ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 by Richard Gavina Castor

Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE- CALABANGA Research and Extension Division

Volume 5 | Number 2 |June 2019 ISSN 2599-5197 (Print) / ISSN 2599-5200 (online)

ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 2019 | Research & Extension Division | CBSUA Calabanga ISSN 2599-5197 (Print) / ISSN 2599-5200 (online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iii

Utilization of Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi) Fruit: Innovative Product for Food Sustainability

Anxiety and Students’ Performance in Mathematics

Floristic Composition, Structure and Diversity of Mangrove Forests in Siruma, Camarines Sur, Philippines

SAKUNA SA MATA NG BATA “Understanding Disasters through the Eyes of a Child”

Utilization of Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi) Fruit: Innovative Product for Food Sustainability Flordeliza S. Rellosao and Mercy P. Luntok

Abstract— Utilization of fruit products could be one of the ways to increase food production that can encourage economic improvement, hence this study generally aimed to utilize the kamagong (Diospyros Blancoi) fruit into baked food and pastillas, and determine the product acceptability. Descriptive, experimental, and Research and Development (R and D) were applied. Descriptive method used to find out the level of acceptability of the products in terms of appearance, aroma, texture, and taste. A structured score sheet was administered to thirty (30) expert evaluators from Central Bicol State University of AgricultureCalabanga Campus, Camarines Sur and Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), Naga City for sensory evaluation. The experimental method used to show the different procedures involved in the production of kamagong fruit into muffin, crinkles and pastillas, as well as the variation of the ingredients in the different try-outs for the acceptability of the products. The result found that the three products under experiment have shown generally Highly Acceptable results from all the tests conducted. Therefore, kamagong products have great potential for human consumption, for entrepreneurial purposes and as food substitute during calamities.

by cascading the call to the different institutions of the society particularly the academe. In the Philippines, the Commission on Higher Education mandated all higher education institutions in the country of these three main functions: Instruction, Research and Extension. These mandates are fitting to make use of education to respond to any of the 17 goals, which has global coverage. This research is one of those attempts to answer to the goals, especially along Goal no. 1 - To end Poverty; Goal 2: Zero Hunger, Goal No. 3: Good Health & Well Being and Goal no 12: Responsible production and consumption. According to Castor (2017), “Education is considered as an effective strategy to approach the challenges encapsulated in understanding sustainable development leading to sustainable practice”. Specifically, this program aimed at providing access to a safe, nutritious and sufficient food supply by opening productive opportunities with knowledge, expertise and skills, which will produce innovative products from raw and indigenous materials present in the community. Eventually, to establish a system that will identify farm practice and sound management of the product sources to expand productivity. Hence, the product does not only provide food, but cultivated innovative skills, which will provide livelihood resources, profit and employment for the community. Utilization of Kamagong (Diospyros Blancoi) Fruit: Innovative Product for Food Sustainability is a research, which will make use of Diospyros Blancoi or Kamagong as its main food material for development. The research will mainly focus on the fruits for its initial studies and later explore the other parts of the tree for other use. Kamagong is an ethno-botanical fruit for Austronesian Taiwan, Zen Chen (2015). In the Philippines, Kamagong referred as Diospyros Philippinensis, and later legitimized into Diospyros Blancoi as its scientific name in 1971. Kamagong or Mabolo in tagalog, which means

Keywords-poetics, Kamagong , Crinkles, Muffin, Pastillas, Diospyros Blancoi

I. INTRODUCTION he principle, “leaving no one behind” is the guiding belief of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations that includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The new Agenda emphasizes a holistic approach to achieving sustainable development for all (Department of Economic and Social AffairsUN). The Philippines along with other members of the United Nations adhered to the global dream 3

“hairy” is also called velvet apple in English and Gab in Bangladesh, could be one major source of income. The kamagong is native to the Philippines, very beautiful, dark red to purplecolored fruit with velvet – like skin. The fruit is about the size of an apple, with mildly sweet flavor and somewhat meaty flesh. The kamagong fruits are highly esteemed in some areas, but barely known in most part of the world but in the Philippines it grows notably abundant. (www.desserttropical.com/diospyrus_discolor.html) Furthermore, Kamagong (Diospyros blancoi) blooms in March and April. Fruits generally occur during summertime with fruits ripening from 2 – 4 months after flowering in the month of July, August and September even in other countries. However, occasional fruits found on the tree that lasts for almost 10 years, which can be utilized not only for food production but also can be used for furniture and decorative purposes. Pobar (2012) stated that Kamagong, in most a parts of the country were fed on birds and bats. Its strong cheesy aroma leaves foul odor leaving it to rot and remain unused. Meanwhile, NEDA and the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) of Region V proposed proper handling and fruit harvest practices at the farm site in processing, marketing and utilization of the kamagong to ascertain increase in food availability. “Through food packaging, the supposed waste product will become the source of nutrition and even therapeutic value for health benefits.” This direction towards agricultural and food production is believed by Webb & Block (2012), as a potential solution to poverty, “Evidence of investments in agriculture and its impact on poverty reduction and improved nutrition outcomes is strong”. One of the pitfalls noted however, is some of the indigenous food sources and materials are not cultivated, undiscovered or even wasted.

with each other. This is within the Philippine Environment Policy as stressed in P.D. No. 1157 on government’s thrust along sustainable development in which the above policy requiring utilization of knowledge, interest, resourcefulness and management with the use of natures’ natural resources. This could help realize the government’s vision of healthy and productive Filipino nation. Further, this will encourage the conduct of innovative researches for the sake of the future generation. At the same time, it will provide another productive avenue to individuals who are into entrepreneurship. This essence will turn waste into gold. (http.//www.chonsebble.com/pd/1152/html). This features research studies on product acceptability, enrichment and innovation process using the inspiration from the initial food experiments of Perez (2011), and entrepreneurs, through this research work will offer livelihood programs in its immediate community using this technology as an agent for societal progress. “The innovation to create an underutilized material is one way to increase acceptability, adding economic and nutritive value to the material and a possible opportunity for increased production. As stated by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, “the addition of one or more essential nutrients to a food is enrichment or fortification”. They believe that they will benefit majority of the members of the people. With the potential impact that the Kamagong food products desired to achieve, Kamagong trees will be in demand, hence the community are also urged to support Presidential Decree Number 705 that calls for , “the protection, rehabilitation and development of forest lands” to ensure continuity or sustainability. The tree shall expand its value and will respond even to climate change, which powered by the fusion of human concern and nature’s natural rehabilitation power. The program expects the following outcomes: Wellness & Health, innovative products with nutritional values and healing components for wellness and health of its users; Community Empowerment, opening livelihood and employment opportunities for the community; Climate Change, tree propagation and organic use of Kamagong contributes to environmental care. Information and Educational Campaign, awareness of edible and underutilized food resources initiates interest to researchers and

Since preservation and utilization of fruit products could be one of the ways to increase food production that can encourage small-scale entrepreneurs to engage in food manufacturing business that will speak of economic improvement. It is important that our research goals anchored on global aims, which are to create, develop, maintain and improve condition of food production under which, man and nature can thrive in productive and enjoyable harmony 4

expands understanding on production. Pobar (2012) stated in her study that Mabolo fruit can be eaten by any person without noticing the unpleasant smell. Snacks items from its fruits were generally acceptable and they can be made more nutritious with other flavorings. For Pinayumanan Culture, the flowering of the Mabolo signals significant agricultural work calendar line when weeding begins and Kamagong flowers begins to blossom, millet should be collected when its fruits begin to form and when its fruits are being harvested, then the upland rice begins to be collected. The mature fruit of Kamagong also used to honor the elderly and the sick. In the same study of Lou-Zen Chen, Hen Biau King, Tsu Liang Chang, Su Fung Roan and Sheng Feng Hung, (2015), Kamagong or Mabolo contains anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, antiinflammation, liver protection and immunomodulatory effects. It contains numerous phenolic compounds that provide powerful antioxidants (Alvarez, 2012). Hwa Young Son, Eun Sang Cho, Dayoung Jung, Mee Young Lee, Ju Young Jung and Kyoung Youl Lee, (2011) proved that Diospyros Blancoi exerts protective effects against allergic bronchial asthma. In a survey on Ethno Pharmacology conducted in the Philippines, it was found out that Kamagong leaves could treat headache and fever (Tantiado). The team of Kurshid Alam discovered that, stem bark of Kamagong has the highest anti-oxidant and free scavenging properties and moderate anticancer activity according to the Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Bio- Medicine (2016).

unexplored and unattractive creations like Kamagong, were actually created for a purpose, and the extent to which they can be of use is for the people to discover. OBJECTIVES The study aimed to develop product from kamagong fruit; specifically to Determine the processes involve in Kamagong Muffin, Kamagong Crinkles and Pastillas de Kamagong preparation; Prove its acceptability through sensory evaluation, and Determine its shelf life, microbial count, and moisture content.

I. METHODOLOGY This research used Research and Development method, applying both descriptive and experimental ways to develop Kamagong fruit into an innovative Kamagong Muffin, Kamagong Crinkles and Pastillas de Kamagong. A descriptive method used to identify the sensory level of acceptability of the products in terms of appearance, texture, aroma and taste. A score sheet using 5 points- Likert Scale were given to the respondents, responses were gathered and analyzed according to the acceptability level on various test samples of various proportions. The experimental method made use of several trials to determine the acceptability and viability of ingredients for muffin, crinkles and pastillas production. The method involved the following processes: Planning and Formulation. The raw materials were identified for use, the etymology and land mapping of areas where the fruit abounds including the processes to be used. Use of tools, equipment and food preparation techniques were established. These studies were conducted in the Food Laboratory of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture, Calabanga Campus, Calabanga Camarines Sur. The product was evaluated by 30 different representatives from the school and the community, which are from different age brackets. There are students, faculty members, community residents and agency representative (DTI).

In the study of Pobar (2012), Calcium, Vitamin B, iron, protein and anti-oxidants had proven present in the Kamagong fruit. The team of Zen Chen as cited in Science Direct, (2015) also revealed that the following compounds such as: Hexyl Acetate, Butanoic Acid, benzyl Alcohol, Butyl 2, Butanoic Acid 2 and 3, linalool, benzyl nitrate, benzyl acetate, benzoic acid, isopentyl hexanoate,phenetyl acetate, propyl benzoate, cinnmyl alcohol, benzyl butarate, eugenol, copaene, farnesene, cadinene, Elimicin, Cinnmyl isovalerate are present in the kamagong fruit, pulp, and peel at room temperature. The following compounds were also extracted:

Product Development. This was where the steps and procedures in the development of Kamagong muffin, Kamagong Crinkles and Pastillas de Kamagong were identified from the

Let this research continue the legacy of a productive and healthy life, believing that these 5

initial product handling of raw materials, to actual food processing up to final product packaging. Trial and Revision. This process made use of sets of recipe proportions and procedures in different sets to arrive at the desired consistency and output. The researcher conducted three trials before perfecting the food product recipes. The three trial were conducted in the month of August, 2018. Modifications of recipes were made after the evaluation and recommendation of the respondents. The same evaluators assessed the kamagong food products. Table 1 showed the final result of the product development. Table 1 Kamagong Fruit Products and Recipes Product Name Recipes Kamagong Muffin

Kamagong Crinkles

a. Selecting firm and fresh ripe velvet apple; b. Wash the selected velvet fruit thoroughly; c. Dry, peel and separate the velvet apple meat from the seeds; d. Shred the velvet apple fruit; e. Preparing all ingredients to be used; f. Sifting all-purpose flour before mixing; g. Mixing of dried ingredients mainly, 4 ½ all-purpose flour, 2 ¼ cup of sugar, 5 tsp. baking powder, 2 tsp. salt, 1 tsp. baking soda and 3 cups shredded ripe velvet fruit meat from (d); h. Stirring mixture from (g) thoroughly; i. Mixing of liquid ingredient mainly, 2 tsp. Philippine lime juice, 4 pcs. eggs, oil and 2 tsp. vanilla with (g) thoroughly to make a batter; j. Pouring ¼ cup of mixture from (i) into muffin pans; k. Baking of mixture from (i) to 350 degrees for 20 minutes; and l. Let it cool completely before packing. a. Choose and get the ripe kamagong fruit.

Pastillas de Kamagong

b. Prepare all the needed ingredients, tools and equipments to be use. c. Wash the selected velvet fruit thoroughly; d. Dry, peel and separate the velvet apple meat from the seeds; e. Shred the kamagong fruit and get ½ cup of shredded kamagong fruit. f. Preheat the oven. g. Sift all-purpose flour before measuring. Measure 2 ¾ cup of all-purpose flour. h. Cream 1 cup of butter. If the butter is already fluffy add little by little amount of sugar, continue mixing until all the 1 ½ cup sugar is mix to the butter. i. Add 1 egg and 1 tsp vanilla extract. Stir continuously. Add flour, ½ tsp iodized salt and ½ shredded kamagong into the batter mixture. Mix continuously until all the ingredients are mixed well. j. Using the 2 spoon shape it into ball and roll it into powdered sugar. Place it in a flat shit pan with wax paper. k. Bake at 350°F for 10-12 minutes. l. Let it cool before packing. a. Prepare all the needed ingredients. b. Using the non-stick pan, place it on low fire, pour 1 cup of condensed milk, continuously stirring until sticky. c. Add ¼ tsp of calamansi zest and 1 cup of shredded kamagong and continue stirring. d. When moisture content is lost and kamagong is already, stiff. Turn off the fire then add ½ cup powdered milk. Mix well e. Grease metal tray with oil before transferring the kamagong mixture.

Final Result

Weigh 10 grams and shape it into ball. Roll into granulated sugar. g. Let it cool before packing. *Final Recipe after the three trials.

Legend for General Acceptability: 4.51 – 5.00 Highly Acceptability 3.51 – 4.50 Acceptability 2.51 – 3.35 Moderately Acceptability 1.00 – 1.50 Not Acceptable WM- Weighted Mean DR- Descriptive Rating

I. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 presented the summary of sensory test acceptability result for kamagong products.

Texture

Appearance

In terms of texture, results revealed that kamagong muffin was slightly soft (weighted mean- 4.70), kamagong crinkles were crispy, tender and moist (weighted mean of 4.65), and pastillas de kamagong was described as soft (weighted mean of 4.60). In general, texture was acceptable.

The result for the appearance of kamagong muffin and pastillas de kamagong yielded 4.73 with descriptive rating of brown color with uniform size and pale yellow with uniform size, respectively. While, the kamagong crinkles weighted 4.55 with the descriptive rating of well coated powdered sugar. Respondents Qual ities

Kamagong Muffin

Aroma

Kamagong Crinkles

Pastillas de Kamagong

Acceptabilit y

Taste

The most important component of sensory test was taste. According to the respondents, the Texture 4.70 4.65 4.60 Trial 3 appearance of the product was already Aroma 4.87 Highly 4.54 4.87 Highly Trial 3 tempting even Desirabl Desirabl without tasting it. e e The kamagong Taste 4.77 Highly 4.38 Acceptabl 4.75 Highly Trial 3 muffin and pastillas Accepta e Accepta ble ble de kamagong yielded Average 4.76 Highly 4.53 Highly 4.73 Highly 4.77 and 4.75 Weighte Accepta Acceptabl Accepta respectively, with d Mean ble e ble descriptive rating of affirmed in the interview that they unforeseen the highly acceptable while kamagong crinkles product that was made from kamagong fruit. This yielded 4.38 with descriptive rating as acceptable. implied that its appearance was incomparable This result conformed to the respondents with commercialized muffins. comments that they do not like eating the Table 2 kamagong fruit since kamagong crickles really Summary of Sensory Test Acceptability tasted the fruit meat. Result for In general, the three kamagong food products Kamagong Products were rated highly acceptable. The different qualities in terms of appearance, texture, aroma and taste were rated as highly acceptable. Appeara nce

WM 4.73

DR Brown Color/ Uniform Size Slightly Soft

WM 4.55

DR Well coated Powdered sugar Crispy, Tender and Moist Highly Desirable

WM 4.73

DR Pale yellow/ Uniform size Slightly Soft

Trial 3

Kamagong fruit, when raw was one of the odorous and least likened fruit. 7

However, kamagong products earned a generally highly desirable rating after the enhancement of kamagong fruit into food process. According to the respondents kamagong muffin’s aroma seemed like banana cake and pastillas de kamagong were similar sampaloc pastillas.

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SHELF LIFE TEST Shelf life was defined as the length of time in which the product performs (Labuza, 2002). It was also described as the life of a product or any consumer product (Gacula et al., 2009). In this study, the shelf life of kamagong was determined by direct method, i.e subjecting the muffin, crinckles and pastillas samples at ambient or room temperature and monitoring the important properties namely moisture content and microbial load. Shelf Life of product was determined through its yeast and mold count, and moisture content. The test was conducted at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture-Food Laboratory and analyzed by a license food analysts duly reviewed by the Food Science Laboratory Head professor Julieta Casaul.

Results for the monitoring of yeasts and molds (YM) counts were presented in Tables 4, 5 and 6. Based on the results of YM count the microbial load for kamagong muffin (Table 6) exceeded the standard set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014 for baked goods to have only 104 maximum loads after 7 days. Significant increase in the microbial load started on the 5th day of storage but on the 7th day, it already exceeded the acceptable microbial population. This means that the recommended shelf life for muffin is 5 to 6 days with paperboard as packaging material and the size of 50g under ordinary room temperature. Increase in shelf life might be done by using airtight containers or packaging materials to prevent entry of air,

Result of Shelf Life Analysis Results

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Sample Description

Shelf life Analysis

Kamagong Muffin Packed in (184 cm x 76

10 days

Yeast and Mold Count

Table 3

Sample and Lab Code

10 days

Ref: CBSUA Food Science Laboratory, 2018

Table 3 revealed the result of shelf life analysis of kamagong products. Kamagong muffin packed in 184 cm by 76 cm box with 6 capacity would last for 6 days. Kamagong crinkles packed in 154 cm by 41 cm by 51 cm cast oriented poly propylene lasted for 10 days while pastillas de kamagong packed in 99cm by 55 cm by 170 cm laminated stand up foil pouch also lasted for 10 days.

Item No.

cm Box with 6 capacity) Kamagong Crinkles Packed in (154 cm x 41 cm x 51 cm Cast oriented poly propylene Pastillas de Kamagong Packed in (99 cm x 55 cm x 170 cm Laminated stand up foil pouch)

6 days

moisture and even aerial borne contaminants like fungi.

oriented polypropylene and stored at room temperature. Day

Table 4. Yeasts and molds count of Kamagong Muffin packaged in paperboard box and stored at room temperature. Day

Yeasts and

Remarks

molds count

Acceptable

CFU/g*

standard

Yeasts and

Remarks

molds count

Acceptable

CFU/g*

standard

<10

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

102 to 104**

4**

10 to 10 0

<10

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

4,600 (4.6 x

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

2900 (2.9 x

Acceptable

10 ) 12

680,000 (6.8

103) 6

x 10 )

4300 (4.3 x

Acceptable

10 )

Exceeded

(7.9 x 10 )

630000 (6.3 x 5

10 )

Exceeded

20000000 7

(2.0 x 10 )

acceptable value

Ref: CBSUA Food Science Laboratory, 2018 Legend: CFU – Colony Forming Units **Based on Philippines Food and drug Administration (FDA) Circular No. 2013-010, February , 2013.

acceptable value

79,000,000

Exceeded

Exceeded acceptable

Based on the results of YM count shown in Table 6, the microbial load exceeded the standard for pastillas de kamagong goods to have only 103 maximum loads after 10 days. Significant increase in the microbial load started on the 10th day of storage but on the 12th day, it already exceeded the acceptable microbial population. This means that the recommended shelf life for kamagong pastillas was 8 to 10 days packed with laminated stand up foil pouch and stored at room temperature.

value

Ref: CBSUA Food Science Laboratory, 2018 Legend: CFU – Colony Forming Units **Based on Philippines Food and drug Administration (FDA) Circular No. 2013-010, February , 2013. As shown in Table 5, significant increase in the microbial load started on the 10th day of storage but on the 12th day, it already exceeded the acceptable microbial population. This means that the recommended shelf life for Kamagong Crinkles was 8 to 10 days packed with castoriented polypropylene and stored at room temperature.

Table 6. Yeasts and Molds count of Kamagong Pastillas packaged in laminated up foil pouch and stored at room temperature. Day

Table 5. Yeasts and molds count of Kamagong Crinckles days packaged with in cast-

Yeasts and

Remarks

molds count

Acceptable

CFU/g*

standard 102 to 104**

<10

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

<10

Acceptable

3,300 (3.3 x

Acceptable

Day

530,000 (5.3

Exceeded

x 105)

acceptable

70,000,000

Exceeded

(7.0 x 107)

acceptable

19.48

Moderately moist

value 14

Moistness

Content

103) 12

Moisture

19.72

Moderately moist

19.37

Moderately moist

value 5

19.82

Moderately moist

Ref: CBSUA Food Science Laboratory, 2018 *CFU – Colony Forming Units **Based on Philippines Food and drug Administration (FDA) Circular No. 2013-010, February , 2013.

18.02

Moderately moist

17.00

Slightly moist

15.97

Not moist

Moisture Content

Ref: CBSUA Food Science Laboratory, 2018

The kamagong muffin exhibited a substantial decreased in moisture on the 7th day of storage showing a dry and crumbly properties denoted by the description not moist (Table 7). This result was in consonance with the microbial load denoting the product shelf life at 6 days. Both microbial results and moisture content data conformed to the declaration of kamagong muffin to have a shelf life of up to 6 days.

Piazza and Masi (1995) reported that muffins equilibrate with the moisture of the environment quicker than bread. Since muffin and crinkles has some egg ingredient and commonly more aerated than bread, this may attribute to its faster rate of moisture loss. Studies on bread as cited in Anis Jauharah (2014) stated that moisture did not change even after seven days of storage, the difference was that, these breads was wrapped in moisture-proof bags and were sealed, while the kamagong muffin in this study had only paperboard box as packaging that allows higher rate of moisture migration. According to Jay (2006), the low moisture content of baked products support only the growth of fungi as spoilage agents, which show obvious growth at deterioration period. Staling, as determined by the decrease in moisture content of muffin if not properly packaged in an air tight packaging material was another indicator of deterioration considered in this study. As with the case of kamagong muffin, the paperboard or box used is highly permeable to moisture loss or gain in the product depending on the relative humidity of the environment.

Moisture loss is another indicator that the food is not acceptable anymore or has lapsed its recommended shelf life period. This leads to the dryness of the muffin and staling may also contribute to change in the texture. According to Carson (2018), staling is a major problem in the baking industry. Breads and cakes have undesirable qualities, making them dry, crumbly interior and a loss of flavour, this is mainly caused by starch retro gradation in which starch molecules recrystallized over the shelf life of the bread, the crumb becomes crumbly and leathery.

Table 7. Changes in moisture content of Kamagong Muffin packaged in a box made of paper board stored at room temperature.

Kamagong crinkles have shown a notable reduction in moisture content in its 10th day 10

storage resulting to moderately moist output (Table 8). Both microbial results and moisture content data conformed to the declaration of kamagong crinkles to have a shelf life of up to 810 days.

Day

Moisture

% 0

8.53

Moderately moist

8.9

Moistness

8.53

Moderately

8.78

8.53

Moderately moist

8.42

moist

Moderately moist

8.9

Moderately moist

Content

Moistness

Content

Table 8. Yeasts and molds count of Kamagong Crinckles days packaged with in castoriented polypropylene and stored at room temperature. Day

Moisture

Moderately moist

Moderately

8.22

Slightly moist

moist

8.12

Slightly moist

Moderately moist

8.78

Ref: CBSUA Food Science Laboratory, 2018

Moderately moist

8.42

I. CONCLUSION/ RECOMMENDATION

Moderately moist

8.22

Slightly moist

8.12

Slightly moist

CONCLUSION 1. Kamagong (Diospyros Blancoi) fruit was utilized into baked food namely; kamagong muffin, crinkles, and pastillas de kamagong and determined its product acceptability in terms of appearance, aroma, texture, and taste. 2. After the sensory evaluation, it was found out that kamagong products have shown generally high acceptable results from all the tests conducted.

Ref: CBSUA Food Science Laboratory, 2018

The Pastillas de Kamagong as shown in Table 9, manifested the same decrease in moisture on the 10th day of storage showing moderately moist properties. This result is in consonance with the microbial load denoting the product shelf life at 10 days. Both microbial results and moisture content data conformed to the declaration of Pastillas de Kamagong to have a shelf life of up to 8-10 days.

RECOMMENDATIONS From the data gathered by this study, the researches recommend the following: 1. Develop Dispyros Blancoi as one of the nutrient source for human consumption. The inherent foul smelling fruit has the highest viability for innovative food products that is appealing for people of all ages to eat.

Table 9. Yeasts and molds count of Pastillas de Kamagong packaged in laminated up foil pouch and stored at room temperature

2. Preserve the specie for Diospyros Blancoi by establishing nursery for its trees in order to utilize its fruit yield for various baked products responsive to the nutritional and fiber needs of the community. 3. Regulate use of Diospyros Blancoi trees for furniture use, despite its renowned wood quality herein referred to as “iron wood”. It competes with the opportunity of the tree as used for food consumption, which is the prime Sustainability Goals of the United Nations. 4. Provide livelihood and skills training like Bread and Pastry Making to communities where Kamagong trees abound to optimize use of the tree for food and health. Train the women and youth to produce innovative food products from the tree that is easy to grow and remains underutilized for food in most art of the community. 5. Encourage collaborative partnership between agencies like Department of Trade & Industries for supplemental support to package the product for possible importation and expanded sales.

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Utilization and Acceptability as Food” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Naga Campus, City of Naga, 2006) Regina B. Franco, “Alternative Food Products from Passion Fruit Peel” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Naga City Campus, City of Naga 2005) Aireen C. Navera, “Dessert from Couristel Fruit (Poutria Campechiara)” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Naga Campus, City of Naga, 2009) Rosana B. Oliveros, “Albedo-Flavedo Preserves” (Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, Naga Campus, City of Naga, 2009) www.market manila.com/archieves/mabolo-kamagong, September 5, 2010 www.dessert-tropicals.com/diospyrus discolor.html, September 5, 2010 www.amb.gov.ph/nsure, November 2, 2010 www.tradewindsfruits.com/velvet-apple.html www.food reference.com/html/1F-velvet apple.html velvet apple-Food, Facts trivia, September 5, 2010 www.philippines herbal/medicine.org/mabolo.html www.big/market.com/fruits/velvet apple.html, November 2, 2010

AUTHORS First Author – Flordeliza S. Relloso, Instructor I, CIT Research Coordinator, CBSUA Second Author - Mercy P. Luntok, Instructor II, Curriculum Development Director, CBSUA

Anxiety and Students’ Performance in Mathematics Richard G. Castor, Rosa C. Ubano-Cid, Ph. D, Dariel A. Palmiano, Ph. D, Michelle B. Petallo, and Cristine D. Sape-Salazar Abstract - According to Engle, Grantham-McGregor, Black, Walker, & Wachs, (2007), mastery of mathematics is a key literacy component that influences children’s success in education and in future society. It is along this line that there are researchers study their students’ level of anxiety in Mathematics because they believe that through this step they can be able to identify possible interventions to help students in learning the subject. However, few researchers have examined the level of anxiety in terms of different aspects such as Test Anxiety, Numerical Anxiety and Subject Anxiety. By breaking down the mathematics anxiety into these aspects, teachers’ and institutions’ mode of action for the development on the mathematics performance of the students will be much easier. In the present study, we measured the level of anxiety of students in terms of Test Anxiety, Numerical Anxiety and Subject Anxiety and its relationship on the students’ performance in mathematics. Furthermore, we also assessed the students’ level of anxiety across year level. The respondents were 84 students taking up Bachelor of Science in Mathematics. The result revealed that students’ level of anxiety is greatly affected by Test Anxiety which is also significantly related to their performance in mathematics. The researchers also found out that as the students move up to senior years in college the higher its level of anxiety. Teacher may consider selecting appropriate instructional strategies to decrease math anxiety or change the classroom environment. Spending time during a class period to discuss student feelings about their apprehensions in mathematics subjects would also be a great help to gradually eradicate students’ mathematics anxiety. KEYWORDS --- MATHEMATICS ANXIETY, NUMERICAL ANXIETY, TEST ANXIETY, SUBJECT ANXIETY, STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE

I. INTRODUCTION earning mathematics and gaining mathematical skills at some level has become inevitable than ever. Mathematics is the most important tool to understand the world’s order and organization. Math success level has been one of the crucial keys to school success and profession selection. Therefore, it is important to know and if possible, eliminate obstacles in front of math success. One of the most significant obstacles in math success is math anxiety.

According to Dreger and Aiken mathematics anxiety is “the presence of a syndrome of emotional reactions to arithmetic and mathematics.” Math anxiety is commonly defined as a feeling of tension, apprehension, or fear that interferes with math performance [1]. In addition, it refers to the ‘feelings of tension and anxiety that interfere with the manipulation of numbers and the solving of mathematical problems in a wide variety of ordinary life and academic situations’ (Richardson & Suinn, 1972, p. 551) [2]. It has been shown that mathematics anxiety is negatively associated with mathematical performance in adults [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In his meta-analytic review of research on mathematics anxiety, Hembree (1990) showed that mathematics anxiety was consistently associated with poor performance on mathematical achievement tests. For example, in adolescents, self-reported scores on mathematics anxiety were negatively associated with term grades, final exam grades and tests of mathematics aptitude [11]. Mathematics anxiety was negatively correlated with the scores on all the mathematics subtests (including mathematics concepts, applications, and computations) and the total score of the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT) [2] [12]. Ma (1999) found that the severity of mathematics anxiety in children tended to increase over time [9]. In another study, Wu et al. (2012) showed a more complex picture regarding the relation between mathematics anxiety and mathematical performance. They found that mathematical achievement, as measured with the WIAT-II Math Composite score, were negatively associated with mathematics anxiety, but not with trait anxiety, in second and third graders. They also showed that mathematics anxiety was strongly correlated with children’s performance in mathematical reasoning, which included complex verbal problem solving [13]. However, unlike the study by Harari and colleagues, there was only a weak correlation between mathematics anxiety and numerical operations, which assessed basic computational skills. It appears that the influence of mathematics anxiety on children’s mathematical performance

depends on the type or level of difficulty of mathematical problems [14]. Even though anxiety has been a natural and necessary response to a functional adaptation in humans, it can become detrimental to other processes when it becomes excessive and incontrollable leading to distress and interfering with everyday activities such as multiple evaluation situations.

mathematics anxiety. Specifically, this study would be able to: a. Determine the level of mathematics anxiety in terms of: test anxiety, subject anxiety, and numerical anxiety. b. Present level of mathematics achievement of BSM students c. Investigate whether respondents’ mathematics anxiety significantly affect their achievement in mathematics

In the present study, researcher’s breakdown mathematics anxiety into three aspects: Test Anxiety, Numerical Anxiety and Subject Anxiety. Test anxiety is determined in terms of how they think, feel or act during a test. Kids Health Organization defines test anxiety as a type of performance anxiety --- a feeling someone might have in a situation where performance really counts or when the pressure is on to do well. It brings on “butterflies”, a stomachache, or a headache. Some people might feel shaky or sweaty, or feel their heart beating quickly as they wait for the test to be given out. A feeling of passing out or throwing out is also experience by a student with strong test anxiety, the organization elaborated. This definition of test anxiety also applies to other context such as subject and numerical anxiety. By breaking down mathematics anxiety into three aspects, identifying possible interventions would be much easier thus, leading to the improvement of students’ performance and achievement in mathematics.

1.3 Significance of the Study This study was deemed beneficial and valuable to the following sectors and group of persons: School Administrators. The result of this investigation may provide significant inputs and guidance to school administrators on the institutional programs and activities to include and give attention to stress and anxiety management that promotes more engaged and active students in the coursework. Faculty. This is an eye-opener for the faculty for them to be more sensitive and give attention to the emotional aspect of their students towards mathematics. Established mutual understanding between faculty and students promotes a more interactive and collaborative discussion which can cause improvement on students’ performance in mathematics. Students. This will serve as their gearing point in managing their level of mathematics anxiety for them to perform better and attain achievement in mathematics. Future Researchers. The findings of this investigation can provide future researchers basis on cultivating the other factors affecting students’ mathematics anxiety in order to fully eradicate this major hindrance in attaining achievement in mathematics.

1.1 Theoretical Support The study was anchored on the Debilitating Anxiety Model that suggests that the link between math anxiety and math performance is driven by anxiety’s devastating consequences on learning and recalling math skills. Math anxiety may influence math performance at several different levels. Firstly, evidence suggests that people with math anxiety are less willing to engage with math tasks at all. This suggests a tendency towards math avoidance in those with math anxiety, which has a negative impact on both learning opportunities and recall in tests. Secondly, whilst individuals are engaged in math tasks, math anxiety might act to distract them from what they are trying to learn or remember. The idea that anxiety could interfere with learning and recall is known as “cognitive interference” --- anxiety generates distracting thoughts and sensations which affect memory capacity [15].

1.4 Scope and Delimitation This study focused on investigating relationship between students’ level of mathematics anxiety and its effect on their performance. Different types of anxiety such as Test, Subject and Numerical Anxiety has been the focused of this study and the students’ performance in terms of their grades. This study was delimited solely to the students taking up Bachelor of Science in Mathematics at Central Bicol State University of Agriculture – Calabanga

1.2 Statement of the Problem This research examined how Bachelor of Science in Mathematics (BSM) students’ mathematics achievement is affected by their

Campus thus eliminated those from other campuses and those taking other courses.

Mathematics Anxiety. They are to rate the degree of frequency from 1 – 4 as to almost never to almost always on their perception to the different statements presented.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.5 Data Analysis

2.1 Research Design

Data analysis in this study employed (1) descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage as well as weighted mean and ranking. Interpretations of means were based on a 4-point Likert scale, where 4 means almost always, 3 means often, 2, sometimes, and 1 almost never. (2) Pearson-Moment of correlation and a post-hoc test using Scheffe’s Test was also utilized in analyzing the data on the significant difference of anxiety and performance in mathematics. A positive value indicates nonsignificance, a zero value indicates high significance and a negative value indicates very high significance between variables. Students’ performance was analyzed in terms of grades. Interpretation of grades were based on performance level where 90 and above means excellent, 85-90 means above average, 80-84 means average and 75-79 below average and below 74, failed.

The research study employed the descriptiveevaluative and correlational research method to determine the students’ level of mathematics anxiety and its effect on students’ mathematics performance.

2.2 Locus of the Study The study was conducted in one of the campuses of Central Bicol State University of Agriculture (CBSUA) in Bicol, the Calabanga campus. CBSUA has four campuses: the Calabanga, Sipocot, Pasacao, and Pili (Main Campus). The Calabanga which is the locale of the study has three colleges, i.e., College of Education, College of Industrial Technology, and College of Arts and Science. Specifically, the survey was conducted among the students taking up Bachelor of Science in Mathematics program under the College of Arts and Sciences.

2.3 Population and Sampling

2.6 Validity and Reliability

The Bachelor of Science in Mathematics program has the smallest population on all the program offerings of the campus, hence this study targeted the whole population of the students from first year to fourth year and be able to generate a total of 84 respondents. Nineteen (19) of which are first year students, thirty-four (34) second year students, eighteen (18) third year students and thirteen (13) fourth year students.

To define the content validity of the questionnaires, the researchers consulted the experts in instrument development in the university consisting of the research director and the advisor professors. Their suggestions and recommendations were noted and integrated in the final form.

2.4 Data Collection Techniques

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Demographic Information

The students gathered in one of the classrooms of the campus and the researchers administer the questionnaires. The questionnaire is divided into two parts: Part I is on personal and home profile which includes age, sex, birth order, the college where they belong to, course and section, parental education and parental occupation. Part II is the Mathematics Anxiety which consists of three parts: Test Anxiety, Subject Anxiety and

The home and personal characteristics were examined along the following: age, sex, birth order, the college where they belong to, course and section, parental education and parental occupation. It indicated that respondents in the study were mostly aging 20 years old and majority were female. Six out of ten are middle born and belong to a family with 5-8 children. They are mostly sons and daughters of fishermen

On the level of anxiety along subject anxiety revealed that first year and second year students feel uneasy with mathematics subjects, the second-year students feel nervous while fourth year students feel both nervous and frightened on mathematics subjects. However, the characteristics that both earned the highest overall mean of 2.17 which was interpreted to be “sometimes” felt by the students are: (1) mathematics makes them

and farmers. About 70% of their parents are graduates of elementary and secondary.

3.2 Mathematics Anxiety Level of mathematics anxiety were examined in this study in terms of test anxiety, numerical anxiety and subject anxiety. Data are shown in Tables 1-3.

uneasy and (2) it makes them feel nervous. Students “almost never” felt that mathematics is a course which they do not 3.2.1 Mathematics Anxiety along Test Anxiety enjoy and that they do not like mathematics and scares them to take it. The level of mathematics anxiety along test anxiety Table 2. Mathematics Anxiety along Subject Anxiety results revealed that students from first year to fourth year “often” get tensed during mathematics test. In addition, this feeling of the students in taking tests is somewhat increasing Overall Characteristics A B C D I Mean from first year students to third year with 2.68, 2.94 and 3.33 mean respectively. First year students “sometimes” feel vey panicky when taking a Math test, while second year andMathematics makes 2.00 2.53 2.00 2.15 2.17 S third year students worry a great deal before taking a math me feel uneasy. test and fourth year students “sometimes” unable to think Mathematics makes 2.00 2.26 2.17 2.23 2.17 S clearly when doing mathematics test (see Table 1). me feel nervous. Table 1. Mathematics Anxiety along Test Anxiety Characteristics

Gets tensed during mathematics test Is unable to think clearly when doing mathematics test Worries a great deal before taking a math test Feel very panicky when I take a Math test Feels my heart beating very fast during Math Test Thinks about the consequences of failing Thoughts of doing poorly interfere with mu concentration on Math tests Have an uneasy, upset feeling when taking math tests Feels very jittery when taking a Math tests. Freezes up on Math exams Overall Mean I R

2.68

2.94

3.33

3.00

Overa ll Mean 2.99

2.16

2.53

2.33

2.92

2.49

1.95

2.74

2.44

2.69

2.45

2.26

2.38

2.17

2.54

2.34

2.11

2.18

2.06

2.23

2.14

1.84

2.50

2.06

2.08

2.12

1.79

2.26

1.83

2.15

2.01

1.89

1.58

2.15

2.06

1.78

2.00

2.08

1.85

1.97

1.87

1.79

1.74

1.44

2.23

1.80

2.01 S 4

2.35 S 2

2.14 S 3

2.38 S 1

2.22 S

3.2.2 Mathematics Anxiety

Anxiety

along

Mathematics does scare me R Mathematics makes me feel confused 1 Mathematics makes 2 me feel restless and uncomfortable. Mathematics makes 3 me feel irritable and impatient. Is always under a 4 terrible strain in Mathematics Class Have a feeling of 5 dislike when I hear the word 6 Mathematics. Mathematics is a course which I do enjoy 7 not studying Does not like Mathematics, and it scares me to 8 have to take it Overall Mean 9

2.21

1.89

2.23

2.07

1.89

2.26

2.11

2.00

2.07

1.79

2.15

1.72

2.00

1.91

1.53

1.97

1.83

2.31

1.91

1.95

1.91

1.83

1.85

1.88

1.74

1.85

1.56

1.92

1.77

1.42

1.74

1.72

1.85

1.68

A N

1.63

1.65

1.72

1.62

1.65

A N

1.79

2.05

1.86

2.02

1.93

3.2.3

Mathematics along Numerical Anxiety

The first-year students “sometimes” feel they do not like making calculations in everyday life. Second year students worry about the ability to solve mathematics problems, while both third year and fourth year students feel anxious trying to do mathematics problems. On the other hand, they 15

1.95

Subject

“almost never” feel afraid of presenting the mathematics problems to their teacher. Table 3. Mathematics Anxiety along Numerical Anxiety Characteristics

Overall Mean

Worries about the ability to solve mathematics problems

1.89

2.24

2.00

2.23

2.09

Does not like making calculations in everyday life Feels anxious when trying to do mathematics problems Panics when unable to remember a required equation for a problem Does not like dealing with numbers. Panics when starting the mathematical part of a standardized achievement test. Feels nervous the solution of a math question in not understood Fears to fail the course when opening a math book and looking at the pages Panics when getting math homework consisting of many problems Is afraid of presenting the mathematics problems to the teacher Overall Mean

2.26

2.18

1.72

2.15

2.08

students also have the same level of anxiety that is lower than the level of anxiety of students from second year and fourth year levels. R

Table 4. Mathematics Anxiety Across Aspects and Year Level 1 Characteristics

Overall Mean

2.01

2.35

2.14

2.38

2.22

1.83

2.07

1.86

2.07

1.96

1.79

2.05

1.86

2.02

1.93

1.88

2.16

1.95

2.15

2.04

STest2Anxiety Numerical Anxiety

1.79

2.15

2.11

2.23

2.07

SSubject 3 Anxiety Overall Mean

2.05

2.18

1.94

2.08

2.06

1.79

2.15

1.94

2.08

1.99

1.63

2.06

1.67

2.38

1.94

1.95

2.03

1.89

1.85

1.93

Table 5. ANOVA of the significant differences in the level of anxiety across year levels and across aspects 7 Sum of Source

1.95

1.97

1.94

1.85

1.93

Mean df

Squares .205

.103

87.241

.000

VHS

52.206

.000

VHS

1.78

2.08

1.86

9YEAR

.184

.061

1.42

1.79

1.61

1.77

1.65

A N

LEVEL 10 Error

.007

.001

1.83

2.07

1.86

2.07

1.96

Total

50.132

1.5

Legend:

Sig. = ≤.001 – Very Highly Significant (VHS)

Table 6. Scheffes Test of the significant differences in the level of anxiety across characteristics

3.3 Mathematics Anxiety Across Aspects and Year Level All the aspects of anxiety were rated to be felt “sometimes” by the student-respondents however, Test Anxiety has the highest overall mean of 2.22 compare to the other two aspects which has almost the same mean of 1.96 (Numerical Anxiety) and 1.93 (Subject Anxiety) (see Table 4). Level of mathematics anxiety has Very High Significance across year levels and across aspects (both sig.=0.000). A post-hoc test was done to elaborate the details on the level of anxiety across year level and across aspects. Across aspects (see Table 5), Test Anxiety is highly significant on mathematics anxiety. On the other hand, Numerical Anxiety and Subject Anxiety has no significance on mathematics anxiety. In the level of anxiety in terms of year level (see table 5), fourth year and second year students have the same level of anxiety, they both have a very high level of significance on mathematics anxiety compared to first year and third year students. Moreover, first year and third year

Sig

ASPECTS 2.00

Sig.

Square

1.58

Stat F

Mean

(I) ASPECTS

(J) ASPECTS

Difference

Sig.

(I-J)

Test Anxiety Numerical

Stat Sig

.2625*

.000

.2900*

.000

-.2625*

.000

.0275

.558

Anxiety Subject Anxiety Numerical

Test Anxiety

Anxiety

Subject Anxiety

Subject

Test Anxiety

-.2900*

.000

Anxiety

Numerical

-.0275

.558

Anxiety Legend: Sig. = >.05 – Not Significant (NS) Sig. =≤05 – Significant (S) Sig. =≤ 01 – Highly Significant (HS) Sig. = ≤.001 – Very Highly Significant (VHS)

Pearson’s Product Moment of Correlation shows that Test Anxiety is very highly significant to mathematics achievement (𝑟 = −.556, 𝑠𝑖𝑔. = .000). Among the three aspects of anxiety, test anxiety influences the most the students’ achievement in mathematics. Meanwhile, Subject Anxiety has no significant relationship with mathematics achievement(𝑟 = .005, 𝑠𝑖𝑔 = .976).

Table 7. Scheffes Test of the significant differences in the level of anxiety across characteristics (I) YEAR LEVEL First Year

Second Year

Third Year

Fourth Year

Mean Difference (I-J)

Sig.

Stat Sig

Second Year

-.2800*

.000

VHS

Third Year

-.0767

.156

Fourth Year

-.2800

.000

VHS

First Year

.2800*

.000

VHS

Third Year

.2033*

.002

VHS

Fourth Year

.0000

1.000

Variables

First Year

.0767

.156

Second Year

-.2033*

.002

VHS

Fourth Year

-.2033*

.002

VHS

First Year

.2800*

.000

VHS

Test Anxiety and Mathematics Achievement Numerical Anxiety and Mathematics Achievement

Second Year

.0000

1.000

Third Year

.2033*

.002

VHS

(J) YEAR LEVEL

Table 9. Relationship between Mathematics Anxiety and Academic Performance

Subject Anxiety and Mathematics Achievement

Legend:

Pearson Correlation

Sig

Stat Sig

-.556

.000

VHS

-.349

.022

.005

.976

Legend:

Sig. = >.05 – Not Significant (NS) Sig. =≤05 – Significant (S) Sig. =≤ 01 – Highly Significant (HS) Sig. = ≤.001 – Very Highly Significant (VHS)

3.4 Performance Level in Mathematics

4 CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS

The level of mathematics achievement or performance of the students was based on their grades (see Table 8). The level of academic performance of the BS-Math students were on the average however, it can be observed on the performance level that as the student progresses on senior years their performance level also increases.

In sum, we found that students’ level of anxiety is mainly comprises of their anxiety when taking tests that consequently and significantly affected their performance in mathematics. Subject and their perception about numbers is not the problem in mathematics achievement rather it’s the concept of tests or assessments that greatly affect how they perform in mathematics. Further, the level of anxiety is evidently high among fourth year students, on this case their completion of the course is critically at stake. With these results, the researchers suggest that teachers provide a friendly atmosphere during tests or assessments and a regular counseling with students observed to be having low performance in mathematics. Teachers should also extend time for student consultation to encourage and develop emotional resiliency. For future researchers, they can study further on the factors that promote mathematics’ anxiety such as teacher factor, environmental factors, social factors or gender factor.

Table 8. Level of Academic Performance of College of Arts and Sciences students in Mathematics Year Level N Std. PL VI Deviation First Year 19 1.77 81.7 Average Second Year 34 1.72 81.9 Average Third Year 18 3.86 82.6 Average Fourth Year 13 3.52 83.1 Average Total 84 2.67 82.3 Average Legend: Performance Level 90 and above 85-89 80-84 75-79 Below 74

Verbal Interpretation Excellent Above Average Average Below Average Failed

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researchers express their sincere and profound gratitude to all those who have helped and contributed to the completion of this manuscript. To Dr. Georgina J. Bordado, CBSUA-President; Prof. Arthur Estrella, University Research Director; Dr. Helen L. Madela, Campus Administrator; Mr. Richard G. Castor, Campus Research Director, and to all respondents for your time and support. And above all to their family and loved ones for their

3.5 Relationship between Mathematics Anxiety and Academic Performance 17

encouragement, love and inspiration and to Almighty Lord, for His many blessings and graces, the researchers are forever indebted.

[8] Dew, K. M., Galassi, J. P., & Galassi, M. D. (1983). Mathematics anxiety: Basic issues. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 443– 446. [9] Ma, X. (1999). A meta-analysis of the relationship between anxiety toward mathematics and achievement in mathematics. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 30, 520–540. [10] Miller, H., & Bichsel, J. (2004). Anxiety, working memory, gender, and math performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 591–606. [11] Hembree, R. (1990). The nature, effects, and relief of mathematics anxiety. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 21, 33– 46. [12] Wigfield, A., & Meece, J. L. (1988). Math anxiety in elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 210–216. [13] Wu, S. S., Barth, M., Amin, H., Malcarne, V., & Menon, V. (2012). Math anxiety in second and third graders and its relation to mathematics achievement. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1–11. [14] Harari, R. R., Vukovic, R. K., & Bailey, S. (in press). Mathematics anxiety in young children: An exploratory study. Journal of Experimental Education. [15] Carey, E., Hill, F., Devine, A., & Szucs, D. (2016). The chicken or the egg? The direction of the relationship between mathematics anxiety and mathematics performance. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1987).

REFERENCES [1] Sevindir, H., Yazici, C. & Yazici, V. (2014). Mathematics Anxiety: A case study for Kocaeli University, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 152, 638-641. [2] Richardson, F. C., & Suinn, R. M. (1972). The mathematics anxiety rating scale: Psychometric data. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 19, 551–554. [3] Ashcraft, M. & Kirk, E. (2001). The Relationship Among Working Memory, Math Anxiety and Performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 130, 224-237. [4] Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2005). When high-powered people fail: Working memory and ‘‘choking under pressure’’ in math. Psychological Science, 16, 101–105. [5] Beilock, S. L., Rydell, R. J., & McConnell, A. R. (2007). Stereotype threat and working memory: Mechanisms, alleviation, and spillover. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 256–276. [6] Brodish, A. B., & Devine, P. G. (2009). The role of performance-avoidance goals and worry in mediating the relationship between stereotype threat and performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 180–185 [7] Cadinu, M., Maass, A., Rosabianca, A., & Kiesner, J. (2005). Why do women underperform under stereotype threat? Evidence for the role of negative thinking. Psychological Science, 16, 572–578.

Floristic Composition, Structure and Diversity of Mangrove Forests in Siruma, Camarines Sur, Philippines Helen L. Madela, Dariel A. Palmiano, Emerson L. Bergonio, Salomon B. Azanes, Jr., and Richard G. Castor Abstract— A phytosociological study on mangroves in Siruma, Camarines Sur, Philippines was carried out in three study sites. Density, dominance, frequency, species and importance values were calculated in each plot. The data gathering devices employed were Garmin 78S and GPS as well as GBH (Girth at Breast Height) and the Shannon-Weiner index (SWI) was the statistical tool used. The study sites were characterized by muddy, rocky and sandy soils which are either partially or totally submerged in the water during high tide. Results revealed that there were about 1,812 mangrove trees which typified the floristic composition, structure and diversity of the mangrove areas. This was composed of 17 species coming from 7 families. Thus, statistical analysis indicates that the mangrove forest in Siruma was diverse (SWI=1.95). Bakauan lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) and Pagatpat (Sonneratia alba) inhabited for the most part the study sites and respectively occupied the first and second importance values. The prevalence of wildings and cuttings can be attributed both to environmental and anthropogenic factors. The existence of different mangrove species even in small quantity suggests that the site could be developed to have a more diverse mangrove environment. Establishment of nurseries is recommended for species mobility and in increasing density and diversity of the mangrove forest. Keywords—Camarines Mangrove Forest

Sur,

Floristic

composition,

INTRODUCTION

Mangrove forests is defined as a community of “taxonomically diverse, salt-tolerant tree and other plant species which thrive in inter-tidal zones of sheltered tropical shores, ‘overwash’ islands, and estuaries” (Buffle, Nguyen, & Thomasen, 2011; Febryano, Suharjito, Darusman, Kusmana, & Hidayat, 2014). Recent, precise, and reliable information on the areal extent and spatial distribution of mangrove forests in the Philippines remains limited (Kikon, Singh, Singh, & Vyas, 2016) . From half a million hectares at the turn of the century, Philippine mangroves have declined to only

120,000 ha. Mangrove replanting programs have thus been popular, from community initiatives (1930s–1950s) to governmentsponsored projects (1970s) to large-scale international development assistance programs (1980s to present).Despite heavy funds for massive rehabilitation of mangrove forests over the last two decades, the long-term survival rates of mangroves are generally low at 10–20% (Joseph, Renjith, Ratheesh Kumar, & Chandramohanakumar, 2012). Poor survival can be mainly traced to two factors: inappropriate species and site selection. The favored but unsuitable Rhizophora are planted in sandy substrates of exposed coastlines instead of the natural colonizers Avicennia and Sonneratia. More significantly, planting sites are generally in the lower intertidal to subtidal zones where mangroves do not thrive rather than the optimal middle to upper intertidal levels, for a simple reason (Cann, Scardigno, & Jago, 2009; Switzer, Sloss, Horton, & Zong, 2012). However, signiﬁcant gaps in the data coverage still remain, especially with regard to some of the more remote interﬂuvial and upland regions. Filling in some of these blank spaces could possibly alter prevailing notions about the emerging patterns and in turn hypotheses about their causes (C.D. et al., 2009). Fortes (2004) in his study of the Wetland conservation and management in the Philippines: Where are we now? The case of seagrass and mangrove stated that a significant portion of the Philippine coastal habitats is at high risk of being lost in the next decade. Seagrass and mangrove ecosystems in the Philippines, known to be very productive and exhibiting high biodiversity, are under severe stress from the combined impacts of human overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution,

ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 2018 | Research & Extension Division | CBSUA Calabanga ISSN 2599-5197 (Print) / ISSN 2599-5200 (online) © 2017 ASSETS (Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science) Journal

sedimentation and general neglect The reason for management of the coastal resources is that they are a huge natural and economic resource in the country in terms of food supply, livelihood, other revenue and quality of the environment. Mangroves perform a crucial role in maintaining the ecological integrity of the coastal ecosystem. They act as filters in the coastal zone, preventing the damaging effects of upland sediments on seagrass beds and coral reefs, minimise the effects of storm surges and act as carbon sinks that mitigate climate change. These essential services, however, are degraded through indiscriminate cutting, conversion of mangrove swamps to fishponds, reclamation projects and other coastal developments and pollution. Mangrove ecosystems, which make up less than 0.4% of the world’s forests (Marage, 2011), are being lost at the rate of about 1% per year (Fao, 2006); in some areas, the rate may be as high as 2 to 8% per year (Hashim, Catherine, & Takaijudin, 2013). From 20% to 35% of the world’s mangrove area has been lost since 1980 (Saengsupavanich, Chonwattana, & Naimsampao, 2009). The rates of loss are highest in developing countries where mangroves are cleared for coastal development, aquaculture, timber and fuel production (Kauffman, Heider, Norfolk, & Payton, 2014; Stringer, Trettin, Zarnoch, & Tang, 2015). In as few as 100 years, the world’s mangrove forests may become so degraded and reduced in area that they would be considered to have “functionally disappeared” (Giri et al., 2010, 2011). Experts reveal that the Indo-Malay Philippine Archipelago has one of the highest rates of mangroves loss. From an estimated 500,000 hectares of mangrove cover in 1918, only 120,000 hectares of mangroves remain in the Philippines today. The country has had the legal and policy framework to protect and conserve mangroves. But weak implementation of laws, overlapping functions among agencies and, in general, poor management by the people and local governments have hindered the sustainable management of mangrove forests. Positive developments, however, are taking place with the promulgation of laws on climate change and executive orders which specifically include mangrove and protected areas under the National Greening Program (NGP) and

addresses equity, food security and poverty issues by giving preference to NGP beneficiary communities as a priority in the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) Program (Ramos & Osorio, 2013). Armed with this urgent need to conserve and manage these habitats in the country particularly in Siruma, Camarines, this research study on the mangrove species’ floristic composition, structure and diversity inventory was undertaken. Specifically, it sought to: (1) create a profile of the mangrove species in the study sites; (2) determine the mangrove diversity index; (3) examine the importance value of the existing mangrove species; and (4) record incidence of wildings and cuttings in the area sites. II. METHODOLOGY The design of the study was a phytosociological survey of the mangrove species in Siruma. A phytosociological study concerns the science which deals with plant communities, their composition and development and the relationships between the species within them. The study of plant community structure is called plant sociology or phytosociology. “Phytosociology,” the study of aspects of communal relations of plant was coined by Paczoski and this study is important for understanding the functioning of community. The study of plant community implies knowledge of structure and composition of the component species (Ahn & Dee, 2011; de Kroon et al., 2012; Williams & Ahn, 2015). The CBSUA Calabanga research and extension staff with its Campus Administrator as project consultant with the POs (through the PCREA or Participatory Coastal Resource and Ecological Approach) and ISO personnel composed the research team. They underwent rigorous trainings and capacity building on data gathering mapping, profiling of mangrove, flora and fauna, identification of mangrove species among others. Four barangays in Siruma served as the study sites, namely: Bahao-Boboan (study site 1), Salvacion (study site 2) and Vito (study site 3). They were selected based from the availability and presence of active organized People’s Organizations (POs). Garmin 78S and GPS (with coordinate system wgs 198) and importance value 22

inventory were the data gathering instruments used from the field. Initial survey through observation was done to locate areas for each transect where one was set up parallel to the shoreline and the other (Bahao-Boboan 1 and Vito) in-forest stream. Transect is 10 x 50 m and divided by 2 plots (A and B) and 5 blocks. The presence of wildlings (naturally grown species of plants and/or mangroves below 2 meters) was also investigated for possible expression of biodiversity. Assessment for each transect was done for about 2 hours. Study sites was plotted using marked ropes and straws. Mangrove species were identified through its leaves, barks and root systems and its estimate height was measured using tape measure GBH (girth at breast height – 1.2 m from ground or from the topmost root nodes). The Shannon-Weiner index was the Statistical Tool used for mangrove diversity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Characteristic of the Study Site The study covered three sites: the Bahao-Boboan, Salvacion, and Vito. In each site, two transects (measuring 10m x 50m) were established. The first site was in Bahao-Boboan. In here, the first transect was created along the river inside the mangrove forest. Its site was partially submerged in the water during high tide with soil that was generally muddy. The predominant species in the area were Xylocarpus and Rhizophora. The second transect was created on a seafront of barangay of Boboan. Unlike the former, this area site was permanently submerged in the water at all times with soil that was rocky and sandy. The site was dominated by Sonneratia and Rhizophora family. The second site was situated in Barangay Salvacion near the seafront on the northern side. Its transect area characteristics revealed similarities as those of the preceding. The first transect was as well partially submerged in the water during high tide with muddy soil characteristics. The second, on the hand, was totally submerged in the water during the high tide but partially submerged in the low tide. Both transects were dominated with Rhizophora, Sonneratia, and Avicennia family. Scientific Name Local Names 23

The third site was in Vito. Transects here were created along its in-forest stream near some fishpond. Both were totally submerged in the water during high tide with the soil that are generally muddy. Rhizophora, Aegiceras, and Cerops family were predominant species in the areas. Mangrove Abundance The table presents the list of mangrove species observed in the study site. There were a total of 17 true mangrove species observed in the study. These were coming from seven (7) families; Rhizophora, Xylocarpus, Aegiceras, Cerops, Sonneratia, Avicennia, and Bruguiera. Only two of these species, Bakauan lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) 816 and Pagatpat (Sonneratia alba) 99 were present in all study sites. The second in abundance was Saging saging (Aegiceras corniculatum) 197. This specie was concentrated in the Bahao-Boboan 1 and the Vito sites. The third was Tangal (Cerops tagal) with 171 total tree counts. Tabigi (Xylocarpus granatum) 116 ranked fourth in terms of abundance and was present in just three transect the Bahao-Boboan 1 and the Vito sites. The fifth in abundance, the Piagao (Xylocarpus moluccensis) 114, and Tinduk-tindukan (Aegiceras floridum) were spotted only in the first transect of Bahao-Boboan site. Other species like Bungalon (Avicennia marina), Pototan lalaki (Bruguiera cylindrica), Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris), and langarai (Bruguiera parviflora) were observed in just one or two transect only and at a very small number making them the Table 1. List of Mangrove Species and Abundance per Study Site least in density of all species under study. Other species like Nipa (Nypa fruticans), Buta buta (Excoecaria agallocha), Dungon (Heritiera litoralis), Malatangal (Ceriops decandra), and Miapi (Avicennia alba) were also observed in the municipal mangrove forest but outside of the study site. This concentration and scarcity of mangrove species could be attributed to the zonation pattern of mangrove forest, the soil type and the age of the forest. Table 1. List of Mangrove Species and Abundance per Study Site

Total

Avicennia officinalis Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora stylosa Rhizophora apiculata Avicennia marina Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Bruguiera parviflora Sonneratia alba Sonneratia caseolaris Xylocarpus moluccensis Avicennia lanata Bruguiera sexangula Bruguiera cylindrica Aegiceras corniculatum Xylocarpus granatum Cerops tagal Aegiceras floridum

Api-api Bakauan babae Bakauan bato Bakauan lalaki Bungalon Busain Langarai Pagatpat Pedada Piagao Piapi Pototan Pototan lalaki Saging-saging Tabigi Tangal Tinduk-tindukan Other species

Grand Total

25 1 28

23 1 30

285

5 7 33 198

13 1 114 7 4 1 60 88 30 20 18 410

2 1

37 1

113 3 1 1 6

62 162 1 5

3 14 2 107 23 119

27 5 15

5 292

17 424

279

5 327

2 13

30 107 34 816 3 15 1 99 2 114 19 20 3 197 116 171 20 45 1812

was dominated by just one or two species making it less diverse. As example the first transect of Salvacion site was dominated by just one specie out of eight different species, the Bakauan lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) which has 285 count out of 327 mangroves found in the site. Although the second transect for BahaoBoboan were dominated by two species Bakauan lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) and Pagatpat (Sonneratia alba), only three species of mangrove was found in the site making it the second less diverse. With 424 mangroves on the site and a density of 0.848 per square meter, the first transect for Vito site was the densest of all transects. This was followed by the first transect of Bahao-Boboan site with a total of 410 mangroves and a density of 0.820 mangroves per square meter.

Legend: A – Bahao-Boboan 1; B - Bahao-Boboan 2; C Salvacion 1; D- Salvacion 2; E -Vito 1; F-Vito 2

Species Diversity To measure mangrove diversity, the study used the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (SWDI). In SWDI, the value of 1.5 to 3.5 inclusive was considered diverse. Results showed that abundances in different species were only observed in two transects. These were the first transect in the Bahao-Boboan site and the first transect in the Vito site. With a total of 410 mangroves from fourteen (14) different mangrove species and a Shannon index of 2.07, the first transect of Bahao-Boboan site was the most diversed among the transects under study. This was followed by the first transect of Vito site with a total mangroves of 424 from fourteen (14) different mangrove species and with a Shannon index of 1.77. It can be noted that the Table 2. Diversity of Mangrove two transects were dominated by at least 3 Transect species of mangroves whereas the other transect Abundance Density (no. No. of ShannonTransect Sites (no. of of trees per Species Weiner Index mangroves) sq.m.) Bahao-Boboan 1 410 0.820 14 2.07 Bahao-Boboan 2 80 0.160 3 0.77 Salvacion 1 327 0.654 8 0.55 Salvacion 2 292 0.584 8 1.10 Vito 1 424 0.848 14 1.77 Vito 2 279 0.558 8 1.23 Total 1812 0.604 18 1.95 22

Species per

Remarks Diverse Not Diverse Not Diverse Not Diverse Diverse Not Diverse Diverse

The other transects in order of density were Salvacion 1 (0.654 per square meter), Salvacion 2 (0.584 per square meter), Vito2 (0.558 per square meter), and Bahao-Boboan2 (0.160 per square meter). Type of soil could be the factor affecting the density and diversity of the mangrove forest. Notice that in the two sites (Vito1 and Bahao-Boboan1), the soil was generally muddy. While in the other transect specifically the Bahao-Boboan2, the soil type was generally rocky and sandy. Other factor that may affect the density and diversity was the location and age of mangrove forest. Notice that in the study, Bahao-Boboan2, the least dense of all the sites was in the seafront of barangay Boboan and was always submerged in water making it difficult for the new mangrove to survive. The survival mechanism of Sonneratia family was suited in this site. The case was different in Vito 2, the density of the forest was being limited by its age. Majority of the mangrove found in this area were of height of more than five meters making it difficult for the sunlight to reach the ground and thereby limiting the survival rate of new mangrove species. With a Shannon Weiner Index of 1.95 in general, it can be concluded that the mangrove forest in Siruma was diverse. Floristic Composition The Importance Value (IV) gives an overall estimate of the influence or importance Scientific Name Avicennia officinalis Rhizophora mucronata Rhizophora stylosa Rhizophora apiculata Avicennia marina Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Bruguiera parviflora Sonneratia alba Sonneratia caseolaris Xylocarpus moluccensis Avicennia lanata Bruguiera sexangula Bruguiera cylindrica Aegiceras corniculatum Xylocarpus granatum Cerops tagal Aegiceras floridum

Local Name Api-api Bakauan babae Bakauan bato Bakauan lalaki Bungalon Busain Langarai Pagatpat Pedada Piagao Piapi Pototan Pototan lalaki Saging-saging Tabigi Tangal Tinduk-tindukan Other species

of a plant species in the community. Importance values are determined by adding up the values obtained for Relative Density, Relative Frequency, and Relative Dominance. Relative Density is the number of individuals of a species as a percentage of the total number of individuals of all species. On the other hand, relative frequency is the number of occurrences of a species as a percentage of the total number of occurrences of all species. In measuring dominance, three attributes of the species sampled are determined: (1) the coverage (basal area); (2) the frequency (number of individuals of a given species), a measure of the commonness of the species; and, (3) the density (number of stems or individual per unit area), which is a measure of relative dominance relative to the other species. Table 3. Importance Value of Mangrove Species

Relative Frequency 5.23 11.05 3.49 16.86 1.16 4.07 0.58 9.30 1.16 2.91 4.07 4.07 1.74 8.14 6.40 9.88 1.16 8.72

Relative Density 1.66 5.91 1.88 45.03 0.17 0.83 0.06 5.46 0.11 6.29 1.05 1.10 0.17 10.87 6.40 9.44 1.10 2.48

Relative Dominance 3.39 6.05 1.48 44.28 0.47 0.43 0.33 19.88 0.08 2.14 4.91 0.68 0.14 2.84 4.39 3.79 1.25 3.47

Importance Value 10.28 23.00 6.84 106.18 1.80 5.33 0.97 34.64 1.35 11.34 10.03 5.86 2.05 21.85 17.18 23.11 3.52 14.68

Grand Total

100.00

300.00

The table above shows that Bakauan transect with a muddy type of soil. Notable lalaki (Rhizophora apiculata) with an specie was Saging-saging (Aegiceras importance value of 106.18 is the most corniculatum) which ranked second in important in the mangrove community under abundance (197) and relative density (10.87) but study. It can be noted also that it rank first in sixth in relative frequency (8.14) and ninth in terms of relative frequency (16.86), relative relative dominance (2.84). This gives a total density (45.03) and relative dominance (44.28). score of 21.85 which ranked fifth in importance This may be due to the fact that it is present in value. Saging saging was abundant and all transect under study, have bigger trunk on the relatively dense in area with a muddy type of average and has the most number of tree counts. soil but due to its smaller trunks it does not Survival rate for Bakauan lalaki is very high in dominated the other species. Other species like all the sites and types of zonation pattern. The Bungalon ( Avicennia marina), Pototan lalaki second was Pagatpat (Sonneratia alba) with the (Bruguiera cylindrica), Pedada (Sonneratia score of 34.64 importance value. Pagatpat caseolaris), and langarai (Bruguiera parviflora) however, was just ranked seven in relative was observed in small number making it the four density (5.46), fourth in relative frequency least important in the mangrove community. (9.30) and second in relative dominance (19.88). There were also species not yet identified by the This means that Pagatpat may not be as frequent survey team. This was due to its slight as the other five species with more than 100 tree difference in features with the identified species counts but because of its bigger trunks it has and the conflicting local names and dominated the others and placed as the second identification of the local survey team. most important mangrove in the study site. Incidence of Wildlings and Cuttings Tangal (Cerops tagal ) ranked third in The existence of different mangrove importance value (23.11), abundance (171), species even in small quantity suggests that the relative frequency (9.88) and relative density site could be developed to have a more diverse (9.44), however, it ranked only six in terms of mangrove environment. Therefore the following relative dominance (3.79). This means that it is recommended: may be abundant and frequent in some transect Table 4. Wildlings and cuttings observed in the but not big enough to dominate the other species study site of mangrove. Tangal was observed only in four Scientific Name Local Name A B C D E F Total Avicennia officinalis Api-api 1 1 Rhizophora mucronata Bakauan babae 8 1 2 8 8 27 Rhizophora apiculata Bakauan lalaki 6 12 16 14 16 7 73 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Busain 2 1 1 Xylocarpus moluccensis Piagao 4 4 Avicennia lanata Piapi 3 1 4 Bruguiera sexangula Pototan 8 8 Aegiceras corniculatum Saging-saging 6 1 7 14 Xylocarpus granatum Tabigi 7 8 15 Cerops tagal Tangal 1 2 24 2 29 Aegiceras floridum Tinduk-tindukan 1 1 Avecenia Alba Miapi 2 2 Nypa fruticans Nipa 2 1 3 Total (Wildlings) 43* 14 ** 17 20 72 17 183 Total (Cuttings) 13 7 47 54 3 2 126 Legend: A – Bahao-Boboan 1; B - Bahao-Boboan 2; Salvacion 1; Salvacion 2; Vito 1; Vito 2 * Natural

** Reforested

1) Nursery is needed to propagate mangrove species which is less in density (e.g. Pototan, potatan lalaki, bakauan bato, piapi, and busain could be grown in nursery to help plant strive in areas like bahao-boboan site). Nurseries provide mangrove seedlings of the required species in the required numbers and sizes (Primavera, et al, 2012) and could be used in species mobility and in increasing density and diversity of the mangrove forest; 2) The Boboan site could be more diverse if mangrove species planted are grown first in nursery, other species from genera Rhizophora, Sonneratia, and Aegicera could be supplemented provided it must be grown first in nursery since the area is permanently submerged in water; 3. Species found in Salvacion site came from five genera Rhizophora, Sonneratia, Avicennia, Aegicera, and Cerops. Different species coming from these genera could be propagated first in the nursery before planting since it is a seafront area. This will also give a better chance of survival in this area. 4. Zoning could be implemented in the rehabilitation of mangrove forest. Soil type must be considered in planting mangrove species; Identify other biophysical characteristics of the study area such as soil analysis, salinity, water level for comprehensive assessment of mangrove forests in Siruma; 5. Policies may be created and/or enhanced to protect mangrove forest. There are evidence of old and new cuttings in Salvacion area. Conversion of mangrove forest to fish pond is evident; and 7. Consider species of wildlings in the areas where they thrive to see what species can still be planted in the area.

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SAKUNA SA MATA NG BATA “Understanding Disasters through the Eyes of a Child” Mercy P. Luntok

Abstract— The use of drawings as

method in Social Science research has been found appropriate for children. The reason for this may be attributed to the difficulty of the children to articulate their beliefs using spoken or written words. Drawings, like other forms of visual imagery, are about how people see the world in both its simplicities and its complexities. Drawings are intricately bound up with power relations, social experiences, and environmental interactions. This research using critical visual methodology has identified significant meanings in the various imagery. The modality created from the constructs can aid teachers, community volunteers and even parents who, even without profound specialization in the field of Psychology may create interventions and solutions that are responsive to the needs of the children and eventually contributes not just to climate change but more so to human change. Keywords—

Drawings,

Critical

Visual

Methodology I.

INTRODUCTION

People who love literature have at least part of Drawings are an important part of a

child’s life. Children can describe their happiness, sadness, grief, future dreams, past lives and continuing lives as much as they want through their drawings. According to Lowenfeld, children begin their drawing process as early as they can physically hold a drawing utensil. From their first attempts to draw consisting of random marks and lines, to

their first representational drawing, children are making efforts to communicate to the world around them and establish meaning through the images they create. It is through their drawings that children express the views and interpretations of their experiences. Farokhi, Hashemi (2012) This study made use of drawing as methodology in understanding how the children see through their experiences the disasters around them. Most particularly, pupil participants from Barangay Sabang, the recipient of the program “Sunshine after the Rain: a Climate Change Response and Empowerment Program for Women & Children of the Coastal Communities.” Every Bicolano in his or her lifetime, shall go through typhoon experiences for at least 20 times in a year. This can be attributed to the geographical location of the region, yet this is home. The most common calamity and disaster Bicol region always face is typhoon, yet it may leave effects through continued and repetitive experience. Calabanga, a first class municipality composed of 28 barangays with a total population of 73,333 (2007 Census) has agriculture and fisheries as its main sources of income. Its geographical location and topography make Calabanga vulnerable to typhoon while its’ low-lying and coastal areas are also prone to floods; its 11 coastal barangays are most vulnerable to floods and storm surges. It experiences 3 to 5 strong typhoons annually. During the formulation of the recent Ambisyon Natin 2040, natural disasters were identified as one of the three factors causing instability. In other words, natural disasters were recognized as an issue that has to be prioritized by the Philippine Government in order to ensure Filipinos’ safety and prosperity. JICA (2017) According to World Risk Report

ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 2018 | Research & Extension Division | CBSUA Calabanga

2014 formulated by UN-University, the Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters in the World and ranked as the 2nd worst out of 171 countries. The child’s vulnerability is the core of all biblical, philosophical and psychological and legal discourses for protection. Its views commonly agree that a child is dependent to an adult in order to survive. Each individual has his own life’s journey, and regardless of age, everyone has experienced how to be a child. A helpless state of dependence and state of confused values which are adherent to what is strongly valued by the strongest influence of significant others and peers. This research study is a qualitative type of inquiry which intends to discover how a child perceives and understands his/her surroundings especially the natural disasters and calamities using colors and images. According to Freud, childhood experiences poses influence on a child’s later behavior and even during his adult life. This behavior is attributed to some unwanted emotions and tendencies. Using his view, it is important to point that these experiences can possibly create connections with latter adult behavior. This behavior is an important social component in addressing global problems. The cultivation of culture from shared experiences and behavior can change human actions which can either be favorable or undesirable. Rose (2001) reminded us that “visual imagery” is never innocent; it is always constructed through various practices, technologies and knowledges”. Using the drawings as a research method best suits as an adjunct to other social research methods. According to Guillemin (2004), the use of an integrated approach that involves the use of both visual and word-based research methods explores both the multiplicity and complexity of a social research in human experience and a process in the ways in which people come to understand calamities in their tender years. The researcher believes that drawings can reveal potentially valuable output

or product noteworthy for the attainment of the program goals. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions? 1. What is the disaster playground of the children? 2. What are the themes which were produced by the drawings? 3. How do children produce the imagery? 4. What are the meanings behind the production as related to disasters or calamities? 5. What is the process of understanding established in study? METHODOLOGY This research study is a qualitative type of inquiry using critical visual methodology by Rose (2007) for gathering evidence supported with narratives and interviews to establish theory and analyze the process of the research. The three sites are considered: The production of the Image, the Image Itself and the Image and Others. The themes were grouped under the three sites were classified as Sub Themes. The Sub Themes were linked and formed constructs. The constructs aid in giving explicit meaning to the images created. From this perspective, methodologically, drawings are visual products that produce meanings relating to life itself. Guillemin (2001) RESULTS & DISCUSSION From Reactive to Proactive Community Laws related to DRRM (PD No.1566、 RA10121) The Presidential Decree No. 1566 for “Strengthening the Philippine Disaster Control, Capability and Establishing the National Program on Community Disaster Preparedness” was enacted in 1978. The government continues to revise the DRRM system. The shift from a post-disaster response has been turned into a pre-disaster reduction and risk management. After the adoption of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) in January 2005, the Philippine Government adopted the Strategic National Action Plan (SNAP) for DRR 2009-2019.

ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 2018 | Research & Extension Division | CBSUA Calabanga

Figure 1:

Natural disasters are causing an average of more than 2,000 deaths and affecting approximately 7.5 million people every year; Out of the total numbers of deaths / missing persons and affected peoples, 39% of death/missing and 22% of affected people has resulted from only one disaster, namely Typhoon Yolanda. The scale of the impacts of Typhoon Yolanda is particularly notable. Further, except for Typhoon Yolanda, 48% of the total number of deaths / missing has also resulted from other typhoons, floods and/or downpours. That means that the major causes of damage were hydro-meteorological disasters. It is also projected that the frequency and scales of hydro-meteorological hazards are supposed to increase in the future because of Climate Change January 005 to September 2014 recorded by the Office of Civil Defense (OCD).

Paradigm Shift from Reactive to proactive DRRM

Source: JICA- 2017 Data Collection Survey for Strategy Development of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Sector in the Republic of the Philippines

This new law emphasized the need for a coherent, integrated and proactive approach to DRRM across levels and sectors, government agencies and communities. Major Challenges on DRRM Sector in the Philippines: Interviews and consultation meetings were conducted to understand the gaps and challenges related to DRRM. Major challenges on overall DRRM systems are that implementation of the National DRRM Plan (NDRRMP) and preparation and implementation of Local DRRM Plans (LDRRMPs), Risk assessment and structural measures based on risk assessment have not been conducted fully.

Table 2 shows the Regional Damage of Natural Disasters from 2005 to 2014, revealing Region V-Bicol Region as among the top 10 regions with greater human suffering that includes Death and Injury by which families are greatly affected. Also in the top 5 Regions where house structures were damaged. The late Mayor Evelyn Yu, during the Third South-South Citizenry-Based Development Academy

Table 1: Natural Disasters from 2005 to 2014 Table 2: Regional Damage of Natural Disasters from 2005 to 2014 Source: JICA 2017- Data Collection Survey for Strategy Development of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Sector in the Republic of the Philippines

Source: JICA 2017- Data Collection Survey for Strategy Development of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Sector in the Republic of the Philippines 34

ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 2018 | Research & Extension Division | CBSUA Calabanga

formation and training of basic life support team, conduct of evacuation, fire suppression, and earthquake drills, installation and maintenance of early warning system – CBDRM, construction and improvement of evacuation center facilities. Rehabilitation begins with housing projects and farm-tomarket roads, creation of Emergency Response Team through empowerment of Barangay level governance, acquisition of emergency facilities and educational campaign and awareness on Climate Change. It continue to create linkages with NGO’s and the academe in policy making, planning and management.

“Harmonization of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation at the Local and Community Level” Bicol Region, Philippines, 22-26 November 2010, shared that typhoon and flood are the most common hazards suffered by the municipality. Calabanga redirected its strategies from being reactive to proactive with the support of Project ACCORD in 2007 – 2009 (Phases 1 and 2 of the Strengthening Assets and Capacities of Communities and Local Governments for Resilience to Disasters) and continued on with ASCEND (Making Safe Food Available and Accessible to Rural Poor Households in the Philippines).

A Glimpse of the Past This is a testimony of a father and daughter which we will introduce in this study as Tonyo and Marissa, whose experience with typhoon Monang in 1995 has shaped the life and the individuals that they are today. The purpose of the story is to present the interpretation of individuals whose experience of Disasters were not visually presented but were carved within the innermost of their hearts. Consent to do the interview and support for emotional reactions brought by the discussion was provided by the researcher. Late afternoon in 1995, Bagyong Monang hit Bicol region and created strong waves in the coastal line of Calabanga. Earlier on, Mang Tonyo a father of three children, along with his wife made the preparation and tied up the four corners of their kubo or Nipa. Though, warnings of the possible danger was relayed through radio announcements, Mang Tonyo remained complacent. It seems peaceful in the morning except for strong gush of winds hitting them from time to time. But by late afternoon that day, the water suddenly rose. There was no time to evacuate as Mang Tonyo cannot see anyone anymore. They can hear

Since the implementation of the Philippines Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act (RA10121) was enacted in May 2010 replacing the PD.1566, municipalities have emphasized the need for a coherent, comprehensive, integrated and proactive approach to DRRM across levels and sectors of government and among Communities. The present Mayor of the municipality of Calabanga, Eduardo A. Severo has continued and innovated programs for a more resilient community, beginning with his Green advocacy which focus on waste management and control program. Other projects include construction of Gabion to protect and reinforce the shoreline and mitigate flooding, Desilting of creeks, Integration of disaster risk reduction in school curricula, Capacitating the municipal disaster risk reduction management council and the community through contingency planning workshops, disaster preparedness activities – 35

ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 2018 | Research & Extension Division | CBSUA Calabanga

screams from relatives outside telling them to leave immediately. But it was dark and the water is already high. So he rushed to her wife and children and asked them to stay on the rooftop and cover themselves dry until the wind stopped. That time, no screams can be heard but the rage of the sea. Mang Tonyo immediately brought his wife and two sons, aged 6 and 4 on the rooftop and covered them dry. As mang Tonyo went back inside the house, he heard loud sounds of fallen objects that come in massive size. Not knowing anything, he grabbed his 4 year old youngest daughter Marissa and climbed up a cabinet and took refuge. This time, the couple are separated by the shattered nipa and tried to speak to each other. Mang Tonyo can hear his sons and wife asking for help. He shouted back several times, to hold on to whatever they can grabbed and be still. But the three kept on shouting. Mang Tonyo cannot relay what could have been the situation up there. But he knew, it was terrible for his wife and two sons. It was nighttime and the darkness is completely blinding, that Mang Tonyo cannot even see the palm of his hands. He was cuddling his 4 yr old Marissa, he was helpless. He was hoping that the storm would stop but it lingered until the morning. He was calling unto his wife and children but cannot hear any voices anymore. He waited. The researcher was choked and moved by the details which were unexpected. The researcher reminded the interviewee if he would want to stop and set them another day. But Mang Tonyo continued, he said it was a long time already. But he never said he has forgotten. Mang Tonyo continued. That morning, he immediately went out but was frightened by the debris of house materials, trees all over the place. He thought even if my wife and children survived the storm, they will not survive the fall of those logs of heavy materials. His wife is too fragile and the two boys are yet too young to protect themselves, more so their mother. The outpouring of sympathy came to Mang Tonyo and with the help of the neighbors and relatives, he found the body of his wife and sons along with the floating debris. He stopped to give details. The interview stopped from there. It was followed by a short exchange of sympathies and

discussion. Mang Tonyo expressed gratitude for the comfort and time to discuss it with them. The next day, a scheduled visit to Marissa was made to ask for a consent for an interview. We found Marissa working as “ parabadi” of dried fish working in a nearby fish dealer in the same barangay. She is petite, dark but wears a welcoming smile. She offered me a stool to sit then I ask her how she is. She said, she’s fine working and taking care of her children. She told the researcher that she may have not felt the typhoon that day but the fear of what’s left to her family is still present. Sobbing, she relayed that it’s difficult to grow up without a mother and siblings around. It was just her and her father. She said, “Makulog” ( It’s painful. ) especially when you are growing up as teenager. You yearn for a mother. Today, Marissa is already a mother and expressed to take heed of the warnings and protect the children. “bareta pa lang magprepar na dapat” ( Once a warning is announced, start to prepare at once) . She ended with, “ Mag ingat, ta mapungaw, makatakot”. (Be watchful because its frightening, it’s mournful). ANALYSIS OF THE DRAWING This study applied a modification of Rose’s (2001) critical visual methodology framework, which focuses on three sites where meanings are made. The production of the image, the image itself and how it is seen by various audiences. The output is comprised of both the visual images and the participants’ verbal descriptions which validates the meaning that the drawings convey. As a means of eliciting themes from the images produced, thematic analysis was applied in the light of the three sites. From the themes and narratives four (4) constructs were generated: Disaster Experience & Engagements, Image & Symbols, Emotional Expression and Behavioral Adjustments. From the constructs, there are four (4) Pillar Concepts of Understanding Disasters created. Whilst expressive language ability has associations with emotional understanding, other measures of creativity, such as drawing, have also been used as

ASSETS Journal Volume 5 Number 2 2018 | Research & Extension Division | CBSUA Calabanga

measures of social and emotional adaptation. Guillimen (2004)

The Image and Others

The Child

This site shows the distinctness of the image and how it is understood by others. The study believes that the drawings are communication between the child and the one who sees it. There are emotional, social, economic, and political relations and practices that are embedded in an image and through which it is produced and viewed. Karczmarzyk (2012) stated that “artistic activity performs a role of a drawing-text, by which a child can communicate with the outside world and to overcome the culture of silence which is imposed on him/her by the adults. A child creates drawings and provides certain sense and meanings for both his/her activity and its visual effect. As a result emerges a new kind of the communication plane between a child and an adult.

The image was produced using a supervised drawing activity which core theme is to put into a visual imagery their life experiences during disasters and calamities. Purposely, not just for self-expression but as means of identifying the needs of the children. Rose further cited “How children develop and achieve their emotional knowledge can help professionals understand how children perceive and interpret their environment, and how they respond, manage, and organize their own feelings in emotive situations. “The materials used are crayons and pencils which are familiar for use among the children to express feelings and emotions they wish to convey in lines, objects and colors. The participants were preselected from the same community who shares the same experience and environmental conditions. The socio economic status were generally the same as confirmed by the LGU barangay counterparts. There are conditions used to set objectivity of the procedure. These factors can aid in placing effective programs of learning and interventions within educational and settings to provide opportunity for children to explore their emotional relationships and help achieve their developmental milestones.

Drawing is an enjoyable, natural activity which can be used as a means of expressing emotion and feeling. In and art therapy techniques are increasingly used by practitioners to explore children’s perceptions of events, particularly those suffering from physical and mental health problems. The reason for this is common among researchers, they believe that some children are not able to articulate themselves fully using spoken words. What is expected from children doing the activity is the influence of “art of happiness” associated with the culture, people and events. Children just express themselves without looking at the aesthetic value but which imagery may seems equally important with those who can artistically assert themselves. In Table 1, the following themes were established.

The Image Itself The componential aspect of the drawing is one of the highly focused sites in this study. It is the expressed concept, feelings and even emotions which the research can derive the core understanding of calamities using the lens of the children. The choice of objects, lines and colors are generally potential source of information. It is important to note the inclusion and noninclusion which may have significant reasons and meaning. As stated by Karczmarzyk (2012), “Communication and its effect, taking form of a drawing given to others, constitute a drawing message” 37

Disaster Experience &Engagements Soaked; Chilling People Maglikas Magligpit ng damit Mag ayos ng bubong Halion ang baroto sa dagat Humingi ng tulong Evacuate Nalipot Rescue Magpayong Snakes appear

THEMATIC CONTENTS Image & Symbols Emotional expression

Destroyed houses Houses assailed by surge School bags submerged in water Damaged roads Destroyed Roof Boats broken, Sailed Off Drown people Trees fall Accidents Big Waves Strong Winds Rising water/Surge Floods Lightning Black/Dark clouds Roaring Sounds/Thunder Tears Sad faces Maga Aki Ama Ina pamilya

Fear, (Bka may magadan) sadness/grief ( Niraot kan bagyo ang baroto mi) Pity sympathy, despair ( Naheherak po kami) Fathers are sad… Iribanan po Kmi ( Comfort) Fear that someone is dead Hate to clean up and start again ( Disgust) Clustering ( Cooperation) Excitement ( No Classes) Happiness ( mapurot niyog)

Behavioral Adjustments Saving others Help Mother Crying Father Neighbors help each other Keep school things Family stays together….disas ter keeps family intact and at help with each other Food from fallen Trees No classes Get food from fallen trees

community and the municipality which expands of damage during disasters is relayed on a larger scale. One participant even commented, “grabe po tong Yolanda”(Yolanda was indeed devastating).

Table3. Thematic Contents of the Drawings Sub Themes 1. Disaster Experience & Engagements According to Disaster Mental Health Response Handbook. General effects of trauma resulting from disaster may include shock, anger, emotional numbing, helplessness, loss of pleasure derived from familiar activities, impaired concentration, nightmares, decreased self-esteem, worry, disassociation, and cardiovascular strain and reduce immune response. Other than the economic losses, individuals can intrinsically suffer within. Hence, Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (PDRRM) Act was passed into law and mandated all LGU’S and government agencies to “ adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socio-economic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community”. It can be noted, that the holistic approach may include a psycho-socio environmental approach that all sectors, including women and children are covered. In this study of Ainsworth, she stressed that drawings are explicit way to make knowledge, feelings be externalized through visual representation of thoughts and meanings of different life events. Six participants in this research, Gian, Mariane, Joyce, Christian, Erich and Rico interpreted their experiences of a calamity using typhoon as the general reference. Mostly, they have created big waves, people drowned or submerged underwater, fallen trees and destroyed houses. This commonalities, can be attributed to the same locality and environmental conditions that they are exposed to. There are images depicting drowning and death , however not a realistic representation of experience such aa projected fears, possibilities and probable risks. It was noted too that interpretation of death are highly influenced by media and television reports. Hence, the study suggests that the creation of a disaster for a child does not only constitute his own life experiences, but includes his family, his

Figure 1

Christian’s Image of a Disaster

Figure 2 Joyce’s drawing depicts people drown or submerged under water For others, disaster is an extraordinary phenomenon but for someone like the nine year old Daniela, the experience of a disaster or calamity has been a “natural occurrence” for her. In fact, an announcement of a typhoon has established a pattern of routine for them. She would see her mother keeping the clothes in plastic bags sand big containers. She, as a daughter played part in the preparation by keeping her school things covered and in safe places. The preparation, however gives a glimpse of excitement for an expectation of a “ No Classes” announcement. For another participant, typhoon as the most experienced calamity can be frightening. The fear was seen and observed on her facial expressions as she relates her experience one stormy morning when they all look for safety under a a table along with her siblings because the whole house is dripped with water. When the researcher 33

asked how she felt, “Nalilipot po” ( It was very cold) was his remark. 2. Image & Symbols Symbolic representation of the environment through art making is seen as a natural language, a communication in which visual statements clarify and stimulate ideas. Children relish art, not only for this symbolic value, but also for the aesthetic pleasure derived from the use of materials. (Pearson, 2014) Looking at the frequency of choice of objects used for Image & Symbolism. The top ten (10) frequently drawn objects are: house, person, water, trees, sailboats, dark clouds, rain, tears, sad faces and plants. It is noteworthy that all drawings selected for analysis has water as the primary object or symbolism for Disaster or Calamity.

damage and is risky during strong typhoons. One question asked of them was, “where do you go during strong typhoon?”,”Kina Auntie po sa Quipayo? ( At our Aunts’ in Qipayo) Other replied “ Sa eskwelahan po”( in school). Usually, families seek refuge to relatives with steady and concrete structures, others go into nearby public schools or barangay halls which are declared as evacuation centers.

Figure 4 Image of Lightning , Trees and Persons On a technical point, it is noted that the use of black and blue are dominant to depict water symbol and darkness or storm. The detail is generally true to all participants. According to studies, cultural background has a strong influence on color preference. These studies have shown that people from the same region regardless of race will have the same color preferences for particular symbolism . Blue is always associated with water and black with grief. Color has always played an essential part in how people experience and see the world. O’Keeffe and Warhol used colors in their art that correlated with the positive and negative events that took place within their lifetime. With these findings a more in-depth examination of past artist can be done to gain better understandings of their works and it can help people gain a deeper knowledge of color, while leading them to a better understanding of themselves. (Brooks) 2004 Children's preferences for colors they find to be pleasant and comforting can be changed and can vary, while adult color preference is usually non-malleable. Criteria of Visual Methodology implies that use of brown and blue have low and dark values. It implies the colors of the water, the vision, the darkness. The visual affect denotes fear, loss and sadness.

Figure 3 Extent of Damage to Vegetation When one participant was asked,”Takot ka ba sa dagat (Are you afraid of the sea?)”, he replied,” Dae Po”(No,I’m not). He added,”pag may bagyo lang po” (Only when there is a typhoon). The sea as relayed by this participant is not frightening, but the typhoon is. The association of the typhoon and possible storm surge is a cause and effect phenomena known to the participant. Fallen trees are common image of destruction. In one group sharing, a participant relayed that the fallen “buko o niyog” are good for food. The way it was relayed elicits a joyful expression which for the researcher is interpreted as “disguised opportunity”. When fallen trees with fruits becomes “public” during typhoons, it becomes food. Houses, as visited by the researcher are mostly within the 200 meters proximal distance from the shore. The materials used are light, like wood, plywoods, nipa, galvanized sheets and bamboos. Some houses are partially concrete. The overall structure is considered vulnerable to 34

Figure 6 shows an emotion of grief, disgust or fear Althea, 12 speaks about his experience during typhoons and said, , “Baroto na Lang ngani ang pigkukuanan mi nin pagkakan, niraot pa kan bagyo”. (“The fishing boat remains our sole source of food, yet the typhoon takes it away. The image below shows how tears represent sadness or disgust. While the boat is not so much of importance to some, but for this young girl it is her source of living. She shares the same value and attribution for life treasures which are deemed important for survival.

Figure 5 Fallen Houses and Trees as Symbols & Objects of Disaster 2. Socio -Emotional Expression According to the Center for Applied Jungian Studies (2018) , “art can be used to alleviate or contain feelings of trauma, fear, or anxiety and also to repair, restore and heal. Jung wrote that art expression and images found in dreams could be helpful in recovering from trauma and emotional distress. Jung often drew, painted, or made objects and constructions at times of emotional distress, which he recognized as more than recreational. In this study however, it limits itself to the understanding of disasters or calamities but not on its therapeutic components. But for the purpose of eliciting initial response, drawings are said to work from a theoretical tradition that espouses that knowledge is produced through practices, interactions, and experiences. From this perspective, Rose (2013) believed that drawings are visual products and, at the same time produce meaning which may be utilized for therapy. Art as communication (rather than as therapy) can be defined as the association between words, behavior, and drawing created in a group setting. Huss, 2005

Figure 7 Shows The Extent Of Damage To Properties And Homes Houses and properties especially those made of light materials are easily damaged by typhoons. Its foundation cannot hold to the speed and wind velocity hence, are easily broke out and torn apart. Situations like this, compel families to take temporary shelters at the evacuation centers provided by the local government units. Children’s remark on this drawing says, “Pag may bagyo nagkakararaot ang mga harong..pati gamit mi nababsa. Pati baroto naaatong sa dagat” ( When theres a typhoon, our houses gets damaged and totally wrecked including our furnitures at home. The boat is drifted away by big waves.

this events, however disasters are too big for them

to conquer, they lay open the protection from their parents. In another narratives, some children finds comfort from the presence of others, “ gusto mi ngani bagyo ta gabos kami nagdadalan TV sa

harong”, (We actually like typhoon because we get to watch the TV together at home). The children sees the opportunity for recreation and the comfort of family during these times.

Figure 8

Description of a local community during typhoons Situations seen and witnessed in the community, among neighbors and friends leave a feeling of sadness and pity, but at the same time elicits feelings of sympathy and compassion. “ naheherak po kami sa iba” ( We pity other people). The situation lifts spirit of compassion from helpless and equally affected victims. The children learned to differentiate extent of effect from one situation to the other. One participant claimed that, during disasters or calamities, she and her siblings sits close together, “ Iribanan po kami sa sarong gilid” ( We are sitted together in one corner). When asked why, “ natatakot po kami, baka kaya po may magadan” , (We are afraid that someone may be dead) Death, according to children is real. Their thoughts is, it is possible and can possibly happen to them and their families. Jung’s in his theory relayed that children can adopt the archetype of a hero whose personality aims at saving his people and the quest to get rid of the land of dangers. In

4. Behavioral Adjustment A pre-calamity scheme is unique to Filipino families. Every member of the family holds a particular duty to do. The father is expected to keep the security of the house, adopting traditional means for scaffold like tying the four posts of the house to a concrete, a tree or strong foundation. They also climb up the roof and put banana trees as support to the roof structure. The children can see, the drawings however are dominated by male human characters. Figure 8 Male characters are mostly depicted on top of the rooftop

some are hard and life threatening. She remembers crawling with her siblings from their house around 200 meters away from the elementary school, because each time they stand up, they are being blown away by strong wind. But according to her, at present life is better for the new generation, “mas maray na ngonian sa mga bagong tubo”. The program of the local government unit has increased awareness and disaster risk behavior among the constituents. People begun to believe in radio announcements, satellite gathered reports which are more scientific and objective. The Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (PDRRMC) has continued to conduct mitigation like trainings and drills like on Basic Incident Command System Course, Integrated Planning Course, Position Course and All Hazard Incident Management Team. To various municipalities of Camarines Sur. Makatangay ( 2018)

In this figure, a pupil participant draw a person on top of the rooftop. He was asked by the researcher, what is he doing on top of the roof. He said, “nagsasasakat po si papa ta pig aayos ang atop” (Father climb up the roof to fix it). The attribution of gender roles is clear in this scenario. In addition, Mothers are keeping the things on safe place. Children, specifically females are required to help. “Nagtitipig po kami nin gamit. (we keep things orderly). “Pigsasaray mi po ang mga bag mi tanganing dae mabasa” (We keep our school things to a dry place). This conscious cooperation elicits individual and collective desire for safety and protection. Philippine is located along the Pacific typhoon belt. It is visited by an average of 20 typhoons a year. As a result, the neighborhood has adopted measures to keep their families safe. The heads of the families group their together wives and children together as a cluster during evacuation. Fathers bring their wives and children to evacuation area where the other families of their groups are. The males look for wooden chairs, tables or boards to create a protective fence for the group. The mothers also group together and keep their children supervised and manage food distribution along with other mothers until the typhoon is over. Children, see this experience as a social opportunity. They enjoy the grouping together and turn the evacuation centers into playgrounds. The researchers asked one of the parents in the audience the purpose for the “clustering”, they replied that family members are priority, others are “Kumpare” ( Godfather) or “Kumare” ( Godmother).

Four Pillar Concepts of Understanding Disaster This framework shows how the constructs contributes to the understanding of Disasters or Calamities using the lens of the children participants. It generates a modality linking different subthemes to forms new constructs. The constructs are interlinked subthemes that clarifies the meaning that the drawing conveys. 1. Environmental Meanings

Symbolism

The Environmental Symbolism & Meanings were taken from the link created between Disaster Experience & Engagements and Image & Symbols. The construct can profoundly state that –

The presence of the LGU through the barangay council and its staff are managed by the municipal DRRM unit which focus on warning, information updates and evacuation of the community. An old woman, who serves the researchers with Ginatan for snacks shared her story. The coastal community of Sabang in the past has been bombarded with several typhoons and

Image representation are depicted in the actual objects of disasters & destructions a. Atmospheric Images – scrolls for typhoons, zigzag patterns for

f. g.

lightning, enlarged, blue sea waves, Dark Clouds Agricultural/Vegetative Damage – fallen trees, leaves scattered, logs floating in the sea, tress uprooted, Structural Damage – Damaged Houses, Houses submerged in water, boats sailed away to the sea, Roofs thrown in the air Damage to Life – drowned people, men on top of the rooftop, children inside the house, children submerged in water. Fishermen adrift in the sea. Colors – Black for grief and danger, green for vegetation, blue for the sea, brown for tress are dominant Human Faces- Crying, Sad, Anger Animal Life- Curves for Snakes

c. Death is always associated with drowning. Hydrometeorological disasters as per record result to death by drowning. d. House structures is present and primary object of threat and disaster based from the frequency of representational drawings. e. Use of color is not consistently representational of emotions. Others are affected by the site of production like availability of materials and nondiscriminatory in color preference because of age. 2. Eco - Emotional Patterns An Eco-Emotional patterns is a construct formed from the link between the Images and Symbols and the Emotional Expression. The emotions present in the drawings fall under Fear, Anger/Disgust and Happiness. Contrary to hypothetical belief of this study, disasters do not bring grief or sadness alone. It also pose happiness and excitement which was narrated by children participants to explain faces of joy in some drawings. The common emotional Themes are: Fear, Rage, love & Joy

Meanings and Symbols of Disasters are common to children who have common environmental landscape or community. Children who lives near the sea, use the same symbols a. Human Images are representation of family members. Family roles are seen in the drawings to be associated with the responsibilities entailed. The father as the head of the family is symbolic of his gender role inherent of a man. Male character dominates the drawing. Sad face are mainly present in female characters

Fear - Older children, intermediate age have deeper understanding of risk and its effect to the family. Fear is represented by tears or crying. Statements of Fear are “nakakatakot ang duros” ( the wind is frightening), “ baka may magadan” (someone might get killed), Magagaba na ang harong mi ( our house is almost fallen), baka kami malamos ( we might be drowned) baka may halas ( there might be snakes).Media is also considered as source of frightening post disaster news.

b. The sea or the water which is the natural landscape of the community is both symbolic of disaster and life. Meanings attached are dependent on child’s experience

Rage – “Baroto na lang ngani pigkukuanan ming kakanon, pigraot pa kan bagyo” ( its only the boat which provide s us food and yet it was broken by the typhoon.) Barasa naman ang gamit ko (Our school things are soiled again); “ mapagalon maglinig” ( it exhausting to do the cleaning). 38

Effects are blamed to the typhoon. Causes of the phenomenon is Joy – some children find the typhoon as opportune time to stay together inside with the family members. For safety reasons, fishermen are not allowed to sail on certain typhoon signals, keeping them at home with the kids. The evacuation center also provides social opportunity where children get to play with others. Fellowshipping is more intimate because of sharing like sleeping together, cooking together. Fallen fruits are foods. Suspension of Classes is considered a grand vacation. Love - Children, even they are young are sympathetic to the plight of others. Pity for others is a form of Love. “Herak man kan iba” (Pity for others), “Grabe po tong Yolanda” Typhoon Yolanda was horrible). Pre-Disaster Preparation is a familial thing. Members of the family help one another. Spirit of bayanihan is a form of clustering is a show of love and concern. Sharing of foods and resources amidst calamity brings out compassion and communal concern. Comfort- Children maintain emotional well-being in the presence of fiends and others during disasters. Participants experienced relief in the presence of other people. Evacuation centers are common alternative for shelter during calamities. Families who stayed at home finds the comfort of being together.

Children do not generally consider disasters like typhoon as bad phenomenon, for others it is time to keep family together and turn evacuation areas into playgrounds. Disasters both gave a feeling of excitement and worry depending on life experiences.

Family members and neighbors see opportunity to socialize amidst frightening events; this somehow is an emotional scaffold resulting to an emotional resilient group. Disasters deepen concerns for family members and others. The presence of other people provides comfort. Evacuation restores non-divisive relationship and promotes value of sharing.

Damaged vegetation, fruits, coconuts swayed by the strong winds becomes alternative food resource during typhoons. Backyards becomes boundless. Children love to look for guavas, buko (coconut) and Indian mangoes. These become free.

4. Community Resiliency

3. Disaster – Adaptation Pattern

Community Resiliency is a construct created from fusing behavioral adjustment and disaster experience & engagement. It is believed that the ability of the children to adjust and their exposure to disasters have become complimentary or relational. The higher the exposure, the greater is the extent of adjustment. Narratives have arrived into the following concepts.

Disaster Adoption Pattern is consist of patterns of behavior combined from emotional expression and behavioral adjustment. Children relayed ways by which their emotions are expressed. This serves as scaffold for possible state of trauma or depression. The pattern is making them see an opportunity from seemingly chaotic situation. A blatant example is turning evacuation areas as playground during typhoons. The ability to see social opportunity diverts negative emotions into positive ones.

a. Community has adopted the mechanism of “Clustering” to ensure safety for the family. Children attested that they are “clustered” with their family, friends and relatives to ease management during evacuation. 39

b. Pre-Disaster Preparation becomes a familial thing. Members perform their responsibilities accordingly. While preparation and management is represented dominantly by male characters, female presentations are also present alongside. c. Barangay based DRRM units assist in the pre disaster preparation. d. Suspension of classes is first issued to disaster prone areas like the community involved in this study. e. Am evacuation and relocation centers are made available to the community during calamities. The centers are point of relief and assistance from the government and NGO’s.

Social Media & Technology, television among others was the only electronic equipment drawn and mentioned in the drawings and narratives. Use of cellphones and other electronic gadgets do not form part of their everyday lives. The researcher concludes that this is attributed to their economic status. Health & Sanitation In one of the discourses, the researchers asked one of the participants how do they manage their personal needs whenever comfort rooms are damaged or submerged under water. They relayed that comfort rooms in the evacuation centers, despite the long line becomes their temporary comfort rooms. One parent relayed that some still practice digging holes in the sand along the coastal lines and bury their human waste temporarily. She said, this was a customary practice in the past during which most houses have no comfort rooms yet.

RECOMMENDATIONS Education 1. Use the research as basis in designing interventive programs for children or families who are constantly exposed to disasters through the Guidance & Counseling Office. 2. Integrate Art as one of the methods for self-expression and intervention to address suppressed emotion which might lead to overt and undesirable behavior and tendencies. 3. Empower communities by enhancing community resiliency mechanism by providing trainings on Health and Safety, Food Preservation, Environmental Care and Waste Management. 4. Instill values of cooperation and participation among communities for proper dissimilation and implementations of government programs related to Disaster Risk Reduction Management. 5. Instill sense of responsibility through proper application of gender roles

OBJECTS OF NON INCLUSION There are details not included in the narratives but are established by hypothetical assumptions founded in the beginning of the study. These non-inclusion were not mentioned by participants but has potential contribution to understanding of man and his surroundings. The Spiritual Aspect was not significantly represented in the drawings. Only 1 out of 150 drawings showed a child praying that the storm would stop. Drawings did not bear any symbolic representation of faith or religiosity. During the interview, it was revealed that praying is not part of the children’s daily routine. They generally lack the spiritual development. While there were two participants who expressed that they pray only whenever the wind becomes stronger because they are filled with fear.” Nagpapangadyi man po kami pag makausugon na ang bagyo”( We also pray whenever the storm gets worsen). Spiritual development regardless of religious affiliation is a potent source of strength and courage. It helps in building up resiliency and in the formation of perseverance. The ability to endure and go on amidst devastating circumstances.

during calamities to optimize help and collaborative tasks in the family and the community. Climate Change & Awareness for children through age appropriate lectures to familiarize with other forms of calamities and mitigations. Design Instructional Materials to understand environmental care and mitigating practices and free expression of ideas, release of suppressed thoughts and creativity. Introduce conduct of behavior as part of Values Education for children enforcing proper behavior during calamities.

Research & Extension

LGU 1. Initiate programs through the DSWD to check and monitor children who are affected by post calamity traumas and needing assistance & help. 2.

Establish partnership with agencies and organizations to optimize use of facilities and manpower sources for medical, academic and emotional interventions for holistic development of the children.

Adopt coastal communities and introduce technology that will optimize use of natural resources in the community for other sustainable human development other than fish production. Collaborate with institutions to set a standard tool for measuring children’s responses to negative phenomenon as basis for the provision of mental and emotional debriefing and treatment.

1. Drawings can be used by professionals to out surfaced suppressed feelings and state of traumas among children who were raped or abused. 2. The model may be modified to understand other phenomenon which are not verbally spoken by children but bears meaning and significant input for rehabilitation

Pass legislation, establishing a DRRMC Program for Children’s Care during calamities and disasters Relief goods and services should directly address the children’s health and well-being. Make all information available to far flung communities through proper channeling of information and improved media faciltities.

Mental Health & Rehabilitation

Provide health staff in evacuation centers for emotional debriefing and recreational therapies during disasters and calamities.

Utilize results as basis for continuing research on human behavior to solve mental health problems and depression among the children.

Social & other forms of Media Communication 1. Make use of the data as basis for Children’s Program relating to Climate Change and environmental awareness. Make use of graphics, colors and designs to elicit visual interest while learning is working in progress. 2. Increase media promotion for children relief and services during calamities Spiritual Development 41

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Services Vocational School, Malatya, 44280, Turkey, October 23, 2009;

ASSETS Journal Arts, Social Science, Education, Technology and Science

Editors Richard G. Castor Michelle G. Mojico Noel M. Celeste Richard R. Parato Jerome M. Hipolito Associate Editor Agnes Z. Faustino Editorial Staff Arianne Mae B. Paga Ma. Shiara F. Ojeda Consultant Helen L. Madela, EdD Campus Administrator

AIMS and SCOPE ASSETS Journal is published quarterly by the CBSUA Calabanga Research and Extension Division.This journal is a compendium of research on Arts, Social Sciences, Education, Technology and Science (ASSETS) from faculty members and students of CBSUA Calabanga. ASSETS is an institutional journal concerned with exploring dialogue between research and practice both in educational and community settings. This journal publishes a wide range of topics and related studies across ASSETS and locally peer-reviewed with the aim of making research outcomes widely available and exemplifying the variety of possible styles of reporting. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of the authors and are not the views of CBSUA Calabanga and the Research and Extension Division.