Advantage 1 - Flipbook

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Celebrations

2

5

W A R M 7

U P

Listen to and read this dialogue between Mark and Sharon.

SHARON: Hi, Mark! I called you at 5, but you weren’t home. What were you doing?

MARK:

I was doing some shopping with my cousin.

MARK:

Well, you know, it was their wedding anniversary last weekend. I wasn’t here then, so I thought I’d buy them presents today.

SHARON: Why?

SHARON: Ah! I see.

MARK:

Now ask your classmates:

Well, I had to buy some presents for my parents.

SHARON: What did you buy?

MARK:

I got a CD for my dad and a novel for my mom.

SHARON: And… why did you buy presents at this time of the year?

When do you buy presents?

Why do you buy them?

Who do you buy presents for?

What sort of presents do you buy?

R E A D I N G BEFORE

1 Read the title of the text on the next page and say what you think it is about.

2 Look up the words relatives, heritage. Are they related to the title?

3 Do you celebrate Christmas? If you don’t, do you celebrate a different holiday?

4 Do you know about similar holidays in other cultures? Which ones?

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KWANZAA Kwanzaa is a spiritual celebration of

by exposing them to Kwanzaa, a set

the oneness and goodness of life. On

20 of principles based on a common

Ron Karenga formulated and developed 5 Kwanzaa. African Americans weren't

used to celebrating their past. He believed that the only way to achieve a revolutionary change for Black Americans was to promote awareness 10 of African American heritage. Dr.

heritage.

Kwanzaa begins on December 26th and lasts until the first of January. A great feast called the Kamaru is held on 25 the night of December 31st and houses

are decorated in the traditional colors of black unity: red, black and green. The food includes the fruit and vegetables

Karenga wished to go back to the

of the year's harvest, like corn, and the

"way of life" that the ancestors of Black

30 gifts given are often homemade. Today,

Americans used to have. This "way of

millions of people celebrate Kwanzaa

life" allowed them to endure slavery,

throughout the world. Many people

15 racism and oppression after their arrival

mistake it for an African American form

in America. Dr. Karenga's goal was to

of Christmas because it occurs the day

develop self-awareness and facilitate

35 after Christmas, but actually it has no

self-esteem among Black Americans

WHILE Getting the main idea. Reading the first and last sentences of each paragraph helps you to get the main idea of the text.

5 Read the first and last sentences of each paragraph and say what the text is about.

6 What kind of celebration is it? When is it celebrated?

ties with any religion.

AF TER

7 Answer the following questions about the text.

1 When did Kwanzaa start?

2 What did Dr. Karenga wish for?

3 What did Dr. Karenga want to show Black Americans?

4 Why do many people mistake Kwanzaa for an African American form of Christmas?

8 Find the opposites of these words in the text.

Celebrations

December 26th, 1966, Dr. Maulana

1 death 2 freedom 3 departure 4 it’s connected to

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9 Match the words from the text with their

10 Discuss with a partner.

definitions.

1 to achieve

a) consciousness

1 Are there any holidays in your country which only certain groups of people celebrate?

2 awareness

b) link

3 to endure

c) to get, obtain

2 Is it important for people to celebrate specific occasions? Why?

4 tie

d) to survive a difficult situation

3 What is the origin of some celebrations in your country?

4 Have any celebrations lost the meaning and become a commercial date only? Why do you think this happens?

PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS • Read these sentences and look at their structures: Past Simple

Past Continuous

Affirmative

Dr. Karenga developed Kwanzaa.

African Americans were having a good time in the Kwanzaa.

Interrogative

Did Kwanzaa promote self-awareness for African Americans?

Were you celebrating Kwanzaa yesterday night?

Negative

Dr. Karenga didn’t connect Kwanzaa with any religion.

African Americans weren’t reflecting on their past before Kwanzaa.

See Language Reference, page 88

1 Write the past simple of the following verbs. Watch out for regular and irregular verbs. start / prohibit / die / study / become / light / carry / begin / travel / make / fall / raise / do / grow

REGULAR

IRREGULAR

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2 Choose the correct form.

1 When I was a child, we celebrated / were celebrating Kwanzaa.

2 They were buying / bought flowers when a woman began to scream.

3 We were lighting / lit the candles while the children were singing / sang.

4 On the 25th everybody gathered / was gathering for the feast.

5 At the end of the celebration, we were dancing / danced when, suddenly, he appeared / was appearing at the door.

6 The holiday was beginning / began on the 25th and lasted / was lasting for 8 days.

P R O N U N C I AT I O N

WH–QUESTIONS • Look at the structure of these questions: When is Kwanzaa celebrated?

Where did they gather?

Who cleaned and repaired the temple?

What do they celebrate on the 25th?

How do they celebrate Kwanzaa?

Why do people celebrate Kwanzaa?

3 Order the words to make questions.

1 the / flowers / Who / bought / ?

The suffix -ed to form the past tense is pronounced in three ways: /d /d/or/t/ .

• /d/ if the verb ends with a -t or -d sound EXAMPLES: started, celebrated, needed • /d/ if the verb ends in voiced sounds, such as: b, g, l, m, n, r, v, y, z and vowels EXAMPLES: called, breathed, played, earned • /t/ if the verb ends in voiceless sounds, such as: p, k, ce, f, sh, ch, gh, ck EXAMPLES: stopped, talked, raced, puffed, brushed, reached, laughed, kicked

1

Who bought the flowers?

2 you / did / presents / ? / Where / buy / those 3 your / live / Where / ? / do / relatives 4 did / light / When / ? / candle / they / the

4 Write questions that have the underlined words as answers.

1 He went to the park with his friends.

Where did he go with his friends?

2 They celebrated it with gifts.

3 They were lighting candles in the garden.

4 They were walking along the riverbank at midnight.

8 Listen and classify the following verbs: /d/, /d/ or /t/.

enjoyed / passed / used / celebrated / missed / happened / called / wanted / received

2

9 Now listen to these sentences and classify the -ed sounds.

1 His relatives stayed for 3 days.

2 The festival started 100 years ago.

3 They reviewed all the material.

4 People were shocked about the event.

5 It was related to the oldest tradition.

Celebrations

6 The kids enjoyed all those toys.

7 He introduced his friends when they arrived.

8 They listened to a Christmas carol.

9 The legend changed over the years.

10 Their team was eliminated in the first match.

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PAST TIME EXPRESSIONS • Read these sentences and identify the time expressions:

DICTIONARY SKILLS: UNDERSTANDING A DICTIONARY ENTRY • When you look up a word remember:

I visited my relatives yesterday.

The tradition started 15 years ago.

It happened in 1966.

headword

/pronunciation/

I was having dinner when Fred arrived.

As soon as he came through the door, we sat down to have dinner.

5 Complete the sentences using time

kind: /kand/. 1. (n): sort, class.

What ~ of celebration is that? || 2. (adj): helpful, friendly. They are very ~. || 3. (adv): a little, rather.

The customers were ~ of impatient.

expressions from the box. The first one has been done for you. when / while / in / as soon as / last / ago / yesterday / as 1 Kwanzaa started

in 1966.

2 We were walking around … we saw the parade.

3 … December, our relatives get together to have lunch.

4 … they arrived we opened the presents.

5 They first played that music 50 years … .

6 We opened our Christmas presents … .

7 We saw the accident … he was driving.

6

: meanings (parts of speech)

8 … he was opening the presents, his parents arrived.

• Can you find any other word derived from kind?

1 Look up these two words.

1 happen

2 common

2 Write the following information in your notebook. a) the pronunciation b) the part of speech c) the meaning(s)

ADVERBS OF TIME

d) an example with each meaning

• Adverbs of time tell us when and for how long. They often go at the beginning or the end of a sentence.

• EXAMPLES: now, all month, several times, again, late, tomorrow, yesterday, immediately, just, finally, last + a noun of time, at + time, on + day / date, in + month / year See Language Reference, page 89

FOTO 6 Rewrite the sentences with the adverbs in the correct place.

1 Kwanzaa was developed by Dr. Maulana Ron Karenga. (in 1966) 2 My family celebrates Easter. (every year) 3 The candles kept going out. We had to relight them. (several times) 4 We’re going to the temple. (tomorrow)

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L I S T E N I N G BE FORE

1 Match these words with their definitions.

1 noodle

a) with reference to, concerning about

2 a sort of

b) wish, preference

3 desire

c) long, thin pasta used in soups

4 regarding

d) a kind of, a type of

WHILE

2

10 Listen to the conversation and check your answers.

10 Look at the words below and listen again.

What does each word refer to?

1 108

10 Read the statements below. Then listen to the conversation again and say if they are true or false.

1 The New Year’s celebration began on December 25th.

AF TER

3

4

2 sake

3 zouni

2 The ringing of the bells was a tradition.

3 The 108 desires had to do with the senses of touch and sight.

4 The most traditional food was lamb.

5 The children got an envelope with money.

S P E A K I N G 1 In pairs, talk about what you used to do on your favorite holiday when you were a child. Ask your partner: • what her/his favorite holiday used to be.

• what she/he used to do.

• where she/he used to go.

• who she/he went with.

• what time she/he went to bed.

2 Look back at the text on page 13. Form small groups and discuss: • Do you think Christmas represents a form of cultural and religious domination?

• Think about your own society. Can you think of ways in which one culture dominates another?

• where she/he went the following day.

Now your partner will ask you.

7

CONNECTORS: SEQUENCE AND RESULT Join these sentences using the connectors in parentheses. Pay close attention to punctuation.

The first one has been done for you.

1 Santa Claus was coming. We were very excited. (so)

Celebrations

Santa Claus was coming, so we were very excited.

2 We talked about the presents we wanted. We fell asleep. (then) 3 We got up at 7 o’clock. We opened our presents earlier. (so) 4 We got a lot of money. We bought a lot of things. (so) 5 We were playing in the park. Our parents were listening to music at home. (while)

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W R I T I N G NARRATING A PAST EVENT Write a story of 120 words or more on a past holiday and how you spent it.

Getting Started 1 Read the text below.

My brother and I were excited because we were finally on vacation. We decided to go window shopping for the toys we were going to put on our list to Santa Claus.

5 First, we put on our coats, boots and gloves and wrapped scarves around our necks.

Then, we sneaked out of the house, opening and closing the back door very quietly, so that mom wouldn’t hear us. When we got 10 outside, we ran as fast as we could. Soon, there we were, in front of all the toys in the world. There were bright, shiny toy cars, big red balls, story books, jumping ropes … all kinds of toys. After staring at 15 them for a long time, we finally chose the ones we wanted.

After that, we turned around and walked slowly back home, wondering if our dreams would come true. Would Santa Claus bring 20 us all the toys we asked for?

Identifying topic sentences.

Finding the topic sentence of a text or paragraph will give you the main idea. The topic sentence is normally the first sentence.

But be careful! Sometimes the first sentence is an introduction or transition to the topic sentence. Other times, the topic sentence comes at the end of the paragraph. Quickly read the first few sentences and decide which one gives the main idea.

2 Look at the first few sentences of the text above and identify the topic sentence.

3 List all of the events in order.

4 List the connectors used.

5 Find the concluding sentence.

Getting Ideas 6 Decide what event you want to talk about.

Is it a family vacation? A summer vacation?

A vacation with friends? A skiing trip?

7 Say why this event is special for you. Talk to your partner about it. Talk about what happened, when and where. Establish the situation so that others can have a good idea of it.

8 Make a list of the events in the order they happened.

9 Use sequence connectors to put the events in order. Use adjectives to make it more interesting.

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Getting Organized Introduction

Body • Write the details in chronological order.

• Answer the following questions. Try to catch the reader’s attention by making it as interesting as you can.

What event are you going to write about?

Conclusion

➠

Who took part in it?

When did it happen?

Where did it happen?

• Remember to use the connectors to join the ideas and to use correct punctuation.

➠

• Say how your story finished.

• Why do you remember it?

• Be careful with tenses.

• What makes it interesting?

• Since your narration is about a past event, don’t forget to use the appropriate past tenses.

• Say how it made you feel.

8

Checking and Revising 10 Go to Writing Reference 2, page 78, and check your composition.

LIVE ENGLISH LOOKING FOR A GIFT 1 Read the text below.

Good Afternoon, sir. May I help you?

You:

I’m looking for a gift for a friend.

Clerk:

A woman or a man?

You:

A woman.

Clerk:

Well, we have these bags here. Or these new pair of sandals and…

You:

I’d like to have a look at the skirts.

Clerk:

What size?

You:

I think a small size would do.

Clerk:

What color would you like?

You:

Well, blue.

Clerk:

I’m sorry, sir, we don’t have any small size in blue.

You:

OK, then I’ll take the red one.

Clerk:

Here you are.

You:

How much is it?

Clerk:

$54,00

You:

Where should I pay?

Clerk:

The cashier is down the corridor on your left.

You:

Thank you.

Clerk:

Welcome.

2 In pairs, prepare a similar conversation.

Useful Language

I’m looking for…

Can I have a look at the…?

What size? What color?

I’ll take We don’t have an y…

Celebrations

Clerk:

Vocabulary

gift sandals outfits dresses

T-shirts

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WRITING REFERENCE 1 Getting Started • In every unit, there is a Getting Started section.

Follow the specific steps for each kind of essay before you begin writing. Then use the information found in this Writing Reference. Devote some time to gathering your thoughts and organizing them. It will improve the quality of your essay.

• Generate ideas. Read other texts, such as the model essays in each unit and in the Writing Reference to get ideas. Think of your own experiences and what you already know about the topic. Talk to your partner, and, that way, you can both get some ideas for your essays.

• Part of generating ideas is using appropriate vocabulary. Use word spiders to help you think of the words you want to use. Again, take advantage of the information you already have (texts in the unit, etc.).

• Write down your thoughts. At this point, don’t worry about spelling or organization. Just get your thoughts on paper. This will make the writing process less abstract.

only one main idea, and each paragraph should clearly define and support its main idea. The sum of these main ideas should support the main idea of the essay (expressed in the introduction).

3 A conclusion, which summarizes the main idea of the introduction using different words.

• It is not difficult to divide your essay this way, and doing so will make it much clearer. Remember that you don’t have to structure all your essays exactly this way. For instance, a summary might comprise only one paragraph, but the structure of that paragraph should have a similar conceptual structure (opening idea, support for the idea, and a closing that reinforces the main idea of the summary).

• Remember that, just as there are transitions from one sentence to the next, there should also be continuity between paragraphs. You can assure this continuity by using connectors, words that refer back to the preceding paragraph, etc.

• Now that your ideas are on paper, consult the Writing Reference for help on how to organize your ideas. Depending on the type of essay, you may want to organize your thoughts according to importance, chronology, sides of a debate, etc.

Now follow the general guidelines below. An essay can be grammatically correct but, unless the ideas are well-linked, the quality will be poor.

2 Structuring your Essay • Organize your ideas into paragraphs. A well-written paragraph has only one main idea. Use examples and specific information to support it.

• Generally, an essay should have: 1 An introduction, which includes the global idea of the essay. Always remember who your reader is in order to set an appropriate tone and style.

Try to open your essay with something that will grab the reader’s attention and give her/him a reason to want to continue reading: a quotation, an interesting fact, an eccentric statement, etc.

2 A main body, that is, one or more paragraphs, which includes most of the information, facts or ideas in the essay and flow well from the introduction. Any one paragraph should express

3 Checking for Mistakes • Check for simple mistakes. It is very easy to make mistakes that you know are wrong. These include simple mistakes of spelling and punctuation, verb tenses and connector use. It helps to have another pair of eyes look at your writing. Exchange your essay with a partner if you can and answer the following questions.

1 Have I left out any important information? Have I added too much information or information that is not relevant?

2 Would I be interested in reading this essay? How can I make it more interesting?

3 Have I used grammar structures or words that I’m not sure about? If I’m not sure about something, how can I simplify it to be entirely sure that it is correct? What synonyms can I use?

4 Have I organized my ideas properly? Does one idea lead to another? Is there a good closing, or does it just run on without concluding?

Now you will be on your way to producing a fine piece of writing, one that others will be interested in reading.

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LANGUAGE REFERENCE 2

Verb tenses Past simple and past continuous • Past simple Affirmative I / you / he / she / it / we / they + worked / thought Negative I / you / he / she / it / we / they + did not / didn’t + work / think

the “background” or the scene when we are telling a story: It was a nice spring day: the sun was shining, some birds were singing, the plants and flowers in the park were showing their brightest colors and some children were playing on the grass.

■

an action that was in progress and then something happened. This is a frequent type of time clause.

– The action in progress may have been interrupted by what happened:

■

Question did + I / you / he / she / it / we / they + work? / think?

We use the past simple to speak about: ■ something that took place and was finished in the past.

We can mention or not when the action happened: It rained a lot last week.

Did Alec call you last night?

We didn’t see the Statue of Liberty. a sequence of actions in the past: Andy got up, took a shower, shaved, got dressed, had breakfast and left for work.

■

a situation or an action which was regular or frequent over a period of time in the past:

■

When I was a child I didn’t like poetry.

My sister studied German in Berlin.

Did you know that Simon can speak Italian?

But to express habits or states in the past we can also use used to + infinitive: When I was a child I used to play with other children.

We used to live in Boston, but now we’ve moved to Maine.

• Past continuous Affirmative I / he / she / it + was + working / thinking you / we / they + were + working / thinking Negative I / he / she / it + was not / wasn’t + working / thinking you / we / they + were not / weren’t + working / thinking Question was + I / he / she / it + working? / thinking? were + you / we / they + working? / thinking?

F

We were watching television

the lights went out

We were watching television when the lights went off.

Or: When we were watching television, the lights went off.

– But the action in progress is not always interrupted by what happened:

I was taking a shower

the phone rang

I was taking a shower when the phone off.

Or: When I was taking a shower, the phone rang.

Be careful!

■ The past continuous expresses duration in the past.

■ The point of time in the past is expressed by a past simple.

■ The connector when may be used with the past continuous or with the past simple.

– In these clauses we can also use as and while with the past continuous: As I was waiting at the traffic light, someone stood behind me.

Brenda fell off her bed while she was sleeping.

We use the past continuous to speak about: ■ an action that was (or wasn’t) in progress at a specific moment in the past: What were you doing yesterday at 9 in the morning?

Fred wasn’t doing his homework yesterday evening. He was watching television.

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■ Put the verbs into the correct tense (to clean) the table, her mother

1 While Mary

(to wash up).

(to drink) some coffee and then he

2 Johnny

(to go) to work.

(to have) lunch at the restaurant when I

3 I

(to start) to rain, my mother

4 Just when it

(to arrive).

an English course in London, he

5 When David

(to see) you coming when I

6 I

(to see) the accident.

7 The children

(to visit) many museums. (to take) the car out of the garage.

(to eat) all the cake while I was at the kitchen.

8 My sister

(to talk) on the phone when you

9 My wife

(to wear) a black dress on the day we

10 Javier and Julia

(to try) to call me yesterday. . (to meet)

(to get) married last November.

Adverbs Adverbs of time These tell us when something takes place. immediately / then / early / just / today / eventually / late / tomorrow / finally / now / yesterday

• Expressions of time – all day / week / month / year I worked all day. … all the day.

– at + time The banks open at 8:30.

– at once Come here at once!

– in

+ month / year + period of time

Sue was born in 1992. She was born in May. We can meet again in two weeks.

– last Monday / week / month / year Brad didn’t come to the movies last Saturday. … the last Saturday.

– next Monday / week / month / year Are you traveling to England next month? … the next month?

– on + day / date Pam doesn’t work on Mondays.

I have an appointment with the dentist on June 28th.

– several times I had to study that lesson several times.

■ Answer these questions using adverbs of time.

1 When were you born?

2 When do you start the school year?

3 When is Carnival celebrated?

4 When do you have an appointment with the doctor?

5 When do you finish the school year?

LANGUAGE REFERENCE

6 How many times do you call your friends on the phone?

7 In which month is Easter this year?

8 At what time do bakeries usually open in your country?

9 When does summer begin this year?

10 Can we start the test?

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FAST FINISHERS 1 HIT THE ROAD! Traveling is one of the most

2 THE HEALTHIER THE BETTER

interesting ways of learning new cultures while having fun. Circle all the words related to traveling in the puzzle and get ready to hit the road.

To fit in and be accepted in today’s society, you must first have a healthy body. Check the lists below and find one word in each list which doesn’t fit in with the others.

board passenger inter rail suitcase journey destination route train luggage trip N

I

A

P

R

U

A

I

I

S

O

I

O

R

I

A

E

L

U

S

I

N

T

E

R

R

A

I

L

S

T

S

P

G

P

O

T

T

N

A

A

A

Y

N

P

C

T

U

R

I

N

N

S

E

A

S

R

R

T

T

I

E

E

S

N

N

A

T

R

T

T

N

E

S

I

R

O

U

T

E

S

E

G

A

G

G

U

L

G

L

E

T

R

P

D

R

A

O

B

I

D

T

D

A

E

E

U

O

J

O

juice

tea

milk

wine

orange

apple

carrot

pumpkin

walk

run

jump

fall

slim

thin

small

skinny

yogurt

cheese

toast

ice-cream

legs

eyes

arms

head

fit

healthy

proper

right

practice

work out

study

exercise

3 SPECIAL DAYS PUZZLE Every day is special but some are more than others. On these special days the routine is broken and people eat different foods, do different things, and have lots of fun. This crossword has a few words related to special days.

Read the clues below and see if you can remember them.

DOWN 1 2 3 4 6 7 8

ACROSS

something done many times based on a social custom a day to commemorate an event a social event organized to celebrate and entertain a ceremony of entertainment with lots of dance and food an African-American festival celebrated in December a class of people with the same physical characteristics a series of body movements done according to music 1

2

5 characterizes groups of people and their tradition 9 people do on special days or when something important happens 10 beliefs and customs passed from one generation to another

3 4

5

6

7 8 10

FAST FINISHERS

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PHONETIC CHART Consonants

Vowels: Monothongs

/p/

pen

/pen/

/i /

he

/hi /

/b/

bad

/b d/

/i/

sit

/sit/

/t/

ten

/ten/

/e/

red

/red/

/d/

dad

/d d/

/ /

hat

/h t/

/k/

cold

/koĎ…ld/

/É‘ /

start

/stɑ t/

/a/

not

/nat/

/É” /

sport

/spÉ” t/

/Ď…/

foot

/fĎ…t/

/u /

shoe

/Ęƒu /

/ /

girl

/ l/

/m/

me

/mi /

/n/

near

/niÉ™/

/Ĺ‹/

ring

/riŋ/

/ /

cup

/k p/

/f/

fast

/fɑ st/

/ /

bird

/b d/

/v/

very

/veri/

/É™/

father

/fɑ ðə/

/θ/

three

/θri /

/Ă°/

father

/fɑ ðə/

/tĘƒ/

cheese

/tĘƒi z/

/d /

John

/s/

/ei/

make

meik/

/ai/

why

/wai/

/d an/

/ɔi/

boy

/bɔi/

see

/si /

/aĎ…/

how

/haĎ…/

/z/

zoo

/zu /

/oĎ…/

no

/noĎ…/

/Ęƒ/

she

/Ęƒi /

/iÉ™/

beer

/biÉ™/

/ /

vision

/vi ən/

/eÉ™/

where

/weÉ™/

/h/

house

/haĎ…s/

/l/

lot

/lat/

/j/

yes

/jes/

/r/

run

/r n/

/w/

when

/wen/

PHONETIC CHART

Vowels: Diphthongs

Semi-vowels

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