By Richard Laycock Masters of Architecture Year 2 - Semester 1
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Contents INTRODUCTION
LANDFILLS
WASTE MANAGEMENT
LOCATION
FRESH KILLS
NYC MAJOR PROBLEMS
HISTORY
TYPES OF LANDFILLS
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS
FLATTEN
TRANSFORMATION
DESIGN BRIEF PHASE 1
THE GRID
0 – 30 YEAR PLAN
WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
POPULATION
HOW THEY WORK
DENSITY
LOCATION REQUIREMENTS
AREA VS SCALE
DESIGN PARAMETERS
PRECEEDENTS
DAILY OPERATIONS
RECYCLING PLASTIC – MIKE BIDDLE
GROUNDWATER MONITORING
AUTOMATED SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES
CLOSURE & POST CLOSURE
DIRK VAN DER KOOIJ
BIOLOGICAL VS MAN MADE
LEACHATES
D-SHAPE
NYC WASTE 2013
LEACHATE TREATMENTS
GRP
MT FACILITIES
LANDFILL ISSUES
PROBLEMS WITH PLASTIC OIL & PLASTIC
WASTE SYSTEMS
LANDFILL AIRPORT
OUT OF STATE LANDFILLS INFRASTRUCTURE
MATERIALS PHASE 1 – MACHINE
DOS EXPENDITURE WASTE STREAMS
FUN MATERIAL FACTS
LANDFILLED VOLUMES
NONE DECOMPOSABLE
VERTICAL SCALE
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
HORIZONTAL SCALE NEW YORK’S SOLUTIONS THE BLOOMBERG PLAN MARINE TRANSFER STATIONS THE PLANNED MTS LOCATION
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Introduction Manhattan is currently on the verge of massive change. The driver for this change has manifested itself in the form of landfills reaching capacity coupled with rising costs of both transporting and disposing of waste out of State. Equally distressing yet disconnected to this problem is widespread flooding with the future not looking so bright. The eminent threat of rising sea levels is just another blow to the major city. This investigation analyses the current systems of waste disposal seeking precedents showing future technologies capable of dealing with waste differently. Following on from the research, the design will connect the issues above.....
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New York a city that never sleeps
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Geographical location New York City is located on one of the worlds largest natural harbours, coordinates 40.6700째 N, 73.9400째 W
New York City
North
Europe
America Tropic of
North
North
Atlantic
Pacific
Cancer
Asia Africa
Equator Indian
South Tropic of
Ocean
America
Australia
Capricorn
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South
South
Pacific
Atlantic
New York State
New York City
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Climate An ever changing influence
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CLlMATE - MACRO Hurricane risk
Earthquake risk
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Lower
Lower
Higher
Higher
Tornado risk
Lower
Higher
Flood risk Lower
Higher
Temperature Minimum & maximum average temperature throughout the last 10 years
30’ C
20’ C
10’ C
0’ C
-10’ C
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M
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N
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Precipitation Minimum & maximum average precipitation throughout the last 10 years
100 mm
75 mm
50 mm
25 mm
0 mm
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F
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History Manhattans boundarys have expanded over the last 250 years Manhattan was once a thin, marshy outcropping that protected the mainland from the ocean.
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Castello map - 1660 The Castello map has been overlaid on the current map on Manhattan which is the earliest known map of the city, dating back to 1660. Wall Street was the single fortified road, while everything north of Canal was either wild or farmland.
Only thirty years later, the city began its first artificial infill project: the construction of
new piers along its banks.
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Ratzer map - 1770 The restoried Ratzer Map, from 1770 shows how Manhattan looked just before urbanization took hold.
The Dutch grid of 1623 in the south -- a ‘neat symmetrical pattern, and its growth by the addition of other partial grids
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17th century The great Grid of the 1811 Commissioners’ Plan, ‘the model that will regulate the “final and conclusive” occupancy of Manhattan, … a matrix that captures, at the same time, all remaining territory and all future activity on the island’. - Rem Koolhaas, The plan was designed to resolve the problems of congestion produced by a patchwork of partial grid systems connected by narrow and winding streets, and by the irregular and non-coordinated property boundaries. The rectangular blocks, long and narrow, are defined by 155 east-west cross streets, 61m apart and 18m wide, with the exception of 15 wider streets within this matrix, 20 streets and the blocks in between cover the length of 1.6 km.
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1904 map By 1900, the original footprint of the city had expanded outwards by almost 1,000 feet on each side. This 1904 map shows us dozens of streetcar routes around the city—a vestige of public transportation long forgotten.
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Manhattan in 1946 bustling with the post-War economic boom. required thousands of tons of landfill.
East River Drive (later, FDR Drive)
was built along its eastern edge, which
Most of the city’s public housing plots—the ones that flooded during Hurricane
Sandy—were built on land created during this era.
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Manhattan 1650 - 1980 Manhattan is built as an artifi cial space, on a Grid that is imprinted on the ground and ignores the nature of the island. Yet, the Grid itself remains open and expandable, while its boundaries are determined by the edges of the island, the
Grid expands as the coastline moves outward
with artificial extensions. The gridded island can thus be read as a sampling of a virtually unlimited grid.
1980 1965 1800 1650
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History of NYC Landfill A reconnaissance study was performed to map the distribution of historic landfills within the five boroughs of New York. To prepare an evaluation of the progression of land-filling activity throughout time, and provide a historic framework of landfill disposals of one type fill material.
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1891 - 1900 During the last three centuries, land-filling has been practiced extensively within New York City. Excavation materials, construction and demolition debris, dredge spoil and solid waste have typically been applied to low-lying tidal wetlands, shoals and open water areas that were abundant along the periphery of the city s five borough. Map showing location of barge-fed land filled prior to 1891 - 1900
1. Newtown Creek 2. Dutch Kills
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3. Ravenswood 4. 135th and Harlem River 5. Gowanus
3 2 1
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1891 - 1900
1900 - 1924 In 1895 a waste management plan was instituted in New York City that curtailed ocean dumping and shifted the waste stream to land disposal. The progressive landfill activity during this time is an estimated 7,240 acres. Map showing location of barge-fed land filled prior to 1891 - 1900 and 1924 number
1-4 are barge-fed and 5 in a railway-fed landfill
1900 - 1924
1. Harts Island 2. Cromwell Creek 3. Stapleton 4. Coneys Island
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5. Jamaica Bay
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5
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1924 - 1957
Landfill activity from 1924 to 1954 -1957 increased enormously as show by figure 4. This was down to an increase in population and improved means of overland transportation.
During the 1930’s the citys waste
disposal focus was clearly on wetland reclamation by filling with solid waste which led to highways, parks and airports such as JFK
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1. Rikers Island 2. Corona 1 4
3. Orchard Beach 4. LaGuardia Airport 5. JFK Airport
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6. Eastchester Bay 7. Jamaica Bay 8. Great Kills 9. Fresh Kills
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8 7
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1954 - Present
The location of new landfills operated between 1954 - 1957 - present is approximately 8,270 acers of land filled during this time interval.
1 1. Fresh Kills Landfill 2. Pelam Bay Landfill
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Collectively The
methodology used in this study was useful in identifying over
45,500 acres of landfilled area within the limits of New York City
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Conclusion
Determination of the nature of fill material at landfill sites is beyond the scope of this study
Prior to 1900, landfill activity was concentrated along the shorelines surrounding heavily populated areas of Manhattan and north-western Brooklyn. Approximately 6,740 acres of land filled prior to 1891-1900 were identified
Between 1891-1900 and 1924, improved waste transport methods enabled fill activity to spread outward to the south-western Bronx and southern Brooklyn. Approximately 7,240 acres of land filled prior to were identified
Between 1924 and 1954-1957, solid waste landfilling of tidal wetlands was integrated with a policy of infrastructure development. This highly focused initiative led to a period of land reclamation that is unparalleled in the city’s history. Approximately 23,400 acres of land filled during this time period were identified.
Recent trends include the progressive closure and consolidation of city landfills and vertical expansion of the remaining sites. In 1991, only one landfill operated between the boarders of New York City. Between 1954-1957 and present approximately 8,270 acres of land filled were identified.
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Present 250 years later the Population has boomed and a city existed was almost unrecognisable.
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Density of NYC Boroughs The population of New York City as of 2012 was 8.7 million people with an average density of 20,000 people per square mile with Manhattan and the Bronx and parts of Queens and Brooklyn some census tracts is higher then 100,000 per sq kilometre
Bronx
Manhattan Queens
Brooklyn
Staten Island
New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a county of New York State. The five boroughs were consolidated into a single city in 1898
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Population
Brooklyn population 2,566,824 Queens population 2,273,151
The population of New York City by boroughs 2012
30.1%
2.50 Million
27.3%
2.25 Million
2.00 Million
Manhattan population 1,619,263 Bronx population 1,408,239
1.75 Million
1.5 Million
19.4%
16.8% 1.25 Million
1 Million
State Island population 470,728
0.75 Million
5.6%
0.5 Million
Million people 0 %
5.6%
16.8%
19.4%
27.3%
30.1%
Percentage of NYC
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Area km2 NYCs five boroughs have a total land area of 667 square kilometres with a further
Queens 282 sq kilometres
117.3 square kilometres of wetland and shores with low levels of water.
36.1%
300 275
Brooklyn
250
181 sq kilometres
225
State Island 153 sq kilometres
200 175
Bronx 109 sq kilometres
150
23.2%
19.6%
125 100
Manhattan
75
57 sq kilometres
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7.3%
13.9%
Square Kilometres 0 %
7.3%
13.9%
19.6%
Percentage of NYC
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23.2%
36.1%
Density of boroughs When the population figures are overlain it shows startling results that 28,408 people live in 7.3% NYC land area.
Queens 8,060 people sq kilometre
Brooklyn
14,181 people sq kilometre
State Island 3, 076 people sq kilometre
Bronx
12,191 people sq kilometre Manhattan 28,408 people sq kilometre
0k
5k
10k
15k
20k
25k
30k
Density of Boroughs
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Why statistics are important People
waste
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Waste systems
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Biological closed loop system Biological systems are as a cog in a machine, each system feeds another, waste is not waste, its simply fuel for another system. These symbiotic relationships are the key to dealing with waste.
Co2
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Man-made linear system In a linear system waste is seen as a product with no value, a resource we want rig off. Value becomesw the currency by which we determine waste
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NYC - Waste - 2013 New York City is looking for an economically viable solutions to a huge problem
8 million people
NYC’s
has over
8
million residents who migrate
to the city daily
Visitors
Construction projects
1000’s of businesses generate a massive amount of
NYC’s
waste which is not see as a problem
the form of rubble
36,200 Tons
construction industry produces waste in
DOS - 13,000 Tons
NYC’s has over 130,000 tourists every day visit-
Producing over 36,200 tons of waste daily is an
The
ing the city this figure does not include residents
alarming issue
13,000 tons of waste every day
who migrate to the city daily
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1000’s Businesses
city’s department of sanitation deals with
Private companies
Landfill dependency
Freshkills closes
The remainder is dealt with by private carting
During the twentieth century the city relied on a
In December 2001
company’s
number of landfills for garbage disposal
Freshkills landfill on Staten Island closed
Disposal costs
Transport costs
Collection costs 2012
$400m
2013
$658m 2000
$300m
2005
$1.25b
The
city’s annual bill for collecting residential
trash jumped from
658
billion dollars in 2008,
million in
2000
to
1.25
The city’s annual bill for disposing of the waste has jumped from today.
300
million in
2005
to
400
million
Most
the city’s last garbage dump,
of the higher costs are due to transpor-
tation costs and paying other states to landfill
NYC waste.
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NYC mt stations 01. MN - West 135th street 02. MN - East 91st street 03. MN - West 59th street 04. MN - Gansevoort 05. BX - South bronx 06. QN - North shore 07. BK - Greenpoint 08. BK - Hamilton avenue 09. BK - Southwest brookyln 10. SI - Fresh Kills
The city has been gathering its rubbish at theses specific locations and simply trucking its waste to landfills in neighbouring states, Many of which are also nearing capacity.
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Out of state waste management
This results in land-filling rubbish out of state. But doing so is prohibitively expensive and environmentally unsound, so in 2006 the city devised a 20-year solid waste management plan.
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Infrastructure required The Department serves the City out of 59 Districts, using approximately 5,700 vehicles that include and over 9245 workers
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7,197
2,048
Uniformed Sanitation Workers and Supervisors
Civilian Workers
2,230
450
Collection trucks
Mechanical street sweepers
275
365
Specialized collection trucks
Salt/sand spreaders
298
2,360
Front end loaders
Various other support vehicles
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The department of sanitation annual bill for collecting and disposing residential trash jumped from about $658 million in 2000 and to about one and a quarter billion dollars in today. The cost of disposal has grown from $300 million in 2005 to about $400 million today.
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Dep of Sanitation expenditure The resulting issues, land-filling garbage out of state. But doing so is prohibitively expensive and environmentally unsound, so in 2006 the city devised a 20-year solid waste management plan.
1.75 Billion
1.27 Billion
1.5 Billion
1.25 Billion
1 Billion
711 Million
750 Million
500 Million 1998
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
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Waste streams This generic waste types mentioned are not specific to New York, however they are present throughout out planet
Agricultural
This
Animal by-products (ABP’s)
Bio
is generally waste that can be composted but
Animal bodies, parts of animals, products obtained
Biological waste includes, but is not limited to; Petri
LAWS depict what can and can NOT be composted
from animals that are not fit or intended for hu-
dishes, surgical wraps, culture tubes, syringes, nee-
man consumption.
dles, blood vials, absorbent material, personal protective equipment and pipette tips.
Catering
All waste food including used cooking oil orig-
Refuse-derived
inating in restaurants, catering facilities and
shredding and dehydrating solid waste.
kitchens, including central kitchens and household kitchens
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Refuse derived fuel (RDF’s)
fuel
(RDF)
is a fuel produced by
Packaging
Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Laminated card, plastics, wood, metals
Wood
Building
Hazardous
Wood waste comes from various business sectors
Construction waste consists of unwanted mate-
Hazardous
and includes local authority waste. It can be made
rial produced directly or incidentally by the con-
or more of the traits, ignitable, reactive, corrosive,
up of treated and untreated wood.
struction or industries.
toxic.
Electrical (WEEE)
End of lift vehicles (ELV’s)
wastes are materials that exhibit one
Total 3,261,750 tons
per year is exported from the city Electronic
waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or
Electron-
ic-disposal, waste electrical and electronic equipment
(WEEE)
European
legislation is pushing for
85%
of the
content of end-of-life vehicles to be recycled.
describes discarded electrical or
electronic devices
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LANDFILLED VOLUMES
The graphs represents a volumetric display in TONS of waste typologies currently being sent to landfill EVERY DAY
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land-filling this volume of waste shows a major lack of concern regarding not only the future of resources, it represents a disconnected society incapable of simple problem solving
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VERTICAL SCALE If the waste was stacked in a tower which was 30 x 30 squared placed in one ton boxes each one meter x 1 meter the tower would reach 1km within 111 day, over 3km a year.
111 DAYS
300M
33 DAYS
200M
22 DAYS
100M
11 DAYS
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CHANGSHA J220
45 DAYS
400M
BURJ KHALIFA
56 DAYS
KVLY TV MAST WARSAW RADIO MAST
500M
CN TOWER
67 DAYS
WILLIS TOWER
600M
WORLD TRADE CENTER
78 DAYS
TAIPEI 101
700M
PETRONAS TOWERS
89 DAYS
EMPIRE STATES BUILDING
800M
EIFFEL TOWER
100 DAYS
GREAT PYRAMID
900M
Horizontal scale If the waste was placed in one ton boxes each 1 x 1 meter the total area covered reach 6km2 within 2 months which happens to with the width of Manhattan.
6 Months
Total area of 14 km2 equivalent to 1.2 million tons.
24 Months
Total area of 60 km2 equivalent to 7.4 million tons.
would
12 Months
Total area of 30 km2 equivalent to 2.5 million tons.
48 Months
Total area of 120 km2 equivalent to 14.8 million tons.
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New York’s Solution Mayor Bloombewrg devised a 20 year waste management plan which created economically viable ways of dealing with the volume of waste being produced.
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The Bloomberg plan In his first term, Mayor Michael Bloomberg mapped out an equitable plan
Districts of NYC
4 1
5 3
2
The complex proposal was designed to make each borough take care of its own trash.
Essentially throwing micro garbage transfer stations in to the mix
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It was also supposed to help limit noisy garbage trucks and limit the distances to reach marine barges, railways or out-of-state trash facilities.
Marine transfer stations 01. 02. 03.
MN - West 135th street MN - East 91st street MN - West 59th street
Planning MT Station
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The planned MTS location Each district needs to deal with their own rubbish. This means reopening and dramatically expanding an MTS in the Upper East Side of Manhattan that fell into disuse in 1999.
The ramp that leads to the MTS cuts the a sport and fitness centre grounds in two. So in addition to the noise and pollution the estimated 200 trucks that will deliver garbage to the MTS every day, locals also fear for the children’s safety.
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Residents
for
20,000-member
Sane Trash Solutions,
Stanley M. Isaacc Neighbourhood Centre
Marine Transfer Station
Asphate Green
a
The
industrial plant when the old
MTS
was
There
are also fears for the health of the elderly
Stanley M. Isaacs
strong community group that
first in use, this site is no longer in use and
community who congregate at the
was formed to stop the dump from happening.
thus has attracted a vast children as a safe
Neighbourhood Centre and the thousands of low in-
One of their main objections is that the proposed
place to be.
come minorities who live in a public housing project,
site is directly opposite Asphalt Green,
both of which are minutes away from the MTS site.
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The government proposal
The Michael Bloomberg Promise NEW High-Tech
LOW Smell Facilities
MTS are positioned in Lower-income Communities Brooklyn
Queens
The Bronx
Staten Island 67
The Argument
‘It is time for residents in that neighbourhood to accept a share of the city’s garbage problem. ‘ The city should build a modern, environmentally sound facility at 91st Street to transfer trash from Manhattan to barges on the East River. That trash, estimated at up to 1,800 tons a day, would then go by barge to other states.
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Deputy Mayor Cas Holloway states that the city has had to fight off “lawsuit after lawsuit” with “every frivolous argument under the sun” from those opposing the 91st Street facility. Those delays have helped push the cost for building the station from $125 million in 2006 to about $226 million now.
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An earlier trash station at that site, which was closed in 1999, was badly designed so that trucks idled along York Avenue. The new facility, Mr. Holloway said, has been designed to reduce the congestion problem with longer ramps leading to the facility, which sits on the eastern side of Franklin D. Roosevelt Drive. The plans also call for higher noise-blocking walls along the ramps.
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This terminal is an integral part of the city’s 20-year waste management plan. John Doherty, the sanitation commissioner, told critics at a hearing, “We will not entertain any changes to what is a fair and thoughtful, borough-based approach that was founded on the principles of environmental equity for all New Yorkers.” Environmental equity, in this case, means that the Upper East Side of Manhattan has to do its part.
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Fundamental problems Other major cities have dramatically reduced their waste by increasing their recycling and composting efforts and encouraging mindfulness when it comes to throwing things away. In New York, however, the culture is such that many people think nothing of eating out twice a day and ordering in a third meal at home, despite the mountains of refuse generated from such a lifestyle.
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While the city is not responsible for the wasteful ways of its citizens, advocates insist that unless it leads the way, it will be impossible to change New Yorkers’ disposable mentality.
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To be fair to the city, its 20 year plan does involve waste reduction efforts and goals to significantly increase recycling diversion rates. Currently only 15% of New York’s residential waste is recycled down from a peak of 23% in 2001 and recycling is still optional for commercial entities which generate nearly 75% of the city’s trash total.
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Advocates also bemoan the lack of public recycling facilities, which they say sends a confusing message to people about the necessity of recycling. There are currently less than 1,000 recycling bins in public places compared to around 25,000 waste baskets. So while in their homes, New Yorkers must recycle plastic bottles or face a fine, out on the street it’s okay to throw the same bottle in the trash. There is also virtually no curbside or domestic composting opportunities so most food and organic waste stills ends up in landfills.
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The City’s long-term plan is to reduce costs by recycling more, reducing waste and building a waterfront waste transfer system less dependent on trucks and able to use containers to ship garbage by barge and train further away to cheaper dump-sites.
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It is hard to imagine a more environmentally damaging waste-management system than the one situated in New York.
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Unfortunately the 20 year plan neither targeted the source of the waste nor did it fix the issue of what to do with it once its being collected.
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Landfills A government funded worldwide accepted design solution to our waste problems
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Fresh kills landfill Until little over a decade ago, nearly all of New York’s waste ended up in the Fresh Kill’s Landfill in the borough of Staten Island. When it reached capacity in 2001 it was closed and sealed.
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Type of landfill Modern
landfills are highly engineered facilities that are located, designed,
operated, and monitored to ensure compliance with federal regulations.
Ash Monofill
Construction & Demolition (C&D)
Industrial/commercial
Bottom Ash means the ash residue remaining
Construction and demolition debris is uncon-
The forms of such wastes are exemplified by but
after combustion of solid waste or solid waste
taminated solid waste resulting from the con-
not limited to: liquids such as acids, alkalis,
in combination with fossil fuel in a solid waste
struction, remodeling, repair and demolition of
caustics, leachate, petroleum (and its derivatives),
incinerator that is discharged through and from
utilities, structures and roads; and uncontami-
and processes or treatment wastewaters; sludges
the grates, combustor or stoker.
nated solid waste resulting from land clearing.
which are semi-solid substances resulting from
Such waste includes, but is not limited to:
process or treatment operations or residues from storage or use of liquids; solidified chemicals, paints or pigments; and dredge spoil generated by manufacturing or industrial processes, foundry sand, and the end or by-products of incineration or other forms of combustion.
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Gas recovery
Municipal
solid waste
Landfill Gas Recovery Facility means a facility
Municipal Solid Waste means combined
in which gases produced from the decompo-
household, commercial and institutional waste
sition of solid wastes are collected for the
materials generated in a given area.
purpose of energy recovery.
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Transformation At 2,200 acres, Freshkills Park will be almost three times the size of Central Park and the largest park developed in New York City in over 100 years.
The transformation of what was formerly the world’s largest landfill into a productive and beautiful cultural destination will make the park a symbol of renewal and an expression of how our society can restore balance to its landscape.
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0-30 year plan With
the help of advanced landfill gas collection infrastructure throughout the
landfill, there are actively harvesting methane from the decomposing waste.
Existing Habitats
Phase One
Phase Two
Phase Three
Phase Four
Mature Biomatrix
This methane, enough to heat approximately 22,000 homes, is sold to National Grid and the city generates approximately $12 million in annual revenue from the sale of that gas. Gas recovery and sale will continue until the amount of gas produced by the landfill is small enough as to no longer be economically viable, at which point it will be burned off at flare stations onsite.
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How they work
onsite biological leachate plant
When landfill is full layers of soil and clay seal in trash
Pipes collect explosive methane gas,which is used as fuel to generate
Wells and probes to detect Leachate
electricity
or methane leaks outside landfill
Lechate pumped up to storage tank for safe disposal
Clay and plastic lining to prevent leaks Garbage Sand Sythetic liner sand clay subsoil
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Pipes collect leachates from bottom of landfill
Location requirements
Regulations regarding landfill design, sites and operation have become much more strict as failure to control or manage the landfill correctly could lead to an environmental disaster.
Airports
Floodplains
Wetlands
feet of a run way
If landfills are located within a 100 year flood-
Landfills
must demonstrate the landfill does not pose a bird
plain it must not restrict the flow of the 100 year
in to wetlands.
hazard,
flood or allow wash out of solid waste
available.
Any
landfill within
10,000
Airports must be made aware of landfills
are
NOT
permitted to build or expand
Unless
no sitting alternative is
within a 5 mile radius
Fault areas
Seismic impact zones
Unstable area
New landfills are generally prohibited within 200
If a landfill it to be built within a seismic impact
Landfills
feet of fault areas that have shifted since the last
zone its containment structure, liners, lea-
promised by the destabilising events, heavy rain-
Ice Age.
chate collection systems must be design to resist
fall, fast forming sink holes, rockfalls, liquefac-
ground motion
tion of the soil
structural integrity must not be com-
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Landfill design parameters Since groundwater and surface water systems supply 60 percent of the drinking water its critical this is not contaminated
EPA performance
Hydrological
standards
EPA
performance standards i.e, maximum
Surrounding land
characteristics
Con-
tainment levels (MCL’s) will not be exceeded
The
hydrological conditions of the facility can
The hydrological conditions of the surrounding
allow excess or stop water penetrating the land-
land can have huge effect on the way water move
fill.
around the site and as such any site chosen must
This needs to be designed to allow full
con-
trol
Local climate
The
local climate, temperature
&
humidy
which take this in to consideration
Type of Leachate
Volume of Leachate
have
The
volume of leachate produced by any land-
The
type of leachate produced by any landfill
huge effects on the landfills ability to produce vi-
fill is directly related amount of water moving
is directly related to the quantity and quality
able energy in the form of gas.
through the landfill
of the material and amount of water moving through the landfill
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Lining systems
Maximum Contaminant Levels
The composer liner system combines an upper liner of a synthetic flexible membrane and a lower layer of soil at least
2 feet thick with a hydraulic
conductivity of no greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec.
Leachate collection
The leachate collection system must be designed to keep the depth of the leachate over the liner to less than 30 centimetres.
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Landfill daily operations The operation of landfills cover a range of procedures
Regulating hazard waste
Cover material
Landfills
Vectors
6
inches
Vectors are rodents, insects, birds or any animal
disposal of hazardous wastes and polychlorinat-
of earthen material at the end of each operating
that is capable of transmitting disease to humans,
ed biphenyl (PCB) wastes
day to control vector, fires, odours, little and
application of cover material stops vectors
A program must be set up to detect
and prevent
must be covered with a least
scavenging, other covers may be used if design
Explosive gases
A program
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correctly
Access
Air quality
to check methane gas emissions at least
Open burning of waste is not permitted, however,
Landfills must be contained from illegal dumping
every three months, if levels are high a re-media-
diseased trees, emergency clean ups must comply
and unauthorised vehicular access to prevent
tion plan must be made within 60 days
with state laws
public exposure
Storm water run-on/run-off
Surface water
Liquids
protection
The landfill must have a maintain control system
Landfills must not release pollutants in to water
Landfills
design to prevent storm waters from running on
body’s and wetlands which would violate the
tainerized liquids. Unless they are similar in size to
to the active part of the landfill. the system must
clean water act.
those found in household waste such as cleaning automotive use etc..
be able to cope with the worst case scenarios
Record keeping
will not accept large bulk none con-
Specific records • • • • •
Location restriction, Demonstrations. Procedures for excluding, Hazardous waste. Gas monitoring results. Leachate or gas condensate system design documentation Ground
water monitorin and corrective data and demonstra-
tions
Landfills typology records must be keep and acces-
• •
Closure and post closure plans Cost estimates and financial assurance documentation
sible at all time for the safety of those working and living near the sites.
93
Groundwater monitoring Ground monitoring
Sampling program
Zero tolerance
Ground water monitoring is carried out using a
Samples are taking at least twice a year
to access
The samples must demonstrate that no migration
series of wells positioned throughout the landfill
the quality of the up-most aquifer beneath the
of constituents from the unit will occur during
landfill boundary
the units life including the closure and post-closure care period.
Detection
Ground water must be sampled and analysed for
The
specific constituents. If significant groundwater
termined the nature and extent of the contam-
contamination is detected then states must be no-
ination
tified and begin assessment monitoring
94
Assessment monitoring
purpose of assessment monitoring is to de-
Source of
contamination
Determining the source of the contamination is key as the landfill might not be the source.
Corrective action
Monitoring program
Timescale
action involves evaluating potential
During this period the a ground water monitor-
The landfill owner must continue the corrective
remedies, holding public meetings to discuss the
ing program must be established to measure the
action until compliance with the clean-up stand-
potential.
effectiveness of the remidy.
ard has been meet for three consecutive years
Corrective
Once
the remedy has been selected the
owner of the landfill is responsible for carrying
95
Closure & post-closure care Specific standards
Owners/operators
must follow certain proce-
dures when closing a municipal landfill.
Final covers
96
State notified
Closure plan
The state where the landfill resides must be noti-
A
fied PRIOR to the closure
with state law.
closure plan must be prepared in accordance
The deeds
Independent engineer
The final cover must consist of at least 18 inchs of
An
independent engineer must certify that the
The deed to the property must note that the prop-
earthen material of a specified permeability, with an
closure was conducted in accordance with the
erty was used as a landfill and that future use is
erosion layer at least 6 inches thick
plan.
restricted
30 year......
Maintenance
Integrity of cover
owner of the landfill is responsible for the
All maintenance will be paid for by the owner of
The final cover must be designed and construct-
integrity of the landfill for 30 years after the clo-
the landfill. For this reason owners must demon-
ed to have a permeability less than or equal to the
sure of the landfill.
strate financial responsibility for the landfill.
bottom liner system
The
Monitoring ground
Monitoring methane
Leachate management
Ground water must be monitored over a 30 year
Methane levels must be monitored over a 30 year
Leachate
period after the closure of the landfill
period after the closure of the landfill
over a
management system must be monitored
30
year period after the closure of the
landfill
97
Treatments - osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an are of high solute concentration
Semi - Permeable membrane
More water is drawn in to the Concentrated sugar
Dilute sugar
solution
solution
concentrated solution
Osmosis Water molecules
98
Sugar molecules
Water is directly involved in many key biochemical reactions, These
Otherwise known as osmosis. Preventing the loss or gain of
properties mean that water molecules can pass through cellular
too much water through osmosis is often an important chal-
membranes but also form solutions with ions and polar molecules.
lenge.
Osmosis
Equilibrium
Reverse osmosis
Water molecules flows from areas of high con-
Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop
By applying pressure greater that the osmotic pres-
centration to areas of low concentration
water flow and reach equilibrium
sure, flow of the water is reversed.
Water begins
to flow from higher concentration to lower.
99
Landfill issues Lack of irrigation
Lack of oxygen
Lack of microbes
is the primary cleansing purifying and
Oxygen is the primary life source used by the mi-
As
landfill rotation method, however many older
croorganisms as they feed off out waste recycle
oxygen there is a reduced volume of microbes and
landfills, fail at providing water when its needed
waste in to gass.
thus materials are not breaking down.
Water
a direct result of lack of water and lack of
most.
Ineffective degeneration Materials not sorted
The lack of design within these key system is cre-
As
ating a fundamental flaw with the whole concept
filled up to
of land-filling.
plastic.
materials are not sorted before being land-
65% is biomass and a further 25% is
Recycle incentives need to be inplamented
earlier in the system
100
65% is biomass
Biomass
can be used to generate new income
streams in the form of solid fuel.
Cost to design
Maintenance cost
Environment cost
Retrofitting and re-mediating poorly implemented
Since
older system and many newer system still
The environmental cost only becomes clear when
systems create does more harm then good.
have fundamentally poor planning they always
its too late and thus we need to act now and de-
result in high prolonged maintenance costs
sign new systems away from resources
Reduce
All
Recycle
Reuse
though the current trend is to reduce, this
Reusing needs to become profitable with incentive
Recycling
needs to happen at a micro scale with individuals
schemes design to collect products before they
at micro scale all things are made from elements
dealing with their waste pragmatically
are landfilled.
and right now through advances in technology
needs to become more they a gimic.
A
we can recycle all manor of things, however it currently someone else’s problem
101
102
Materals All materials have their own individual properties
this section looks at the decomposition of materials through micro-organisms
103
Fun material facts If you put these item in a landfill now, they would decompose by:
Next month
Paper
bags degrade very quickly due to the
Wool socks degrade at a reasonable rates and
nature of the product its easily broken down
under natural conditions will be completely
by natural conditions. 1 month
broken down by the micro organisms. 1 year
2060 ad
Aluminium
cans degrade due to the condi-
tions within a landfill and a high build up of toxins and acids. 50 years
104
Next year
2560 ad
Nappy’s by there very nature are designed for a single use however the full degradation is a different storey taking up to 500 years
1,002,010 ad
3010 ad
Plastic bags by there very nature are poorly de-
Plastic
sign are flimsy and brake normally after a single
types of plastic with complex chemical struc-
use however the full degradation is a different
tures and as such are very hard for microbes to
storey. 1000 years
break down. 1 million years
beakers are normally made for durable
1,500,000 ad
7,500,000,000 ad
Glass bottles are made using simple materials but
Polystyrene is a complex mix of chemical struc-
because the bonds are produced under extreme
tures and as such are impossible for microbes to
heat it’s near impossible to for organisms to
break down. 7.5 billions years
break the bonds down. 1.5 millions year
105
None decomposable
106
The figures show the reasoning why landfills reach capacity since almost half the items placed in a landfill do not degrade in a time-scale we can conceive.
107
108
Waste Management Key features have been extracted from how we deal with waste and the design complexities of landfills
109
NYC’s major problems The scale of the situation seems incomprehensible The solution requires the designer to have a vast overview of all systems Unfortunately all systems in place are equally out of date Poorly designed systems have been build upon and as such replacing them would be costly Technological advances that can deal with the waste types, loads are not in place Open source up-cycling methodologies are just not in place.
110
Solution to the problem NYC needs a System reboot They need to address the way they deal with waste Innovative ideas need to be gathered and tested for eligibility Materials need to be sorted, resources should not be buried due to poor management Attitudes much change for all parties involved. Waste prevention is difficult because it requires control of all the systems The solution lies with control & waste management is key
111
Design brief Whats needed
Improved systems
Bringing in to play new high tech systems which
Using what we know about many systems and uti-
Finding new ideas is easy when surfing the inter-
feed the microbes like a colony of nano machines
lizing this to create improved systems
net but bridging multiple disciplines is complex to
digesting the waste and producing methanogentic
say the least.
gasses in the process.
this problem
Processing materials
Creating links
Materials need to be assessed before they end up in
As
a landfill as space is a limiting factor with a grow-
filled up to
ing population
plastic.
materials are not sorted before being land-
Open-source R&D holds to key to
Products from waste Biomass
can be used to generate new income
65% is biomass and a further 25% is
streams in the form of solid fuel. gasses are re-
Recycle incentives need to be implemented
leased from the microbes that feed off the waste,
earlier in the system, open-source provides a way of finding out what is in the system.
112
Open-source data
what else can we use
Positioning
Integration
Form
Landfills of the future will no long be regarded as
How it connects to the city is crucial for servic-
The for will take advantage of the environmental
a cheap alternative to dealing with out waste they
ing and safety for the city should come first.
conditions, heating and cooling where its needed via passive systems.
could become landmarks themselves
Materials
Reusable energy
Adaptation
Materials are the key to a sustainable future, the
How it changes to deal with new waste typolo-
The
materials used for cladding should be recyclable
gies and new technologies/
every move is littered with examples of symbiotic
in city.
Could this be a plug
biological world which encompasses our
relationships with complex frameworks that reuse each other waste and energy.
113
114
If we can give waste a value then attitudes would not be so quick to discard of the resource.
115
Waste management systems There were 26 active municipal solid waste landfills, 16 active industrial/commercial waste landfills, 12 construction and demolition (C&D) landfills, and 5 active Long Island landfills.
Prevent
Reuse/salvage
waste
Recycle
materials
Current
In 2012, 10.7
focus
The current focus is towards recycling waste products however this is not fully resolved and as such the are still many
million tons of solid
waste were disposed of in
State landfills,
New
products
forms of waste ending up in landfills
116
Landfill
Prevention of production seems the
The concept of up-cycling uses the idea of
obvious choice, however this would
recycling but without the industrial pro-
required a huge push from governments
cess of reforming, recycling can be turning
to enforce a ban on none recyclables
a used water bottle in to a table.
New York
Option 1
Incentive scheme People, Individuals, company’s will receive a price per KG for materials recycled
Issues - System need complex rules, utilizing several bin typologies - It needs to be monitored closely - How do you control what enters the system - Where would the waste go - How would it be processed Requiring:- Storage for individual waste on street corners with several bin types - Site required for storage and processing of waste - The system would require manual intervention at multiple stages - Controlling human interaction with harmful toxins - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources
117
Option 2
Current system Government pressure to ban the use of none recyclables, Issues with this being is (None recyclables) actually means too expensive to currently recycle (ie its cheaper to use virgin material) Issues - We continue to mine virgin resources and bury them after a single use - Loss of habitation for animals and ourselves - Poor air quality - Major food concerns - Depleted food stocks and contaminated oceans due to leachates Requiring - Bioremediation - Mining our landfills for resources - Create complex systems of siving through our purified waste - All of this, In search of resources we managed poorly - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources
118
Option 3
Automated resource mining Automated sorting is already being utilised on a number of processes which until very recently were highly intensive labourers procedures. Issues - Need to identify 2.4 million tons of waste every year - Machine need a power source - Machine needs a way of distributing materials - How big is this machine? - Where should it be positioned Requiring - Network of smaller machines serving the master machine - Automated sorting - separating technologies - Series of automated conveyor belts to move materials - Storage units capable of dealing with volumes being produced - Further refinement systems to create/purify resources
119
120
Precedents
121
Recycling plastic 90 % of metals are recovered Less than 5 % of plastic is actually recycled if it makes it to a recycling centre, Most plastic is incinerated or landfilled Most people think plastic is a throw away material with very little value, but actually plastics are several times more valuable than steel and there is more plastic produced and consumed around the world on a volume basis every year then steel
So why is it not recycled? well because metals are predominantly easy to recycle from one another and other material, plasics are much more difficult to sort. Metals have different density’s,
Different electrical and magnetic properties,
and different colours making them very easy for machines to separate.
Plastics have overlapping density’s over a very narrow range Identical or very similar electrical or magnetic properties Any plastic can be any colour 122
Traditional way of making plastic
The traditional way to make plastic is with oil
You break down the molecules and recombined
Pelets are produced and sold for the remolding
or petrochemicals
them in very specific ways to make all the won-
of products.
derful types of plastic that we each enjoy
Future of making plastic
Waste is plentiful and growing in supply
Lower capital costs
Saves 1-3 tons of CO2 ton plastic
Lower cost and not tied to oil
80 - 90 percent lower energy
Closes the loop on recycled plastics
More flexible plant
Sustainable product
123
Automated separation
technologies
Waste disposal companies dealing with the sorting of materials will commonly use one or more of these five methods:
Trommel separators
These
separate materials according to their
particle size.
Waste is fed into a large rotating drum which is perforated with holes of a certain size. Materials smaller than the diameter of the holes will be able to drop through, but larger particles will remain in the drum.
124
Eddy current separator
This method is specifically for the separation of metals. An ‘eddy current’ occurs when a conductor is exposed to a changing magnetic field. Put simply, it is an electromagnetic way of dividing ferrous and non-ferrous metals.
Induction sorting
Material
is sent along a conveyor belt with
a series of sensors underneath.
These
sensors
locate different types of metal which are then separated by a system of fast air jets which are linked to the sensors.
Near infrared sensors
(NIR) When
materials are illuminated they
mostly reflect light in the near infrared wavelength spectrum.
The NIR
X-ray technology
X-rays can be used to distinguish between different types of waste based on their density.
sensor can distin-
guish between different materials based on the way they reflect light.
125
Dirk van der kooij Designer Dirk Van Der Kooij
used his famous
3D
printing robot named
Fanuc
to create
sustainable design Innovation, The robot makes furniture from recycled fridges and e-waste
E-waste is used as a source of material income
The plastic is shredded, cleaned and separated using a number of automated systems and stored ready for use
The stored plastic is the bagged and taken to the robot
The robot uses a series of cad software packages to translate a given design in to slices known as G-CODE which is the sent as commands to the robot
126
The G-CODE slices are a path which the robotic arm follows whilst
The slices produce a 3 dimensional object which is built up over a number
extruding the melted plastic
of layers
When the object has been printed the final point can be pushed down
The
to create a smooth finish.
waste materials.
final object, chair is a fully functunal chair which is printing using
127
D- shape The new 3D CAD software allows architects to conceive and design constructions easily, but existing building methods do not allow the full potential of the new design software to be achieved. D-Shape is a new robotic building system using new materials to create superior stone-like structures. This is similar to what an ink-jet printer does on a sheet of paper.
Computer model - meshed
Large scale 3d printer
128
The system
Current systems
This new machinery enables full-size sandstone buildings to be made without human intervention, using a stereo-lithography 3-D printing process that requires only sand and an inorganic binder to operate. Allow-
Existing materials such as reinforced concrete and masonry is expensive and inflexible. To build a complex concave-convex surfaces would require the pre-fabrication of expensive form-works and cages, the mount-
ing a level of precision and freedom of design unheard
ing of complicate scaffolding and then the manual
of in the past.
casting. This is very expensive.
The process
New materials
The process begins with a 3D Computer model in a STL file format. This is imported into the Computer program that controls D-Shape’s printer head. During the printing of each section a ‘structural ink’ is deposited by the printer’s nozzles on the sand. The solidification process takes 24 hours
The binder transforms any kind of sand into a marble-like material and with a resistance and traction much superior to Portland Cement, so much so that there is no need to use iron to reinforce the structure.
This artificial marble is indistinguishable from real marble and chemically it is one hundred percent environmentally friendly.
Advantages Allows more advanced design and construction. Four times faster than traditional building methods. 30%-50% lower than manual methods. no human intervention means substantially reduced risk of accidents.
129
POLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES Composite are materials composed of two or more distinct phases. (matrix phase and dispersed phase) and having bulk properties significantly different from those of any of the constituents. Matrix phase is the primary phase having a continuous character. Matrix is usually more ductile and less hard phase. It holds the dispersed phase and shares a load with it which may be chemically different from each other.
. They generally consist of two or more physically distinct and mechanically separable materials. . They are made by mixing the separate materials in such a way as to achieve controlled and uniform dispersion of the constituents.
The different systems are combined to achieve a system with greater structural or functional properties of the constituent alone. Essentially the
. They have superior mechanical properties and in some cases uniquely
sum whole is greater then the sum of the parts
different from the properties of their constituents
Types.
130
Composites in structural applications have the following characteristics:
Laminar reinforcement
Particle reinforcement
Continuous woven fibre
Discontinuous fibre reinforcement
Flake reinforcement
Skeletal reinforcement
GRP’s Glass-fibre Reinforced Polymers (GRP’s) are found throughout these industries. In commercial airlines, Space shuttle and satellite systems, Marine: Boat bodies, canoes, kayaks, and so on as well as automotive: Body panels, leaf springs, drive shaft, bumpers, doors and racing car bodies.
GRP Application in the energy industry With its corrosion-resistant, slip-resistant, flame redundancy, impact absorbency, non-conductivity, high strength-to-weight properties which had made them unique in the renewable energy generation for use as turbine blades
Sports goods: Golf clubs, skis, fishing rods, tennis rackets Bulletproof vests and other armour parts. Chemical storage tanks, pressure vessels, piping, pump body, valves, Biomedical applications: Medical implants, orthopaedic devices, X-ray tables. Bridges made of polymer composite materials are gaining wide acceptance due to their lower weight, corrosion resistance, longer life cycle, and limited earthquake damage. Electrical: Panels, housing, switchgear, insulators, and connectors. And many more. Natural Fiber Composites Glass, carbon, Kevlar, and boron fibres are being used as reinforcing materials in fibre reinforced plastics, which have been widely accepted as materials for structural and non-structural applications
Designing with GRP Like all traditional materials of construction, GRP also has an inherent limitation – it has a low modulus of elasticity (stiffness). However, this drawback has been successfully overcome by structural design engineers over the years through effective use of the principles of geometry.
If GRP is to be successfully used in load bearing components in construction, its structural form must be chosen as to overcome the apparent lack of stiffness in the overall structure. The required rigidity of the structure is then derived from its shape rather than from the material – the strength of the structure is, of course, only a function of the structure of the material.
131
132
Gomi - landfills Just to build the 4 kilometres long island called for 21 million cubic metres of landfill plus the assistance of 80 ships, then there was the small matter of connecting the airport to the mainland by way of a 3 kilometres bridge. In total the project has so far cost around
$20 billion, but has already saved some expense by surviving both an earthquake and a typhoon in the last 15 years, in addition being open 24 hours a day due to its location.
133
Kansai - landfill airports Where do you land a plane when you’ve run out of space - japans answer, a floating airport
Began 1987
The Proposal
Issues
1987 - construction of the worlds biggest man
5km from shore and contains 530 hectors of
The bottom of Osaka Bay is made of soft clay
made island of its time broke ground on water 18
landfill 4 km long and 1200 meters wide big
that is likely to sink under the weight of the
meter deep in the middle of Osaka Bay
enough to swallow up the entire down town
proposed airport
area of Osaka
Technology
Retaining wall
Landfill
To solve the problem Kansai engineers turned to
First an eleven km seawall of concrete blocks
Then 80 barges ploughed in dumping 180
a new sand draining technique to speed up the
outlined the shape of things to come, this mas-
million cubic meters of landfill inside the sea
sinking by sucking the water out of the sand.
sive enclosure keeps the water on the outside
wall, enough to build the great pyramid of Gaza
70 times.
134
Computer models
Structure
The Building
Using the tech of the time engineers monitored
Just as the face of the island started to pop out
The terminal had to be light enough to keep
and measure the layering of the land making sure
from the water construction began simultane-
settling to a minimum, renzo pianos proposal, a
the fill was compacting equally rate to prevent
ously on two major airport landmarks
wing shaped terminal made from steel and glass, nearly 1 mile long,
unequal sinking
Access
Bridge
Completion
The next crucial challenge in completing this
Today its the worlds longest double decker
finally after 7 long years of draining, dumping
airport was the ultimate question of access - the
truss bridge, at 3750m long it carries 6 lanes of
and designing on what - open for business on
answer was the skygate bridge this was done by
traffic on top and two trains below, just heigh
september 4th 1994. in the first month alone
the use of floating cranes.
enough for boats to pass under yet low enough
10,000 people per day came to the airport.
135
7 years later the world had its first international airport floating out in the middle of the sea, all by itself. the airport handles more than 300 passengers a week & is open 24 hours a day
Today
Soil types
1 million workers,
The island is sinking in to the water, and sinking
Unfortunately it was the deeper stuff, the soil
200 million metric tones of material
a little faster then anticipated, during construc-
they could not drain that would become a prob-
10 millions hours of hard labour
tion the sand draining appeared to take care of
lem (deluvium soil)
reclaimed the sea and opened up the skys
strengthening the bays first level of soft soil,
Guestimating
8 meters
Engineer had to estimate the degree of settling
The entire island had already sunk over 8 meters
that would occur, by 1999, on the airports 5th
- aging the airport 40 years ahead of scheduel,
birth day it became apparent that the guestimating was way off
136
Problems
Concern 1
Will the island sink be reclaimed by the sea
Concern 2
Sensors
Manned response
What does all the sinking down below mean for
Engineer gave a little lift to the 900 support
When the island shifts, the system shifts where
the structures up above
columns that hold the terminal up, each column
the power lifting must take place and technicians
is equipped with a sensor that’s connected to a
rush in.
computerised system.
Hydraulic jacks
Void
Sinking slowing
Hydraulic jacks each capable of lifting 300 tones
When this jacking up procedure is done the
Sinking has slowed the 5cm a year compared to
are inserted between the floor and the column in
basement floor remains at the same level whilst
the 5cm a month during construction
question, then the huge support is lifted and metal
the other levels are raised up. Wall were hung
plates are added one at a time to raise the upper
from the ceiling and AC ducting are bolted to
floors back to level once again,
the ceiling, staircases get an extra step or two
137
Earthquakes
A city at sea
Own power plant
In 1995 a 7.2 earth quake hit Japan just 12 km
As the airport stands alone in the middle of
It has its own power plant which uses
from Kansai airport. The airport was left intact
the ocean it needs to be self sufficient, the
incineration of waste streams provided by Kansai
showing the advances structural design which
infrastructure is more like a city than a airport.
clean centre, whilst recycling as much as possible
stood strong.
Circulation
138
Travel methods
Traffic centres
Thousands of passangerscome through this
Japans railway commuter trains make several
State of the art traffic centre with over 40
floating metropolis and planners designed a
stops for people who work at the airport,
remote control cameras which enable officers to
myriad of mass transportation to bring people to
High speed ferry’s bring in air travellers from
keep an eye on a manage everything from traffic
and from the airport from all over western Japan
Kobe across the bay.
jams to emergence situations
Services
Baggage
Conveyor belts
Fuel delivery pipes with flexible joints allow safety
The most advanced baggage control systems in
High tech spiral delivery system conveyor belts
from sinking land and extreme weather
the world, 10,000 piece pass through each day
sort cases according to destination baggage with
with the multi-floor design it means getting
care.
creative when it comes to handling excess
Organised
Glass
Typhoons
The building is very well organised and as such
Typhoons which generates winds up to 190mph
Windows are all held in place with flexible
circulation through and around the airport is
bringing along damaging high tides, sensative
joints
well considered
monitoring systems which update every 30 minutes, provide varying winds information at multiple heights for jets to fly over.
139
140
OIL RIG TECHNOLOGY Oil rigs operate in a harsh environment and its their ability to do so which makes them an ideal candidate to investigate
141
Drilling barge
Drilling barges are mostly used for shallow drilling in non-ocean waters
Drill - ship
An ocean-going vessel with a drilling platform in the middle.
such as lakes.
The drill string extends down to the ocean floor through a moon hole. Consisting of a floating barge with drilling equipment. They use dynamic positioning equipment to keep aligned with the drill site. Tugboats tow the platform out to the site, This equipment uses satellite information and sensors on the sub-sea drillAnchors hold it in place.
ing template to keep track of the drilling location.
Only suitable for calm waters.
Electric motors on the underside of the hull constantly move the ship to keep it lined up with the well.
This approach allows oil companies to reach depths of up to 6,000 feet (1,829 meters).
142
Jack - up
Jack-ups resembles a drilling barge but combines structurally supporting legs
Semi - submerged
Semi submersible rig facilities are elevated on stilts hundreds of feet above pontoon like barges.
Once this platform reaches the drilling site, it can lower three or four massive legs into the water until they touch the bottom.
After reaching the drill site, the crew floods the barges with water. The barges sink while the platform remains elevated above the water on stilts
They lift the platform out of the water which provides a much more stable
essentially sinking the rig into order to anchor it.
environment from which to drill.
To relocate the rig the crew pumps the water out causing it to float back The legs stabilize the platform against winds and lift it above pitching waves but
up to the surface
the design has its limits as deeper waters require impractically large legs.
It experiences more horizontal motion and a certain degree of vertical motion, but it allows oil companies to drill at depths of up to 7,000 feet
(2,134 meters), well over a mile (1.6 kilometers) beneath the waves.
143
144
Phase 1 - The machines
145
Building program The buildings is a response to the critical issues generated by the way waste is currently being dealt with and seeks to revolutionize the way we process waste.
Section _1.0 shows a flow chart mapping the procedures involved in processing waste.
WASTE
AUTOMATED SEPARATING MACHINE
METALS
BIOMASS
PLASTICS
SOLD
SEPARATED
SEPARATED
INSTANT PR0FIT
146
SOLID
LIQUID
METHANE
EXTRACTED
BUILDING MATERIALS
ADDITIVE
System flow chart Section _2.0 shows a flow chart mapping the connections different systems need
Methane Monitored
Waste IN
Leachates Compost
Factory Sort
Biological waste
Bio-digestion
Process Sorted waste OUT
147
Spacial requirements Delivery space
The gates need to be able to handle 312,000 tons per hour. These are the loads delivered by barge daily. The system needs to be quick to prevent heavy traffic.
Storage space
13,000 m2 per day 91,000 m2 per week
Sorting facility The system needs to be able to handle the loads being delivered daily. Scale of automated sorting machine is critical. Each waste stream is a different quantity. The graph represents a survey study which detailed the waste typology,
The total remains the same 91,000 m2 per week
Movement facilities This specific project is focused towards bio-digestion. For this reason a large storage tower will be constructed to process the biomass.
Spacial requirements
148
Manned Special suits to be worn Oxygen/air Energy Heat Generate heat Cooling Ventilation Lighting Uninterrupted views Insulation Waterproofing
Bio-digestor
Monitoring / plant room
The bio-digestor requires highly
In order for the system to work it
complicated systems to monitor the
will need to be monitored by service
conditions inside and promote high
engineer and this requires habitable
levels of microbial life which in turn
spaces which are sheltered from the
break down the biomass and produce
conditions on the factory floor.
Factory
Monitoring
Bio-digestion
Spacial planning section Methane is collected from the top of the tower as rising gas. This is then pumped back to the factory floor for sorted waste out
Methane
The unmanned access shaft acts as a deliver path for biological waste when enters the tower at the top
The control centre is positioned between the two systems to accurately monitor the exchange of materials between the two and have equal viewing of both entering and exiting ferry’s loaded with unmanned access
cargo.
The processing centre deals with the materials required to grow the tower. its been positioned give it direct access to material through the factory floor and has a direct route through the service
Bio-digestion
shaft passing through the control centre allowing accurate monitoring of all materials exchange
Control
The factory is located on the ground
Process
Monitoring
floor which allows easy access for all barges and reduces the energy by processing it at one level
Waste IN
Factory
Compost Leachates
Sorted waste OUT
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Proposition
ARC ( AUTOMATED RECYCLING CENTRE)
_01 - Transporting waste
_0.2 - Linear system Drop off point Collection point
barges to drop off loads without the need to dock.
The linear drop of and collection strip acts as a runway which specific districts would be scheduled to drop off waste to a ridged timetable.
_03 - Collect methane
_04 - Collect com-
The structure allows easy collect of methane gas
Compost accumulates at the base of the structure and continues its journey as a recycled product.
Waste is transported by barge in containers to the site and is lifted by a hydraulic arm which allows
through a series of cylinders positioned on the roof of the tower.
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_05 - Vertical movement
_06 - Separate solid/
The separated waste is moved vertically using a spi-
The structure of the tower becomes the mechanism
ral conveyor which would on the same principles
which both supports the loads equally and filters
as Archimedes screw.
liquid toxins which build up in the composer. The system is self cleaning and self revitalising.
_07 - Aerate compost
_08 - Hydrate composted material
The compost is aerated as turning the materials
Rain water acts as a medium to both mix the organ-
is the best way to supply the nutrients to micro organisms throughout the composer
ic material and filters toxins from the composted material. the system allows for rainwater to penetrate if moisture levels fall or toxin level rise.
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