies. . Sports goods: Golf clubs, skis, fishing rods, tennis rackets

Like all traditional materials of construction, GRP also has an inherent limitation – it has a low modulus of elasticity (stiffness). However, this drawback

.Bridges made of polymer composite materials are gaining wide acceptance due to their lower weight, corrosion resistance, longer life cycle, and limited earthquake damage.

Particle reinforcement

Natural Fiber Composites Glass, carbon, Kevlar, and boron fibres are being used as reinforcing materials in fibre reinforced plastics, which have been widely accepted as materials for structural and non-structural applications

. Chemical storage tanks, pressure vessels, piping, pump body, valves,

. They are made by mixing the separate materials in such a way as to achieve controlled and uniform dispersion of the constituents.

Laminar reinforcement

. Fabrication of FRP composite products by preform consolidation followed by liquid molding.

Designing with GRP

. Biomedical applications: Medical implants, orthopaedic devices, X-ray tables.

from the properties of their constituents

. Manufacturing of 3D preforms by weaving, braiding, knitting, and stitching.

. Bulletproof vests and other armour parts.

. They generally consist of two or more physically distinct and mechanically separable materials.

. They have superior mechanical properties and in some cases uniquely different

Recent Advances in Polymer Composites FRP Composites fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are used in almost every type of advanced engineering structure. This includes developments in high performance resin systems and new styles of reinforcement, such as carbon nano-tubes and nano-particles

. Electrical: Panels, housing, switchgear, insulators, and connectors.

And many more.

Flake reinforcement

Continuous woven fibre

has been successfully overcome by structural design engineers over the years through effective use of the principles of geometry.

If GRP is to be successfully used in load bearing components in construction, its structural form must be chosen as to overcome the apparent lack of stiffness in the overall structure.

The required rigidity of the structure is then derived from its shape rather than from the material – the strength of the structure is, of course, only a function of the structure of the material.

Discontinuous fibre reinforcement

Skeletal reinforcement

LANDFILLS ANALYSIS Landfill technology

Methenogen origin

Landfill technology has not changed in the last 20 years, we still excavate large amounts of earth and clay and line the hole with membrane, nowadays its more advanced and synthetic. We fill the hole with waste and cover it up.

Methanogenic

microorganisms are found in the guts of

mammals where they are responsible for the methane content of belching in ruminants and flatulence in humans

05 04 02 03 01

Methenogenic organisms

EPA - Criteria for Solid Waste Disposal Facilities A Guide for Owners/Operators

Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic by-product in anoxic conditions. Livestock such as cattle assimilate their food through a process called enteric fermentation.

_01 - LINER SYSTEM

_02 - PUMPS

_03 - PROBES

_04 - FINAL COVER

_05 - METHANE

Clay and plastic lining to

Lechates, waste run off is

Specially designed wells and

When the landfill is full

Pipes collect explosive meth-

prevent leaks from waste run

pumped up to storage tank for

probes are used to detect

layers of soil and clay seal in

ane gas which is emitted from

off. This is made up from sand,

further treatment safe dis-

the landfill as a by product

posal, the treatment consists

Leachate or methane leaks outside landfill. This data is

waste and then the 30 year

a synthetic liner, clay and

monitoring program begins.

occurring through the

subsoil

of dehydrating the waste run

used premaritally to prevent

This can often be costly and

digestion of organic waste by

off and extracting the water

damage to the environment.

require a number of complex

microbial organisms. Methane

leaving high concentration

systems to keep the closed

is used as fuel to generate

of toxic mixes.

landfill perimeter safe.

electricity.

Landfill concept Overall

Landfill issues

Irrigation

Lack of microbes

Methenogenic in landfills Its the same methenogens that survive and live within landfills and help with the break down of biological waste.

Refference http://www.ehow.com/about_5380594_bacteria-life-cycle.html

29/12/13

Ineffective degeneration

Solution lies in

Item such as battery’s, toxins and chemi- As a direct result of poor irrigation sys- As a direct result of lack of water and The lack of design within these key Materials need to be assessed before they cals find there way in to landfills which tems, landfills often stunt the growth of lack of oxygen there is a reduced volume system is creating a fundamental flaw end up in a landfill as space is a limiting isms ability to break down complex biolog- create dangerous mixes which collect at microbial reproduction. this is inefficient of microbes and thus materials are not with the whole concept of land-filling factor with a growing population ical waste in to food for another system the bottom of the landfill and need to be breaking down as fast as they should resulting with landfills reaching caremoved as leeching in to the environment pacity much soon they designed. landfilling is a concept borrow

from nature which utilizes micro organ-

would be devastating

MICRO STRUCTURES _01 - BIRO-MIMICRY Solutions that benefit from a 3.8 billion year research and development period.

In nature Julian Vincent states ‘material is expensive and shape is cheap’ Nature makes extremely economical use of materials

_01

_02

_03

_01 - VENUS FLOW BASKET

_02- BIRD SKULL

_03- REPRODUCING BIRD SKULL STRUCTURE

Euplectella, the Venus flower basket glass sponge - made from

Skulls in general are extraordinary impact-resistant structures

silica at ambient temperatures and pressure with five or more

and extremely light at the same time as they protect the most impor-

The form and functionally of this particular structure developed by Andrew Harris shows a remarkable move from mimicking form to the computational power of designing form.

levels of hierarchy.

tant organs of an animal body and this performance and physical property can be applied in structure or architecture design

MATERIAL CONSIDERATION http://www.fibergrate.co.uk/applications.asp

_01 - Structure

_02 - External surface/cladding

_03 - Seasonal

_04 - Sustainability

The material choice for the structure is a choice between two composite materials.

The external cladding and internal structure would ideally be printed from the same materi-

Evidence of GRPs in harsh environments like the gulf shows the potential.

The system itself it a new, cleaner approach to

Plastic currently could be considered a free

dealing with waste which takes the lead role in

untapped resource which very soon will be come

dealing with waste alternatively. Landfills are

a currency of its own.

al however both system would have different

Option 1

levels of priority.

The advanced manufacturing of D-shape stone.

The image below is a section from cinder toffee.

As the cooler air on the outside sets the toffee, the air gets trapped inside leaving behind a complex yet random structural framework within.

Option 2

means the structure could be printed from sand and a special glue which creates sand-

Uses a glass fibre reinforced polymer composite (GPR). GRP is glass reinforced plastic (sometimes called FRP - fibreglass reinforced plastic, which has many advantages over steel.

The Burj Al Arab Hotel in Dubai uses GRP panels for cladding. The gulf suffers violent sandstone and huge temperature variation throughout its height. Often at its base the

are singular actions which are truly irresponsible.

It’s materials for the construction of the biodigestor will be derived from recycled materials.

The process is interesting however being able to

The use of GRP’s is become more and more

Options of dealing with plastic

control the density of air within the structure

evident as science and engineers are pushing the

would create a truly sustainable use of material.

boundary of material science.

Option 1

The surface of the structure could have no perforations creating a multi-functioning sealed

The There is further evidence of GRP’s being utilized in polar extreme environments. for example the Halley VI Antarctic Research Station

by Hugh Broughton Architects, Brunt Ice Self, Antarctica.

The current system of dealing with plastic is pay

Temperatures regularly plummet to below -50˚C, winds can reach over 100mph.

Often waste get dumped at sea as its firre to do if you don’t get caught and this is causing one

colour.

Application Sound With its corrosion-resistant, slip-resistant, flame redundancy, impact absorbency, non-conductivity, high strength-to-weight

Having a number of changing density creates a

properties which had made them unique in

through the structure and cladding systems

the renewable energy generation for use as

without the need for insulation.

turbine blades

the epitome of unsustainable thinking as they

temperatures often reach 50˚C.

unit from one singular compost material in any

someone to put it in landfill which its causes significant damage to the environment.

Option 2

of the greatest environmentally damaging issues

natural sound barrier so noise will be stopped

This kind of cladding system has been put together, in response to very challenging conditions.

_05 - Cost & availability

man has ever begin involved with.

The great pacific garbage patch

Our ability to manipulate plastic and give it rigidity, make it flame retardant. Increase it ability to withstand extreme heat and cold temperatures make its an ideal material for a construction material.

The government proposal Mayor Bloombewrg devised a 20 year waste management plan which created economically viable ways of dealing with the volume of waste being produced.

In his first term, Mayor Michael Bloomberg mapped out an equitable plan

Districts of NYC

4 1

3

The Michael Bloomberg Promise 2

NEW High-Tech

The complex proposal was designed to make each borEssentially throwing

and limit the distances to reach marine barges, railways

micro garbage transfer stations in to the mix

or out-of-state trash facilities.

ough take care of its own trash.

It was also supposed to help limit noisy garbage trucks

LOW Smell Facilities

MTS are positioned in Lower-income Communities Brooklyn

Queens

The Bronx

Staten Island

The planned MTS issues and obejections Each district needs to deal with their own rubbish. This means reopening and dramatically expanding an MTS in the Upper East Side of Manhattan that fell into disuse in 1999.

Asphate Green

Residents for Sane Trash Solutions, a 20,000-member strong community group that was formed to stop the dump from happening.

One

of their main objec-

tions is that the proposed site is directly opposite phalt Green,

Stanley M. Isaacc Neighbourhood Centre

Marine Transfer Station

As-

The industrial plant when the old MTS was first in use, this site is no longer in use and thus has attracted a vast children as a safe place to be.

There

are also fears for the health of the elderly

community who congregate at the

Neighbourhood Centre

Stanley M. Isaacs

and the thousands of low

income minorities who live in a public housing project, both of which are minutes away from the MTS site.

The Planed MT Station

Chapter _7.0 - Digital Swarm Based Architecture This section look at using algorithmic patterns to select an optimal site using a series of known parameters

Swarm theory is where multiple organisms form complex decisions using bottom up systems. Simple biological rules based systems use pheromone signatures to communicate information in much the same way all systems communicate. Through a change which creates a response. In a digital system we could refer to this as a reward or feedback system

Animals swarm because the results of swarming out weighs the sum of the parts. When enough organisms make the same decision the majority rules

When a swarm attacks or faces a problem it throws millions of solutions at the problem and some solutions might be counter intuitive or be way off target but these are individual occurrences. The majority are close

LOCATION USING GALAPAGOS LOGIC The site for the new reclamation area is governed by a number of variables which in turn all feed the system with inputs producing multiple results based on the given data.

_03 - AIRPORTS _01 - MTS FACILITIES

_04 - CLOSEST POINT

_02 - WATERWAYS

_01 - LOCATION OF MTS FACILITIES

_02 - CURRENT WATER

_03 - AIRPORTS WITH 10,000 FEET PROXIMITY’S

_04 - SHORTEST COMBINED DISTANCE TO ALL MTS’s

The sites of the current MTS (Marine Transfer Station) facilities are a vital part of the master plan, since this is

The

Based

the supply lines of all the waste

MTS facilities should be accessible from anywhere. The waterways provide this access.

The site of the current airports play a vital role with regards to positioning since no Landfill can be positioned within 10,000 feet of any airport.

site for the new reclamation area is key with re-

gards to the city and its connections to and from the

on the input values

Galapagos

tested all points in

space along the waterways and combining them for each

MTS

facility and measured the distance in seach for the

smallest number.

OPTIMAL POSITION The

site for the new reclamation area is governed by a number of variables fed into a

script.

The data can then be extrapolated to produce an optimum outcome. In this case, the optimum postion.

_02 - REPRODUCING GALAPAGOS RESULTS

Diagram 5 shows the optimum position based on mathematical data.

_01- LOCATION LOGIC

_03- LINE LENGTHS

_05 - CLOSEST POINT

Selecting the first line in a list generates the first point which is the closest to all MTS facilities

_06 - 100TH POINT

_07 - 200TH POINT

Because the lines have been sorted using a length key this

The

further down the list one travels the more com-

allows all options to be generated at the same time and

bined distance one has to travel to reach the closest

selecting any variable becomes just a slide away.

point.

_08 - 300TH POINT

The 300th point is generated nearly outside the grid.

EQUAL DISTANCE FROM AIRPORTS Diagrams 1 - 16 show a selection of potential sites which are based on equal distances from the airports

_01 - FURTHEST FROM ALL AIRPORTS

_05 - 40TH

_02 - 10TH

_06 - 50TH

_03 - 20TH

_04 - 30TH

_07 - 60TH

_08 - 70TH

_09 - 80TH

_14 - 120TH

_10 - 90TH

_15 - 130TH

_11 - 100TH

_16 - 140TH

_012 - 110TH

_17 - 150TH

GENERATING A TWO VARIABLE SYSTEM When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system.

MATHEMATICALLY PLANNED SITES - 2 VARIABLES When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system. The following diagrams demonstrate the various calculated possibilities from the two given inputs, ultimatley producing the most efficient model.

The diagram with the shortest line represtnts the most efficient model

MIMICKING SWARM LOGIC The red dots represent possible solutions however when several sloutions have been simulated clusters of dots show the most reliable results.

SWARM RESULTS When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system.

5 KM

SWARM RESULTS SHOW THAT A NUMBER OF MICRO SITES WOULD FAVOUR A SINGLE MACRO SITE APPROACH When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system.

Digital Simulations

ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN FORM Environmental (wind)

loading

The aerodynamic form is design to reduce the wind pressure on the structure by orientating it towards the prevailing wind.

Here the form has been shaped by environmental fores. Forces such as prevailing can be applied to a single or multiple surfaces to create a colour map of the tower. The colour map represents a digital way of simulating wind loading based on a directional curve. The tower can then be manipulated parametrically to produce a form which is design specifically to repel high winds.

Reducing the wind loads on the design creates an opportunity to design a bespoke piece of structure capable of dealing with all the environmental and internal forces present on the tower. The design will utilise structure where its needed and be hollow where there is little or no stress. Through the use of computer simulation we can create lighter cheaper architecture

STRUCTURAL sTRATEGIES _01 - Square grid

Square grids provide rigidity and flexibility as these can be standard joints and are simple to construct.

_02 - Diagonal grid

_03 - Hybrid square/dia-grid

_04 - Hexagonal grid

_05 - Double-skin space frame

Space frames consist of (2no) skins made

diagonal bracing which allows for smaller

The honeycomb structure is a new concept of equilibrium. All the elements are equally

lighter element with increased strength and

sized and space which allows for a greater

connected using linear elements which

rigidity as loads are distributed uniformly.

level of distribution of loads

creates a very strong system which begins

Diagonal grids provided increased loads

Hybrid structures utilise both square and

distribution as the joints are angled and each vertices is distributed to (2 no) vertices which distribute the loads.

from usually hybrid structures which are

to act against not just vertical loads but lateral loads too.

STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS _01 - Structural section

_02 - Dead loads

_03 - Tension/compression The dead loads travel down through between the (2no) skins. The space frame works in both compression & tension de-

Here a live load is being applied

pending on what force is being

tension and the connection

from within the structure pushing outwards which causes both skins to act in

applied.

Site location Internal skeleton

External skeleton

tural system and is resigned to reduce wind

The node detail is designed to be fixed to a number of joints and keep them in place. It is

loads and unilateral forces

internal and external forces

this detail that will ensure the integrity of

The internal skin acts as the primary struc-

The outer skin acts as the secondary struc-

the structure is made from a number of

ture and enhances the overall strength of

triangular grids making this exceptionally

the structural system.

lateral and unilateral.

Nodes

The cross bracing connects the 2no skins and creates a strong bond, preventing both

The structural section has and details show

stong and able to withstand horizontal

Connection elements

the structure.

HOOP-SNAKE _01

_01

_02

_03

Hoop-snake is a simple component for grasshopper with the ability to duplicating the data it receives as its input

This is a process which is only limited by the power of the system you happen to be using. _04

_01

A line is drawn between two points

_02

The line is divided in to three sections

_03

A

point is located on the centre of the mid section

line and more the distance of the line in a Y direction

_04 FIRST ITERATION

SECOND ITERATION

THIRD ITERATION

FORTH ITERATION

The geometry feeds in to Hoop-snake and produces a single line which intersects all points

Simple rules create very complex results. This type of digitally simulating biological systems of duplication and growth is very interesting as its shows us the power of mathematical subdivision in architectural form making

HELIOTROPE _01 Heliotrope is a solar simulator which can be used to generate feedback on optimism positioning of building elements based on their requirements

_01 - WINTER SOLSTICE

_01 - SOLAR POSITION

_02 - INITIAL LINES

_03 - INITAL SURFACE

_04 - INITAL MESH

_01.1 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE

_01.2 - SUMMER SOLSTICE

_01 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 10:10

_02 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 11:10

_03 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 13:10

_04 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 14:10

_05 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 15:10

_06 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 16:10

_07 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 17:10

_08 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 18:10

WEVERBIRD_01 Weaverbird

_01

_03

_02

_04

is a topological modeler that contains many of the known subdivision

and transformation operators, readily usable by designers. Instead of doing the work repeatedly, or sometimes using complicated scripts, this plug-in reconstructs the shape, subdivides any mesh, even made by polylines, and helps preparing for fabrication.

_01 BASE GEOMETRY

_02 SECONDARY GEOMETRY

_02 COMBINED & MESHED

_03 WEVERBIRD SMOOTH FUNCTION

_03.1 SMOOTH 2

_03.2 SMOOTH 4

_03.3 SMOOTH 6

_03.4 SMOOTH 8

_05

_04 WBLAPLACE - 0

_04.1 WBLAPLACE - 10

_04.2 WBLAPLACE - 20

_04.3 WBLAPLACE - 20

_05 SMOOTH - 0

_05 .1 SMOOTH - 1

_05 .2 SMOOTH - 2

_05.3 SMOOTH - 3

KANGAROO PHYSICS_01 Kangaroo physics is a plugin for grasshopper which simulates stress on a given surface.

The plug-in allows you to create models and apply vectors such as gravity to a given surface and then creates equilibrium within that surface to create minimalist surfaces much like the work of Frei Otto, using bubbles

_05 _04

_01 & 2

_07

_03 _06

_01 - BASED GEOMETRY

_02 - EDGES

_03 - RANDOM POPULATION OF POINTS

_04- MOVED POINTS

_05, 6, 7- GRAVITY

SIMULATING GRAVITY Here gravity is applied to a series of spheres which are positioned in 3 dimension space.

A line is drawn from its start position to its real time position as it falls to the ground The animation that accompanies the images show the spheres bouncing relative to the height they were dropped

_01

_02

_03

_04

_05

_06

_07

_08

_09

_10

SIMULATING INFLATION Here a unary force is applied to a simple surfacE

_03 & 4

_01

_05

_02

_01

A basic surface is generated and its four corners are used as anchor points

_02

The surface is divided to generate a series of points

_03 & 4

A force is applied to all the points equally

_05

The surface is deformed

The

surface has been colour coded to show in more detail the stress of the com-

ponesnts/elements between the points.

_01

_02

_03

_04

_05

_06

_07

_08

_09

_10

SIMULATING DEFLATION Here a unary force is applied to a simple surface and then step by step the force is released.

_03 & 4

_01

_05

_02

The release of the force causes the material to crease unlike when its inflated. The diagrams have been colour coded to show where the stress dissipates.

_01

_02

_03

_04

_05

_06

_07

_08

_09

_10

SIMULATING STRESS Here a unary force is applied to a simple surface and then colour coded to show the stress

_01

_02 - 4

_05 - 10

Stages 1 shows a surface with no stress before teh force has been applied

Stages 2 - 4 shows the force being applied to the surface which is indi-

Stages 5 - 10 shows the force dissipating through the surface which is indicated by the surface changing colour. Notice how in stage 10 the

cated by the bright red throughout the surface

stress travels up from the anchor points to form a red arch surrounding each anchor point.

_01

_02

_03

_04

_05

_06

_07

_08

_09

_10

SIMULATING VECTOR HEIGHTS A simple geometry has been generated to simulate vector heights using colours _01

_02

_03

_06 _04

_05

_01

_02

_03

A simple surface is generated using two rail curves

A hexagonal grid is projected on to the surface

Spheres are placed at the centres of the hexagonal grid

_04

_05

_06

The surface trims the spheres in two and the top half of the spheres

A mesh is extracted from the surface which will be utilized for col-

are culled

ouring the mesh

The mesh is colour coded based on heights of each of the vertices which make up the mesh surfaces.

Conclusion Semester 1 was a research project which look in to the system of dealing with waste. However the preliminary design that emerged from the system analysis was mearly a response to the processing of waste, not an architectural solution

Appendices

Waste Machine

Building program The

building is a response to the critical issues generated by the way waste is

currently being delt with and seeks to revolutionize the way we process waste.

WASTE

AUTOMATED SEPARATING MACHINE

METALS

BIOMASS

PLASTICS

SOLD

SEPARATED

SEPARATED

ADDITIVE

Spacial requirements

INSTANT PR0FIT

SOLID

LIQUID

METHANE

EXTRACTED

BUILDING MATERIALS

Manned Special suits to be worn Oxygen/air Energy Heat Generate heat Cooling Ventilation Lighting Uninterrupted views Insulation Waterproofing

Factory

Monitoring

Bio-digestion

Delivery space The gates need to be able to handle 312,000 tons per hour. These are the loads delivered by barge daily. The system needs to be quick to prevent heavy traffic.

Storage space

Sorting facility

13,000 m2 per day 91,000 m2 per week

Movement facilities

The system needs to be able to handle the loads being delivered daily. Scale of automated sorting machine is critical. Each

This specific project is focused towards bio-digestion. For this reason a large

The bio-digestor requires highly compli-

storage tower will be constructed to

inside and promote high levels of micro-

waste stream is a different quantity

process the biomass.

bial life which in turn break down the

The graph represents a survey study which detailed the waste typology, The total remains the same 91,000 m2 per

Monitored

Waste IN

Leachates Compost

Factory

Biological waste

Process Sorted waste OUT

cated systems to monitor the conditions

biomass and produce methane

Methane

Sort

Material out

Bio-digestion

Initial concept 1 V _01 - Transporting waste

ARC (VERTICAL AUTOMATED RECYCLING CENTRE)

Linear system

Vertical movement

Separate solid/liquid

The separated waste is moved vertically using a spi-

The structure of the tower becomes the mechanism

ral conveyor which would on the same principles

which both supports the loads equally and filters

as Archimedes screw.

liquid toxins which build up in the composer. The

Drop off point Collection point

Waste is transported by barge in containers to the site and is lifted by a hydraulic arm which allows barges to drop off loads without the need to dock.

The linear drop of and collection strip acts as a runway which specific districts would be scheduled to drop off waste to a ridged timetable.

system is self cleaning and self revitalising.

Collect methane

The structure allows easy collect of methane gas through a series of cylinders positioned on the roof of the tower.

Collect compost

Aerate compost

Hydrate composted material

Compost accumulates at the base of the structure and continues its journey as a recycled product.

The compost is aerated as turning the materials

Rain water acts as a medium to both mix the organ-

is the best way to supply the nutrients to micro organisms throughout the composer

ic material and filters toxins from the composted material. the system allows for rainwater to penetrate if moisture levels fall or toxin level rise.

THE WASTE MACHINE Site location

Orientation

Ground floor plan

Section

25 m

200 m 13,000 ton of waste per day is 114m2 area per day need to

The aerodynamic form is design to reduce the wind pressure

store are process waste

on the structure by orientating it towards the prevailing wind.

First floor plan

Second floor - control centre

Entrance - Barges waste drop off point Automated mechanical system separates waste Empty crates are loaded back on to barge Through access for loading/unloading

Bio-digestor 1 2 3

Post processing of seperated waste (Plastics - biological & biodegradable waste)

1 - Monitoring exchange of 2 - Plant room 3 - WC 4 - Kitchen 5 - Entrance 6 - Circulation routes 7 - Monitoring barges.

materials

1 - Central core 2 - Bio-Digestor 3 - Structure