ASSETS An Institutional Research Journal

ASSETS Journal Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science

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Vol. 2, No. 3, 1 2017

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ASSETS Journal Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science Vol. 2, No. 3, 1 2017

ASSETS Journal Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science Editors Richard G. Castor Michelle G. Mojico Noel M. Celeste Richard R. Parato Jerome M. Hipolito Associate Editors Emmeline S. Ceas Agnes Z. Faustino Marjun O. Adan Genive Gilda M. Ariola Editorial Staff Arianne Mae B. Paga Ma. Cecilia N. Abenion

Consultants Georgina J. Bordado, DBM SUC President III Josephine F. Cruz VPREPED Arthur Estrella Research Director Helen L. Madela, EdD Campus Administrator Anna Liza P. Bordado, PhD Dean, College of Education Dariel A. Palmiano, PhD Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Evelyn L. Perez Dean, College of Industrial Technology Nilda P. Olores Associate Dean, Graduate School

AIMS and SCOPE

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This journal is a compendium of research on Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science (ASSETS) from faculty members and students of CBSUA Calabanga. ASSETS is an institutional journal concerned with exploring dialogue between research and practice both in educational and community settings. This quarterly-issued journal publishes a wide range of topics and related studies across ASSETS with the aim of making research outcomes widely available and exemplifying the variety of possible styles of reporting. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and are not the views of CBSUA Calabanga and the Research and Extension Division.

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ASSETS Journal Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science Vol. 2, No. 3, 1 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS SALOG AS EXPERIENCE: THE CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF THE RIVERINE ECOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 4 BULUNGAN: Discourses of Ethics, Gender and Economy in the Fish Marketing Strategies ...................................................................................................................... 13 INNOVATIVE BY- PRODUCTS FROM ABO FISH (OTOLITHES RUBER) ......... 40 TRACER STUDY OF COMPLETERS OF ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM ...................................................................................................................................... 47 LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS OF CBSUA- CALABANGA ................ 52

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REFERENCE MANUAL FORMULATION FOR BASIC ACTING SEMINAR WORKSHOP ............................................................................................................... 62

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ASSETS Journal Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science Vol. 2, No. 3, 1 2017

SALOG AS EXPERIENCE: THE CULTURAL DIMENSIONS OF THE RIVERINE ECOLOGY JEROME M. HIPOLITO College of Education

Using ethnographic data obtained through field research, this paper features the ecological significance in Calabanga, a first class Municipality of Camarines Sur of the three rivers, namely: Inarihan, Hinagyanan, and Tigman in the cultural life of Calabangueños. Each of these rivers exerts distinctive influence to its respective nearby barangay, Inarihan River to Barangay Sta. Cruz- Ratay, Hinagyanan River to Barangay Maguiring, and Tigman River to Barangay Cabanbanan because of the aquatic resources, obtainable river depth, and navigability, as well as their domestic uses. The researcher aims to produce a poetry collection about and for the rivers which literarily and powerfully extends this unique humanriver interaction.

Introduction Setting suggests possible poetic situations which set the tone of a certain genre. To establish effective setting, writers typically use their own geography as literary space of their productions. This does not only help to improve their writings but also able to promote their own place, where they live and where their writings are conceived.

In Bikol, local writers have immortalized their own space by using it as the central setting of their fiction or poetry. For instance, Aureus (2012) and Jacob (2006) use Naga City as setting in their respective books, Nagueño‖, a collection of short stories by the former and Nirukitdukit by the latter, Bobis (2005) uses Albay as setting in her debut novel, Banana Heart Summer, Bordagdan (2009) uses Tabaco City in his book of poetry, Que Lugar Este kan Dayo sa Sadiring Banwa, Peñones (2006) and Cordero (2013) use Iriga City in their respective books, Ragang Rinaranga, a book of poetry by the former and Canticos, a book of poetry by the latter, and Nierva (2012) uses Lupi, Camarines Sur in his book of poetry, Antisipasyon.

A talk facilitated by Bobis (2014) at the Ateneo de Naga University about how artist can help in the effort to revitalize Naga River inspired this researcher to write about his own hometown, Calabanga, Camarines Sur. Specifically this research aims to have a field work in the three rivers in Calabanga, Camarines Sur and to produce a poetry collection about them.

Calabanga is among the municipalities within the third Congressional District of the Province of Camarines Sur. It is composed of 48 barangays, 14 of which are within the proposed urban area while the remaining 34 barangays belong to the rural areas. It has 11 coastal barangays.

The geographical space occupied by modern-day Calabanga is home to a relatively large prehistoric settlement along the San Miguel Bay (Avellana 2014).

Supporting archaeological materials are reported and described by Peralta (1972) who noted rampant looting of more than a thousand graves. Archaeological artifacts from pre-hispanic sites around Quipayo district included imported ceramics and gold pegs attached to several teeth. (Peralta 1972, Avellana 2015). These archaeological artifacts point to a date of occupation somewhere between the 10 th century AD up to the early 1500s, a time range denoted by Fox (1970) as ―Protohistory.‖ ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Review of Literature

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At the onset of Spanish colonization, Quipayo has a thick population of parishioners recorded by Retana (1898). A one of the earliest Franciscan missions in the Philippines (Blair & Robertson 1906; Platero 1880) Quipayo has a jurisdiction extending as far as ―Bangon‖ (identified in Siruma) and ―Ligmanan‖ (now Libmanan) several years after its foundation in 1578 (Huerta 1865). In his Breve Noticia, where the epic Ibalon was appended, (Castaño 1895) integrated Quipayo in the ancient reginal culture of Bikol. With its authorship credited to Fray Castaño (Reyes 1992), the epic of Ibalon included ―Inarihan‖ and ―Calabagnan‖ which are eponyms for Inarihan River and Calabanga respectively (Espina 1996, Reyes 1992).

The reduction of Quipayo as a pueblo was due to the birth of the two new pueblos namely Calabanga and Manguiring. This historic-political change is highlighted in local historiography (General et al. 1972, Gerona 1988, O‘Brien 1968).

Calabanga is bounded in the west of Bikol River and beyond the municipality of Cabusao; on the south by the municipality of Bombon and City of Naga; on the east by the vast forest lands of Mt. Isarog, the Tigman River and its tributaries forming the natural boundary and beyond the municipality of Tinambac; on the north, it is bounded by the vast fishing grounds of San Miguel Bay. The major river systems, the Tigman, Hinaguianan and Inarihan rivers are presently utilized for irrigation purposes originating from Mt. Isarog and flow down in northwestern direction ultimately discharging the flow to San Miguel Bay. With its rich fishing grounds and the vast agricultural area, it is a major supplier of fish and other marine products and prime agricultural products in the province.

Ethnography Social science disciplines tend to view the self as a contaminant. The personal life of the researcher needs then to be neutralized and controlled in doing researches. Krieger (1991) however argued in her book that this concept has to be altered. She contended that social scientists should cultivate their individual perspectives and acknowledge the participation of their inner lives in their own studies. Following her idea, this present study also intends to use personal views of the researcher in writing his poetry.

Davies (1999) considers the significance of personal and cultural reflexivity in doing ethnographic researches. Using some of the postmodern concepts, she related the strong, mutual connection between the self and society that should not be silenced in doing ethnography. She proposed, however, that reflexivity in researches must always be done from realistic perspective. Delving on the researcher‘s self and its relation to society, this present study will follow Davies‘ contention about preserving the connection between the personal and the societal.

To Richardson (1997), anthropology is both a personal and a cultural experience. The self then is as important subject as its culture. In his book, Richardson analytically presented how the researcher, as a scientist and a person, can resolve and incorporate bias, emotion, and other personal inferences into objective data and observation to become a harmonious research. Her concept of anthropological research as a personal experience helped this study established its methodology.

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Ethno-literature

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ASSETS Journal Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science

According to Bobis (1986), poetry is a healthy tension between impulse and craft, which is easier achieved if the poet has a genuine sympathy for her subject and a sincere regard for her art. In her study, she wrote a collection of poems that is mostly about ordinary people. Her choice for this subject illustrated her claim about having genuine sympathy for or understanding of poetic materials. Like her, this present writer-researcher will also use poetry to express genuine understanding of selected subjects.

In her novel, ―Banana Heart Summer‖, Bobis (2005) incorporated local dishes of Bikol as central imagery and used Albay as setting of the novel. With the integration of Bikol food and places, she introduces the local culture of her own place, Bikol to her readers.

Aureus (2012) makes use of Naga as the map of this collection of short stories, ―Nagueños‖. Thelocal setting adds texture to the stories which are set I Naga in the 1990s.

Peñones (2009) re-imagines and recreates the Philippines‘ experiences through a poetry collection which is a response to a visual and textual representation of the Philippines as a nation. The poems are drawn from the materials of history, and its repositories like archives, museums, and libraries.

In his debut book, Peñones (2006) does not only makes use of Iriga City as the setting of his poetry collection, Ragang Rinaranga but he also writes in Rinconada, the Bikol variant used in the Rinconada Area, where Iriga City is located.

Cordero (2013), also from Iriga City tells a narrative of an agta child who lives in Mount Asug in his book, Canticos.

Borlagdan (2009) writes poetry collection about this own city, Tabaco in his book, Que Lugar Este kan Dayo sa Sadiring Banwa. Most of the poems in this collection of poetry won in the 2006 Premio Tomas Arejola Para sa Literaturang Bikolnon.

Jacob (2006) makes use of the kalesa in Abella Street in Naga City as a carrier of his writings in his poem, ―Karitela nin Sakong Tataramon‖. In this poem, there are things mentioned to make sure that his writing will live, among them are: to tame the horse, to put grease in the wheels, and repair the wall. Jacob (2006) implies that when one decides to write, one must be willing to make an effort in polishing ones craft.

According to him, poets should first and for foremost learn how to love his craft.

While Victor Dennis Nierva‘s first book of poetry, Antisipasyon (Nierva, 2007) uses the train as a metaphor for nostalgia of a lost past- his childhood, the familiar landscape and sounds that ground the poet‘s being always towards his destination, his truest home, Bikol and his art—poetry.

In the poem, ―Pagsakay sa Tren‖ (Nierva, 2007), where the space and time convene in an ordinary trip of Bikol Express, the poet‘s craftsmanship is shown by how he handles his material- the train, to carry the deep insights of leaving, waiting, anticipating, and returning. He emphasizes the usual mixed emotions being felt by the passengers of the train. This is caused by the spontaneity and ambiguousness of the feelings towards those whom they left or they will meet. The departure and arrival locate the being (persona) to a space that is neither permanent nor boundless.

The strength of this poem is also in its musicality. Internal rhymes blend the contrasting binaries: silence of the terminal and the dagubdub of the train, as well as the hinghing pang pagsilbato and the nakakabungog na silbato. Metaphor is employed to compare the train loaded with passengers and their baggage and the passenger who is loaded with all his personal baggage: agom, aki, tugang, katood, giromdom asin an sadiring harong.

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Furthermore, ―Pagsakay sa Tren‖ is a scenic poem. It is as if the readers are on the train while it moves along the fields and coconut groves towards its destinationthe terminal where the climatic scenes usually occur as in the last stanza of the poem.

Readers are led to imagine even how the light of the arriving train changes the skin of the people waiting for the train into gold and their faces become very visible even at a distance. It is as clear as how the passengers vividly imagine their destination, which they thought is still too far.

This present study will make use the concept of Bobis (2005), Aurues (2012), Peñones (2006), Cordero (2013), Borlagdan (2009), Jacob (2006), and Nierva (2007) books of poetry‘s homecoming by using the rivers of Calabanga, Camarines Sur, the hometown of the writer-researcher to write poetry collection.

Uy (2009) conducts literary authoethnography through the 40 poems on the researcher‘s personal feelings, thoughts, and experiences of becoming a father to a child conceived out of wedlock. The present study looks into the personal thoughts of the writer-researcher about his own hometown to write the poetry collection.

Llana (2015) explored how Filipinos make sense of Filipino resilience in what Greg Bankoff (2003) calls ‗culture of disaster‘ in the archipelago in a research that draws straight from actual journeys across the Philippines conducted from the end of March to late of July 2015.

Velasquez (2015) claimed that the sea for Cebuano literature evolved as metaphor for love, death, childhood memories, fastasy, nostalgia, and terror to a metaphor for mother earth. She further discussed the sea as metaphor for mother earth through ecocriticism.

Majerano (2015) discusses how the stories about the muse of the Pasig River are changing in the context of the consciousness of the river. These changes are needed in the effort to bring to life the dead river for the future.

Uy (2009), Llana (2015), Velasquez (2015), and Majerano (2015) show how the artist interacts with the nature through immersions and produce culturally and ecologically relevant literary projects as outputs. This present research aims to produce culturally and ecologically relevant poems about the rivers.

Methodology The researcher conducts ethnography through field works to the three rivers of the Municipality of Calabanga namely: Inarihan, Hinagyanan, and Tigman. The researcher then writes 30 culturally and ecologically relevant Bikol poems based on the data gathered from the field work.

Results and Discussion

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Literary events in Bikol shape this present research. First, the researcher was struck by how artists, particularly the writers can contribute to the call to revitalize Naga River in the event, Susog Salog: Creative Critical Empathy Towards Rethinking River Response and Governance at the Ateneo de Naga University held last February 1, 2014. Dr Merlinda Bobis, an award-winning Bikolano writer and teacher served as the lecturer.

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Bobis (2014) showed that arts can help in the rehabilitation of the rivers.

Specifically she shared three concepts: Kapwa (Fellow), Pagtawo (Presence), and Pagtabi-apo (a local term used to show respect or reverence for the unknown).

Dr. Bobis then suggested some literary projects which highly encourage community involvement such as storytelling, poetry performance, and the ―Hardin ni Maria.‖ Second, this initiative gave birth to a group called SULOG. SULOG is short for Sumaro sa Salog (translated loosely as "one for the river", or in another sense, a coming together of people and various sectors for Naga River.) They conducted several river walks and produced on-the-spot art artifacts Third, Esting Jacob, a Bikol writer friend of the researcher, sometime in November tagged him in a Facebook post: Mayang na! Migkaon kita dangan magpatuwal-tuwal kita kading kupeta! Ta nguwan na aldow, ika-usad na gatos ko nang pakibakbakan sa pagrawit-dawit!

Muya ko dumakol asin maipadagos an siring na espuersos kaya tigcha-challenge ko an tulo sa amigo/amiga kong parasurat na akuon an na challenge na magsurat man nin rawitdawit sa sanggatos na aldow--daing palta, daing palihis, daing aakuon na rason na kaulangan!.Huli ta kaya!

Kayang-kaya! Mabuhay an pagsurat! Mabuhay an literaturang Bikol!

Tigno- nominate ko sinda Celle Gonzales Calomos, Jerome Hipolito asin Niño Manaog!

Maogmang pagsurat!

Let us eat and drink from this cup for today is my 100 th day of writing poetry.

I wish to continue this effort, therefore I challenge three of my writer friends to write poems in 100 days, no buts no what ifs no excuses because it is doable. Long live the writers Long live Bikol literature.

These three influences were considered and the research had conceptualized this present research which entails writing about his own hometown, specially to conduct ethnography and write a collection of Bikol poems about the rivers.

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations After field works conducted in the different barangay in Calabanga where the three rivers flow namely Inarihan River to Barangay Ratay, Hinagyanan River to Barangay Maguiring, and Tigman River to Barangay Cabanbanan, this researcher writes the collection of poems about the rivers.

The conclusions drawn from this research are: 1. There is a close relationship between the river and the people, although the people do not realize how important the river is to their lives.

Because of their oneness with nature, they see no boundary separating them and the nature.

2. Art can make people aware of the riverine ecology. Thus, it is the responsibility of the cultural worker like the artists to make the people aware of the importance of the river to their lives by producing artistic outputs.

3. Nature, specifically the rivers is a good source of inspiration for literary pieces like poems among others.

The researcher recommends the following: Conduct ethnography in other barangays of Calabanga, Camarines Sur and identify the potential of the places as metaphors for future literary projects.

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1.

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2. Challenge other young local writers to start their own 100 poems in 100 days challenge.

3. Publish the poetry collection.

4. Use the research as guide for future researchers who wish to conduct ethno-literature.

5. Use other genre of literature for possible ethno-literary project.

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Literature Cited Aureus, C.O. (2012). Nagueñoes. Naga City: Ateneo de Naga University Press.

Avellana, R.R. (2014). Poblacion as ―location‖: Physicality of Space as the Stage for Shifting Cultural Meanings of the Landscape. Term paper submitted to Dr. Maria F. Mangahan for Athro 232: Ecologixal Anthropology, University of the Philippines-Diliman, 13 December, Quezon.

Avellana R.R. (2015). Annotations of Bicol Archaeology Documentation of the National Museum. Unpublished archival research report, 10 May, Quezon.

Banks, A. & Banks, S. Eds. (1998). Fiction and Social Research: By Ice or Fire.

California: AltaMira.

Blair, E. H. and J.A. Robertson. (1906). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898. Vol. 35.

Cleveland: AH Clark.

Bobis, M. (1986). ―Peopleness,‖ (Unpublished Master‘s Thesis).Manila: University of Santo Tomas.

Bobis, M. (2005). Banana Hearts Summer. Manila City: Anvil Publishing Inc. Borlagdan, J.J.U. (2009). Que Lugar Este kan Dayo sa Sadiring Banwa. Tabaco: Suralista Press.

Brady, I. Ed.(1991). Anthropological Poetics. USA: Rowman and Littlefield.

Brown, R. H. (1977). A Poetic for Sociology: Toward a Logic of Discovery for the Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Castaño, J. (1895). Breve Noticia Acerca del Origen, Religión, Creencias y Supersticiones delos Antiguos Indios del Bícol. Madrid: Colegio de Misioneros de Almagro.

Clough, P. T. (1992). The End(s) of Ethnography: From Realism to Social Criticism.

California: Sage Publications.

Cordero, K.S. (2013). Canticos: Apat na boses. Manila City: University of Santo Tomas Publishing House.

Davies, C. A. (1999). Reflexive Ethnography: A Guide to Researching Selves and Others. New York: Routledge.

Denzin, N. (1997). Interpretive Ethnography: Ethnographic Practices for the 21st Century. California: Sage Publications.

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Espinas, M.B. (1996). Ibalong: The Bikol Folk-Epic Fragment. Manila: UST Publishing House.

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Fox, R. B. (1970). The Tabon Caves, Archaeological Explorations and Excavations in Palawan Island, Philippines. Monograph of the National Museum No.1.

Manila: National Museum of the Philippines.

General, L., L.S.D., San Jose, and R.A. Parrone, eds. (1972). Readings on Bikol Culture. Naga City: University of Nueva Caceres.

Gerona, D.M. (1988). From Epic to History: A Brief Introduction to Bicol History.

Naga: Ateneo de Naga.

Gottlieb, A. & Graham, P. (1993). Parallel Worlds: An Anthropologist and a Writer Encounter Africa. New York: Crown.

Huerta, F. D. (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, HistoricoReligioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno.

Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchezy Compañia.

Jacob, E. (2006). Nirukitdukit. Mania City: National Commision for Culture and the Arts.

Kennedy, M. G. (2007). ―Cocreating a Participatory Vision of Joy: An Autoethnographic, Arts-based Inquiry.‖ Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Fielding Graduate University.

Kerby, A. P. (1991). Narrative and the Self. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Krieger, S. (1991). Social Science and the Self: Personal Essays on an Art Form. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.

Llana, J.B. (2015). A sea Stories :Co-performative accounts of Roro Journeys in the archipelago. (Unpublished Research). De la Salle University.

Maanen, J. V. Ed. (2007). Representation in Ethnography. USA: Sage Publications.

Majerano, D. R. (2015). Mula ilog patungong bayan: ang nagbabanyuhay na hulagway ng mutya. (Unpublished Research). Rizal Technological University.

Manganaro, M. Ed. (1990). Modernist Anthropology: From Fieldwork to Text. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Nierva, V.D.T. (2012). Antisipasyon asin iba pang mga rawitdawit sa Bikol asin Ingles. Naga City: Ateneo de Naga University Press.

O‘Brien, J. 2nd Ed.(1968). The Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Bicol People.

Naga City: Ateneo de Naga.

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Okely, J. & Callaway, H. Ed. (1992). Anthropology and Autobiography. London: Routledge.

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Peralta, J.T. 1972. ―Report on the Survey of the Archaeological Site in Naga City.‖ Unpublished archaeological report, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila.

Platero, E.G. 1880. Catálogo Biográfico de los Religiosos Franciscanos de la Provincia de San Gregorio Magno de Filipinas. Manila: Imprenta del Real Colegio de Santo Tomas.

Peñones, H.F. V. (2006). Ragang Rinaranga. Naga City: Agnus Press.

Peñones, H. F. V. (2009). P.I.: Poetry and the Imagination. (Masters Thesis). San Jose State University.

Reed-Danahay, D. Ed. (1997) Auto/ethnography: Rewriting the Self and the Social.

Oxford: Berg.

Retana, W.E. (1898). Archivo Del Bibliofilo Filipino: Recopilacion de Documentos Historicos, Cientificos, Literarios y Politicos y Estudios Bibliograficos.

Madrid: Imprenta de la Viuda de M. Minsueta de los Rios.

Reyes, J.C. (1992). Bikol Maharlika. 1st ed. Philippines: JMC Press.

Richardson, L. (2003). ―Writing: A Method of Inquiry.‖ Collecting and Interpreting Qualitative Materials. USA: Sage Publications.

Richardson, M. (1990). Cry Lonesome and Other Accounts of the Anthropologist's Project. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Sariyant, T. P. (2002). ―Knowing and Understanding through Autoethnography: Narrative on Transformative Learning Experience of an International Graduate Student.‖ (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). USA: University of Massachusetts.

Stewart, K. (1996). A Space on the Side of the Road: Cultural Poetics in an ‗Other‘ America. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Suominen, Anniina. (2003) ―Writing with Photographs, Re-constructing Self: An Arts-Based Autoethnographic Inquiry.‖ (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation) USA: The Ohio State University.

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Velasquez, C.A. (2015). Women Write the Sea: The 21st c. Cebuano Poetry through Ecocriticism. (Unpublished Research). University of San Carlos.

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BULUNGAN: Discourses of Ethics, Gender and Economy in the Fish Marketing Strategies Michelle G. Mojico College of Arts and Sciences

Abstract This paper attempts to describe a specific fish marketing strategy in Sabang Calabanga, Camarines Sur which is on a greater part a product of an oral discourse.

The objectives of the study include: Describe and document the bulungan practice in Sabang Calabanga, Camarines Sur; Differentiate concepts of Bulungan across groups; Determine discourses as to gender in economy, ethics in bulungan in terms of trust and trustworthiness; Identify possible non-verbal cues depicting practice of trust and trustworthiness.

The narrative descriptive qualitative research technique was employed in narrating and describing the flow of the research as documented through interviews, recording, and video footages. The study made use of the content thematic analysis as the basis for analyzing and groupings of statements of the interviewees; which is subjected to critical discourse analysis (CDA).

The findings and conclusions of the study include the following: Across groups the concept of bulungan among fisherfolks is that bulungan provided an easy venue for selling of fish captured; for the parabulung, bulungan is an economical activity where trust of seller on parabulung is seen as an economical advantage while for the sellers bulungan is an economical practice that should work economically beneficial to that of trawl owners and or parapangki. The discourse on ethics in Bulungan is deemed as a result of series of conditional ethical acts based on what is morally acceptable to the bulungan community.On the other hand, Bulungan‘s in relation to the discourse of economy, described trsust as expectant, conditional, and commoditized. As to the gender aspect, the current trust given to the women-bidders of bulungan, is a product of sociological construct which refers to people‘s expectations. The expectation lies on the competency of women to exhibit skills as to current trends in bulungan practice, and husbands‘ trust on their wives to take good care of the proceeds they gained out of the bulungan activity. The non-verbal aspect trust in the bulungan practice is manifested between the winning bidder and the seller regardless of who whispered the highest bid rather who has the better paying capability which reinforces the commoditized nature of trust, along economic aspect weigh above issues of ethics and gender.

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The main recommendation of the present study is the creation of a certain system that will institutionalize the practice of bulungan based on understanding of people‘s desires, motives, attitudes, beliefs, and culture, and taking into account the

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salient silent gestures, words, and discourses among men and women participants of the bulungan practice of Sabang.

INTRODUCTION There are a number of practices in the Philippines which have bearing to the existence of specific communities. A particular practice has existed and continues to exist in one of the barrios of the Municipality of Calabanga, Camarines Sur. The barangay is a coastal barrio of the Municipality of Calabanga, located at the southern seashore of San Miguel Bay, and is strategically situated on the banks of a mouth of one of the passages of the Inarihan River towards San Miguel Bay. It is 2.3 kilometer north of the Poblacion of Calabanga and can be accessed either through sailing down the river or using the road connecting Calabanga to Naga City and other towns. It has a population of around 5,771; with complete public elementary schools.

Sabang connotes mouth of a river, and could have been lifted from Sabangan which means a part of where boats sail in from outer sea to get into the inland via a canal or a river. Strategically, Sabang is located on the mouth of a tri-outlet part of the Inarihan River going to San Miguel Bay. Earlier, Sabang used to be covered with swamps trees and grasses, such as Bilibi, Lipata, and Coyape trees, with the borobatignal and loroyala grasses. The place was used to be a haven for wild pigs, pastureland for cows and carabaos. Fishing back then is an activity on the sea and marketing at its usual buy and sells process. It can be implied that Sabang with its present scenario is not seen yet before as a port for fish marketing activity so that even if fish marketing activities were already conducted in Sabang even before Salubong or Bulungan came into existence, the people of Sabang back then are nf the fish marketing practice going on in the place.

Generally, fishing is the Sabang people‘s main source of living which is being utilized through fishing activity itself, and fish marketing activity. The latter is done ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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In contrast, at present, the barrio becomes the bank of almost 80% of the fish caught from San Miguel Bay because of its port. The approximately ten to thirty trawls that pass through the port of Sabang operate daily with all their catch brought to Sabang port. What made the place inhabited with more than 5,000 people now was started with the late Juan Estonido, who was the first to build a nipa hut and actually lived in Sabang and the father-in-law of Mr. Sotero Porteso, the first ―parolero‖ of the lighthouse of Sabang,. On the other hand, the first Tagalog who lived in Sabang sets the culture of fish marketing practice in the plece now popularly known as ―Bulungan‖. Mr. Manuel Pelayo of Navotas, Rizal pioneered the fishing industry in Sabang. However, as to when he started with the operation of salubong back then or the bulungan now, is not included in the records. It can be implied though through this information that the terms ―salubong‖ and ―bulungan‖ were interchangeably used in Sabang to mean fish trading though they are Tagalog terms because its originator in the place is actually a non-Bicolano in the person of Mr. Pelayo. Later, in the study it is revealed that there are some terms now being used as part of the bulungan practice such that of lagbas which is a Bicol term hence can be said as a modified Bicol version of salubong because of their having similarities of practice in most respects.

But bulungan remains to be the main term used to mean fish marketing in Sabang.

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The Bulungan practice is derived from its literal meaning which is something spoken in a soft quiet way so that what has been whispered should not be overheard as the message is deemed confined between the one being whispered to and the whisperer. In bulungan, whispering is between the seller/broker/tindero and the bidder/buyer/parabulung. Hence, the entire process is actually an informal form of bidding as it does not follow written rules or regulations rather a product of practice that has been perfected over a period of time. It is safe to say though that the practice is a product of oral discourse that has been handed down from generation to generation. Some sources say that it started way back Spanish time. Others say it started from the places by which fishing ports are available. However, such claims were undocumented.

It is safer to imply that, the practice does not start from Sabang of Calabanga considering that, the term‖ Bulungan‖ is not a Bicol term rather a Tagalog term, not to mention introduced by a non-Bicolano. As to when Sabang finally started its Bulungan practice, can only be determined by documents available in the municipality which however, does not include records of first bulungan activities hence, the remaining possible source would be the declaration of a living practitioner of the said fish marketing strategy. For purposes of setting the phase of when did Bulungan in Sabang started, Mr. Luis Azañes of Zone Maligaya, a 70 yearold fisherman, who at the age of 12 used to accompany his father in ―pagpangki‖ using ―kalikot‖ and ―banwit‖, became the basis for the determination of the researcher as to when bulungan started its existence in Sabang. He said that when he started assisting his father in pagpangki, the term used for small scale fishing when he was but 12 years old, there was no bulungan practice yet existing based on his recollection. The practice was known to him and he actually participated in it when he was 15 years old in 1961, as he was born in 1946. Being so, it can be said that bulungan either in small or big scale practice started way back 1961 hence already on its 45 years of existence in Sabang Calabanga, Camarines Sur. It would have been a big help or an almost exact timeline could have been established with the presence of Mr. Pelayo. Meantime, there are indicators that could present viable and reliable assumptions that bulungan in Sabang may have started earlier than 1961. Prior to the presence of the oldest resource person of the present study Mr. Azanes, there already is the presence of his father, a fisherman himself and that of the other fishermen back then who could have worked with Mr. Pelayo in the first ever staged ―Salubong‖, the first fish marketing practice in Sabang, which later turned into ―bulungan‖. They were born way above 1961 and that, it could be because, Mr. Azanes when he was still younger than 15 years old, was busy fishing with his father, was not given yet the opportunity to participate in bulungan hence his unawareness as to the presence of said practice. Likewise, a pattern is established that, awareness of the presence of ―bulungan‖ in Sabang is being discovered once one starts practicing it. This assumption is collaborated with the statement of the present Honorable Brgy. Capt.

Levy Sta. Ana Sr. who said that bulungan started way back 1970 that is when he first moved to Sabang all the way from another coastal barrio of Calabanga that of Cagsao where he used to be a parapangki himself. In 1970, aside from ―pagpangki‖, he would pariticipate in bulungan from time to time. In conclusion, bulungan, as a fish ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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through the Bulungan practice in which the first set usually happens every 5:00 a.m. to 7 a.m., every day of the week, and the next set at 10:00 to 11:00a.m. The first set of bulungan activity for the day according to sources is participated in by both the parapangki and the trawl owners while the second set is basically for the parapangki‘s bulungan activity.

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marketing practice in Sabang started not later than 1961 rather most likely to be earlier than 1961.

On the other hand, the undergraduate thesis of the students of the College of Arts and Science of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Calabanga Campus, entitled, Folk Literaure in Bulungn Cutural Practices, had Ms. Buen for its oldest resource person who is 65 years old on 2015 who said that to her recollection bulungan started 35 years ago as it is that long that she has participated in it. It is when her father used ―sagkad‖ that she started to participate in bulungan because, the usual practice of using ―kalikot‖ and ―banwit‖ would result lesser fish yield which is just enough for the day‘s consumption. Again, this reinforces the assumption stated above that the soonest the bulungan practitioner engages in bulungan practice to such practitioner that is when bulungan started its existence. Being so, with Mr. Azanes as the now oldest respondent, bulungan in Sabang is now on its 45 years of existence since 1961 or as indicators will tell us, could be earlier than 1961 indeed.

Objectives This paper attempts to collect, collaborate, and document latest findings on features of the Bulungan Practice in Sabang Calabanga, Camarines Sur. Further, it is hoped, that through the use of critical discourse analysis on the ways and underlying thoughts of bulungan practitioners, a deeper understanding of the practice as to its implications to the discourse of ethics, gender, and economy may be best understood.

Specifically, the study is guided by the following objectives: 1. Describe and document Bulungan Fish Marketing activities in Sabang Calabanga, Camarines Sur. 2. Differentiate concepts of Bulungan across groups.

3. Determine discourses as to gender in economy, ethics in bulungan in terms of trust and trustworthiness.

4. Identify possible non-verbal cues depicting practice of trust and trustworthiness

Methodology The narrative descriptive qualitative research technique was employed in narrating and describing the flow of the research and the findings as documented through interviews, recording, and video footages taken. Purposive sampling was used in the selection of key informants.

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Likewise, it hopes to answer the following questions: 1. What Bulungan practices are present in Sabang Calabanga, Fish Port?

2. What are the Bulungan concepts of the following groups? a. Fisherfolks b. Bidders/Parabulung c. Salesmen/Tindero d. Fish traders/ parabadi/parabalidya 3. Are there discourses of honesty, trust, and trustworthiness, in relation to ethics, gender, and economy present in the Bulungan activity of Sabang?

4. How are these discourses connected to economic pursuits along fish marketing?

5. Are there non-verbal cues depicting practice of trust and trustworthiness?

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Likewise, the study made use of the content thematic analysis as the basis for analyzing and groupings of ideas and statements of the interviewees; which is subjected to critical discourse analysis (CDA). The CDA is an established methodology that is used to underline the way ideologies are formed and are shaped.

The process of analysis employed include: The interviewees were determined and grouped as to: the Fisher folks Group; the Bidders/Parabulung/Paraalag Group; the tindero/salesmen group. The statements gathered from them were subjected to thematic analysis to determine whether such statements reflect gender, economic or ethical point of view; the statements after being subjected to thematic analysis, the researcher implied on the statements counterchecked the implications as to establish theories, studies and literatures corresponding to the statements and implications made.

Considering the features of the bulungan practice, it can be said as shown on the captured videos, pictures, and the experience of the proponent herself with some other friends who accompanied her, bulungan, is ironically, a systematized crowded, and unruly practice of bidding. Yes it is both systematic and unruly. It is crowded but sorted; it is noisy but it whispers; it is a total havoc at a distance but organized in a way. The ironies present in the bulungan practice are what make it interesting. How such a crowd could be trained to whisper, be systematic in its awarding of ―ganador‖bidders, and be organized in its ways of conducting bidding in such an unruly, messy setting. Bulungan is a practice worthy to be explored because it could present ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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The Practice of Bulungan The main participants in the bulungan practice are the fisherfolks; the tinderos, the consumers, the fish traders otherwise known as ―parabalidya‖ or the ones selling the fish either in the market or in a house to house activity. On the other hand another group of fish traders are the ―parabadi‖ or the ones buying fish on big scale either through ―lagbas‖. Generally, lagbas is being practiced if there is but one or two varieties of fish on board because the parabadi are confined most of the time to but one or two types of dried fish that they would produce for wholesale purposes. It can be said that lagbas means the price agreed between one tindero or the trawl owner and one parabadi, and that the same price will be applied by other tinderos or trawl owners to their captures for the day to award to but one and the same parabadi. The most that one can get out of a ―lagbas‖ practice is 60 banyeras of dilis in particular, as experienced by a dried fish businessman brgy.Councilor Olleta of Sabang.

The variety of bulungan being practiced in Sabang Calabanga include but not limited to: lagbas, for buyers who have agreement with the parapangki or trawl owners that their captures will be sold to a certain buyer in this case, the fish would be either loaned by the buyer first with the agreed amount and period of payment or it would be a spot cash payment; bidding through whispering itself; and the not so used practice that of Plus (certain amount) to the last bid, but are practiced by some in small scale basis of acquiring fish.

It can be said that bulungan in Sabang has its distinct characteristics from other bulungan practices for one, could be the terms used as ―gana‖ to mean winner; lagbas to mean across all trawls‘ fish captures; the none use of toss coin for those who have same bid as may be declared by the broker or the tindero because this is seldom or not at all practiced in Sabang that there is a tie in a whispering activity. As to how this is made possible in the bulungan practice of Sabang, may be credited to the unique features of Sabang‘s bulungan practice.

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underlying phenomena such as, how do we deal with people in complexities using certain practices. The findings could probably present better substantial views on how certain existing local policies can be utilized with greater cooperation from its community. How problems in the locality can be better addressed as that how one in bulungan finds ease and establishes a system in a mess.

Related Studies and Literatures on Discourse of Ethics Trustworthiness is a perception. ―Trustworthiness and perception is a history of favourable interactions (Preece, 2002). Trust is most likely to develop in stable long-term relationship which is mutually beneficial (MacDonald, 1997).

Trust is linked to the personality of the trustor and is shaped by her socialisation and personal experience (Salam et al., 2005). It is sometimes called a "trusting stance" (McKnight, Choudhur & Kacmar, 2002) or a disposition to trust (Salam et al., 2005). and is linked with a willingness to depend on others (McKnight & Chervany, 2000). The trustor's willingness to trust must be matched with corresponding characteristics of the trustee, which are often summarized as "trustworthiness".

Trustworthiness is a concept that needs to be understood from the trustor's perspective. Bews & Rossouw (2002) add openness, competency, personal characteristics and a history of interactions as further requirements of trustworthiness.

A complete description of trustworthy characteristics, (Cheskin / Studio Archetype, 1999), is impossible to achieve because trustworthiness, like beauty, is at least partly in the eye of the beholder.

Review of related studies and literatures which dealt with the critical discourse analysis of trust and trustworthiness also revealed the following: TRUST is characterized by the assumption that it is static, objective, measurable, and rational.

Trust can only arise in a relationship between a trustor and a trustee (Reagle, 1996) .A trusting relationship can arise in situations where the trustor does not have complete control over the trustee. The trurstor relies on the trustee (Jones et al., 2000) and therefore needs to accept a certain amount of vulnerability (Brenkert, 1998; Hosmeh, 1995). Willingness to accept vulnerability has therefore been suggested as a definition of trust (Mayer et al., 1995 p. 712; Gallivan. & Depledge, 2003 p. 162; Pennington, Wilcox & Grover, 2004 p. 202). Agents are likely to accept vulnerability if they have a positive view of the person to whom they make themselves vulnerable, if they expect benevolence (Bhattacherjee, 2002).

Given all the standpoint of the discussion of what trust and trustworthiness is, and how to achieve such, and when it is deemed ethical, moral, or not, Ricoeur (1990) has provided a good ethical discourse between ethics and trust by suggesting that ―ethics aims at the good life while morality is for institutions which cover the Kantian ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Concepts of Bulungan across Groups (Fisherfolks; Bidders/Parabulung; Seller/Tindero; Fish traders/ parabadi/parabalidya) In order to find out the concepts of the participating-groups in the bulungan practice, the statements gathered from the interviews were thematically placed and subjected to analyses as to the prevailing and prevalent discourse present in said interviewees‘ statements in the light of the discourse of ethics, economy and gender as the themes looked into in this study.

The first part of the discussion deals with the discourse of ethics versus morality, and deliberative democracy on the part of the individuals practicing ethics and morality. As forwarded by Habermas in his theory of ethics.

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deontological tradition that allows for the consideration of consequences and moral aims, and the importance of the community as well as justice and an institutional framework‖. The parameter given by Ricoeur on ethics and morality has clearly points out the complex and multiple connections of ethics and morality to the practice of trust and its association to honesty which eventually creates a trusting community hence trustworthiness among community players.

DISCUSSION The Fisher folks Group Mr. Luis Azanes 70 years old, parapangki, parabulung

Likewise, the statement of Mr. Azanes appealed to the researcher as a sizeable aspiration that does not go beyond the boundary of what small scale fishing and related mechanism such as fish trading and marketing stand for.

This analysis is reinforced by the report of the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and as included in the same study of Benet that, small scale fishing and related activities do not generate high economic returns rather, sustain the fisher folk‘s livelihoods and prevent them from falling deeper into deprivation. Fishing and related mechanisms are deemed as ―safety net activity‖, ―labor safety valve‖, or ―last resort activity‖, which is perfectly captured in the latter part of the statement, ―Kaya nagdesisyon akong magbali man ako sa pagbulung ang naturalisa kang praktis mi itong pang simberan‖.

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“Ang pagsira, maogmang masakit, minsan ang pangsirop para ka makadakol dakop, ginagamitan pigpapaasohan kang insenso paghaling indatang ispirito tapos makaenganyo ning mga sira para magrani sa baroto. Pag habagat ang dakop mas dakol ang saradit na sira pero pwede ng pangkunsomo sa sarong aldaw. Kaya nagdesisyon akong magbali man ako sa pagbulung ang naturalisa kang praktis mi itong pang simberan.

“Fishing is both rewarding, and difficult, sometimes, the net being used to capture good amount of fish is being blessed with a myrrh in order to shun away bad spirits and entice fish to come near the boat. If it is windy the caught fish is more of small ones good enough for the day‟s consumption. So I decided to participate in bulungan, our practice is that of “simberan”, (fish sold in one agreed price for the entire fish caught by a particular fisher folk or “parapangki”.)

Analyzing the reason mentioned by Mr. Azanes why he opted to participate in bulungan showed that he associated the bidding practice to augmentation of income which highlights the discourse of economy in bulungan. It is safe to say from the end point of the present researcher that bulungan adheres to poverty reduction under the category, wealth generation at the household level and its distribution within households-to men, women and children. The definition and scope is included in the study of Christopher Bene, Regional Director of the World Fish Center of Africa and West Asia Program, Cairo Egypt, entitled, ―Small Scale Fisheries: Assessing Their Contribution to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries‖.

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“May mga grupo naman ning mga suppliers ang kada tindero.

Pagnagpapautang ang tindero sa kung siisay ang nanggana sa bidding sya man ang may responsabilidad na magparomdom sa bayad kang nanggana ta igwa man syang 5% kang bilog na kabaklan kang sira hali sa kada parapangki dawa pa sa mga may sadiri kang trols iyo man 5% man sa mga tindero sa buong kabaklan sa sarong aldaw. Herak man kang tindero kung mayong sarong tataramon si ngganang parabulung kung nuarin talaga sya mabayad ta ang mga parapangki man sisingilon ang tindero”.

“There are already groups of suppliers for every seller. Should the seller permit bidders to loan the fish by whoever won during the bidding, it is the responsibility of the seller to remind the winning bidders of their payment because anyway, the seller/tindero is given 5% of the total sale of the fish from the fisher folks or from the trawl owners for the day‟s sale. It would be a pity for the seller/tindero if ever the winning bidder does not have word of honor as to when he/she would really pay the seller because it would be the latter whom the fisher folks or the trawl owners would asked of the payment.”

The statement of Mr. ―Timbog‖, again, is a discourse on economy considering the emphasis given to the 5% being received by the seller so that said seller must equate the received income with taking responsibility of gathering the amount for the fish sold regardless of the situation as to it being loaned for a period of time or in a spot cash basis. The economic aspect attached to this is reflected in the same study of Benne under the safety net aspect Alongside, Mr. Timbog further expressed that to protect the seller; he should know who among the bidders are trustworthy enough to pay the sales on the agreed amount and period of time. The statement is Mang Timbog‘s ethical and moral discourse as discussed in Habermas‘ overall ethic version of a communicative rationalization of a society whose members participate in argumentative reasons for doing what they are doing, but such argument should be guided by the following: (1) nobody who could make relevant contribution may be excluded; (2) all participants are granted equal opportunity to make contributions; (3) all participants must mean what they say; (4) communication must be free from external and internal coercion so that participants adopt on criticizable validity claims which are motivated solely by the rational force of the better reasons.

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The researcher believes that it is proper hence ethical for Mr. Timbog to rationalize that sellers must adopt the concept of equal pay for equal work and that to say that the winning bidders must mean what they say or that they should be trustworthy enough for they to pay what they loaned so that the seller will not be put at a disadvantage is both ethical and moral as it is an acceptable rationalization to pay debts and it is moral because, we should maintain certain degree of honesty in making promises and trustworthiness to mean such honesty.

Mr. Azanes “Kaya maingat man dapat ang tindero. Kaya kada tindero may sadiri mang grupo ning para supply sira saka parabulung”. Mayo sana iyan pirirmahan tiwala sana ang gamit sa proseso kang urutangan kang sira.

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“So, the seller should also be careful. So every seller has his/her own group of suppliers and bidders. There is no written agreement only trust is used in the process of loaning fish.”

Again, the proponent opines in this particular statement of Mr. Azanes that there is a heavy degree of importance being placed in trust/trustworthiness and honesty in the bulungan practice particularly in the relationship between the seller and the winning bidders. The part by which advanced this conclusion is the part by which Mr. Azanes said, ―tiwala sana ang gamit sa proseso kang urutangan and ―kada tindero my sadiri mang sgrupo ning para supply sira saka parabulung‖ which greatly showed a display of enormous need for trust.

Mr. Hernandez “Iyo mam naggagana man po ako pero syempre nasa tindero pa man guirarary yan ta minsan may mga kasarabay man ako na mga maray magbarayad tapos halangkaw man kesa sako si pigbulung di iyo man ang nagana. Pero kung nagkakapira sana man ang nagbulung tapos ang mga nakasabay ko medyo haloy magbayad, yan gigana ko. Aram naman saka biristado naman kang mga tindero ang mga maray man magbayad saka si medyo haloy”. Aram naman po ini mam kang mga parabulung dae naman ini pig uurulayan kumbaga ngyayari ini dae naman pigpapansin ta dae mo naman pig aaram kung nuarin ngkaigwang pagpabor saka dae pagbali kang pigbulung kang iba.

“Yes ma‟am, of course I would win at times but of course it still depends on the seller because at times I would bid along with other bidders who are also good payer and it so happened that they have higher bid than I am so they would win. But if ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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The Bidders/Parabulung/Paraalag Group Mr. “Kambal” Hernandez Bidder “Parehas kami mam ni Ernesto na mga second generation na parabulung ta nakanuod kami sa mga magurang mi. Nagpuon kami 1986 pa. Gusto ming magbulung ta enot maogma ang proseso maiexcite ka. Syempre, nagkikita ka ning kumpara kung makus kang sira sa saod na preresyohan, may deperensya halos 25 hanggang 45% sa presyo” kumpara sa hali digdi sa bulungan.”

“Ernesto and I ma‟am are both second generation bidders. We have acquired the knowledge from our parents. We have started way back 1986. We engaged in bulungan because for one it is enjoyable, exciting, and of course, you earn better than that of the price of the fish if you would buy it from the market; and the difference of the price of the fish from bulungan and that of the market range from 25-45% in favor of bulungan.”

Mr. Ernesto Esperida “Iyo mam tama si kambal halos sabay sabay kami kayan nagpuon pero batikan yan saka pirmi yang gana. Sa ngunian okey man man ang supply kang sira kaya katangaan lang ang preresyohan pero may mga panahon man na mahal man ang sira dawa hali digdi mismo sa bulungan.”

“Yes ma‟am, Kambal is right, we started almost the same year but he knows better and wins always. At present, the supply of fish is okay and that the price is average though there are times that fish has a high price even if it comes from bulungan.”

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Mr. Hernandez said, “Dae kami kayan mam nagpapratis ta garo panlalamang man yan herak man kang mga kulang ang capital sa mga saradit na bulungan itong mga sa parapangki garo iyo po mam igwa kayan ta ang pigbabakal na sira kadaklan pangkunsumo sana man pagkakan”.

When asked to elucidate further if they have experienced unfair practices in the bulungan act itself, they all said that favoritism on the part of the seller or the tindero is already an acknowledged and accepted part of bulungan because of the presence of those who are not paying on time as agreed, and in favor of those who pay on time and specifically those who adhere to the practice of spot cash as in the case of ―kambal‖ Mr. Hernandez as pinpointed by Mr. Esperida with a smile, and in turn gently acknowledged with a nod by Mr. Hernandez known as kambal among bidders/parabulung.

Mr. Hernandez‘ statements strike the researcher as somewhat a display of honesty and trust in the judgment of the seller‘s view of the bidders. Mr. Hernandez is honest enough to acknowledge the fact that there is favoritism as far as the seller is concerned between good and not so good bidder-payer. Likewise, trust in the stand of the seller is evident in the respect given to the latter as to his knowledge of the type of bidders at his/her midst. However, the underlying statements also uncover a not so ethical and moral practice considering that not all bidders are given equal opportunity rather branded unethically in return. As included in Habermas ethic version of a communicative rationalization of a society, part of his argument is that, ― all participants are granted equal opportunity to make contributions‖ hence, no bidder should be excluded in the selection of the winning bidder because to do so, is argumentatively unethical; further, ―all participants must mean what they say‖ thus, the seller must be trustworthy enough to declare the truth in the entire bidding process without exclusion or eliminating chances of other bidders because again, it would be unethical on the part of the seller to do so. On the other hand, the present researcher understands the predicament of the seller based on the idea of self-preservation hence he/she has to consider his needs, and his predicament. As mentioned further by Habermas, ―for a norm to be valid, the consequences and side effects that its general observance can be expected to have for the satisfaction of the particular interests of each person affected must be such that all affected can accept them freely‖. The present researcher surmised that the favoritism used by the seller during the bulungan activity becomes a norm hence morally acceptable because it has been manifested for quite a period of time by the and that the practice serves the interest of the seller and ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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there are only very few of us who have participated in the bidding and those who have joined the bidding happened to be inconsistent payers or those who pay late, I would usually win the bid. The seller already knows most of the bidders as to who pay on time and those who do not.” This practice is in principle known to the bidders, and somehow it is already an accepted practice as part of the bidding process. The bidders do not pay much attention to this because they are unmindful as to when there is and there is none practice of said favoritism and exclusion to some bidders.”

Mr. Hernandez ―Kambal‖ and Mr. Esperida are both second generation bidders/parabulung since 1986. Both of them mentioned during the interview that bulungan is the ultimate fish marketing strategy for them. When asked whether they also practice Plus 10, they all are in agreement that, they have not practiced it so far because they see the practice as somewhat greedy because it evidently favor the bidder who has more capital over the others but among small scale bidding, it does happen because most of the time, the fish is used only for food consumption.‖

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the good bidding-payer and it seems that, the bulungan community freely accepts this common knowledge of the seller‘s practice of favoritism. It would be safe to say that, there is an honest acknowledgement of the sellers‘ practice of favoritism in the bulungan activity making the unethical practice morally acceptable.

Tyo berto “Halos pararehas man kami kayan eksperiensya, naenot enot lang akong dikit ta mga 1980 ako nagpuon magbulung.”

The offer made by Mr. C at first was a welcome statement to the researcher and in fact, tempted to experience first-hand the bulungan. However, the comment given by a fellow bidder, made a twist on the enthusiasm of the researcher and her judgment and the honesty of the offer is tainted. The discourse of the researcher is influenced by the analysis of the motives and conjectures of Mr. C. as expressed by Strawson (1974) analysis of moral consciousness in which it states that rationality and reason giving are inseparable. The reaction of the present researcher to the comment of a fellow bidder on Mr. C is a product of a broken, impaired subjectivity that cause distrust. As elucidated by Strawson, unless a shared validity basis is reestablished, communicative practice risks breaking down, as experienced by the researcher herself when the enthusiasm with Mr. C‘s offer was substituted with a doubt upon hearing another bidder‘s side comment on Mr. C. The situation is quite unfair to Mr. C hence not ethical at all and not morally commendable. However, this is a real scenario where one‘s discourse is clouded with doubts instead of trust. A could be an honest assistance is mistaken for something undesirable because of somebody else‘s discourse.

The Salesmen/Tindero Group Albert Maliberan Seller/tindero of trawl owners After the bidding process he addressed all the winners who at that time were getting the fish by saying “Hoy kung pwede tabi si mga nggarana, magbarayad na tabi ngunian.” (Hey, would the winning bidders please pay now.) One of the winning ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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“We almost have the same experiences, I just started earlier in 1980.”

While the interview is going on, a fellow bidder passed by in the person of Mr. Carino, who according to the two have been practicing bulungan for a year now but basically he is a middle man.

Mr. Augustine Carino Pasugo Nagbubulong for a year “Dae man na gayo ako mam nagpaparabulung pag may gustong magpatabang o magpatukdo magbulung yan natabang ako gusto mo mam ibulung taka.”

“I do not engage much in bulungan ma‟am, instead, if there are those who want to experience bulungan and they want to be taught, I would extend assistance. If you want ma‟am I can bid on your behalf”.

Name withheld, ―Dae ka na kayan mam ta papatungan ka pa kayan dumirekta ka na sa tindero o may sadiri kang trawl ta tatabangan kana sana kayan‖.

Mr. Vic Dasigan Tindero “Iyo mam, ika na sana ta pasil sana man mam ang pagbulung kung isay ang halangkaw ang pigbulung iyo ang gana”.

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“Pag may utang pa po ang parabulung dae muna tatawan dawa manggana saka na po pakabayad.”

“If the bidder has still an outstanding loan, he will not be awarded with a new loan until such time that he/she has not paid yet.

The researcher asked Mr. Malanyaon this question, ―Di panu po pag sya talaga ang may halangakaw na bid? (What if he/she really has the highest bid?)

Mr. Malanyaon answered, “Minsan po aram naman kang dae pa nagbayad dae naman nabali kung talagang magbali, dae man po pipagana. Halimbawa po si maray magbayad nagbulung medyo hababa duman sa dae pa nabayad o huri magbayad, ako po bilang master/tindero madagdag lang dikit duman sa pigbulung kang maray magbayad para madaog si nggana sa pagbulung na medyo haloy magbayad tapos iyo ikukurahaw ko dangan ang isasabing gana si maray na kaulay tapos ang babayadan man kang pinagana si pigbulung nya man talaga. Mayo na lang na tararaman yan naiintindahan naman yan kaitong pinagana”.

“Sometimes ma‟am the bidder who still has an outstanding loan is aware and would choose not to join the bidding but if the bidder decides to join, he will not be made to win. For example, the bidder who has a good payment record, whispered a bid lower than the one with an outstanding loan, as the seller/master I will just have to add a small amount to augment the amount bid by the one with a good loan record so that he will be made to win by shouting the new bid price so that and then I will declare the bidder with a good loan record as the winner. But during the payment time, said proclaimed winning bidder shall only pay the amount he has actually ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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bidders said “Saaga na lang ako mabayad” (I will just pay tomorrow.). Mr. Maliberan uttered back by saying “Saaga na, nag-arug ka naman sa mga taga Naga baka dae ka magbalik para magbayad.” (Tomorrow, as if you are a Nagueno, what if you would not come back to pay.)

The researcher finds the statements made with reference to the Naguenos as both not ethical and moral because ethics may have cemented views on what is good and right but moral issues cannot be pluralized owing to the diverse cultures, individual background, set of attitudes and values. Added to this, while it was meant to be a joke, Mr. Maliberan must have experienced not being paid on time or no payment at all hence the impression of Nagueno/a-bidders. There is an injustice in plurality when the experience was obtained from one or two persons only. Metonymy, or experience from some individuals does not constitute the characteristics of the entire people from Naga.

However, in the discussion of Habermas, about ethical and moral issues, he pinpointed that due to cultural backgrounds and personal experiences, people have increasingly divergent views about good and desirable ways to live, hence ethics in the face of such value cannot make itself an arbiter of right and wrong. This statement of Habermas made a point that may somehow justify the attitude of Mr. M as pertains to his impression of bidders from Naga. Mr. M‘s personal experience from said bidders might have developed in him a divergent view of bidders from Naga.

But then again, the bottom line of Mr. M‘s contention is the issue of trustworthiness on the part of the winning bidders. Honesty on the other hand was ironically found in the not so ethical comment of Mr. M as his being honest and vocal of his opinion of bidders based on his encounters with them.

Israel Malanyaon Master/Seller/Tindero of fisher folks

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whispered during the bidding. There will be no more talks and the bidder who was made to win already knows the situation.”

“Saka po ako ta paduwang taon pa man lang po sa mga parapangki po ako nagtiitindero, minsan po master ang apod, ang obserbasyon ko po sa mga parapangki po madalian ang barakalan sa dakop nindang ta siembrehan po ang urulayan garo lagbas pero ang pagkakaiba dae man sa gabos na bangka kang mga parapangki kundi buong dakop kang kada sarong parapangki”.

“Besides, as this is just my second year as seller among fisher folks, whom sometimes would call me master, I have observed that bidding is easier done among fisher folks‟ catch because it follows the principle of “siembrehan” (whole bid price for the entire catch of a particular fisher folk) similar to that of “lagbas” (one bid price for the fish caught across/among a number of trawl owners).

“Sa bulungan kang mga parapangki madalian ang orolay minsan kung medyo maray ang budget kang parabulung may na “plus 10” dyan maray naman yan para makabawi man kadikit ang mga parapangki lalo itong mga panahon na dikit ang dakop.” “ Bulungan among small scale fisher folks, is easily conducted because negotiation is short, and if the budget of certain bidders is okay, some even opt to practice “Plus P10…” which is good for the fisher folks so that at least they can regain from their losses or the times by which they have limited fish caught”.

“Pag dikit ngani po mam ang dakop minsan dae na ako nahagad 5% kung pira n asana ang itao ayos na. Minsan natatawan man po ning sira maray naman na panira sa sarong aldaw. Naheherak man po kaya ako sa mga parapangki dikit ang dakop sa dakol na tinaong kapagalan. Minsan man po nabawi man sinda natatwan man po akong tamang share.”

CONCLUSIONS ON PRESENCE OF HONESTY, TRUST AND TRUSTWORTHINESS IN THE BULUNGAN ACTIVITIES OF SABANG CALABANGA, CAMARINES SUR FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF ETHICS In view of the above-mentioned studies and literature related to ethics, honesty, trust, and trustworthiness, the following concepts were revealed: Trust cannot be equated as an ethical and moral action because while ethics has to do with good and bad, right and wrong; morality rules according to acceptable collective ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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“Whenever fisher folks have small amount of caught fish, I do not necessarily ask for the 5%, whatever they would extend to me it would be okay. At times, I am given fish good enough for a day‟s consumption. I pity the fisher folks because they have less caught but have exerted much effort. At times, they would cope and would me the right amount of share”.

Mr. Israel Malanyaon‘s streams of thoughts are refreshing in a community such as bulungan where almost everyone‘s goal is to augment one‘s income. In Habermas first collection of discourse-ethical essays, he said, moral point of view is constitutive of moral actions. To say that a discourse is good, must have a good moral reasons, ―good‖ reasons not just for those involved but for everyone else concerned, in the sense of being equally good for all (Habermas 1993). It can be inferred that Mr. Malanyaon‘s standpoint is ethical and moral. He has an honest grasp of the situation of the fisher folks, and it can be said that Mr. Malanyaon is someone who can be trusted by the fisher folks in the conduct of bulungan hence Mr. Malanyaon even referred to as ―Master‖ by the fisher folks. ___________________________________________________________________

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DISCOURSE OF ECONOMY IN RELATION TO HONESTY, TRUST AND TRUSTWORTHINESS IN THE BULUNGAN PRACTICE Related Studies and Literatures Dr. Bernd Carsten Stahl, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Centre for Computing and Social Responsibility De Montfort University, in his study entitled, ―Honesty, Accountability and Trust: Fostering Research Integrity in Canada, in order for trust to arise, many conditions have to be fulfilled. Not all of them are necessary for each type of trust. One can distinguish between conditions referring to the structure and environment, the personality of trustor and trustee and the relationship between them. Structure and environment are important because they shape actors perceptions and assumptions about other actors and ways of interacting with them. In order to successfully reduce complexity by trusting, a trustor will rely on her background knowledge of the situation. In modern impersonal economic transactions such background knowledge is highly important (Lane & Bachmann, 1996).

On the other hand, how trust and trustworthiness be deemed important in the fishing industry particularly among small scale fisher folks is incorporated in the study of Bennet. In the said study, it was said that fisher folks are the key players in the so called small scale fisheries. In the study of Christopher Bene, Regional Director of the World Fish Center of Africa and West Asia Program, Cairo Egypt, entitled, ―Small Scale Fisheries: Assessing Their Contribution to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries, he revealed that fish industry is generally seen as distribution of fish and fishery products to local and domestic markets, for subsistence consumption.‖ The above-mentioned impression reduced fishing and fisheries activities as simply a small scale process connected to poverty alleviation and not as a means of poverty reduction and prevention. Poverty reduction in small-scale fisheries refers to the cases where wealth is generated and capital accumulated through investments made in fishery, which then helps to lift people out of poverty. Poverty prevention in small scale fisheries refers to situations which fishing and related activities and various mechanisms contribute to reduce risks and create safety-net mechanisms in a general context of vulnerability.

In capsule, the overall contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty reduction is categorized as to: wealth generation at the household level and its ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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behaviors affecting individuals in a certain community thus, there is always the acceptance of justification of certain act. Trust in the perspectives of ethics is something absolute, freely given, without expecting something in return because it is a good thing to trust. While trust based on moral rules conforms to reflection of social consequences. It is good to be honest but in a community with predefined rules of honesty such as what is being practiced in bulungan, honesty has its limitation that is, when return of gains is compromised, honesty may cease to exist. Therefore, trustworthiness in the bulungan of Sabang Calabanga, could be seen as a result of series of conditional ethical acts based on what is morally acceptable to the bulungan community. The bidders has to build first an acceptable bargaining and paying character before trust be given to them by the sellers; and for the good bidder-payors to be recipients of the sellers‘ conditional honesty and in turn, for the latter to be favorable to the good bidder-payors at any given time during the bulungan.

Trustworthiness in bulungan exists and precedes the sellers, bidders, based on collective acts deemed beneficial to all concerned.

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distribution within households-to men, women and children; on rural development engine at the community level; and economic growth at the national level. Sadly, in the study of Bennet it was found out that the fishing industry is generally stacked on household level and a fall back source when no job is at hand among rural community fisherfolks.

Thus, the concept on development of Bailey and Jentoft (1990) is found to be related to the study of Bennet and the present study as Bailey and jentoft said; ―development‖ is a process of change through which sustainable and equitable improvement are made to the quality of life for all or most members of a society.

Similarly Carley and Christie (1992) suggested that fishing industry should be seen as ―a process by which members of a society increase their personal and institutional capacities to mobilize and manage resources to produce sustainable and justly distributed improvements in quality of life consistent with their own aspirations‖, thus, aspiration among small scale fisherfolks should be a moving factor in engaging in the fish marketing industry. Aspiration will make a big difference in terms of looking at fishing industry as a means of poverty reduction and prevention and not limited to poverty alleviation.

As discussed above, trust and trustworthiness play a role in the fishing industry in terms of commercial exchange which is usually predicated to serve the goal of profit maximization, hence, trust is often described as a tool for the generation of profits (Ba & Pavlou, 2001; Gefen, 2004; Moores, 2005; Salam et al., 2005; Tarantino, 1994; Townley, 1994).

Using economic theory, it can be argued that trust promotes efficiency (Donaldson & Dunfee, 1999; Hausman & McPherson, 1996). The most important mechanism of generating profit through trust is the reduction of transaction costs (Ba, Whinston & Zhang, 1999; Gefen, 2000; Koehn, 1997; Lessig, 1999). Trust can thus be seen as a form of social capital that a company should strive to possess (MacDoand, McDonald & Norman, 2002).al though mechanisms for developing trust are missing (Pavlou & Gefen, 2004; Ba & Pavlou, 2001).

Positive accounts generally portray trust as an unambiguous good that needs to be striven for (Jarvenpaa, Shaw & Staples, 2004). Trust is a concept that was developed in direct personal relationships Furthermore; trust is a dynamic and continually changing property of human relationships that is positively viewed and based on the economic theory of utility of maximisation and corresponding bounded, rationality.

“Limang taon man lang po akong nagbulung tapos po ngunian nagbabadi na ako pero bago ako nagbulung dati nagpapangki ako napundo kang naraot pag bagyo si bangka mi. Ngunian si misis na lang ta dati sa laog ning limang taon ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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The above related studies and literatures highlight the connection of trust, trustworthiness in the fish marketing strategies present in the bulungan practice of Sabang Calabanga, Camarines and in relation to the discourses of the fisherfolks in relation to the discourse of economy.

Discussion The following statements from the parabulung-interviewees revealed notable concepts on their discourses along economy.

Kgd. Domingo Olleta Propietor, Dried Fish Processing Business

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The researcher asked, “Panu man po ngyayari na dae ka na papaganahon ta syempre po dawa pighinghing mo lang si presyo pagpigtaram na kang tindero kung pira ang pigbid kang gana maaaraman kang ibang bidderes kung mas halangkaw si presyo ninda o dae kumpara duman sa pigdeklarang gana.”

“How would it happen sir that a supposed winning bidder will not be declared the winner when it would be discovered by the one with the highest bid that it should be him/her as the winning bidder the moment the seller declared the winning amount?.”

“Pasil lang man yan mam, halimbawa po si daeng gayo maray magbayad nagbid ning P1,100 tapos ako ngaya medyo maray man ang record sa pagbayad, nagbid ning P1,000, ang ikukurahaw kang tindero, ang nggana, P1,120.00 tapos and itutukdong gana ako. Pero ang babayadan ko sana man si P1, 000 lang na pigbulung ko. Sabi kaya kayan kang mga tindero dae bale ng medyo hababa basta madali man ang barayadan mas maray kesa halangkaw ang pigbulung haloy man magbayad.”

“It is easy ma‟am, for instance, the not so good bidder bid for P1, 100, and then for example I, with a good loan record bid for P1, 000, the seller would shout, the winning bid is P1, 120, and I will be declared as the winning bidder. But, during payment, I will just be paying the original amount I have whispered during the bidding which is P1, 000. It is because according to sellers, it is better to have a lower bid than somewhat higher but is not being paid on time”.

The line of thinking of sellers as described is not just or ethical because as previously described, there is no known consent from all involved. However, by reason, the action and decision of the sellers can be justified in line with a discourse on economy in which, most participants in the bulungan, aimed to augment their income hence the foremost concern of the sellers. This part is a discourse of ethics and economy along honesty, trustworthiness on the part of the sellers, winning bidders, and the other bidders respectively. It also reflects Carley and Christie‘s ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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ibahan kaming magbulung kaya lang nagdesisyon kaming saro na lang ta naienotan kaming magbulung kang iba ta nahapotan muna kami bago kami nabolong. Ngunian mas matibay na sako si misis ta halos bienteng taon ng nagbubulung. Nagbubulung kami ta pigbabadi mi. Sa pagbulung pagpigdiskumpyaduhan ka kang tindero dae ka na papaganahon lalo sa mga parabadi t darakolan ang barakalan. Nagpapraktis kaming lagbas tapos bayad bayad kami. Si misis na talaga nagbubulung ta naobserbahan ko kadaklan man ngani ngunian mga babae ang nagbubulung “I am just on my 5th year as bidder in the bulungan activity I used to be a fisher folk but I stopped fishing when our boat was ruined by a typhoon hence I am now into dried fishing business. In the span of five years, I do the bidding myself but now, I have delegated such to my wife though before my wife used to go with me in bulungan hence the two of us would do the bidding but, we find it impractical because before we would bid an amount we would consult each other so that other bidders would have won already before we can even bid. My wife now is a better bidder than I used to be and she has been doing it for 20 years now. We would bid because the fish won during bidding is the fish that we would dry. In bulungan, if you are not a trusted bidder by the seller, you will not be made to win particularly among dried fish proprietor-bidders because of the volume of fish they would contract. We practice “lagbas” and spot cash payment. At present, it is my wife who does the bidding because I have observed that bulungan is now dominated by women-bidders.

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(1992) point on the economic aspect of fishery and related activities as ―a process by which members of a society increase their personal and institutional capacities to mobilize and manage resources to produce sustainable and justly distributed improvements in quality of life consistent with their own aspirations‖. The standpoint of the seller may not be questioned by other bidders known or not, because, the sellers as just trying to protect their interest in the bulungan activity and that of the trawl owners so that a well distributed gains may be partaken by a bigger number of bulungan participants as compared to bidders who are not being true to an unwritten agreement hence the sole individual who gains more from among.

The researcher finds the foregoing statements of the interviewees as reflective of the following concepts of trust along economy which states that trust in situations of economic exchange requires or is built upon reliable institutions (McKnight & Chervany, 2000; Pavlou & Gefen, 2004; Rousseau et al., 1998). The nature of economic interaction also implies rational economic actors who are able and willing to maximize their expected utility, which gives a central role to calculative trust (Ba & Pavlou, 2001; Lewicki & Stevenson, 1997).

In the case of the present work, it can be said that the seller‘s view of integrity among bidders depend on the experiences the seller had with the bidders during bidding transactions; the background knowledge of the seller as to the paying capacity and attitude of the bidders. It can be said that the relationship existing between the bidders and the sellers is an impersonal economic transactions which therefore makes a limited definition of trustworthiness and honesty. The latter on the part of the bidders and the sellers is limited to capacity and payment attitude on the part of the bidders as a measurement of bidders‘ integrity. However, on the part of the sellers‘ integrity, there is no evident measure of trustworthiness and honesty. The conceptof McKnight & Chervany (2000) and Pavlou & Gefen (2004); that trust is developed in situations of economic exchange in reliable institutions, it can be said that it captures the bulungan as a reliable institution for conduct of economic exchanges that of the bulungan activity per se. The latter becomes a reliable institution because of its delivering the purpose for which it is conducted. Further, the concepts of Ba & Pavlou, 2001; Lewicki & Stevenson, 1997); that the economic nature of trust is based on the interaction of rational economic actors who are able and willing to maximize their expected utility, which gives a central role to calculative trust; is implied in the conditional relationship existing between the sellers and the bidders whom at the center of them is the ability and attitude to pay.

The researcher on the premise of the above-mentioned analyses, associates TRUST with the term ―calculative‖. Generally, the kind of trust existing in bulungan is a calculative trust limited to the impersonal relationship existing between sellers and bidders, with the exception of the case of a seller in the person of Mr. Malanyaon who has ethically and morally upholds the condition of the fisher folks hence the justifiable reason for being keen on the integrity of the bidders.

As discussed in the study of Dr. Bernd Carsten Stahl, on ―Honesty, Accountability and Trust: Fostering Research Integrity in Canada, in order for trust to arise, many conditions have to be fulfilled. Not all of them are necessary for each type of trust. One can distinguish between conditions referring to the structure and environment, the personality of trustor and trustee and the relationship between them.

Structure and environment are important because they shape actors perceptions and assumptions about other actors and ways of interacting with them. In order to successfully reduce complexity by trusting, a trustor will rely on her background

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knowledge of the situation. In modern impersonal economic transactions such background knowledge is highly important (Lane & Bachmann, 1996).

The discussions above capsulized the prevailing trust and trustworthiness condition in the bulungan practice of Sabang in relation to economic gains and profits.

CONCLUSIONS ON PRESENCE OF HONESTY, TRUST AND TRUSTWORTHINESS IN RELATION TO THE DISCOURSE OF ECONOMY The bulungan‘s concept of trust, honesty, and trustworthiness in relation to the theory of economy, can be described as conditional, expectant and commodified trust.

The researcher of the present study attached the word conditional to trust because it seems that in the bulungan of Sabang, trust is calculative as it is based on the experiences of the sellers among bidders as to the paying capacity of the bidder as the basis for the development of trust and honesty among sellers towards their bidders ignoring other important aspects such as the ethical and moral nature of trust. The explanation of this is that calculative properties of trust are easily measured whereas the internal view of subjects, including their moral norms and ethical reasoning are not.

Trust becomes a product of expectation hence expectant in nature, on the part of the husbands who trust their wives to do the bidding on the basis of their personal attributes as more disciplined, trusting in terms of taking good care of the financial aspect of the family.

On the other hand, trust in bulungan becomes a commodity on the basis of treating trust as an object of the sellers in quantifying the worth of the bidders based on the sellers knowledge of bidders‘ paying nature thus, trust given to bidders is being measured and quantified by the sellers. Trust in bulungan, though not entirely among other sellers and bidders, therefore can generally, be bought and sold subject to usual fish marketing mechanisms. Looking back from the results of the interviews, a declared bid can be changed by a seller in favor of a good bidder-payor, but just the same a process of bidding is conducted, subjecting all bidders as if on equal plane regardless of their capacity to pay.

DISCOURSE OF GENDER IN RELATION TO HONESTY, TRUST AND TRUSTWORTHINESS IN THE BULUNGAN PRACTICE Related Studies and Literatures ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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The redeeming values that can be obtained from the findings and conclusions derived at, is that, trust can be de ethically and morally developed though used in economic activities if there is the reduction of uncertainty among trustee and trustor.

As in the case of the sellers and the bidders, open communication should be practiced, encouraging honesty between sellers and bidders as to ones capacity to accept agreement and the bidders‘ capacity to pay respectively. Trust is relevant in risky situations (Mayer et al., 1995) or as a risk management approach. Trust seems to be most valuable in situations where control is lacking and future interactions are difficult to predict (Lane & Bachmann, 1996). These again, reflect the nature of bulungan activity in which the seller is put at risk should a bidder decides to pay later or worst not to pay at all hence the justification for practicing conditional and commodified trust by the sellers during bulungan to preserve economic related interest.

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Related studies on women‘s role in the fish industry revealed active participation of women in the fishery sector particularly in Lake Victoria is quite evident in the post harvest activity; and as sole distributors of fish, which means the fishers are dependent on the women for the distribution process.

The fishery sector around Lake Victoria is characterized by a high participation level of single, divorced and widowed women, and separated mothers (Ogutu 1992; Medard and Wilson 1996; Geheb 1997; Lwenya et al. 2000. Studies show that the levels of married women in Kenya have been recorded as 80% (Lwenya and Abila. 2000) and 69.9% (Geheb 1997). Widowed women have been recorded as 9% (Lwenya et al. 2000) and 11% (Geheb 1997) while single, divorced or women separated from their husbands have been recorded as 9% (Lwenya et al. 2000) and 4% (Geheb 1997).

The average number of children per female trader or processor was six.

In the study of Merdard, Sobo, Ngatunga, Chirwa, all from Tanzania, entitled, ―Women and Gender Participation in the Fisheries Sector in Lake Victoria‖, it was found out in the said study that, fish trade among women in Lake Victoria is both specialized and combined with other activities, majority of the women (57%) earn an income purely on fish trade while 43% combined fish trading and other businesses.

These percentages contrast sharply with those of men though the trend is the same: 74% survive purely from fish trade while 24% earn a living through combining fish trading and other businesses (LVFRP/SEDAWOG 1999). The high percentages of women who combine fish trade with other businesses as compared to their male counterparts suggest a gender disparity.

The paper starts with gathering facts from previous studies as to the roles of women in the fisheries sector. These roles are recognized in three stages of production: fishing, processing and marketing. In the article written by I.M. Siason of the University Philippines-of Visayas in Miag-ao, Iloilo City, Philippines, entitled ―Women In Fisheries in the Philippines‖, she made mention that the Philippines is a world-significant fish producer, ranking eleventh among the 80 fishproducing countries of the world. The fishing industry contributed 3.8% to total GDP and 18.6% to GVA in the agriculture industry group, valued at P34 billion (constant prices). The importance of this sector is further emphasized by the fact that fish is the major source of animal protein in the diet of the average Filipino, and constitutes 12% of total annual foodintake.

It has been observed that men are involved in marketing activities mainly when dealing with intermediaries and the fish caught is of high commercial value (tuna, abalone). Otherwise, women handle the small scale marketing that involves inexpensive fish varieties. Fish processing and preservation is mainly the arena of women because it is associated with food preparation. Women engaged in postharvest fishing activities constitute 40% of such workers and substantially increase the total income of their households (Legaspi, 1995). The social value of such ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Approximately 990,872 people are employed in the fisheries sector, about 5% of the country's labor force. Of these, 68% are employed by municipal fishing, 26% by aquaculture, and 6% by commercial fisheries. The 1995 census of population reports that 91.7% of those employed in fisheries are male and 8.2% are female, indicating that fisheries is a male dominated field. The reason stated in the study as to the dominance of men in the fishing industry is because participation of women before and after fish capture has been given little importance.

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activities lies in the support and assistance wives give to their fisher husbands, and in its reinforcement of relationships within the community, such as in dealing with their suki or favored buyer.

Discussion The researcher asked Mam Olleta (wife of Kgd. Olleta now a bidder herself), why is it that there are more women who participate in bulungan as mentioned by her husband.

“We used to have an almost equal number of men and women bidder however, the number of women-bidder increased because of the presence of the women-vendor who at the same time participate in bidding. Those that I usually see during bulungan and we would go toge ther are that of Vicente Medroso, Efren Fernandez, Rodrigo Abrantes they are bidders; while the women vendor-bidder are that of Gina Carino, Liezel, Minda Tabinas, Jenny Escriba, Lourdes Benaid,Marvi Velez, and the only male from among is Noli Reganit.

The researcher interrupted and said, “Ay iyo po mam talaga gusto ko man maaraman kung tanu ta ang mga nakakasakay ko aga, hapon, na nagtitinda at naglilibot sa mga harong harong mga babayi na medyo magabat ang mga bitbit”. (Indeed ma‘am, I really want to ask you that question because I have observed myself that during my travel from our place to work, I often encounter female vendor and I have observed they carry with them quite a heavy baggage of fish.‖) “Iyo ta ang iba kaya kayan ang mga agom iyo ang nagpapangki arug ki Marvi Velez, ang iba nag ooma ang mga agom, tapos ang iba man iyo ang nasa harong ta mayo naming saradit na mga aki tapos medyo mas madaling nakakakuang sira sa pagbulung ang mga babae ta ang mga tinder mas tinitiwalaan ang mga babaying parabulung lalo kung utang . Sa obserbasyon ko lang iyan.” Tapos sabi kaya kang mga agom na lalaki maray pa daang si misis na lang ninda ang magbulung ta ang mga lalaki medyo mayong kontrol pagnakaaging bulangan mayo ng pangbulung.’ Araaldaw kabali na ang nagbubulung, mga tindero, parapangki, parabalidya, mga parabakal sira na pangkunsumo, nagbabadi, lampas sanggatos ang permanente kong nahihiling sa port.” “ Yes, it is because some of these female fish vendor-bidders‟ husbands are into fishing just like Marvi Velez, while some others are into farming while some husbands chose to stay in their house because they no longer have small children to attend to, because as I have observed, most seller trust women-bidder more than that of men. Besides, according to their husbands, their wives are trustworthy because of their having more control in terms of financial aspect hence, they are better as ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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“Halos pantay man kuta ang nagbubulung na babae saka lalaki pero mas nagdakul ng maray ang mga babayi dahil sa mga parabalidya, si mga nagtitinda, naglilibot tapos nagbubulung man padagos. Ang mga nagkakahiriling ko na kasabay sabay ko sa, Vicente Medroso, Efren Fernandez, Rodrigo Abrantes mga nagbubulung yan. Tapos ang mga parabalidya tapos nagbubulung man sa Gina carino, Liezel, Minda Tabinas, Jenny Escriba, Lourdes Benaid, Marvi Velez tapos ang saro lang na bistado kong lalaki na nagbabalidya si Noli Reganit.

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The related studies reviewed in this paper suggest that there are three stages of production in the Philippine setting in terms of fishing industry to wit: fishing, processing and marketing. In the article written by I.M. Siason of the University Philippines-of Visayas in Miag-ao, Iloilo City, Philippines, entitled ―Women In Fisheries in the Philippines‖, she made mention that the Philippines being the worldsignificant fish producer, ranking eleventh among the 80 fish producing countries of the world, should give importance to the value of women in the fishing industry.

Presently, the fishing industry has accommodated 8.2% female, indicating that fisheries are a male dominated field. The reason stated in the study as to the dominance of men in the fishing industry is because participation of women before and after fish capture has been given little importance.

It can be deduced from the foregoing findings in the study of Siason that those are reflective of the fate of women-bidders in the bulungan of Sabang. The women are given the opportunity to do the bidding because they have better knowledge of the existing prices in the market, after the bidding activity they can directly engaged the fish won out of bidding into the market or in a house-to-house activity for their favored buyer.

Also, as per mentioned by Mrs. Olleta, women are given trust by their male counterparts in terms of contracting credits. This is possible because,bulungan is a close community where everybody almost knows everybody hence, contracting loans is basically more of character loans in which one is given the trust based on impression by the sellers and at the same time the gathered experiences and comments of the members of the community as to the paying character of the bidders. This scenario is reinforced by the statement mentioned in the same study of Siason which states that, ―In seeking credit, while banks and other formal credit institutions recognize the men as borrowers, the women transact loans from relatives and neighbors through informal community links. When household incomes are inadequate, the women take on the role of seeking such informal credit. This again showed gender bias because in times of non payment which shoud be a shared responsibility of the men and women in the families, become a sole burden of the women which may affect their trust and trustworthiness status in the assessment of the creditors.

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bidders as compared to their husbands who lack control, that if they would pass by a cockfighting arena, for sure, there will be no money left for bidding. Every day, including that of the bidders, sellers, fisher folks, dried fish proprietor-bidders, women vendor-bidders, household consumers, I would see more than a hundred of them in the port”.

The Philippines, Sabang in particular, is not an isolated case as pertains to women‘s participation in the fishing industry. In the study of Merdard, Sobo, Ngatunga, Chirwa, all from Tanzania, entitled, ―Women and Gender Participation in the Fisheries Sector in Lake Victoria‖, it was found out in the said study that, 57% of women are into fish trade fish trade while 24% only for men which is already a combination of fish trade and related fish businesses. The high percentages of women who assumed the fish trade part in the fishing industry as compared to their male counterparts suggest a gender disparity because of the limitation being attached to women‘s contribution in the fishing industry.

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of keeping the capital intact. Women are perceived as less vulnerable to temptations in the utilization of the economic aspect of the fish marketing activities. The trust given to women therefore is not based on their capacity and ability to practice any of the recognized three stagies in fish production but more of their personal nature.

Further, it is safe to concude that women in the bulungan practice of sabang are trusted by the sellers because of their continous and growing population in the said activity. However, as described in the first part of the paper such trust is conditional and commmodified because just the same, the sellers trust women to do the bidding for as long as their experiences with them are economically favorable and that trust is commodified because women‘s participation in bulungan is anchored on a trust given them based on their ability to control unwanted expenditures that may affect the financial aspect of their family as mentioned in the statement of Mrs. Olleta that, “…Tapos sabi kaya kang mga agom na lalaki maray pa daang si misis na lang ninda ang magbulung ta ang mga lalaki medyo mayong kontrol pagnakaaging bulangan mayo ng pangbulung.’’

The degree of the current trust given to the women-bidders in bulungan which is previously dominated by men, is a product of sociological construct which refers to people‘s expectations. In the case of bulungan, the expectation lies on the competency of women to exhibit skills as to current trends in bulungan, and most importantly among husbands, is for their wives to take good care of the proceeds they gained out of the fish trading and marketing they get involved with.

The trust given to the women-bidders of bulungan has limited nature but considering bulungan as a future-directed economic activity; the conditional, commodified, and also expectant trust currently given to the women-bidder is heavily influenced by trust in general,by previous experiences and secondhand knowledge from others, which gives hope that eventually, women in the fish marketing aspect not only in bulungan would be a reckon force to deal with as they will be known as trustworthy individuals in the fish industry. Positively, the husbands trust their wives in their business dealings and the sellers to the women-bidders because of the beneficial relationship that the sellers and the women-bidders have in the bulungan activity. However, as to the latter‘s relationship, it should be noted that where economy is concerned, ―trust or distrust knows no gender rather it occurs in the perception, beliefs, and expectations of the trustee and the one trusted‖, as mentioned in the same study of Siason.

The above-mentioned findings in the study of fish industry in Lake Victoria are also reflective of the women-participants of bulungan in Sabang in the case of the parabalidya or the fish vendors in which majority are women. The interview conducted among three of the women-parabalidya who are not necessarily all from Sabang but are participants in the bulungan activity of Sabang, revealed:

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“Ako nagbabalidya ta mayo na akong agom, ako na lang nagbubuhay sa pamilya ko, saka nagsusuporta sa mga aki ko. Nakakabuhay man, nakapaklase ang pagbubulunga at pagbabalidya ko.” says Ms. Teresita Artista of Bonot Sta. Rosa Calabanga, C.S. “I engaged in fish selling because I do not have my husband with me and I am the only one caring for my family and supporting my children.”

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Ms. Lailani Elopre, who is already on her 18 years of fish buy and sell activity seconded Ms. Artista and added, “Sa 18 taon kong pagbabalidya dakol na ining naitabang sa pamilya ko.”

“In my 18 years of selling fish, I have already supported my family in a number of ways.”

Ms. Cyril Bremon of Sabang Calabanga said, “maray man na sa pagbulung hali ang pigtitindang sira ta nakakabawi man sa kapagalan pagtinda dakulang suporta na sa pamilya, ang mga lalaki kaya medyo supog magbalidya lalo na magharong harong para magtindang sira kaya kadaklan na para balidya babae.”

“It is good that I get the fish for selling out of the bulungan practice because I would gain income that compensates with the hardships and efforts exerted in selling fish, likewise, most fish vendors are women because men are quite shy in selling fish specially to conduct house to house fish selling”.

All of the above statements of the three women bidder-vendors collaborate and reflect the findings in the study of Medard, Sobo, Ngatunga, and Chirwa, entitled, ―WOMEN AND GENDER PARTICIPATION IN THE FISHERIES SECTOR IN LAKE VICTORIA, which mentioned that most women participants in the fish industry particularly in the post production aspect the fish marketing aspect, are widows, separated, single and those who look for income with fishing as the last resort.

Likewise, the presence of women as a majority force in the marketing aspect of fish most if it is a small scale fish selling can be attributed to the previous findings of Siason that of, “It has been observed that men are involved in marketing activities mainly when dealing with intermediaries and the fish caught is of high commercial value (tuna, abalone). Otherwise, women handle the small scale marketing that involves inexpensive fish varieties.

The statement of Ms. Bremon, a parabalidya herself can attest that there is some degree of an impression that men want to maintain that they are into something macro while women into micro. It further implies that there is a non-verbal image being attached to men and women as far as marketing is concerned particularly when it pertains to fish trading and marketing.Such image connotes that men are given the leeway to choose the kind of fish trading activity they want to enage in as compared to women who because of a limited choice assumes any role given them with an end goal of meeting the needs of the family.

Generally, it can be said that the most important contribution of small-scale fisheries to poverty alleviation is through their role in poverty prevention as to the number of people benefiting from it. Further small scale fishing and related activities do not generate high economic returns rather, sustain the fisher folk‘s livelihoods and prevent them from falling deeper into deprivation. Fishing and related activities are considered as ―safety net activity‖, ―labor safety valve‖, or ―last resort activity‖ as described in the study of Christopher Bene along ―Small Scale Fisheries: Assessing ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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GENERAL IMPRESSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS of the Bulungan Practice in Sabang as to honesty, trust and trustworthiness in relation to Discourse of ethics, gender and economy

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Their Contribution to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries, and as included definition of small scale fisheries and fishing through the Food Authority Organization (FAO).

As to gender concern, it can be said that gender has an important role being played in the fish industry not only in Sabang but could be in some other part of the country this, is collaborated in the works of Ardales, De Castro, et. Al of Visayas, in their study of gender roles in the aquaculture, and its socio economic impact. Until this time, fish industry is still a man‘s world; women may have part on it just like in the bidding activity of bulungan of Sabang but with limitations just as the characteristics of bulungan‘s implications of honesty, trust, and trustworthiness.

Lastly, putting ethics, morality and economy together in the practice of trust, honesty and trustworthiness can be deduced to trust and trustworthiness having implicit and explicit characteristics (Bews & Rossouw 2002). The moral quality of trust exists independent of its faculty of improving economic interaction (Harris, Carapiet & Provis, 2004). At the same time, the ethical aspect of trust is arguably a necessary precondition for its economic benefits to materialise (Jones & Bowie, 1998).

All the above concepts capsulized the nature of bulungan as a bidding practice in which, the implicit nature of trustworthiness can be manifested by the bidders in their paying attitude and openness as to their capacity in terms of capital. The explicit nature of trust is evident among sellers as they are influenced by a number of factors in the bidding environment such that of the impression other bidders attached to fellow bidders and as perceived by the sellers and the major of which the sellers‘ first hand experience with the bidders as to payment of fish gained during bidding.

Based on the above impressions and conclusions, it is recommended that fish industry should not be seen just as a day-to-day survival activity just as the saying goes, ―give a man a fish and he will live for a day, teach man how to fish and he will lve for a lifetime‖. A sustainable program for fish industry or enterprises should be maintained by every local port and such programs are in adherence to the existing laws on fishing. On the part of the small scale fish entrepreneurs popularly known as ―parapangki‖, the women don‘t have to depend or limit their fish selling activity to the amount of fish captured by their husbands rather, the Local Fishery Board of every municipality may engage the women fish vendors to engage in fish related production activities such as fish food making hence the need for trainings along this aspect.Likewise, a program for capitalization of small scale fish entrepreneurs may be designed for both men and women fish trading and marketing practitioners so that they may not be forever deprived of trust and somehow be ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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However as to Harris, Carapiet and Provis‘ statement that moral quality of trust exists independently with economic interaction is not applicable to existence of trust in bulungan considering its commodity and conditional nature as trust being dependent of the sellers‘ impression of the bidders in which said impression is developed based on economic related encounters. _____________________________________________________________________ _ RECOMMENDATIONS

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branded as trustworthy because of their economic stability. Likewise, their fish marketing engagements may not be a mere mouth to mouth existence.

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Further, it is recommended that attainable, community characterized activities along Fish industry may be developed to enhance the economic opportunities of the small fisher folks and hopefully, through them we may elevate the culture of fishing in the country. It would also be interesting to note if a modified, more standard bidding process be adopted among ports situated in the vicinity of the Bicol River so that, there would be a more ethical, moral and gender and economically responsive bulungan or fish trading/marketing port practices.

Training women along packaging, processing, storage, would reduce danger for fish post production losses. The marketing of fish whether in small or big scale, could be a shared responsibility among men and women if only there would be better support mechanism such as a strategically situated market site for bulungan‘s everyday captures but with a limited time frame for household fish need marketing so as not to kill the wet market industry rather a sort of venue for men and women vendors and for household marketers to reduce physically demanding activity for fish selling and reduce fish price for a day‘s consumption for both men/women fish vendors and housekeepers respectively.

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References Ardales, V.,‖ Gender roles in sustainable agricultural and aquacultural productivity: the case of Western Visayas‖,Center for Research and Development, University of Iloilo, 1997 Bews, N. & Rossouw, G. J. ―A Role for Business Ethics in Facilitating Trustworthiness‖, Journal of Business Ethics 39, 2002, 377 - 390 34 Bhattacherjee, A. Individual Trust in Online Firms: Scale Development and Initial Test. Journal of Management Information Systems (19:1), 2002, 211- 241 Brenkert, G. Marketing Trust: Barriers and Bridges. Business and Professional Ethics Journal (16:1-3), Special Issue on Trust and Business: Barriers and Bridges, edited by D. Koehn, 1997, 77 – 98 Bene, Christopher,―Small Scale Fisheries: Assessing Their Contribution to Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries‖, Cairo, Egypt Brenkert, G. Trust, Business and Business Ethics: An Introduction. Business Ethics Quarterly (8:2), 1998, 195 - 203 Cheskin Research and Studio Archetype/Sapient: eCommerce Trust Study.

Available: www.studioarchetype.com/cheskin/ [01.08.2001]: De Castro, L., C. Formacion and L. Zapanta, ―Role of rural women in the development of fisheries in Panay: focus on the socio-cultural and economic variable‖, University of the Philippines in the Visayas, Iloilo City, 1986 Gallivan, M. J. & Depledge, G. Trust, Control and the Role of Interorganizational Systems in Electronic Partnerships. Information Systems Journal (13), 2003, 159 - 190 Legaspi, A., ―Role of women in fisheries development in the Philippines, Annex 23‖, Final report of the Regional Workshop on the Role of Women in Fisheries Development, GOP-UNDP SU/TCDC-TCCP, 1995 McDonald,C., McDonald, M. & Norman, W. Charitable Conflicts of Interest.

Journal of Business Ethics 39, 2002, 67 - 74 McKnight, D. H., & Chervany, N L.‖ What is Trust? A Conceptual Analysis and an Interdisciplinary Model‖, Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems 2000, 827 - 833

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McKnight, D. H.; Choudhury, V. & Kacmar, C. Developing and Validating Trust Measures for e- Commerce: An Integrative Typology. Information Systems Research (13:3), 2002, 334-359

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Merdard, Sobo, Ngatunga, Chirwa, all from Tanzania, entitled, ―Women and Gender Participation in the Fisheries Sector in Lake Victoria‖, Tanzania Preece, J. Supporting Community and Building Social Capital.

Communications of the ACM (45:4), 2002 37 - 39 Reagle, J. M. jr. Trust in Electronic Markets. First Monday (1:2), 1996, available: www.firstmonday.dk Ricoeur, P. Soi-même comme un autre. Paris: Edition du Seuil, 1990 Salam, A.F., Iyer, L.; Palvia, P. & Singh, R., ―Trust in E-Commerce.

Communications of the ACM‖, (4 8:2), 2005, 73 - 77 Siason of the University Philippines-of Visayas in Miag-ao, Iloilo City, Philippines, an article on ―Women In Fisheries in the Philippines‖.

Wilikens, J. S., Morris, M., P. & Masera, M., ―Trust Requirements in EBusiness - A conceptual framework for understanding the needs and concerns of different stakeholders.‖, Communications of the ACM (43:12), 2000, 80 – 87

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http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9780631207535_chunk_g97 8063120753512_ss1-12

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INNOVATIVE BY- PRODUCTS FROM ABO FISH (OTOLITHES RUBER) JENNIFER V. PEREZ College of Industrial Technology This study was conducted to find other processes of preservation of Tigertoothed Croaker which is popularly known as ―Abo‖ and to discover other products from its raw material. Specifically, it was geared toward the attainment of the following objectives: (1) identify the processes involved in the preparation of processed Abo fish products; (2) determine the sensory characteristics of Abo fish processed products in terms of appearance, taste, texture, and aroma; and, (3) evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of the products in terms of Titratabe acidity (TA), Potential Hydrogen (pH), and moisture.

Three (3) trials were conducted for the skinless longganisa. Findings revealed that trial 3 was the most acceptable since, for appearance: it had a weighted mean of 5 interpreted as golden brown, uniform in sizes and shapes; for texture: the weighted mean was 4.8 interpreted as evenly tender and delicately moist; for aroma: the weighted mean is 5 interpreted as well-balanced aroma of seasoning and spices; and, for taste: the weighted mean is also 5 interpreted as well-blended flavors, properly seasoned, and pleasantly flavorful. Four (4) trials and revisions were conducted for fish in oil. Trial 4 was the most acceptable since, for appearance, texture, aroma, and taste, it had the weighted means of 5.0, 4.4, 5.0, and 4.5, respectively; 4.4 for texture is interpreted as mostly evenly tender and delicately moist; 4.5 for taste is described as well-blended flavors, properly seasoned, and pleasantly flavorful. Abo Fish Chips

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This study used research and development, experimental, and descriptive methods. An investigation on several probable processed Abo products was conducted prior to selecting innovative products, and eventually, three creative products namely skinless longganisa, fish in oil, and fish chips were deemed to be feasible in almost all aspects of production. Experimental method was used in testing the most appropriate products – entailing determination and optimization of the food processing procedures to use and formulation of the product. The descriptive method was utilized to characterize the physicochemical properties of the three products.

Research and development included the following steps: planning, gathering of information and data, product development, and finalization of the product. Planning was used to gather information about Abo Fish through various levels of coordination with local suppliers for accessibility of raw fresh fish materials from the Calabanga fish market; its transport, cleaning and proper cold storage to maintain freshness prior to processing. Planning stage also involves the coordination with the Food Science Department of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture Pili Campus in analyzing the processed fish products from abo fish. product. For validation of data, the finished products were subjected to sensory evaluation. Twenty-five respondents consisted of fifteen (15) CBSUA Hotel and Restaurant Management (HRM) students, five (5) faculty members, and five (5) expected consumers from Sta Cruz Poblacion, Calabanga, Camarines Sur evaluated the test samples using a five-point scale rating sensory evaluation sheets. To determine the acceptability level of Abo fish products, weight mean was used.

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also had undergone three (3) trials to achieve the acceptability of the product, and findings showed that trial 4 was considered most acceptable. The weighted means are as follows, for appearance: 5.0 described as light brown color and uniform sizes; for texture: 4.7 described as pleasantly thin; for aroma: 4.6 described as highly desirable; and, for taste: 4.96 interpreted as highly acceptable, respectively.

To achieve the quality standard and safety of the products for consumers‘ health, they had undergone physicochemical analyses. Titratable acidity (TA) of longganisa was 0.1633% and the pH level was 6.59. For fish in oil, TA was 0.2329% and pH was 6.27. Products passed the standard titratable acidity and pH analysis which means that these products are both classified as non-acid food. The fish chips had undergone moisture analysis and result showed that it had 10.35% moisture content – an indication that the moisture of the product passed the standard. The researcher concluded that through these innovative Abo Fish products, the small scale entrepreneur who would want to get to know and get involved in fish product venture may opt to use Abo fish because several products can be developed out of this species.

The researcher recommended that local government unit initiate and introduce programs on fish product preservation and provide necessary training, materials and equipment to the people of the community; Abo fish products be subjected to advance physicochemical analysis and shelf life analysis for further study; creativity and performance be processed by the researcher to have better results and to achieve a good quality product; livelihood training for women on the alternative product development from Abo fish be a long term goal of this research; patenting of this product be an equally important next step; and, the products be readily made available to the market and continuing market study for commercialization be undertaken.

Research on the presence of tiger-toothed croaker or popularly known as „abo‟; shows that in the Philippines it only exists in San Miguel Bay and that no other body of water produces or houses this type of fish. The geographical location tells us that the said type of fish exists in Calabanga, Camarines Sur and some nearby municipalities like Tinambac and Tamban. This type of fish is basically taken as an ordinary one and almost resembles the common tao‟s fish which is popularly known as galunggong.

The idea is brought about by the abundance in yield as mentioned by Annabelle Cruz-Trinidad (1996) in San Miguel Bay. Due to its abundance, gill net fishing and other artisanal fishing methods such as fish corrals and lift nets were used to catch the croakers. From the 1980‘s to the present, croakers (abo and pagotpot) constitute 82% of the fisher folk‘s catch.

Though abo is considered to be ordinary fish especially in the municipalities of Calabanga and Tinambac Camarines Sur, it is recommended by doctors to patients with cases of allergy like spring allergies that usually come from trees, grasses and weed pollens that releases tiny grains into the air. Just like other fish, abo itself and its fishery products are very valuable source of protein and essential micronutrients for balanced nutrition and good health. Regarding lipid fraction, it is a significant source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially the eicosapentaenoic (EPAC20: 5 Ѡ-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA-C22:6 Ѡ-3) acids. These two fatty acids are

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INTRODUCTION

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supplied solely by the diet and reduce risk factors associated with the cardiovascular disease, hypertension, general inflammation, asthma, arthritis, psoriasis and various types of cancer. However, the fatty acid composition is directly related to the processing and storage conditions due to the instability of unsaturated lipids (Aghababyan et. al 2012).

The acceptability quality of a tiger-toothed croaker determined was 15-17 days in ice storage. Limiting factors for acceptability were eyes, gills, peritoneum, smell of gills and abdominal cavity, internal organs and flesh. Lengthening the life quality of abo is through preservation by adding ice to prevent spoilage and applying salt. However, due to the demand of this fish in the market, considering it is part of the normal Filipino dish, abo‟s availability becomes scarce just after the fisher folks bring them to the port.

There are various types of food that have longer shelf life while others have shorter. When microbes are exposed to oxygen, they cause the food to spoil. In order to preserve food and maintain its quality, the microbes have to be eliminated to prevent.

Among the different types of food processing and preservation such as salting, smoking, sugaring, freezing, vacuum sealing, pickling and drying. This study aims, to identify which among the methods or processes, aside from salting, could be used or applied in preserving tiger-toothed croaker as a raw product.

On December 14, 2009, as published in Ugnayan at Bahaginan, an information sheet for good governance, it was noted that Calabanga, Camarines Sur eyed for the expansion of its product of export quality dried fish and hoped to take on the international market with this processed product through modern technology provided by the government experts. According to Hon. Evelyn S. Yu, the former mayor of Calabanga, “The high demand from both the domestic and international market has been compelling us to expand that would open more livelihood opportunities for our fishermen and other workers in the industry.” It was also mentioned in the same publication that of the 48 barangays in Calabanga, 80% are into farming but San Miguel Bay offers a good source of alternative livelihood, being rich in fish species such as abo (tiger-toothed croaker) and bolinao (anchovy) which are common raw materials for the dried fish products.

It is along this light that the proponent draws inspiration to pursue the study on finding other possible processes of preservation of tiger-toothed croaker and discovering other products aside from dried abo and biti. It is hoped that the output of this study will help produce a competitive market for tiger-toothed abo production and raise the quality of life of small scale fisher folk.

The direct beneficiaries envisioned by the proponent are the fisher folk of Calabanga, specifically the people in Brgy. Sabang, and nearby municipalities where there is an abundant supply of abo. In addition, this study may provide them information and ideas on abo product that may help increase their economic status.

The researcher prior to selecting innovative products for testing has investigated on several probable processed abo products like ice cream, tart, and coated chocolate biti. Eventually, three creative products emerged to be feasible in almost all aspects of production.

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METHODOLOGY

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analysis of the development of Abo Fish Longganisa, Abo Fish Chips and Abo Fish in Oil as innovative fish food by-products from Abo. In particular, this entailed the determination and optimization of food processing procedures to use. This will be followed by ingredient formulations for products optimization and final stages of development of abo innovative products.

Descriptive Method was also used to characterize the physicochemical properties specifically the titratable acidity, pH in Abo Fish Skinless Longganisa and Abo Fish in Oil and moisture content for Abo Fish Chips.

Research and Development includes the following steps namely: planning, gathering of information and data, product development, and finalization of the product. In planning, the researcher gathered information about Abo Fish through various levels of coordination with local suppliers for accessibility of raw fresh fish materials from the Calabanga fish market; its transport, cleaning and proper cold storage to maintain freshness prior to processing. Planning stage also involved the coordination with the Food Science Department in Central Bicol State University of Agriculture Pili Campus in analyzing the processed fish products from abo fish. product. In planning, researcher gathered information about Abo Fish through various levels of coordination with local suppliers for accessibility of raw fresh fish materials from the Calabanga fish market; transport, cleaning and proper cold storage to maintain freshness prior to processing.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To achieve the quality standard and safety of the products for consumers‘ health, they had undergone physicochemical analyses. Titratable acidity (TA) of longganisa was 0.1633% and the pH level was 6.59. For fish in oil, TA was 0.2329% and pH was 6.27. Products passed the standard titratable acidity and pH analysis which means that these products are both classified as non-acid food. The fish chips had undergone moisture analysis and result showed that it had 10.35% moisture content – an indication that the moisture of the product passed the standard. The researcher concluded that through these innovative Abo Fish products, the small scale entrepreneur who would want to get to know and get involved in fish product venture may opt to use Abo fish because several products can be developed out of this species.

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Three (3) trials were conducted for the skinless longganisa. Findings revealed that trial 3 was the most acceptable since, for appearance: it had a weighted mean of 5 interpreted as golden brown, uniform in sizes and shapes; for texture: the weighted mean was 4.8 interpreted as evenly tender and delicately moist; for aroma: the weighted mean is 5 interpreted as well-balanced aroma of seasoning and spices; and, for taste: the weighted mean is also 5 interpreted as well-blended flavors, properly seasoned, and pleasantly flavorful. Four (4) trials and revisions were conducted for fish in oil. Trial 4 was the most acceptable since, for appearance, texture, aroma, and taste, it had the weighted means of 5.0, 4.4, 5.0, and 4.5, respectively; 4.4 for texture is interpreted as mostly evenly tender and delicately moist; 4.5 for taste is described as well-blended flavors, properly seasoned, and pleasantly flavorful. Abo Fish Chips also had undergone three (3) trials to achieve the acceptability of the product, and findings showed that trial 4 was considered most acceptable. The weighted means are as follows, for appearance: 5.0 described as light brown color and uniform sizes; for texture: 4.7 described as pleasantly thin; for aroma: 4.6 described as highly desirable; and, for taste: 4.96 interpreted as highly acceptable, respectively.

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REFERENCES Annabelle Cruz Trinidad (1996). ― San Miguel Bay‖ Aghababyan et al. (2012). Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research.

University of Maryland, Medical Center. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Retrieved from http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/docosahexaenoic-aciddha ACCORD. (2014). Ugnayan at Bahaginan: Building Resilience through Good Governance.

Dacuya and Pielago (2015) study on Acceptability of Smoked Milkfish with Different Flavor Enhancers.

Carable and Delos Centis (2015) conducted the study on Fish Bagoong Using Lemon Grass and Pomelo Leaves as Enhancers.

Emere, M.C. et al. (2013). A Survey of the Methods of Fish Processing and Preservation Employed by Artisanal Fishermen in Kaduna City.

M. Szymczak, E. K. (2012). Losses of nitrogen fractions from herring to brine during marinating. Food Chemistry, 132(1), 237-243. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.062 Janjai, S., & Bala, B. K. (2011). Solar Drying Technology. Food Engineering Reviews, 4(1), 16–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-011-9044-6 Duan, Z. H., Jiang, L. N., Wang, J. L., Yu, X. Y., & Wang, T. (2011). Drying and quality characteristics of tilapia fish fillets dried with hot air-microwave heating.

Food and Bioproducts Processing, 89(4), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2010.11.005 Kituu, G. M., Shitanda, D., Kanali, C. L., Mailutha, J. T., Njoroge, C. K., Wainaina, J. K., & Silayo, V. K. (2010). Thin layer drying model for simulating the drying of Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in a solar tunnel dryer. Journal of Food Engineering, 98(3), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.009 Dosal (2009) in Acceptability of Smoked Tilapia as Fish Tocino Using Different Flavor Enhancer.

J. Wasswa, J. T. (2007). Utilization of Fish Processing By-Products in the Gelatin ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Gwo, J.-C., Jamieson, B. G. M., & Leung, L. K.-P. (2009). Live preservation of fish gametes. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Fishes (Agnathans and Bony Fishes), 395–484. https://doi.org/doi:10.1201/b10257-12 De Guzman (2007) from Benguet State University also conducted a study on the profile of another popular fish in the Philippines,Bangus.

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Industry.

Food Reviews doi:10.1080/87559120701225029

International,

23(2),

159-174.

Aghababyan, et al. (2012). Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research.

Carable and Delos Centis (2015) conducted the study on Fish Bagoong Using Lemon Grass and Pomelo Leaves as Enhancers.

Dacuya and Pielago. (2015). Study on Acceptability of Smoked Milkfish with Different Flavor Enhancers.

De Guzman (2007) from Benguet State University also conducted a study on the profile of another popular fish in the Philippines,Bangus.

Dosal (2009) in Acceptability of Smoked Tilapia as Fish Tocino Using Different Flavor Enhancer.

Conlu,P.V (1977). Guide to Philippine flora and fauna: Fishes, Vol.1. Joint project, Ministry of Natural Resources/ University of the Philippines, Natural Science Research Center.

Duan, Z. H., Jiang, L. N., Wang, J. L., Yu, X. Y., & Wang, T. (2011). Drying and quality characteristics of tilapia fish fillets dried with hot air-microwave heating. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 89(4), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2010.11.005.

Emere, M.C. et al. (2013). A Survey of the Methods of Fish Processing and Preservation Employed by Artisanal Fishermen in Kaduna City.

Gwo, J.-C., Jamieson, B. G. M., & Leung, L. K.-P. (2009). Live preservation of fish gametes. Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Fishes (Agnathans and Bony Fishes), 395–484. https://doi.org/doi:10.1201/b10257-12.

Janjai, S., & Bala, B. K. (2011). Solar Drying Technology. Food Engineering Reviews, 4(1), 16–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-011-9044-6.

J. Wasswa, J. T. (2007). Utilization of Fish Processing By-Products in the Gelatin Industry.

Food Reviews International, 23(2), 159-174. doi:10.1080/87559120701225029.

Mansur M.A. et al. (2013). Study on the Quality and Safety Aspect of Three SundrieD Fish. Mymensingh, Bangladesh: Department of Fisheries Technology, Bangladesh Agricultural University.

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Kituu, G. M., Shitanda, D., Kanali, C. L., Mailutha, J. T., Njoroge, C. K., Wainaina, J. K., & Silayo, V. K. (2010). Thin layer drying model for simulating the drying of Krishnan, V. (2014). Study of Traditional Methods of Food Preservation: Its Scientific.

Understanding and Technological Intervention

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M. Szymczak, E. K. (2012). Losses of nitrogen fractions from herring to brine during marinating. Food Chemistry, 132(1), 237-243. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.062 Pauly, D. (1982). The Fishes and their Ecology. Makati, Metro Manila: International Aquatic Resources Management.

Tan Hiang Ching (2016). Talk About Fish: Red Fishes, Basses, Congers and Croaker.

Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in a solar tunnel dryer. Journal of Food Engineering, 98(3), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2010.01.009

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University of Maryland, Medical Center. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Retrieved from http://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/supplement/docosahexaenoic-acid-dha

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TRACER STUDY OF COMPLETERS OF ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM NILDA P. OLORES, PHD College of Education

Abstract The Alternative Learning System (ALS) program was created by the government to provide education to those less in life to acquire education in a regular school. This study was conducted to determine the employability, and hindrances affecting the career success of completers in Alternative Learning System in Calabanga, Camarines Sur. Qualitative and Quantitative research method was used to find out the success and failure of the completers hence an interview guide sustained the gathering of data.

Participants of the study were passers of Alternative Learning System from year 2009 to 2015 in Calabanga, Camarines Sur, Philippines.

Results showed that out of 51 completers of Alternative Learning System only 16 were employed, 4 of which pursued with their studies and the rest were not employed nor in school. The Alternative Learning System purposely gives an opportunity to the completers to continue their studies and be able to cope with standards set by various industries in a particular job. Some hindrances to succeed in life included age discrimination, lack of self-confidence, having a family, discrimination by other people, bad influence of friends, lack of financial support, distance of home to school and health conditions. Hence, measures and/or strategies for re-shaping ALS program offerings to address such concerns are recommended.

Education is the key to succeed. It changes the life of an individual. It is believed to be the only treasure that parents can give to their children, for it is not stolen. However, there are reasons that hinder parents to provide their children a quality education such as poverty, lack of awareness on the educational programs implemented and the like. Without education, one‘s chance of securing a good job and ascending to a higher economic and social status is often times limited.

The Alternative Learning System (ALS) is a free education offered to out-ofschool-youth, to old ones and to those who cannot afford to go to formal schooling.

ALS has been developed and prepared by the Department of Education with the assistance of the government to support individuals who are still interested to learn and give another opportunity to be part of the growing country. It is an alternative way to regular classroom studies where students are required to attend daily.

Through the ALS program, an individual can attain a successful career or job, stable socio-economic status, interactive and healthy way of living as well as a contributor to the growth of the country. However, the above mentioned implication can be substantiated and realized depending how an individual reacts to such hindrances — age discrimination, lack of self-confidence, having a family,

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INTRODUCTION

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discrimination by other people, bad influence of friends, lack of financial support, distance of home to school and health conditions.

In Quipayo Calabanga, Camarines Sur the Alternative Learning System started in 2009 to help and give chance to those out-of-school-youth who wanted to continue their studies and have a better future. Through ALS, the literacy rate seemed to increase and gradually decreased the illiteracy rate. Currently, the system is continually pursuing its primary objective to increase the functional literacy among individuals in Calabanga.

OBJECTIVES This study traced the completers and career success of Alternative Learning System completers from year 2009 – 2015 in Calabanga, Camarines Sur Philippines.

1. Trace the completers of Alternative Learning System from year 2009 – 2015.

2. Identify the profile of completers of Alternative Learning System in Calabanga.

3. Verify the status of completers of Alternative Learning System.

4. Find out the hindrances affecting the career success of the completers in Alternative Learning System in Calabanga.

ALTERNATIVE LEARNNG SYSTEM It is a parallel learning system in the Philippines that provides a practical option to the existing formal instruction. When one does not have or cannot access formal education in schools, ALS is an alternate or substitute. ALS includes both the non-formal and informal sources of knowledge and skills.

ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION The 1987 Philippine Constitution provides for the recognition and promotion of other forms of education other than formal education. Article XIV, Section 2, Paragraph (1) declares that the State shall establish, maintain and support a complete, adequate and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of the people and society; and paragraph (4) concisely encourages non-formal, informal and indigenous learning systems as well as self-learning, independent and out-of-school study programs particularly those that respond to community needs.

The Governance Act for Basic Education otherwise known as the Republic Act 9155 stipulates the establishment of the Alternative Learning System (ALS) to provide out-of-school children, youth and adults population with basic education and the Bureau of Alternative Learning System EO 356.

Many Filipinos do not have a chance to attend and finish formal basic education (Grades 1-6 and Year 1-4) due to many reasons. Some drop out from schools while some do not have schools in their communities. Since every Filipino has a right to free basic education, the Government establishes Alternative Learning System to provide all Filipinos the chance to have access to and complete basic education in a mode that fits their distinct situations and needs. Alternative Learning

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ALTERNATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINES

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System is one of the other ways of having a diploma other than in a formal education.

It is a big help for many Filipinos that can‘t afford to be in a formal schooling, though it is not in formal schooling but still it provides the same basic education that everyone needs.

METHODOLOGY This research used qualitative and quantitative method since it aimed to determine the success of completers of Alternative Learning System in Calabanga.

The most common method used to generate data in qualitative research is an interview which may be structured, semi-structured or unstructured. For this study, interview was used to get the data from the completers accompanied by an interview guide and with the used of unstructured interview for clarifications and follow up questions. Thus, the study required depth analysis in determining the career success of completers of Alternative Learning System in Calabanga. The meanings were sought from all of the data that were available. The data had been categorized and sorted into patterns as the primary basis for organizing and reporting the study findings.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This study gave emphasis on the success of completers of Alternative Learning System from year 2009 to 2015 in Calabanga, Camarines Sur under the supervision of the ALS-Calabanga Coordinator, Ma‘am Alma S. Pelonio.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions: 1.Trace the completers of Alternative Learning System from 2009 – 2015 in Calabanga, Camarines Sur. 2. What is the profile of the Alternative Learning System completers?

3. What is the status of Alternative Learning System completers in terms of job and income? 4. What are the hindrances that affect the career or success of completers in Alternative Learning System in Calabanga?

The researchers used the qualitative and quantitative method to assess the success or failure of Alternative Learning System completers. The respondents of the study were the passers of Alternative Learning System from year 2009 to 2015 in Calabanga, Camarines Sur. The researchers used questionnaire which the first part had been adapted from the profile of the passers, the second part was the status of the career success and the third part was the hindrances affecting career success.

1.

2.

3.

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4.

After the data were gathered, the following findings were shown: Within five years there were 772 total numbers of enrolees and the completers were 51 only. Among them only 16 has a good job, 4 continued in studies while the others remained as what they are.

All of the completers were from rural areas of Calabanga, 36 of the completers took secondary and only 3 took elementary, almost of them had their own family but some were not yet married, some were students, some had a better job.

The completers of the Alternative Learning System-Calabanga area had better job than their previous job.

It turned out that completers faced different hindrances such as; there were 8 with lack of self-confidence, 13 got married, 11 were discriminated, 34 suffered of financial support, and 6 with minor disease.

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CONCLUSIONS After the data were gathered, the researcher concluded: 1. There were more enrolees but only few have courage to complete their study from Alternative Learning System. From those completers some had given an opportunity to have better career and some were continue their study in college.

2. The completers of Alternative Learning System mostly had their own family; their ages ranged from 16 to 52 and reside at the rural areas of Calabanga.

Majority of the completers took secondary and only few took elementary.

Some of them pursue their studies while the other got a better job.

3. The Alternative Learning System purposely gave an opportunity to the completers to continue their studies and be able to cope with the standard set by various industries in a particular job.

4. Age discrimination, lack of self-confidence, had already a family, discrimination by other people, bad influence of friends, lacked of financial support, distance of the school from home and health condition—minor and major disease were the hindrances that affected the career success of Alternative Learning System completers from year 2009 – 2015 in Calabanga, Camarines Sur.

RECOMMENDATIONS

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Based on the results obtained, the researchers made suggestions which could be used as guide: 1. Introduce new programs and activities to be included in the ALS curriculum to invite more enrolees.

2. Request from Local Government Unit of Calabanga, Camarines Sur to provide a permanent Community Learning Center and Instructional Manager in rural areas where there was a large number of out-of-school youth.

3. Conduct career guidance to the completers of ALS that encourage and involved their skills in their perspective areas.

4. Conduct seminar and symposium regarding a socio-psychological enhancement of enrolees and completers to boost their confidence and overcome those hindrances.

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REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4]

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[8] [9] [10] [11] [12]

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Ellliot, J & Covington, M. – Approach and Avoidance Motivation.

Educational Psychology Review 13 (2001): 2.

Pardee, R. L. (1990). – Motivation Theories of Maslow. Review of Selected Theories Dealing with Job Satisfaction and Motivation.

Maehr, L & Mayer, H. (1997). – Understanding Motivation and Schooling.

Educational Psychology Review 9 (44).

Ryan, R. M.& Deci, E. L. (2000). – Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being".

American Psychologist 55 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68 Ryan, R. & Edward L. D. (2000). – Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions Contemporary Educational Psychology Ryan, R. M. & Deci, E. L. (2000). – "Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being.

American psychologist 55 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.1.68.

Wilson, T. D. & Lassiter, G. D. (1982). – Increasing intrinsic interest with superfluous extrinsic constraints. Journal of personality and social psychology 42 (5): 811–819. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.5.811.

Steel, P. & C. König (2006). – Integrating theories of motivation (PDF).

Academy of Management Review 31: 889–913.

Atkinson, J. & Joel O. R. (1978). – Personality, Motivation and Achievement Hemisphere Pub. Corp. ISBN 0-470-99336-7.

Schultz & Schultz, Duane (2010). – Psychology and work today. New York: Prentice Hall. pp. 121–122. ISBN 978-81-317-3370-7.

Kuhl, J. & John W. A. (1986). – Motivation, Thought, and Action. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-92096-8.

Vallerand, R. J. (March 08, 1993). – The Academic Motivation Scale: A Measure of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Amotivation in Education. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52 Susan H. (1981) – A New Self-Report Scale of Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Orientation in theClassroom: Motivational and Informational Components John D. & David K. – Serve as the foundation of the application of constructivist learning theory in the classroom.

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LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS OF CBSUACALABANGA MENDOZA, WENDEL R. PURCIA, MERCY D. LIBRERO, JHUNMAR D.

ABSTRACT This study identified the lifestyle of students in CBSUA- Calabanga.

This was conducted to selected 203 college students of the campus. It answered the following questions: 1.) What is the profile of college students of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Calabanga Campus in terms of: Age, Gender, Course, Family Income, and Occupation of the parents 2.) What are the healthy and unhealthy lifestyles of the college students of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Calabanga Campus? 3.) What are the factors affecting the lifestyle of college students of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Calabanga Campus?

Qualitative research method was used by the researchers to find the lifestyle analysis of college students in CBSUA- Calabanga. The result were interpreted and computed.

The findings were the: Most of the students in the College of Education, College of Arts and Sciences and College of Industrial Technology are healthy. Healthy lifestyle has a high percentage compared to unhealthy lifestyle of students in CBSUA- Calabanga. Furthermore the family, school, and peer factors affect the lifestyle of students.

INTRODUCTION

The statement above also implies that if one is healthy physically, he is also healthy mentally. This is so in the sense that the body works as a system. That is, a person ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) Š 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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One of the most precious possessions of a man is the quality of a good healthy lifestyle, the state of fitness of the body and of the mind. Both physical and mental conditions allow a person to lead a useful, productive and happy life. If a person is in a good health, a person could achieve all the tasks that he has to do. He has that spirit and strength to do them. In short, the health of man makes him struggle. He is strong not only in physical source but strong to resist viral infections or sickness. In the word of Amansec, he said that: the pillars of the nation have to be sturdy and strong. A country of weaklings can never hold its place in the world. Vigorous and healthy men and women are the needs of the nation. The children of today will be the leaders and builders of tomorrow. Upon them we depend the fate of the nation-in-the-making. To be strong is basically dependent on good health. To attain this, one must be well-nourished and of good environment.

Virtually, every human action affects the environment. The way in which people treat the environment influences their own physical health as well as the physical health of others.

According to Anderson: health is the state of well-being which enables one to live effectively and enjoyable. It implies a freedom from disabling defects and a vigour which enables one to accomplish the tasks of life with enjoyment and qualification in self-achievement.

Responsibility for personal health promotion rests upon the individual himself.

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could not work well and capable if one of the systems is aching.

Lifestyle is an outline of individual practices and personal behavioural choices that are related to, elevated or reduced health risks. There is scientific evidence that our lifestyle plays an enormous part on how healthy we are. Lifestyle is a relatively common theory that often is used to refer to the way people live and is the full range reflection of social values, attitudes and activities. It includes behaviours such as food habits, sleeping and resting, physical activity and exercising, weight controlling, smoking and alcohol consumption, immunization against disease, coping with stress and ability to use family and society supports.

Multiple behaviours which make up a person‗s lifestyle indicate that lifestyle is affected by many variables and suggested that it is tough to control and change.

However, people enjoy a high degree of individual freedom regarding the components of their lifestyle. They make decisions about the work they do, where they live, how they spend their leisure time, and how they treat other people.

Healthy lifestyle, which means healthy physical and mental health, may be one of the treasures that everyone is chasing. Anderson stated that ―a healthy nation is a progressive nation. This means that if the citizens are active then the nation is progressive.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The purpose of the review of related literature and studies is to give several ideas on how the researchers formulate the proposed study Lifestyle

Lifestyles and social position Thorstein Veblen(2001) with his emulation‗ concept, open this perspective by asserting that people adopt specific schemes of life‗, and in particular specific patterns of conspicuous consumption‗, depending on a desire for distinction from social strata they identify as inferior and a desire for emulation of the ones identified as superior Max Weber (2000) intended lifestyles as distinctive elements of status groups strictly connected with a dialectic of recognition of prestige: the lifestyle is the most visible manifestation of social differentiation, even within the same social class, and in particular it shows the prestige which the individuals believe they enjoy or to which they aspire.

Georg Simmel (2002) carried out formal analysis of lifestyles, at the heart of which can be found processes of individualisation, identification, differentiation and recognition, understood both as generating processes of, and effects generated by, lifestyles, operating ―vertically‖ as well as ―horizontally Pierre Bourdieu (2003) renewed this approach within a more complex ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Giddens(2000) asserts that everyone in modern society has to select a lifestyle, although different groups will have different possibilities (and wealth would certainly seem to increase the range of options). 'Lifestyle' is not only about fancy jobs and conspicuous consumption, though; the term applies to wider choices, behaviours, and (to greater or lesser degrees) attitudes and beliefs.

Lifestyles could be said to be like ready-made templates for a narrative of self.

But the choice of one lifestyle does not predict any particular type of life story. So, a lifestyle is more like a genre: whilst movie directors can choose to make a romance, or a western, or a horror story, we - as 'directors' of our own life narratives - can choose a metropolitan or a rural lifestyle, a lifestyle focused on success in work, or one centred on clubbing, sport, romance, or sexual conquests.

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model in which lifestyles, made up mainly of social practices and closely tied to individual tastes, represent the basic point of intersection between the structure of the field and processes connected with the habitus.

Lifestyles as styles of action Richard Jenkins et al. (2002), suggested an approach to lifestyles in which it is not everyday actions which make up the plane of analysis but those which the actors who adopt them consider particularly meaningful and distinctive.

Dr. Jeffrey Cherubini (2009) stated that happiness refers to three paths or pursuits: the pleasant life, the engaged life and the meaningful life. When blended together, psychologists believe that happiness can be achieved. This newfound happiness can change your attitude and inspire you to make better decisions regarding your health and behavior.

Lifestyle refers to overall way of living it comprises the attitude behavior and habits of a person in a daily life. Person‗s lifestyle is affected by many variables such as environment, economic status, and many more. Crompton (1998) pointed out; the claim that lifestyles have become more significant in self-formation and social identification needs to be taken seriously.

Annadale (1998) defined lifestyles not only to full fill utilitarian needs, but also give material form to develop self-identity. Lifestyle is an important marker affecting health and also contributes to differences in social identities.

Cockerham (2000) added that there are other structural variables affecting lifestyle. According to him, age and gender also produce distinct patterns in health lifestyles.

Yet, as Frohlich et al. (2001) pointed out that lifestyle to the socio-medical discourse, is used in reference to individual behavioural patterns that affect disease status.

However, they observe that ―the term lifestyle, widely adopted by researchers in health promotion, social epidemiology, and other branches of public health, has taken on a very particular and different meaning from that intended by Weber.

Lifestyle, then, is seen as a system of individual differences in the habitual use of declarative and procedural knowledge structures that intervene between abstract goal states (personal values) and situation-specific product perceptions and behaviors. Brunso, Scholderer and Grunert 2002 Mirowsky and Ross (2002), said ―individuals weave these disparate habits and practices into a coherent lifestyle designed to preserve and promote health. While ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Lifestyles as styles of thought Alfred Adler (2003) said that lifestyle was understood as a style of personality, in the sense that the framework of guiding values and principles which individuals develop in the first years of life end up defining a system of judgement which informs their actions throughout their lives.

Milton Rokeach‗s work, et al. (2001) said lifestyle analysis developed as profiles of values, reaching the hypothesis that it is possible to identify various models of scales of values organized hierarchically, to which different population sectors correspond.

According to Daniel Yankelovich et al. AIO approach in which attitudes, interests and opinions are considered as fundamental lifestyles‗ components, being analysed from both synchronic and diachronic points of view and interpreted on the basis of socio-cultural trends in a given social context (as, for instance, in Bernard Cathelat‗s work).

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individuals tend to do what others like them do, it is individuals who take ―otherwise incoherent or diametric practices allocated by subcultural forces and coalesce them into a healthy lifestyle.

Then the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard School of Public Health (2003) stated that, living a healthy lifestyle contributes to lower risks of contracting various serious illnesses. It lowers the risks of having coronary heart disease, cancer and diabetes.

However lifestyles on some studies focus on the analysis of social structure and of the individuals‘ relative positions inside it. Like lifestyles to according as distinctive elements of status groups strictly connected with dialectic of recognition of prestige: the lifestyle is the most visible manifestation of social differentiation, even within the same social class, and in particular it shows the prestige which the individuals believe they enjoy or to which they aspire (Alexandra Sifferlin, 2003).

While Thorstein Veblen (2003), with his emulation‘ concept, opens this perspective by asserting that people adopt specific schemes of life‗. According to him, in particular specific patterns of conspicuous consumption‗, depending on a desire for distinction from social strata they identify as inferior and a desire for emulation of the ones identified as superior.

According to Jocano (2012), lifestyle is a process in an individual associated with adoption and recurrent practices, values, with care practically value and practices to other individual or group.

An article by Elise Sole of healthy living 2014, four lifestyle habits is mention there that determines our life expectancy. The first is smoking, second alcohol, it also include poor diet and last is inactivity or physical activity.

Some authors, for instance Richard Jenkins and A. J. Veal 2015, suggested an approach to lifestyles. They said that it is not everyday actions which make up the plane of analysis but those which the actors who adopt them consider particularly meaningful and distinctive life.

A reminder from Mehmet Oz (2015), we are responsible to our body not the doctors. As God‗s stewards let us make a commitment to change our lifestyle.

Remember the words ―Genetics loads the gun, lifestyle pulls the trigger‖ so don‗t pull it too soon.

The state of complete health, the group or individual should have the resources necessary to realize aspirations and cope with an ever changing environment according to Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (2000).

Therefore, health is seen as a ―resource for everyday life‖ rather than as an overarching goal of human life. Furthermore, the charter proclaimed health as a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources that are not just the responsibility of the health sector, but go beyond healthy lifestyles to well-being.

Booth F.W. and M.V. Chakravarthy (2002) said that health is best understood as our capacity to function in effective and productive ways. It is influenced by complex personal, behavioral and environmental variables that can change quickly.

Kahn et al. (2002) suggested that health determinants can be divided into three different categories: environmental and policy determinants example is the facilities, behavioral and social determinants like the behavioral management skills and social support, and information-based determinants or providing information. How humans behave is closely related to health conditions.

In 2004, the world health organization provided a definition confirming that ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Health

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health is ―a complete mental, physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity‖. This definition confirms that our health status is influenced by a number of elements. A major perspective in health research is to investigate what determinants are associated with health. A large body of studies focusing on determinants of health and well-being have been conducted during the last decades (Glasgow, Klesges, Dzewaltowski, Bull, & Estabrooks, 2004).

Eclin and Golatyn (2004), also defined health as a quality of life that is difficult to define and virtually impossible to measure. Also that health is defined differently among the experts, but all definitions have a theme. It is selfresponsibility and adopting a healthy lifestyle.

Health, as stated by Taylor et al. (2005), is often a subjective state- a person may be medically diagnosed with illness but still considers himself or herself healthy. He also said that a person‗s level of health is affected by many interrelated factors such as genetic inheritance, cognitive abilities, educational level, race and ethnicity, culture, age and gender, developmental level, lifestyle, economic and socio- economic status, which either promote health or increase the risk for illness.

Carter (2005) further clarified that ―health is a dynamic status that results from an interaction between hereditary potential, environmental circumstances, and lifestyle selection. This assertion confirms that, while we exert a great deal of personal control over some elements of our health, we are limited when we attempt to control other influential factors.

Wilson (2005) confirmed that while we exert a great deal of personal control over some elements of our health, we are limited when we attempt to control other influential factors. In summary the most enriching definition of health clarify the independent strength as well as the interaction among six influential elements: the physical, mental/intellectual, emotional, social, spiritual and vocational domain.

Bedworth (2005), defined health as ―the quality of people‗s physical, psychological, and sociological functioning that enables them to deal adequately with the self and others in a variety of personal and social situations.‖ Policarpio (2006) mentioned that health is a multi- factoral phenomenon.

These factors may be innate to a person. It may also be external factors which include social and economic.

Holzemer (2010), health is optimal well-being that contributes to one‗s quality of life. It is more than freedom from disease or illness, though freedom from disease is important to good health. Optimal health includes high level mental, socio emotional, spiritual and physical wellness within the limits of one‗s heredity and personal ability.

The World Health Organization (2014) identified the following determinants to health: income, social status, education, a person‗s individual characteristics and behaviors, physical environment, social support networks, genetic, health service and gender. Health is not determined by one factor alone but the interplay of these factors.

Health is not only a matter of chance but also a matter of choice.

Arnold C. Serra (2015) health is another matter worth considering. Life may begin at 40 but so do sickness and other health issues are depending on genetics and lifestyle.

Espino in 2015 says that no one can control every aspect of health. But people are free to make many important decisions that can affect their health and well-being.

Progress and development could not be attained if people are not active.

Hence, an active individual connotes that he is healthy.

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METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the process on how the study was conducted so that the objective will be realized. It includes research design, locale of the study, population of the study, questionnaire preparation, and administration of questionnaire, and method of data analysis.

Research Design This study used the descriptive method. Descriptive survey research design was employed to determine the profile of the college students in Central Bicol State University of Agriculture- Calabanga Campus. It was also employed to determine the lifestyle of the college students.

Brief history of CBSUA Calabanga Campus The Calabanga Polytechnic College (CPC) began serving in 1965 as a national secondary trade school for boys in municipality of Calabanga, Camarines Sur. Its state grant to operate as a trade school was provided under Republic Act No. 4420 of June19, 1965, with the school known as the Calabanga National School of Arts and Trades (CNSAT).

The early instruction program of CNSAT was on building construction and furniture‗s as well as cabinet making that started with 111 students receiving technical skills training and vocational instruction. A number of other courses were added in the succeeding years. Cognizant of the occupational demands emerging with the changing time, the CNSAT increased it curricular offerings that included two-year post-secondary courses of instruction. The school grew rapidly with substantial increase of enrollment, which necessitated more permanent building and facilities. The school then was getting ready for a possible conversion into a college institution. Its vision of changing its status into a college institution realized when the school was converted into Calabanga Polytechnic College on March 29, 1995 by virtue of R.A. 7957.

In view of emerging complexity and consequent educational challenges of the world‗s technological advancement and increasing economic interdependencies, the CPC has undertaken certain institutional readjustment; and the passage of R.A. 6292 on December 18, 2000 has made CPC an integral part of Camarines Sur State Agricultural College, now Central Bicol State University of Agriculture as CBSUA Calabanga Campus.

Research Instrument The list of the total students are enrolled in the three colleges was the primary tool in gathering the data needed in this study. Survey questionnaires were be distributed to the respondents.

The survey questioner consisted of a broad range of questions aimed at gauging the ‗lifestyle in the students of the three colleges. The questionnaire was composed of three parts. Part I contained the respondent‗s profile that included the name, age, gender, course, family monthly income, and occupation of parents. Part II included the questions ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Population of the Study The respondents of the study were the college students of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Calabanga Campus in three departments, which are: College of Education, College of Arts and Sciences, and lastly, the College of Industrial Technology, S/Y 2015-2016. The researchers used Slovin formula to get the population.

The total population of the study was 203 college students.

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about lifestyle and lastly, Part III were the factors that affect the lifestyle in terms of family, school, and peer.

Questionnaire Preparation The first draft of the questionnaire was consulted to the adviser for comments and suggestions. After further review by the adviser, the questionnaire was distributed respondents of the study for pre-test. After that the questionnaire was validated. The copies of the questionnaires were administered by the researchers to the selected college students in Central Bicol State University of Agriculture- Calabanga Campus. Finally, the data were tallied, tabulated, statistically treated, analyzed and interpreted.

Administration of Questionnaire Permission to conduct this research was asked by the researchers to the administration. Letter permission was sent to the administration office for approval before the study commenced.

SUMMARY The main goal of this study was to determine the lifestyle of the students of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture- Calabanga Campus in the three colleges the College of Education, College of Arts and Sciences and College of Industrial Technology in terms of age, gender, course, family income and occupation of the parents.

This research had a total of 203 student‗s respon at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture- Calabanga campus. The purpose of this current study was to determine the lifestyle of students. Questionnaires were distributed to the students-respondents. The data collected were treated statistically through Slovin‗s formula.

This study found out along the following problems that: Student‗s pers profile in terms of age, majority of the respondents aged 15-20 years old with an

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average percentage of 80.8%. 61.1 % of them were female while the remaining 38.9 were male. The respondents in College of Education, BEED got the highest percentage with 15.8% and for the College of Art and Science, ABEL and BSM had the same percentage with an average of 10.8% while College of Industrial technology, HRM got the highest percentage with 10.3%. 78.3% said that their family earned between Php5,000-php10,000 monthly. The occupation of the majority of their mother is housewife with 74.4% while 19.2 for others. Farmers have the highest percentage in terms of occupation of their father with a percent of 29.1% followed by others with 23.6%. From the indicators of the unhealthy lifestyle: I drink sweet drinks? (fruit juice soft drinks or energizing drinks, iced tea, lemonade…the)highest had average of 2.98. The healthy lifestyle indicators: (I eat 3 meals daily) had the highest average of 3.84. Family, School, and Peers are the influential factors that affect the lifestyle of the students. In terms of the family of the respondents, 2.98 was the total average weighted mean, while 3.17 in school and 2.81 in peers.

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CONCLUSIONS From the result of the study, the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Based on the findings, it was concluded that majority of the respondents aged 1520, while the family earned between 5,000 -10,000. High percentage of them have no work or they are only a housewife or housekeeper 2. Based on the results, most of the respondents were drinking those sweet drinks like fruit juice, soft drinks, iced tea and lemonade because those drinks were the available drinks in the school and even in their house. Most of the respondents had a healthy lifestyle because majority of them were eating three meals daily.

3. Family, School, and Peers are the influential factors that affect the lifestyle of the students because they always encounter them ever yday. Most of the respondent of the three colleges said that all of them were much affected by their lifestyle.

School is the very influential factor with the the highest average weighted mean of 3.17.

RECOMMENDATION 1. The students are encouraged to keep on reading meaningful books about lifestyle to widen their knowledge about having a healthy lifestyle to prevent from risk or illness. The nutritionist should conduct follow up check to all students to be aware fo their lifestyle if it is healthy or unhealthy.

2. The health committee, food committee and other concerned agencies should design information dissemination like pamphlets, magazine to be distributed. The students, parents and societies to help them become aware of the essence of maintaining the proper nutrition of individual.

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3. Being healthy is essential for the students to achieve their full academic they are unable to reach their potential, mental growth and lifelong health and well-being.

School needs to educate parents and children on how to live a healthy lifestyle that includes proper nutrition, develop healthy lifestyle by ensuring healthy food choices and some physical activities offered at school, establish committees that include parents and community members to promote healthy school atmosphere by focusing on nutrition.

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LITERATURE CITED ASUG, L.A. (2006). ―Lifestyle of College Students in Camarines Sur State Agricultural College-Calabanga Campus‖ (Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis, Camarines Sur State Agricultural College Calabanga Campus, Calabanga Camarines Sur, 2006) CAGUIMBAL, N.C. (1992) ― Socio-Economic Profile and Health and Sanitation Condition of the Families in Del Gallego, Camarines Sur‖ (A thesis presented to the faculty of Graduate School, Naga College Foundation, Naga City, 1992) BRYD, O.E., et. al. ―Health Today and Tomorrow‖, (Illinois: Douday and Co., Inc., 1960), p.182 Concepts of fitness and wellness a comprehensive lifestyleapproach/Six Edition. Central Bicol State University of Agriculture Revised Edition 2012 (University Student Handbook) GAROFALO, JAMES. (1987). ―Reassessing the lifestyle model of criminal victimization‖ In Michael Gottfredson & Travis Hirschi (Eds.), Positive criminology. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.

SPAARGAREN, G., AND B. VANVLIET (2000) "Lifestyle, Consumption and the Environment: The Ecological Modernisation of Domestic Consumption", Environmental Politics 9(1): 50-75.

COCKERHAM W (2005) Health Lifestyle Theory and the Convergence of Agency and StructureJournal of Health and Social Behavior 2005, Vol 46 (March): 51–67 https://pages.towson.edu/garcia/medical%20sociology/201 1%20FALL %20MEDICAL%20SOCI/Cockerham.full.pdf ERICKSON

R (2015) Healthy Lifestyle as a Student http://www1.cbn.com/healthy-living-campus-how-collegestudents- can-stay-fit

GRAY M (2015) What Are the Benefits of a Healthy Lifestyle in School? http://www1.cbn.com/healthy-living-campus-how-collegestudents- canstay-fit and Nutrition for College Students http://www.bestcollegereviews.org/health-and-nutritionfor-college students/ Healthy Living on Campus: How College Students Can Stay Fit http://www1.cbn.com/healthy-living-campus-how-collegestudents-can stay-fit ―Staying Healthy at College‖ ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Health

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https://laurenconrad.com/blog/2014/08/healthyhabits-howto-stay- healthy-in-college/ 101

Health

E (1898) Principles of learning https://principlesoflearning.wordpress.com/dissertation/cha pter-3- literature-review-2/the-

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THORNDIKE

and Wellness Tips for College Students https://healthservices.camden.rutgers.edu/topics_wellness

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REFERENCE MANUAL FORMULATION FOR BASIC ACTING SEMINAR WORKSHOP Eva G. Deliña, Shinna B. Escriba, Judyl Aira P. Malanyaon, Roxan Mae M. Nale, Francia Mae F. Porto, Beverly B. Sales, Richard G. Castor Theatre in the Philippines is as varied as the cultural tradition and the historical influences that shape it through the centuries. ―A stage play is the intersection of the visible and invisible worlds‖-Arthur Adamov. This paper aims to connect and intersect the theatre of yesterday to fit the trend of today. As part of that connection we link it to previous studies with similar content like the Integrated Theatre Arts through BITAW, the Stanislavski System and Theatre in Education thereby informing this current investigation. We asked how to design a reference material from a workshop and how this material can be evaluated. As this has nuances of process documentation, the research used qualitative approach including observation and ethnographic techniques to effectively document SAMBIT workshops. Two basic acting workshops for CBSUA Calabanga students allowed us to design a manual for facilitators. The designed manual was evaluated on three workshops, two for students of Union National High School and Dominican School of Calabanga and one for professional alumni of SAMBIT who are mostly DepEd teachers. The new and improved manual (BATA) consisting three chapters as Elements of Artistic Expression, Elements of Realist Drama and Play Production Management is designed to harness creativity of participants and allow them relate harmoniously with others – practices which are essential for actors. Creative activities are organised in the manual to cover learners from beginner, intermediate and advanced levels. It is recommended for facilitators to undergo trainer‘s training on how to effectively utilise the manual.

The dark clouds and silver lining and most of all the critique and the critical friend the ones who will find the flaws or see your strength, want to win over you or want to help, hold you back or move you forward, will change your mood or can change your mind. This is the change theatre arts can offer to a more higher form of education involved not just only the mind but also the body and emotions. ―A stage play is the intersection of the visible and invisible worlds‖ -Arthur Adamov.

Theatre as an educational medium uses entertainment and humour to attract children‟s attention, and emphasizes learning through the interplay between actual and fictional contexts. The use of „Theatre in Education‟ (TIE) presents a novel approach to engaging young people in education on issues related to health, wellbeing and society. Evaluations have revealed that the overwhelming majority of students demonstrate enjoyment and enthusiasm through watching educational theatre, are receptive and listen attentively, and can correctly identify the educational messages being portrayed.

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INTRODUCTION

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The use of TIE began in Britain in the mid-1960s, and grew out of recognition for child-centered education, whereby learning is more effective when a child investigates and discovers through active play. Jackson proposes the specific aim of TIE is: “to harness the techniques and imaginative potency of theatre in the service of education … [and] … to provide an experience for children that will be intensely absorbing, challenging, even provocative, and an unrivalled stimulus for further work on the chosen subject in and out of school. “(p. 1) Through performance-based education, children have the opportunity to discover their place on the „world stage‟. TIE has been applied to a wide range of educational topics with children, including environmental issues, substance use, accident prevention, abuse, neglect abuse and bullying, social issues; nutrition, disability awareness, as well as medical and educational differences (see Appendix for a review). This review will begin with an overview of the theoretical basis for TIE. Then, studies in peer-reviewed journals that have evaluated TIE will be summarized to assist in understanding the effectiveness of performance-based education with children, including the use of forum theatre. Finally, conclusions will be drawn about the effectiveness of TIE, and recommendations made regarding how TIE may be best utilized in educating children about health topics and life skills.

It is in these perspectives on Theatre in Education that the on-going research is proposed. We hope to find the value in theatre arts manual to encourage sound social learning impact in the conduct of workshops and trainings for children, youth and women. We believe that theatre arts have a special role to play in discovering human potentials way beyond how we imagine them to be.

And as pertaining to the role we play in the 27 th anniversary of SAMBIT (Sentro ng Artistikong Manlilikha Na Bumubuo ng Identidad at Talento) formerly (Samahang Bagong Inog Sa Tanghalan) venerate the breakthrough, and intended to yield a manual that showcase the 27th year of conducting a Basic Acting Seminar Workshop and also propagate the training, value, faith, and love that strengthen the organization for the past 27 year.

General objectives This investigation is geared towards the production of a theatre arts reference material which will facilitate better conduct of workshops. Specifically, it ought to answer the following: 1. Process Documentation of Basic Acting Seminar Workshop; 2. Reference Material Development from workshop; 3. Evaluate the experiences carried out by the participants as to the BASW conducted.

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General statement of the problem This study aims to produce Basic Acting Theatre Arts Manual: 1. How is a Theatre Arts (TA)-Basic Acting Seminar Workshop Conducted?

2. What reference material is produced after the Basic Acting Seminar Workshop (BASW)?

3. What experience were forwarded by the participants as to conduct of activity?

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Eisner (1999), questions "Does experience in the arts boost academic achievement?‖ Art plays big part in schools curriculum in a way that subjects such as humanities is being offered because according to American Alliance for Theatre & Education (2014), numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between drama involvement and academic achievement compared from peers who do not experience the art.

Based from Study of Missouri Public Schools (2010n.p.), arts education had a significant effect on the academic and social success of their students. Those with greater arts participation were more likely to come to class, avoid being removed and graduate. Similarly with The Arts Education Partnership (2004n.p.), determines that ―students, who received more arts education did better on standardized tests, improved their social skills and were more motivated than those who had reduced or no access.‖ Correspondingly, the Centre for Arts Education (2009 n.p.) reported that ―those with the highest graduation rates also had the greatest access to arts education and resources. The research in this study and others like it has found that many at-risk students cite participation in the arts as their reason for staying. Participation in these activities has a quantifiable impact on levels of delinquency, truancy and academic performance.‖ Furthermore the appreciation to arts is equated to more being open to new knowledge that‘s why people connected to arts succeed in terms of education.

For the reason of art is an essential part of public education. From dance, music, theatre and other source of arts, it gives children a unique means of expression, seizing their passions and emotions, and allowing them to explore new ideas, subject matter, and cultures. Thus Dr. Bergeson T, (2001) states that art brings joy in every aspect of human life. Alike with Grytting, C. (2000) explains that art education, nurtures joy of learning, supports growth and prepares leaders intellectually, emotionally, and socially.

Basic Acting/ Basic Acting Workshop as study conducted Rabkin, N. &Hedberg, E. C., (2011), states that the effects of arts education may depend on the kind, the quality, the intensity, and the longevity of arts education experiences that we can do so through conducting activities such as workshop.

According to the Community Tool Box, (2015), Workshop creates advantages over other methods that make it a good choice in certain circumstances. Unlike conducting other method such as study circle, a course, and on-the-job training considering the time allotment, interaction and hands-on experience, and most of all learning from failures in a harmless way.

Blome (2009 n.p.), states that ―Teacher preparation is another area that needs to be research. That includes what type of training is needed to help students develop Problem-solving, creativity, communication, critical thinking, and self-confidence.

The literature shows that students involved in theatre arts achieve higher academically, so teacher should learn how include more theatre arts activities.‖ Therefore, as stated from the literature of educational psychologist Dr. Bloom B. (1956), the three domains of educational activities or learning : Cognitive, mental skills (knowledge); Affective, growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self); Psychomotor, manual or physical skills (skills) this goals of learning process or the taxonomy of learning should be thought since the objective is to be bigger than the normal in terms of educational activities can be found in the arts activities.

In addition, to the question why theatre arts workshop? ―From the first it has been theatre‘s business to entertain people as it has been of all other arts. It is this ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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Theatre Arts in Education

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Integrated Theatre Arts through BITAW As cited in, the Philippine Educational Theatre Association (PETA) employs Creative Drama, Creative writing, visual arts, creative sounds and music, creative body movement, and group dynamics as part of what they term as Integrated Arts Workshop (IAW) (PETA, 1989). Predominantly their workshop participants are community organizers. The workshop is an intensive process lasting for days and inviting participants to release their dormant creativity through various artistic activities. The highlight of the workshops, for example in Basic Acting, reflects the

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business which gives it its dignity; it needs no other passport but fun. Art is not a mirror to reflect reality but a hammer to shape it‖ (Brecht, 1964). Therefore, according to these statement arts is best learned not by spoon feeding but rather learning throughout experiences. In connection, Dr. Bergeson, T. (2001) states that, ―the arts give us the creativity to express ourselves while challenging our intellect.

The arts integrate life and learning for all students and are integral in the development of the whole person.‖ In which the phrase ―wholeness of a person‖ is pertaining not just to the physical aspect but also to the intellectual and most especially to the emotional aspect. Jensen, E. (n.d.) supported these thoughts by stating "the most significant learning occurs when emotions are integrated with instruction because all body systems are united. The arts are strongly linked to emotions, enhancing the likelihood that students will remember something."

Moreover, ―The Arts communicate and speak to us in ways that teach literacy and enhance our lives. We must continue to find a place for arts programs and partnerships not only for what it teaches students about art, but for what it teaches us all about the world we live in‖ (Dr. Bergeson T, 2001). Therefore, Art should not be limit in just learning it but should be apply in day to day activities and in life decision making.

Community tool box, (2015), determined the different and appropriate time in conducting workshop. And these are the following: 1.‖The beginning of something new‖, a workshop is being initiated when we introduces something new and if there are fresh changes. 2. ―The initial training of staff or volunteers‖, when new members, staff and volunteers is needed to be trained. 3. ―The in-service or on-going training of staff or volunteers/Staff development‖, aside from the new members the current members should undergo workshop to refresh their mind as way of honing and embracing changes and progress. 4. ―The demonstration of a new concept/ the availability of a knowledgeable presenter‖, if you think you have an expertise in a subject a workshop should be initiate to share new ideas and practices. 5. ―The explanation of something to the public‖, since a workshop is a form of interaction workshop can be used in public setting.

According to Community Tool Box 2015, in order to conduct an effective and successful workshop, the essential components of it must be fully organized prior and throughout the entire workshop event. That states and tackles the 3 phases of workshop, wherein, ―you need to address its planning, preparation, and implementation. As you plan, consider the workshop's audience, its size, its length, its purpose, and your presentation options. Preparation includes logistics (managing the physical items involved, materials, equipment, etc.), and preparing psychologically as well. Finally, the implementation of the workshop includes attending to all three of its phases: introduction, substance, and closure. And don't forget to follow up, both by fulfilling any promises and using feedback to redesign or change parts of the workshop so that your next one will be even better‖. In order to do so, best thing is to have a reliable reference material as a basis and one of which is manual.

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essential elements of artistic expressions as: Line, Space, Shape, Color, Texture, Movement, Rhythm and Sounds. Alongside, the elements of realistic drama such as plot, conflict and character are discussed through different artistically designed games and activities which used local music and poetry.

Learning the Stanislavski System The system that Stanislavski proposed suggest that ―emotions could be stimulated through simple physical actions‖ (Sawoski, n.d. p. 4). Stanislavski system emphasise the method of physical actions which purports that arranging sequentially series of physical actions triggers emotional responses in actors‘ performance. This system aids in the development of training actors on stage and covers the following important methods of physical actions: Units and objectives, through line of actions and the super objective; analysis of text through actions, truth, belief and the ‗Magic if‘, imagination, subtext, motivation, concentration, relaxation, communion, adaptation, tempo-rhythm, and the physical apparatus. Most of these methods and phases are likewise covered in the BITAW integrated theatre arts activities pioneered by the PETA. These systems are therefore an integral part in the development of the reference material set out for this research.

Theatre Arts Manual According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, manual is a book that is conveniently handled and contains instruction on how something works.

Consequently, manuals are being used in academic or educational material as basis or guide since it is a small version of book, therefore it must contain accurate and reliable information, follow a certain pattern or sequence of procedures that will be applied in the actual situation, may contain tips and techniques and may have proposed activities that will make a great help. Correspondingly to the BITAW (PETA), its users is being prepared to utilize the contents of the workshop, this includes activities, exercises and games for better learning that is compasses by a timeframe. Manual is the best suited type of training material unlike with book or module. In which typically book focuses more on in the contents or in the information being tackled and its scope is wide in range. As a result, it is not attainable as guide in conducting a training workshop that usually last only for days. While module though it has a time frame, this requires series of evaluation like the pre-test and post-test.

Therefore to cover it all, manual is the best material to be produced. That may include complete information, number of activities, and its process that is incorporated by objectives and timeframe.

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Theatre-Based Techniques for Youth Peer Education: A Training Manual (Youth Peer Education Network, p.5) states that the manual is intended for program managers and youth peer educators in adding and strengthening the theatre component. They agree also that theatre in education can be used in many ways especially for peer development. And to be effective, actor/peer educators should receive specialized training in theatre arts. In which individuals with experience in the theatre arts should help train actor/peer educators and help develop theatre pieces guided by such experts that can be found in drama schools and universities, and in local theatre and drama. Likewise with the Ready for action a popular theater popular education manual (Anderson et.al, p.9), contains information that was used in for education, group enhancement and for group formation opportunity. Through this manual the facilitator enables to lead the workshop process, activities and exercises.

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METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the methodologies which will be employed by the researchers. In order to develop a Basic Acting Seminar Workshop Training reference material, series of research activities will be presented in this chapter. All these will help the processing of the data, compilation of materials and finally to originate conclusion and propose recommendations. This chapter will cover the research design and method, the data collection instrument and data analysis. The design by which this investigation will be anchored is first discuss as overview for the remainder of the methods of research.

Case study, Action Research and thematic analysis Castor (2014) in exploring sustainability of a youth program as a social learning context purported that case study and action research are approaches which facilitate an exploratory qualitative investigation. This research will similarly adhere to the processes observed in a case study approach – through narratives of how a basic acting seminar workshop is conducted – and thereby the action research approach in designing and creating a reference material befitting the theatre arts workshop. Yin‘s (2013) research design for case studies includes: ―Study questions, propositions, units of analysis, the logic linking the data to the propositions, and the criteria for interpreting the findings‖ (p.27).

Thematic analysis is a method designed to identify, analyse, and report patterns – themes – within data (Braun & Clarke, 2006). It is a rigorous process which requires further researcher‘s involvement and interpretation as it moves beyond counting explicit words or phrases (Guest, MacQueen and Namey, 2011). This type of qualitative analysis identifies and describes both implicit and explicit concepts within the data known as ‗themes‘. This type of analysis uses techniques such as theme identification, word searches and data reduction methods (Guest et al, 2011, p.17). ―Thematic analysis can be used to build theoretical models or to find solutions to realworld problems‖ which concurs with the theory building nature of case study design and problem-solving ethos of an action research (Guest et al, 2011, p.17; Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007; Gilmore, Krantz and Ramirez, 1986). Building theory from case studies is more and more gaining popularity and relevance among research approaches most notably forming ―disproportionately large numbers of influential studies‖ (Eisenhardt and Graebner, 2007, p. 30).

“Put simply, action research is “learning by doing” - a group of people identify a problem, do something to resolve it, see how successful their efforts were, and if not satisfied, try again. …Primary is its focus on turning the people involved into researchers, too - people learn best, and more willingly ISSN ______ (Print)/ISSN ____________(online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

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The problem-solving nature in thematic analysis agrees with the aims of action research. Action research is a scientific process of addressing solutions to prevailing constraints in human undertakings, thus creating practical solutions and advancing the goals of social science (Gilmore et al, 1986). The systematic approach in a scientific process separates action research from other action-oriented investigation – participatory research, collaborative inquiry, emancipatory research, action learning, and contextual action research (O‘Brien, 1998).

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Collection of data The step by step procedure of collecting the necessary data: The respondent of the study are those who will join the SAMBIT Basic Acting Seminar Workshop, with duration of (2) two days and (1) nights, who have accomplished certain Theatre Arts activities. They are also those who are willing to join the BASW of SAMBIT and to become a member of the organization. The numbers of participants are minimum of 10 and maximum of 25 persons. Participants will not be informed about the observation process during the workshop. This is one way of capturing their performance without hesitating or having awkward feeling which may affect the overall lived experience of the participants. In this way, participants‘ responses may be compared from earliest procedures to the previous, and which will result into creating new combination of set of ideas. To validate the material or created manual the researchers will have another workshop inside and outside the campus depending to the agency and institution requiring the necessary training. The participants will be coming from an agency requesting the necessary training.

This study is about creating a training reference material regarding BASW. And the possible reference material that will be created may be in a form of a book, module or manual. In which according to the Merriam dictionary, book is something that yields knowledge or understanding that is divided into major sector. And since book covers a wide range of topic that focuses more on the information this is not applicable for creating a training guide that follows a timeframe. That a module can do, for this is a short course of study that forms part of a larger academic course or training program but still module requires series of test for validation. With this, it is better to create training manual that merges the purpose and significance of the two, the ample knowledge of the workshop including numbers of activities and the timeframe being followed by a module. Then to be able to gather the required data, the researchers employed the descriptive qualitative method using the observational research through case and action oriented approaches of research, or simply ethnographic method. The chosen respondents were unknown participants and studied through direct observation. The observation method is the data gathering tool used by the researchers. Observation guide is presented in the Appendix section.

One of the perfect venues for the activity is a place where the participants would be comfortable. A room that is well ventilated and spacious. Wide enough which is suitable for team/group activities and performance. Place where with complete facilities and accommodation. The BASW was conducted at the CBSUA Calabanga-Campus. The venue for the implementation of the designed manual will be at a venue prepared depending on the availability of the requesting agency.

Researchers will first request permission from the Cultural coordinator and the theatre group for their support and cooperation for the research process. After the request had been approved the facilitators prepared the materials needed for every activity in the workshop. The whole activity will be documented by the researchers.

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apply what they have learned, when they do it themselves. It also has a social dimension - the research takes place in realworld situations, and aims to solve real problems. Finally, the initiating researcher, unlike in other disciplines, makes no attempt to remain objective, but openly acknowledges their bias to the other participants‖ (O‘Brien, 1998).

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The collected data and observations will be then processed and plotted to consolidate clear sequence of events and ideas. The plotted information will be compared from another batch of participants of SAMBIT BASW. The researchers will design a training reference material by using a template or guide and will be validated through series of acting workshop for the implementation of the manual. The participants are coming from the chosen schools and agency requesting the theatre arts workshop. The evaluation of the said training reference material can be from the participants itself and/or by the facilitators. The researchers will redesign a training reference material as a final output.

Additionally, ethnographic research is a special methodology that suggest that we learn about peoples lives‘ (or aspect of their lives‘) from their own perspective and from within the context of their own lived experience. (O‘Reilly, 2012) and another according to (Silverman, 2011) The ―Ethnography methodology gives priority to observation as it is the primary source of information.‖ The researchers joined the BASW. They observe and experience the activities performed by the workshop participants. They document everything of the entire duration of the activity. This clearly says that the researchers used ethnographic research for the benefits of gathering the essential data completely and correctly.

One of the instruments of this study used is the Direct Data Observation, a type of collecting records through direct interaction with the participants. Which clearly explain the essence of ethnographic research where Silverman quote above that the primary source of information is through gathering data are from side to side observation. Additionally, according to (Ary, Jacob, Razavieh & Sorensen, 2009) Direct Observation of behaviour is the most desirable measurement method. Where in observation is used both qualitative and quantitative research. They said again that ―The purpose of direct observation is to determine the extent to which a particular behaviour(s) is present.

Another instruments for this study is the submitted Journal/Reflection by the participants. It is used to examine the personal point of view of the participants through the activities and one way of accumulating data through reading participants output. The Written output of the participants that will display their understanding of theatre arts activities. Also, a way of identify and analysing data and information.

This research was conducted because of the following of significant of the study: to document the BASW, to produce reference material from the workshop, to design and to bear out the effectiveness of the Theatre Arts reference material. The product of this research will be a great help for any facilitators to conduct the same kind of activity and will enhance students even out of school youth talents and skill regarding theatre arts. Another one is have a standardized Theatre Arts Manual for Basic Acting Seminar Workshop.

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