Richard Laycock Abstract Machines Year 2 - Semester 1
Abstract Machines Studio The aim of our studio is to simulate through computational mythologies the vast array of environment & structural vectors on a given form and allow the form to be influenced by these vectors. Real time feedback becomes the way in which we communicate both to and through our Architecture
Contents Chapter _1.0
- Proposition
Chapter _2.0
-
Chapter _3.0
- How much waste
Chapter _4.0
- Information Systems
Chapter _5.0
- Solution
Chapter _6.0
- Precedents
Chapter _7.0
- Digital Swarm Based Architecture
Chapter _8.0
- Digital Simulations
-
Waste Investigation
Appendicies
Chapter _1.0
-
Proposition
Waste is a land consuming entity, however what if we could transform this potential resource in to a habbitable space which generates land. This thesis proposition is to harvest NYC’s waste streams through the use of a series of seperation technologies & up-cycle these valuable resources to create an intervention which goes against the current trends of how we see waste.
Proposition diagram
This system would not only look at one specific waste material but a broad range, potentially all materials, with the development of new technological sorting systems to include biotech digestion. This would encompass carefully monitored systems to prevent heavy traffic and backlog. The diagrma below demonstrates a simple workflow.
Methane Monitored
Waste IN
Leachates Compost
Factory Sort
Biological waste
Process Sorted waste OUT
Bio-digestion
Chapter _2.0
-
Waste Investigation
Manhattan is currently or the verge of massive change. The driver for this change has manifested itself in the form of landfills reaching capacity, coupled with rising costs of both transporting and disposing of waste out of State. This investigation analyses the current waste disposal systems and to seek a precedent for future technologies capable of dealing with waste more efficiently. Following on from the research, the design will connect the issues above.....
Research area New York City is located on one of the coordinates 40.6700째 N, 73.9400째 W
worlds largest natural harbours,
North
Europe
America
North
North Atlantic
Tropic of
Asia
Cancer
Africa
Equator Indian
South
Tropic of
Ocean
America
Capricorn South
South
Pacific
Atlantic
Pacific
New York State
The Five Boroughs
New York State is positioned on the north east coast of America which is prone to flooding.
New York City
New York city is positioned on the south east side of America consists of FIVE boroughs, each of which is a county of New York State. The five boroughs were consolidated into a single city in 1898
New York City consists of FIVE boroughs, each of which is a county of New York State. The five boroughs were consolidated into a single city in 1898
Density & population The population of New York City as of 2012 was 8.7 million people with an average density of 20,000 people per square mile with Manhattan, the Bronx, parts of Queens and Brooklyn some census tracts are higher then 100,000 per sq kilometre
Population as a Percentage of NYC
Brooklyn population 2,566,824 Queens population 2,273,151
Bronx
30.1%
2.50 Million
27.3%
2.25 Million
2.00 Million
Manhattan
Manhattan population 1,619,263 Bronx population 1,408,239
1.75 Million
Queens
1.5 Million
19.4%
16.8% 1.25 Million
1 Million
Brooklyn State Island population 470,728
0.75 Million
Staten Island
5.6%
0.5 Million
Million people 0 %
5.6%
16.8%
19.4%
The population of New York City by boroughs 2012
27.3%
30.1%
Area KM2 vs density Area as a Percentage of NYC
Density of Boroughs
Queens
282 sq kilometres Queens 8,060 people sq kilometre
36.1%
300 275
Brooklyn
14,181 people sq kilometre
Brooklyn
250
181 sq kilometres
225
State Island 153 sq kilometres
200 175
Bronx 109 sq kilometres
150
23.2%
State Island 3, 076 people sq kilometre
19.6%
Bronx 12,191 people sq kilometre Manhattan 28,408 people sq kilometre
125 100 75
Manhattan 57 sq kilometres
50
7.3%
13.9%
Square Kilometres 0 %
NYCs
7.3%
13.9%
19.6%
23.2%
667 square kilometres with square kilometres of wetland and shores with low levels of water. five boroughs have a total land area of
a further
36.1%
117.3
0k
5k
10k
15k
20k
25k
30k
When the population figures are overlain it shows startling results that 28,408 people live in 7.3% NYC land area.
Why statistics are important People
waste
NYC produces over 3.2 million tons of waste every year through residential, commercial and private waste streams
This thesis will investigate the current system of where the waste comes from & what happens to it from the moment New Yorkers throw it away. This investigation describes innovative technologies that change the way we see waste. The end result is to produce a system capable of dealing with the all the waste NYC produces in its entirety but also, address future concerns of potential flooding
NYC - Waste - 2013 As with any city New York City is looking for an economically viable soltions. for waste disposal
8 million people
NYC’s
has over
8
million residents
who migrate to the city daily
1000’s Businesses
Construction projects
1000’s of businesses generate a mas-
NYC’s
construction industry pro-
sive amount of waste which is not see
duces waste in the form of rubble
DOS - 13,000 Tons
Visitors
NYC’s
has over
130,000
36,200 Tons tourists
every day visiting the city this figure
Producing
over
36,200
tons of
waste daily is an alarming issue
The city’s department of sanitation deals with 13,000 tons of waste every day
does not include residents who mi-
as a problem
grate to the city daily
Private companies
Landfill dependency
Freshkills closes
Collection costs 2008
$400m
2013
$658m 2000
$300m
2005
$1.25b
The remainder is dealt with by private carting company’s
During
relied on a number of landfills for
In December 2001 the city’s last landfill, Freshkills on Staten Island
waste disposal
closed
the twentieth century the city
Disposal costs
The
city’s annual bill for collecting
658 million in 2000 to 1.25 billion dollars in 2008, residential trash jumped from
The city’s annual bill for disposing of the waste has jumped from 300 million in 2005 to 400 million today.
Transport costs
Most
of the higher costs are due
to transportation costs and paying other states to landfill NYC waste.
Infrastructure required The Department of Sanitation serves the City out of 59 Districts, using approximately 5,700 vehicles that include:
7,197
2,048
275
365
Uniformed Sanitation Workers and Supervisors
Civilian Workers
Specialized collection trucks
Salt/sand spreaders
2,230
450
298
2,360
Collection trucks
Mechanical street sweepers
Front end loaders
Various other support vehicles
Department of Sanitation expenditure The resulting issue of increased waste and closed local land fills results in, land-filling out of state, however doing so is prohibitively expensive and environmentally unsound. Therefore in 2006 the city devised a 20-year solid waste management plan.
1.75 Billion
1.27 Billion
1.5 Billion
1.25 Billion
1 Billion
711 Million
750 Million
500 Million
1998
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
The department of sanitation annual bill for collecting and disposing residential trash jumped from about $658 million in 2000 and to about one and a quarter billion dollars in 2014.
Currently all waste which is not designate for recycling ends up in landfills. Landfills represent a narcissistic society where ugly is hidden and the concept of ‘out of sight is out of mind’is regarded as the norm. Currently all of these landfills are located outside NYC
NYC marine transfer stations The city has been gathering its garbage at theses specific locations and simply trucking its garbage to landfills in neighbouring states, Many of which are also nearing capacity.
01. MN - West 135th street 02. MN - East 91st street 03. MN - West 59th street 04. MN - Gansevoort 05. BX - South bronx 06. QN - North shore 07. BK - Greenpoint 08. BK - Hamilton avenue 09. BK - Southwest brookyln 10. SI - Fresh Kills
The department of sanitation annual bill for collecting and disposing residential trash jumped from about $658 million in 2000 and to about one and a quarter billion dollars in 2008. The cost of disposal has grown from $300 million in 2005 to about $400 million today.
Out of state waste management
The resulting issues, land-filling garbage out of state. But doing so is prohibitively expensive and environmentally unsound, so in 2006 the city devised a 20-year solid waste management plan.
Waste streams This generic waste types mentioned are not specific to New York, however they are present throughout out planet
Agricultural
This is generally waste that can be composted but LAWS dictate what can and can NOT be composted
Animal by-products (ABP’s)
Timber
Bio
waste includes, but is
Wood
Building
Construction
Animal bodies, parts of animals, prod-
Biological
ucts obtained from animals that are
not limited to;
Petri dishes, surgical
business sectors and includes local
unwanted material produced di-
not fit or intended for human con-
wraps, culture tubes, syringes, nee-
authority waste. It can be made up of
rectly or incidentally by the con-
sumption.
dles, blood vials, absorbent material,
treated and untreated wood.
waste comes from various
waste consists of
Hazardous
Hazardous wastes are materials that exhibit one or more of the traits, ignitable, reactive, corrosive, toxic.
struction or industries.
personal protective equipment and pipette tips.
Catering
Electrical (WEEE)
Packaging
Refuse derived fuel (RDF’s)
End of lift vehicles (ELV’s)
Total 3,261,750 tons
per year is exported from the city
All
is a fuel
Packaging is the technology of en-
cooking oil originating in restau-
produced by shredding and dehydrat-
closing or protecting products for
rants, catering facilities and kitch-
ing solid waste.
distribution, storage, sale, and use.
waste food including used
Refuse-derived
fuel
(RDF)
ens, including central kitchens and
Laminated
household kitchens
metals
card,
plastics,
wood,
Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Electronic-disposal, waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices
European legislation is pushing for 85% of the content of end-of-life vehicles to be recycled.
Landfill issues Explosive gases
Produce Leachates
Leachates, defined as water that has percolated through the wastes (rainwater or groundwater seepage), a source of soil and groundwater contamination,
Attract Vectors
A
If landfills are located within a 100
run way must demonstrate the landfill
year floodplain it must not restrict the flow of the 100 year flood or al-
10,000
sions at least every three months, if levels are high a re-mediation plan must be made
gency clean ups must comply with
does not pose a bird hazard,
within 60 days
state laws
must be made aware of landfills within
Cover material
Wetlands
feet of a
Any
Open burning of waste is not permitted, however, diseased trees, emer-
program
to check methane gas emis-
Floodplains
Airports
Air quality
landfill within
Airports
Landfills are NOT permitted to build or expand in to wetlands. Unless no sitting alternative is available.
low wash out of solid waste
a 5 mile radius
Ground monitoring
Vectors are rodents, insects, birds or any animal that is capable of transmitting disease to humans, application of cover ma-
Landfills must be covered with a least 6
Ground water monitoring is carried
inches of earthen material at the end of each operating day to control vector,
terial stops vectors
Sampling program
Corrective action
Lack of irrigation
Corrective
out using a series of wells positioned
Samples are taking at least twice a year to access the quality of the up-most
potential remedies, holding public meet-
fying and landfill rotation method,
throughout the landfill
aquifer beneath the landfill boundary
ings to discuss the potential.
the
however many older landfills, fail at
fires, odours, little and scavenging, oth-
remedy has been selected the owner of the
providing water when its needed most.
er covers may be used if design correctly
landfill is responsible for carrying
action involves evaluating
Once
Water
is the primary cleansing puri-
Continues.... Lack of microbes
Lack of oxygen
Oxygen is the primary life source used by As
Ineffective degeneration
The
Cost to design
Maintenance cost
Since
Environment cost
older system and many newer
The environmental cost only becomes
the microorganisms as they feed off out
lack of oxygen there is a reduced volume
system is creating a fundamental flaw
implemented systems create does more
system still have fundamentally poor
clear when its too late and thus we
waste recycle waste in to gas.
of microbes and thus materials are not
with the whole concept of land-filling.
harm then good.
planning they always result in high
need to act now and design new sys-
prolonged maintenance costs
tems away from resources
a direct result of lack of water and
lack of design within these key
Retrofitting
and re-mediating poorly
breaking down.
Biggest issues Materials not sorted
Processing materials
As materials are not sorted before being Materials need to be assessed before they landfilled up to 65% is biomass and a end up in a landfill as space is a limiting further 25% is plastic. Recycle incen- factor with a growing population tives need to be implemented earlier in the system
Creating links
As materials are not sorted before being landfilled up to 65% is biomass and a further 25% is plastic. Recycle incentives need to be implemented earlier in the system, open-source provides a way of finding out what is in the system.
Products from waste
Biomass can be used to generate new income streams in the form of solid fuel. Gasses are released from the microbes that feed off the waste, what else can we use
Reduce
All
Recycle
reduce waste this needs to start at a
Recycling needs to become more than a gimmick. From a micro scale all
micro scale with individuals dealing
things are made from elements and
with their waste pragmatically
right now through advances in tech-
though the current trend is to
nology we can recycle all manor of things, however it currently someone else’s problem
Chapter _3.0 The system (machine) becomes a node
-
How much waste
Scale of the intervention
for all waste in the local area and aims to deal with historically landfills site in the hope of remediating the areas and creating new land.
LANDFILLED TYPOLOGIES & VOLUMES
The graphs represents a volumetric display in TONS of waste typologies currently being sent to landfill EVERY DAY
The total combined figures for the year is 2.4 million tons of waste currently being sent to landfill every year
Generating this volume of waste shows a major lack of concern regarding the future of resources. It also represents a
disconnected society incapable of simple problem solving
The figures shown are accurate in terms of volumes of waste produced, however the volume of waste dissipates over time due to decomposition.
Decomposition rate time-scales can vary widely due to types of compound. This is largely influenced by chemical structure and other influencing factors such at exposure of solar radiation and or exposure to certain environmental conditions.
Landfill decomposition rates
Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler forms of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space.
If you put these item in a landfill now, they would decompose by:
Next month
Next year
2060 ad
Paper bags degrade very quickly due to the na-
Wool
ture of the product its easily broken down by
and
tions within a landfill and a high build up of
types of plastic with complex chemical struc-
natural conditions.
under natural conditions will be completely
toxins and acids. 50 years
tures and as such are very hard for microbes to
socks degrade at a reasonable rates
broken down by the micro organisms
Aluminium
cans degrade due to the condi-
1,002,010 ad
Plastic
beakers are normally made for durable
break down. 1 million years
1,500,000 ad
Glass bottles are made using simple materials but because the bonds are produced under extreme heat it’s near impossible to for organisms to break the bonds down. 1.5 millions
None decomposable The figures show the reasoning why landfills reach capacity since almost half the item placed in a landfill do not degrade in a time-scale we can conceive.
VERTICAL SCALE 111 DAYS
If the waste was stacked in a tower was 30 x 30 squared placed in one ton boxes each one meter x 1 meter the tower would reach 1km within 111 day, over 3km a year.
300M
33 DAYS
200M
22 DAYS
100M
11 DAYS
CHANGSHA J220
45 DAYS
400M
BURJ KHALIFA
56 DAYS
KVLY TV MAST WARSAW RADIO MAST
500M
CN TOWER
67 DAYS
WILLIS TOWER
600M
WORLD TRADE CENTER
78 DAYS
TAIPEI 101
700M
PETRONAS TOWERS
89 DAYS
EMPIRE STATES BUILDING
800M
EIFFEL TOWER
100 DAYS
GREAT PYRAMID
900M
Horizontal scale If the waste was placed in one ton boxes each 1 x 1 meter the total area covered reach 6km2 within 2 months which happens to with the width of Manhattan.
6 Months
Total area of 14 km2 equivalent to 1.2 million tons.
would
12 Months
Total area of 30 km2 equivalent to 2.5 million tons.
24 Months
Total area of 60 km2 equivalent to 7.4 million tons.
48 Months
Total area of 120 km2 equivalent to 14.8 million tons.
Chapter _4.0
-
Informational Systems
Informational systems looks at volumes of waste materials in comparrison to scales and interprets the specific volumes of waste generated daily with the aim of understanding the size and scale of the given intervention. This section looks at interpreting information based on specific volumes of waste in to specific areas of the given building. This is then used as a developmental starting point for the designing of an up-cycling centre and its volumetric spaces.
SCIPTING INPUTS
This script was generated to represent a volumetric display in TONS of waste typologies currently being sent to landfill over various timescales. This is used as one of a fundamental rules of input for design
_02 - SERIES OF POINTS
_06 - GENERATES TEXT
_03 - STATISTICS & VOLUMES
_01 - LANDFILL STATISTICS
_04 - VOLUMES x DAYS
_05 - GENERATES AREAS FROM VOLUMES
_02 - SERIES OF POINTS
_03 - STATISTICS & VOLUMES
Points are generated in a series to become start
Volumes
positions for the data and volumes
total waste generated daily by dividing the annual
are generated using the square root of the
waste by 360 (accuracy here is not vital)
_05 - GENERATES AREAS FROM VOLUMES
The
volumes are generated in a z direction showing
quickly the difference of waste generated daily
_06 - GENERATES TEXT
The volumes are wire-framed for the visual and display the total volume to date base on days running
DAY _01
DAY _02
DAY _03
DAY _04
DAY _05
DAY _06
ORGANIC COMPOSTABLE
YARD TRIMMINGS
FOOD SCRAPS
being sent to landfill over a period of time.
HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS
of waste typologies currently
E-WASTE
TONS
C & C DEBRIS
graphs demonstrates a volumetric display in
OTHER PLASTIC
The
OTHER MATERIAL
TEXTILE & CARPETS
WASTE TYPOLOGIES & VOLUMES
FURTHER LOGIC - VOLUMES VS AREA The graphs represents a volumetric display in TONS PER MONTH of waste typologies currently being sent to landfill
_02 - SQUARE VOLUME _04 - SECONDS SERIES
_05 - THIRD SERIES
_03 - FIRST SERIES _01 - DATA
_02 - SQUARE VOLUME
The first box is generated 0-x,0y,-z position
using a point in a
_03 - FIRST SERIES
_04 - SECONDS SERIES
_05 - THIRD SERIES
The point is moved in a series in the x direction times the
The series of points in the x position are then moved in a
square root of the volume of waste generated daily
series in a y position times the square root of the original
The result is a parametric space generator based upon the days of waste generated, essentially providing detailed
waste generated each day
information of space requirement based upon how many days have passed.
VOLUME’S OVER TIME
_03 - 16M2 BASE X 125M HIGH
Digrams 1-3 show examples of the same volume over various areas. Showing how this could influence the design of a building. Diagrams 4-6 display an example of a specific area with increasing volumes over time.
_03 - 20M2 BASE X 80M HIGH
_02 - 27M2 BASE X 45M HIGH _01 - 40M2 BASE X 28M HIGH
_04 - 5 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 5M HIGH
_05 - 15 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 15M HIGH
_05 - 15 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 15M HIGH
_06 - 30 DAYS, 83M2 BASE, 30M HIGH
Transport loading capacity To transport 1500 tons you would need:-
Open dry cargo barge
195 Feet Long 1,530 Ton Capacity
58 truck can carry 1500 tons
15 Jumbo rail hoppers can carry 1500 tons
_ - Covered dry cargo barge
195 Feet Long 1,500 Ton Capacity
Chapter _5.0
-
Solution
A PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF WASTE Biological systems analysis hold many keys and secrets to a symbiotic relationship between integrated systems. - Integrated systems feed each others
Biological closed loop system Biological systems are as a cog in a machine, each system feeds another, waste is not waste, its simply fuel for another system. These symbiotic relationships are the key to dealing with our waste.
Co2
Man-made linear system In a linear system waste is seen as a product with no value, a resource we want rig off. Value becomes the currency by which we determine waste
Controlling waste - potential resources Understanding the complex nature of political environmental and public pressures will only take us so far on the road to a new discovery.
Option 1
Option 2
Incentive scheme
Option 3
Current system
Automated resource mining
People, Individuals, company’s will receive a price per KG for materials recycled
Government pressure to ban the use of none recyclables, Issues with this being is (None recyclables) actually means too expensive to currently recycle (ie its cheaper to use virgin material)
Automated sorting is already being utilised on a number of processes which until very recently were highly intensive labourers procedures.
Issues
Issues
Issues
- System need complex rules, utilizing several bin typologies - It needs to be monitored closely - How do you control what enters the system - Where would the waste go - How would it be processed
- We continue to mine virgin resources and bury them after a single use - Loss of habitation for animals and ourselves - Poor air quality - Major food concerns - Depleted food stocks and contaminated oceans due to leachates
- Need to identify 2.4 million tons of waste every year - Machine need a power source - Machine needs a way of distributing materials - How big is this machine? - Where should it be positioned
Requiring:-
Requiring -
Requiring
- Storage for individual waste on street corners with several bin types - Site required for storage and processing of waste - The system would require manual intervention at multiple stages - Controlling human interaction with harmful toxins - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources
- Bioremediation - Mining our landfills for resources - Create complex systems of siving through our purified waste - All of this, In search of resources we managed poorly - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources
- Network of smaller machines serving the master machine - Automated sorting - separating technologies - Series of automated conveyor belts to move materials - Storage units capable of dealing with volumes being produced - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources
Automated sorting
Automated sorting
Hybrid
Automated sorting
Automated separation
technologies - Resource mining
Waste disposal companies dealing with the sorting of materials will commonly use one or more of these five methods:
Trommel separators
These
separate materials according to their
particle size.
Waste is fed into a large rotating
drum which is perforated with holes of a certain size.
Materials
smaller than the diameter
of the holes will be able to drop through, but larger particles will remain in the drum.
Eddy current separator
This method is specifically for the separation of metals. An ‘eddy current’ occurs when a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic field. Put simply, it is an electromagnetic way of dividing ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Induction sorting
Material
Near infrared sensors
is sent along a conveyor belt with
a series of sensors underneath.
These
sensors
(NIR) When
materials are illuminated they
mostly reflect light in the near infrared wave-
locate different types of metal which are then
length spectrum.
separated by a system of fast air jets which are
guish between different materials based on the
The NIR
sensor can distin-
linked to the sensors.
way they reflect light.
X-ray technology
X-rays can be used to distinguish between different types of waste based on their density.
Resource management systems There were 26 active municipal solid waste landfills, 16 active industrial/commercial waste landfills, 12 construction and demolition (C&D) landfills, and 5 active Long Island landfills.
Prevent
Reuse/salvage
waste
Recycle
materials
Current
In 2012, 10.7 million tons of solid waste were
focus
disposed of in New York State landfills,
New
The current focus is towards recycling waste
products
products however this is not fully resolved and as such the are still many forms of waste ending up in
Landfill
landfills
Prevention of production seems the obvious
The concept of up-cycling uses the idea of recy-
choice, however this would required a huge
cling but without the industrial process of reform-
push from governments to enforce a ban on
ing, recycling can be turning a used water bottle in
none recyclables
to a table.
DEFINING WASTE Waste is anything, to waste is to misuse, throw away something with apparent value Problems with scenario 1
Scenario 1
Lack of communication between the two entity’s Cost of travel/transportation of waste/goods Solutions E-bay is just one of the ways we have managed to recycle goods by turning waste in to profit.
Regardless of whether your are the head of a major co-operation or an individual who works from home. The truth is we all produce waste.
Profit
Company
FUEL TANK
What is equally true is ‘One man’s/company’s rubbish is another man’s/company’s treasure’ Unfortunately this is also only true on
This method of converting waste in to revenue only works well with
a macro scale
the connection tends to be within close proximity to the source
products which essentially still have life or value left in them and also
Alternate waste
Profit PRODUCTS
ADDITION
Profit
Non-Profit
The system we are currently employing is driven (FUELLED) like an engine
WASTE
COMBINED
PRODUCT
TOXIC
FURTHER TREATMENT
PRODUCT
Whilst one side of the engine produce is highly profitable, there tends to be a large exhaust of waste.
There are many examples of feeding waste back in to new systems but the best place to find highly efficient closed loop systems is biological systems as demonstrated previously
Chapter _6.0
-
Preceedents
If we can give waste a value then attitudes would not be so quick to discard of this obvious resource.
Recycling plastic Traditional way of making plastic 90 % of metals are recovered Less than 5 % of plastic is actually recycled if it makes it to a recycling centre, Most plastic is incinerated or landfilled Most people think plastic is a throw away material with very little value, but actually plastics are several times more valuable than steel and there is more plastic produced and consumed around the world on a volume basis every year then steel
So why is it not recycled, well because metals
Future of making plastic
are predominantly easy to recycle from one another and other material.
Metals have different density’s, Different electrical and magnetic properties, and different colours making them very easy for machines to separate.
Plastics have overlapping density’s over a very narrow range
Identical or very similar electrical or magnetic properties
The traditional way to make plastic is with oil or petrochemicals
You break down the molecules and recombined them in very specific ways to make all the wonderful types of plastic that we each enjoy
Pelets are produced and sold for the remolding of products.
Waste
is plentiful and growing in
supply
Lower cost and not tied to oil
Lower capital costs 80 - 90 percent lower energy More flexible plant
Saves 1-3 tons of CO2 ton plastic Closes the loop on recycled plastics Sustainable product
Dirk van der kooij Designer Dirk Van Der Kooij used his famous 3D printing robot named Fanuc to create sustainable design Innovation, The robot makes furniture from recycled fridges and e-waste
The G-CODE slices are a path which the robotic arm
The slices produce a 3 dimensional object which is built
number of automated systems and stored ready for use
follows whilst extruding the melted plastic
up over a number of layers
The stored plastic is the bagged and taken to the ro-
The
bot
translate a given design in to slices known as
When the object has been printed the final point can be pushed down to create a smooth finish.
The final object, chair is a fully functunal chair which is printing using waste materials.
E-waste is used as a source of material income
The
plastic is shredded, cleaned and separated using a
robot uses a series of cad software packages to
G-CODE
LARGE SCALE 3D PRINTING - D-shape http://www.d-shape.com/contatti.htm
D-shape The new 3D CAD software allows architects to conceive and design large scale constructions easily. existing building methods do not allow the full potential of the new design software to be achieved. D-Shape is a new robotic building system using new materials to create superior stone-like structures. This is similar to what an ink-jet printer does on a sheet of paper.
Computer model - meshed
Final structure
Large scale 3d printer The system
Current systems
This new machinery enables full-size sandstone buildings to be made without human intervention, using a stereo-lithography 3-D printing process that requires only sand and an inorganic binder to operate. Allowing a level of
Existing materials such as reinforced concrete The process begins with a 3D Computer model and masonry is expensive and inflexible. To build a in a STL file format. This is imported into the complex concave-convex surfaces would require Computer program that controls D-Shape’s the pre-fabrication of expensive form-works and printer head. During the printing of each section cages, the mounting of complicate scaffolding a ‘structural ink’ is deposited by the printer’s and then the manual casting. This is very expennozzles on the sand. The solidification process sive. takes 24 hours
precision and freedom of design unheard of in the past.
The process
New materials
Advantages
The binder transforms any kind of sand into a marble-like material and with a resistance and traction much superior to Portland Cement,
Allows more advanced design and construction.
so much so that there is no need to use iron to
Four times faster than traditional building methods.
reinforce the structure. This artificial marble is indistinguishable from real marble and chemi-
30%-50% lower than manual methods.
cally it is one hundred percent environmentally friendly.
no human intervention means substantially reduced risk of accidents.
POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES _01 - POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
Composites can be defined as materials that consist of two or more materials which may be chemically different from each other. The different systems are combined to achieve a system with greater structural or functional properties
On the basis of matrix phase, composites can be classified into metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and polymer matrix composites (PMCs) The classifications according to types of reinforcement are
of the constituent alone. Essentially the sum whole the parts is greater then
particulate composites
the sum of the parts
Composites are combinations of materials differing in composition, where the Individual constituents retain their separate identities. These separate constituents act together to give the necessary mechanical strength or stiffness to the composite part.
Composite material is a material composed of two or more distinct phases (matrix phase and dispersed phase) and having bulk properties significantly different from those of any of the constituents. Matrix phase is the primary phase having a continuous character. Matrix is usually more ductile and less hard phase. It holds the dispersed phase and shares a load with it. Composites in structural applications have the following characteristics:
PMCs are used for manufacturing in:-
Recent work on 3D FRP composites includes the following:-
. Aerospace structures: The military aircraft industry has mainly led the use of polymer composites. In commercial airlines, the use of composites is gradually increasing. Space shuttle and satellite systems use graphite/ epoxy for many structural parts. . Marine: Boat bodies, canoes, kayaks, and so on as well as automotive: Body panels, leaf springs, drive shaft, bumpers, doors and racing car bodies. . Sports goods: Golf clubs, skis, fishing rods, tennis rackets
Like all traditional materials of construction, GRP also has an inherent limitation – it has a low modulus of elasticity (stiffness). However, this drawback
.Bridges made of polymer composite materials are gaining wide acceptance due to their lower weight, corrosion resistance, longer life cycle, and limited earthquake damage.
Particle reinforcement
Natural Fiber Composites Glass, carbon, Kevlar, and boron fibres are being used as reinforcing materials in fibre reinforced plastics, which have been widely accepted as materials for structural and non-structural applications
. Chemical storage tanks, pressure vessels, piping, pump body, valves,
. They are made by mixing the separate materials in such a way as to achieve controlled and uniform dispersion of the constituents.
Laminar reinforcement
. Fabrication of FRP composite products by preform consolidation followed by liquid molding.
Designing with GRP
. Biomedical applications: Medical implants, orthopaedic devices, X-ray tables.
from the properties of their constituents
. Manufacturing of 3D preforms by weaving, braiding, knitting, and stitching.
. Bulletproof vests and other armour parts.
. They generally consist of two or more physically distinct and mechanically separable materials.
. They have superior mechanical properties and in some cases uniquely different
Recent Advances in Polymer Composites FRP Composites fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are used in almost every type of advanced engineering structure. This includes developments in high performance resin systems and new styles of reinforcement, such as carbon nano-tubes and nano-particles
. Electrical: Panels, housing, switchgear, insulators, and connectors. And many more.
Flake reinforcement
Continuous woven fibre
has been successfully overcome by structural design engineers over the years through effective use of the principles of geometry.
If GRP is to be successfully used in load bearing components in construction, its structural form must be chosen as to overcome the apparent lack of stiffness in the overall structure.
The required rigidity of the structure is then derived from its shape rather than from the material – the strength of the structure is, of course, only a function of the structure of the material.
Discontinuous fibre reinforcement
Skeletal reinforcement
LANDFILLS ANALYSIS Landfill technology
Methenogen origin
Landfill technology has not changed in the last 20 years, we still excavate large amounts of earth and clay and line the hole with membrane, nowadays its more advanced and synthetic. We fill the hole with waste and cover it up.
Methanogenic
microorganisms are found in the guts of
mammals where they are responsible for the methane content of belching in ruminants and flatulence in humans
05 04 02 03 01
Methenogenic organisms
EPA - Criteria for Solid Waste Disposal Facilities A Guide for Owners/Operators
Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic by-product in anoxic conditions. Livestock such as cattle assimilate their food through a process called enteric fermentation.
_01 - LINER SYSTEM
_02 - PUMPS
_03 - PROBES
_04 - FINAL COVER
_05 - METHANE
Clay and plastic lining to
Lechates, waste run off is
Specially designed wells and
When the landfill is full
Pipes collect explosive meth-
prevent leaks from waste run
pumped up to storage tank for
probes are used to detect
layers of soil and clay seal in
ane gas which is emitted from
off. This is made up from sand,
further treatment safe dis-
the landfill as a by product
posal, the treatment consists
Leachate or methane leaks outside landfill. This data is
waste and then the 30 year
a synthetic liner, clay and
monitoring program begins.
occurring through the
subsoil
of dehydrating the waste run
used premaritally to prevent
This can often be costly and
digestion of organic waste by
off and extracting the water
damage to the environment.
require a number of complex
microbial organisms. Methane
leaving high concentration
systems to keep the closed
is used as fuel to generate
of toxic mixes.
landfill perimeter safe.
electricity.
Landfill concept Overall
Landfill issues
Irrigation
Lack of microbes
Methenogenic in landfills Its the same methenogens that survive and live within landfills and help with the break down of biological waste. Refference http://www.ehow.com/about_5380594_bacteria-life-cycle.html
29/12/13
Ineffective degeneration
Solution lies in
Item such as battery’s, toxins and chemi- As a direct result of poor irrigation sys- As a direct result of lack of water and The lack of design within these key Materials need to be assessed before they cals find there way in to landfills which tems, landfills often stunt the growth of lack of oxygen there is a reduced volume system is creating a fundamental flaw end up in a landfill as space is a limiting isms ability to break down complex biolog- create dangerous mixes which collect at microbial reproduction. this is inefficient of microbes and thus materials are not with the whole concept of land-filling factor with a growing population ical waste in to food for another system the bottom of the landfill and need to be breaking down as fast as they should resulting with landfills reaching caremoved as leeching in to the environment pacity much soon they designed. landfilling is a concept borrow
from nature which utilizes micro organ-
would be devastating
MICRO STRUCTURES _01 - BIRO-MIMICRY Solutions that benefit from a 3.8 billion year research and development period. In nature Julian Vincent states ‘material is expensive and shape is cheap’ Nature makes extremely economical use of materials
_01
_02
_03
_01 - VENUS FLOW BASKET
_02- BIRD SKULL
_03- REPRODUCING BIRD SKULL STRUCTURE
Euplectella, the Venus flower basket glass sponge - made from
Skulls in general are extraordinary impact-resistant structures
silica at ambient temperatures and pressure with five or more
and extremely light at the same time as they protect the most impor-
The form and functionally of this particular structure developed by Andrew Harris shows a remarkable move from mimicking form to the computational power of designing form.
levels of hierarchy.
tant organs of an animal body and this performance and physical property can be applied in structure or architecture design
MATERIAL CONSIDERATION http://www.fibergrate.co.uk/applications.asp
_01 - Structure
_02 - External surface/cladding
_03 - Seasonal
_04 - Sustainability
The material choice for the structure is a choice between two composite materials.
The external cladding and internal structure would ideally be printed from the same materi-
Evidence of GRPs in harsh environments like the gulf shows the potential.
The system itself it a new, cleaner approach to
Plastic currently could be considered a free
dealing with waste which takes the lead role in
untapped resource which very soon will be come
dealing with waste alternatively. Landfills are
a currency of its own.
al however both system would have different
Option 1
levels of priority.
The advanced manufacturing of D-shape stone.
The image below is a section from cinder toffee. As the cooler air on the outside sets the toffee, the air gets trapped inside leaving behind a complex yet random structural framework within.
Option 2
means the structure could be printed from sand and a special glue which creates sand-
Uses a glass fibre reinforced polymer composite (GPR). GRP is glass reinforced plastic (sometimes called FRP - fibreglass reinforced plastic, which has many advantages over steel.
The Burj Al Arab Hotel in Dubai uses GRP panels for cladding. The gulf suffers violent sandstone and huge temperature variation throughout its height. Often at its base the
are singular actions which are truly irresponsible.
It’s materials for the construction of the biodigestor will be derived from recycled materials.
The process is interesting however being able to
The use of GRP’s is become more and more
Options of dealing with plastic
control the density of air within the structure
evident as science and engineers are pushing the
would create a truly sustainable use of material.
boundary of material science.
Option 1
The surface of the structure could have no perforations creating a multi-functioning sealed
The There is further evidence of GRP’s being utilized in polar extreme environments. for example the Halley VI Antarctic Research Station by Hugh Broughton Architects, Brunt Ice Self, Antarctica.
The current system of dealing with plastic is pay
Temperatures regularly plummet to below -50˚C, winds can reach over 100mph.
Often waste get dumped at sea as its firre to do if you don’t get caught and this is causing one
colour.
Application Sound With its corrosion-resistant, slip-resistant, flame redundancy, impact absorbency, non-conductivity, high strength-to-weight
Having a number of changing density creates a
properties which had made them unique in
through the structure and cladding systems
the renewable energy generation for use as
without the need for insulation.
turbine blades
the epitome of unsustainable thinking as they
temperatures often reach 50˚C.
unit from one singular compost material in any
someone to put it in landfill which its causes significant damage to the environment.
Option 2
of the greatest environmentally damaging issues
natural sound barrier so noise will be stopped
This kind of cladding system has been put together, in response to very challenging conditions.
_05 - Cost & availability
man has ever begin involved with.
The great pacific garbage patch
Our ability to manipulate plastic and give it rigidity, make it flame retardant. Increase it ability to withstand extreme heat and cold temperatures make its an ideal material for a construction material.
The government proposal Mayor Bloombewrg devised a 20 year waste management plan which created economically viable ways of dealing with the volume of waste being produced.
In his first term, Mayor Michael Bloomberg mapped out an equitable plan
Districts of NYC
4 1
3
The Michael Bloomberg Promise 2
NEW High-Tech
The complex proposal was designed to make each borEssentially throwing
and limit the distances to reach marine barges, railways
micro garbage transfer stations in to the mix
or out-of-state trash facilities.
ough take care of its own trash.
It was also supposed to help limit noisy garbage trucks
LOW Smell Facilities
MTS are positioned in Lower-income Communities Brooklyn
Queens
The Bronx
Staten Island
The planned MTS issues and obejections Each district needs to deal with their own rubbish. This means reopening and dramatically expanding an MTS in the Upper East Side of Manhattan that fell into disuse in 1999.
Asphate Green
Residents for Sane Trash Solutions, a 20,000-member strong community group that was formed to stop the dump from happening.
One
of their main objec-
tions is that the proposed site is directly opposite phalt Green,
Stanley M. Isaacc Neighbourhood Centre
Marine Transfer Station
As-
The industrial plant when the old MTS was first in use, this site is no longer in use and thus has attracted a vast children as a safe place to be.
There
are also fears for the health of the elderly
community who congregate at the
Neighbourhood Centre
Stanley M. Isaacs
and the thousands of low
income minorities who live in a public housing project, both of which are minutes away from the MTS site.
The Planed MT Station
Chapter _7.0 - Digital Swarm Based Architecture This section look at using algorithmic patterns to select an optimal site using a series of known parameters
Swarm theory is where multiple organisms form complex decisions using bottom up systems. Simple biological rules based systems use pheromone signatures to communicate information in much the same way all systems communicate. Through a change which creates a response. In a digital system we could refer to this as a reward or feedback system
Animals swarm because the results of swarming out weighs the sum of the parts. When enough organisms make the same decision the majority rules
When a swarm attacks or faces a problem it throws millions of solutions at the problem and some solutions might be counter intuitive or be way off target but these are individual occurrences. The majority are close
LOCATION USING GALAPAGOS LOGIC The site for the new reclamation area is governed by a number of variables which in turn all feed the system with inputs producing multiple results based on the given data.
_03 - AIRPORTS _01 - MTS FACILITIES
_04 - CLOSEST POINT
_02 - WATERWAYS
_01 - LOCATION OF MTS FACILITIES
_02 - CURRENT WATER
_03 - AIRPORTS WITH 10,000 FEET PROXIMITY’S
_04 - SHORTEST COMBINED DISTANCE TO ALL MTS’s
The sites of the current MTS (Marine Transfer Station) facilities are a vital part of the master plan, since this is
The
Based
the supply lines of all the waste
MTS facilities should be accessible from anywhere. The waterways provide this access.
The site of the current airports play a vital role with regards to positioning since no Landfill can be positioned within 10,000 feet of any airport.
site for the new reclamation area is key with re-
gards to the city and its connections to and from the
on the input values
Galapagos
tested all points in
space along the waterways and combining them for each
MTS
facility and measured the distance in seach for the
smallest number.
OPTIMAL POSITION The
site for the new reclamation area is governed by a number of variables fed into a
script.
The data can then be extrapolated to produce an optimum outcome. In this case, the optimum postion.
_02 - REPRODUCING GALAPAGOS RESULTS
Diagram 5 shows the optimum position based on mathematical data.
_01- LOCATION LOGIC
_03- LINE LENGTHS
_05 - CLOSEST POINT
Selecting the first line in a list generates the first point which is the closest to all MTS facilities
_06 - 100TH POINT
_07 - 200TH POINT
Because the lines have been sorted using a length key this
The
further down the list one travels the more com-
allows all options to be generated at the same time and
bined distance one has to travel to reach the closest
selecting any variable becomes just a slide away.
point.
_08 - 300TH POINT
The 300th point is generated nearly outside the grid.
EQUAL DISTANCE FROM AIRPORTS Diagrams 1 - 16 show a selection of potential sites which are based on equal distances from the airports
_01 - FURTHEST FROM ALL AIRPORTS
_05 - 40TH
_02 - 10TH
_06 - 50TH
_03 - 20TH
_04 - 30TH
_07 - 60TH
_08 - 70TH
_09 - 80TH
_14 - 120TH
_10 - 90TH
_15 - 130TH
_11 - 100TH
_16 - 140TH
_012 - 110TH
_17 - 150TH
GENERATING A TWO VARIABLE SYSTEM When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system.
MATHEMATICALLY PLANNED SITES - 2 VARIABLES When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system. The following diagrams demonstrate the various calculated possibilities from the two given inputs, ultimatley producing the most efficient model. The diagram with the shortest line represtnts the most efficient model
MIMICKING SWARM LOGIC The red dots represent possible solutions however when several sloutions have been simulated clusters of dots show the most reliable results.
SWARM RESULTS When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system.
5 KM
SWARM RESULTS SHOW THAT A NUMBER OF MICRO SITES WOULD FAVOUR A SINGLE MACRO SITE APPROACH When the two variables (mts facilities & airports) fight each other for best fit new information can be extracted regarding a shared reward system.
Digital Simulations
ENVIRONMENTALLY DRIVEN FORM Environmental (wind)
loading
The aerodynamic form is design to reduce the wind pressure on the structure by orientating it towards the prevailing wind.
Here the form has been shaped by environmental fores. Forces such as prevailing can be applied to a single or multiple surfaces to create a colour map of the tower. The colour map represents a digital way of simulating wind loading based on a directional curve. The tower can then be manipulated parametrically to produce a form which is design specifically to repel high winds.
Reducing the wind loads on the design creates an opportunity to design a bespoke piece of structure capable of dealing with all the environmental and internal forces present on the tower. The design will utilise structure where its needed and be hollow where there is little or no stress. Through the use of computer simulation we can create lighter cheaper architecture
STRUCTURAL sTRATEGIES _01 - Square grid
Square grids provide rigidity and flexibility as these can be standard joints and are simple to construct.
_02 - Diagonal grid
_03 - Hybrid square/dia-grid
_04 - Hexagonal grid
_05 - Double-skin space frame
Space frames consist of (2no) skins made
diagonal bracing which allows for smaller
The honeycomb structure is a new concept of equilibrium. All the elements are equally
lighter element with increased strength and
sized and space which allows for a greater
connected using linear elements which
rigidity as loads are distributed uniformly.
level of distribution of loads
creates a very strong system which begins
Diagonal grids provided increased loads
Hybrid structures utilise both square and
distribution as the joints are angled and each vertices is distributed to (2 no) vertices which distribute the loads.
from usually hybrid structures which are
to act against not just vertical loads but lateral loads too.
STRUCTURAL CONSIDERATIONS _01 - Structural section
_02 - Dead loads
_03 - Tension/compression The dead loads travel down through between the (2no) skins. The space frame works in both compression & tension de-
Here a live load is being applied
pending on what force is being
tension and the connection
from within the structure pushing outwards which causes both skins to act in
applied.
Site location Internal skeleton
External skeleton
tural system and is resigned to reduce wind
The node detail is designed to be fixed to a number of joints and keep them in place. It is
loads and unilateral forces
internal and external forces
this detail that will ensure the integrity of
The internal skin acts as the primary struc-
The outer skin acts as the secondary struc-
the structure is made from a number of
ture and enhances the overall strength of
triangular grids making this exceptionally
the structural system.
lateral and unilateral.
Nodes
The cross bracing connects the 2no skins and creates a strong bond, preventing both
The structural section has and details show
stong and able to withstand horizontal
Connection elements
the structure.
HOOP-SNAKE _01
_01
_02
_03
Hoop-snake is a simple component for grasshopper with the ability to duplicating the data it receives as its input
This is a process which is only limited by the power of the system you happen to be using. _04
_01
A line is drawn between two points
_02
The line is divided in to three sections
_03
A
point is located on the centre of the mid section
line and more the distance of the line in a Y direction
_04 FIRST ITERATION
SECOND ITERATION
THIRD ITERATION
FORTH ITERATION
The geometry feeds in to Hoop-snake and produces a single line which intersects all points
Simple rules create very complex results. This type of digitally simulating biological systems of duplication and growth is very interesting as its shows us the power of mathematical subdivision in architectural form making
HELIOTROPE _01 Heliotrope is a solar simulator which can be used to generate feedback on optimism positioning of building elements based on their requirements
_01 - WINTER SOLSTICE
_01 - SOLAR POSITION
_02 - INITIAL LINES
_03 - INITAL SURFACE
_04 - INITAL MESH
_01.1 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE
_01.2 - SUMMER SOLSTICE
_01 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 10:10
_02 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 11:10
_03 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 13:10
_04 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 14:10
_05 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 15:10
_06 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 16:10
_07 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 17:10
_08 - EQUINOX SOLSTICE - 18:10
WEVERBIRD_01 Weaverbird
_01
_03
_02
_04
is a topological modeler that contains many of the known subdivision
and transformation operators, readily usable by designers. Instead of doing the work repeatedly, or sometimes using complicated scripts, this plug-in reconstructs the shape, subdivides any mesh, even made by polylines, and helps preparing for fabrication.
_01 BASE GEOMETRY
_02 SECONDARY GEOMETRY
_02 COMBINED & MESHED
_03 WEVERBIRD SMOOTH FUNCTION
_03.1 SMOOTH 2
_03.2 SMOOTH 4
_03.3 SMOOTH 6
_03.4 SMOOTH 8
_05
_04 WBLAPLACE - 0
_04.1 WBLAPLACE - 10
_04.2 WBLAPLACE - 20
_04.3 WBLAPLACE - 20
_05 SMOOTH - 0
_05 .1 SMOOTH - 1
_05 .2 SMOOTH - 2
_05.3 SMOOTH - 3
KANGAROO PHYSICS_01 Kangaroo physics is a plugin for grasshopper which simulates stress on a given surface. The plug-in allows you to create models and apply vectors such as gravity to a given surface and then creates equilibrium within that surface to create minimalist surfaces much like the work of Frei Otto, using bubbles
_05 _04
_01 & 2
_07
_03 _06
_01 - BASED GEOMETRY
_02 - EDGES
_03 - RANDOM POPULATION OF POINTS
_04- MOVED POINTS
_05, 6, 7- GRAVITY
SIMULATING GRAVITY Here gravity is applied to a series of spheres which are positioned in 3 dimension space. A line is drawn from its start position to its real time position as it falls to the ground The animation that accompanies the images show the spheres bouncing relative to the height they were dropped
_01
_02
_03
_04
_05
_06
_07
_08
_09
_10
SIMULATING INFLATION Here a unary force is applied to a simple surfacE
_03 & 4
_01
_05
_02
_01
A basic surface is generated and its four corners are used as anchor points
_02
The surface is divided to generate a series of points
_03 & 4
A force is applied to all the points equally
_05
The surface is deformed
The
surface has been colour coded to show in more detail the stress of the com-
ponesnts/elements between the points.
_01
_02
_03
_04
_05
_06
_07
_08
_09
_10
SIMULATING DEFLATION Here a unary force is applied to a simple surface and then step by step the force is released.
_03 & 4
_01
_05
_02
The release of the force causes the material to crease unlike when its inflated. The diagrams have been colour coded to show where the stress dissipates.
_01
_02
_03
_04
_05
_06
_07
_08
_09
_10
SIMULATING STRESS Here a unary force is applied to a simple surface and then colour coded to show the stress
_01
_02 - 4
_05 - 10
Stages 1 shows a surface with no stress before teh force has been applied
Stages 2 - 4 shows the force being applied to the surface which is indi-
Stages 5 - 10 shows the force dissipating through the surface which is indicated by the surface changing colour. Notice how in stage 10 the
cated by the bright red throughout the surface
stress travels up from the anchor points to form a red arch surrounding each anchor point.
_01
_02
_03
_04
_05
_06
_07
_08
_09
_10
SIMULATING VECTOR HEIGHTS A simple geometry has been generated to simulate vector heights using colours _01
_02
_03
_06 _04
_05
_01
_02
_03
A simple surface is generated using two rail curves
A hexagonal grid is projected on to the surface
Spheres are placed at the centres of the hexagonal grid
_04
_05
_06
The surface trims the spheres in two and the top half of the spheres
A mesh is extracted from the surface which will be utilized for col-
are culled
ouring the mesh
The mesh is colour coded based on heights of each of the vertices which make up the mesh surfaces.
Conclusion Semester 1 was a research project which look in to the system of dealing with waste. However the preliminary design that emerged from the system analysis was mearly a response to the processing of waste, not an architectural solution
Appendices
Waste Machine
Building program The
building is a response to the critical issues generated by the way waste is
currently being delt with and seeks to revolutionize the way we process waste.
WASTE
AUTOMATED SEPARATING MACHINE
METALS
BIOMASS
PLASTICS
SOLD
SEPARATED
SEPARATED
ADDITIVE
Spacial requirements
INSTANT PR0FIT
SOLID
LIQUID
METHANE
EXTRACTED
BUILDING MATERIALS
Manned Special suits to be worn Oxygen/air Energy Heat Generate heat Cooling Ventilation Lighting Uninterrupted views Insulation Waterproofing
Factory
Monitoring
Bio-digestion
Delivery space The gates need to be able to handle 312,000 tons per hour. These are the loads delivered by barge daily. The system needs to be quick to prevent heavy traffic.
Storage space
Sorting facility
13,000 m2 per day 91,000 m2 per week
Movement facilities
The system needs to be able to handle the loads being delivered daily. Scale of automated sorting machine is critical. Each
This specific project is focused towards bio-digestion. For this reason a large
The bio-digestor requires highly compli-
storage tower will be constructed to
inside and promote high levels of micro-
waste stream is a different quantity
process the biomass.
bial life which in turn break down the
The graph represents a survey study which detailed the waste typology, The total remains the same 91,000 m2 per
Monitored
Waste IN
Leachates Compost
Factory
Biological waste
Process Sorted waste OUT
cated systems to monitor the conditions
biomass and produce methane
Methane
Sort
Material out
Bio-digestion
Initial concept 1 V _01 - Transporting waste
ARC (VERTICAL AUTOMATED RECYCLING CENTRE)
Linear system
Vertical movement
Separate solid/liquid
The separated waste is moved vertically using a spi-
The structure of the tower becomes the mechanism
ral conveyor which would on the same principles
which both supports the loads equally and filters
as Archimedes screw.
liquid toxins which build up in the composer. The
Drop off point Collection point
Waste is transported by barge in containers to the site and is lifted by a hydraulic arm which allows barges to drop off loads without the need to dock.
The linear drop of and collection strip acts as a runway which specific districts would be scheduled to drop off waste to a ridged timetable.
system is self cleaning and self revitalising.
Collect methane
The structure allows easy collect of methane gas through a series of cylinders positioned on the roof of the tower.
Collect compost
Aerate compost
Hydrate composted material
Compost accumulates at the base of the structure and continues its journey as a recycled product.
The compost is aerated as turning the materials
Rain water acts as a medium to both mix the organ-
is the best way to supply the nutrients to micro organisms throughout the composer
ic material and filters toxins from the composted material. the system allows for rainwater to penetrate if moisture levels fall or toxin level rise.
THE WASTE MACHINE Site location
Orientation
Ground floor plan
Section
25 m
200 m 13,000 ton of waste per day is 114m2 area per day need to
The aerodynamic form is design to reduce the wind pressure
store are process waste
on the structure by orientating it towards the prevailing wind.
First floor plan
Second floor - control centre
Entrance - Barges waste drop off point Automated mechanical system separates waste Empty crates are loaded back on to barge Through access for loading/unloading
Bio-digestor 1 2 3
Post processing of seperated waste (Plastics - biological & biodegradable waste)
1 - Monitoring exchange of 2 - Plant room 3 - WC 4 - Kitchen 5 - Entrance 6 - Circulation routes 7 - Monitoring barges.
materials
1 - Central core 2 - Bio-Digestor 3 - Structure